New Study Reveals Ancient Earth Experienced Repeated Melting Events During Catastrophic Ice Ages

Posted on May 14, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

During the Neoproterozoic Era (1 billion to 538.8 million years ago), Earth underwent dramatic climate fluctuations, notably the Sturtian Ice Age, where ice is believed to have enveloped the planet. Understanding the geological record and the survival of life during this pivotal event has remained a significant challenge. Geochronological studies indicate that the Sturtian Ice Age persisted for an astonishing 56 million years, far exceeding predictions made by conventional climate models. A recent study from Harvard University proposes that Earth may have experienced cycles of ice-covered and ice-free states during the Sturtian period.

Artist’s impression of ‘Snowball Earth’. Image credit: Oleg Kuznetsov, http://3depix.com/ CC BY-SA 4.0.

“The global glaciation that occurred near the advent of animal life, known as the Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth event, represents one of the most severe climate transformations in Earth’s history and likely had profound effects on biological evolution,” stated Charlotte Minsky, a Harvard graduate student, along with her research team.

“However, the causes, severity, and ecological impacts of these glaciations continue to be the subject of intense debate.”

Employing a coupled model of ancient climate systems and the global carbon cycle, researchers propose that Earth was not trapped in a singular, incessant snowball state.

Their simulations indicate that extensive weathering of basalt in the Franklin Igneous Province, a significant volcanic area in northern Canada that likely erupted prior to the Sturtian Ice Age, dramatically reduced atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, leading to multiple global ice ages.

As volcanic activity and other processes gradually rebuilt atmospheric carbon dioxide, global temperatures rose, ice melted, and previously covered basalt regions were exposed once more.

This renewed decomposition through weathering replenished carbon dioxide, triggering another snowball cycle.

The authors contend that this recurring cycle of freezing and thawing driven by carbon dioxide could sustain glacial and interglacial variations for tens of millions of years.

The mechanisms revealed in this study address several longstanding discrepancies, particularly the duration of the Sturtian Ice Age, which was previously challenging to reconcile with established climate models.

This research aligns with sedimentation patterns from that era, elucidating how atmospheric oxygen levels could remain stable amidst extreme climatic shifts.

Moreover, frequent returns to warmer, ice-free states may have been critical in preventing a total collapse of atmospheric oxygen.

“This discovery may elucidate how aerobic life continued to thrive throughout such severe intervals,” Minsky noted.

For more details, refer to the study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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Charlotte Minsky et al. 2026. The snowball greenhouse cycle repeats within Neoproterozoic Sturtian glaciers. PNAS 123 (19): e2525919123; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2525919123

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient Teeth Reveal Connections Between Denisovans and Homo Erectus

Posted on May 14, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

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A tooth discovered in Sunjiadong, China. *Homo erectus*.

Credit: Qiaomei Fu, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Fossilized tooth of homo erectus from Sunjiadong, China — A tooth discovered in Sunjiadong, China. *Homo erectus*.

Credit: Qiaomei Fu, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

For the first time, researchers have successfully extracted significant amounts of preserved protein from fossils attributed to ancient humans, specifically Homo erectus.

While previous discoveries of H. erectus fossils exist, this is the first instance revealing substantial insights into this species. The recovered protein indicates interbreeding between H. erectus and another ancient Asian hominin, the Denisovans.

H. erectus is recognized as one of the longest-lived and widely dispersed species of hominins. They emerged in Africa approximately 2 million years ago and reached Eurasia around 1.8 million years ago, as evidenced by fossils found in Dmanisi, Georgia. Notably, some traveled to the island of Java, now part of Indonesia, where they thrived until roughly 108,000 years ago.

In 2020, a research team led by Fried Welker from the University of Copenhagen successfully extracted protein from the tooth enamel of a H. erectus specimen from Dmanisi. While this provided proof that proteins could be recovered from ancient fossils, John Hawkes of the University of Wisconsin-Madison noted that the data gathered was underwhelming, lacking substantial information about the Dmanisi fossils.

Recently, a team led by Qiao Meifu at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing analyzed proteins from six designated H. erectus teeth. These specimens are approximately 400,000 years old and were sourced from various Chinese sites, including Zhoukoudian, Hexian, and Sunjiadong. The team identified a distinctive protein called amelogenin Y, finding that five teeth belonged to males, while one belonged to a female.

Mr. Fu did not respond to interview requests.

Among the six teeth analyzed, two unique protein variants were identified. One variant had not been observed in any human population, suggesting it is characteristic of H. erectus. The other variant was previously identified in Denisovans, who inhabited East Asia during the last several hundred thousand years. This raises intriguing questions about Denisovan interbreeding with an unidentified hominin group, potentially linked to H. erectus.

Hawkes acknowledges that while this interpretation is plausible, it’s merely one of three possible explanations for the data.

The critical uncertainty for Hawkes lies in whether the six teeth genuinely belong to H. erectus. Although results from the three sites seem reliable, the isolated tooth raises doubts regarding its classification, as its morphology does not match known H. erectus characteristics. Additionally, the historical context of H. erectus fossils in China complicates this determination, since all previously discovered fossils date back over a million years.

Hawkes posits an alternative scenario where the group may not actually be H. erectus at all but could be Denisovan. This potential mutation in protein may reflect variation within Denisovan populations. Supporting this idea, recent research analyzing Denisovan DNA across 30 modern human populations has indicated connections from three distinct Denisovan groups, each of which interbred with early Homo sapiens.

Alternatively, if the interbreeding between Denisovans and H. erectus did occur, Hu’s team suggested it hints at a lineage of Denisovans possessing H. erectus traits.

To resolve these possibilities, more fossil and molecular data will be essential, as noted by Hawkes.

Such uncertainties are not uncommon, as the study of ancient proteins is still in its nascent stages. Hawkes compares these early challenges to those faced during the initial exploration of ancient DNA.

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        <li class="ArticleTopics__ListItem">Evolution of Humanity<span>/</span></li>
        <li class="ArticleTopics__ListItem">Ancient Humans</li>
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Source: www.newscientist.com

Arctic Fires Release Ancient Carbon: The Impact of Climate Change on Long-Stored Carbon Emissions

Posted on May 13, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

In 2025, wildfires will severely impact the boreal forest of Manitoba, Canada.

Anadolu (via Getty Images)

The increasing frequency of wildfires across the Arctic is having a more substantial impact on global warming than previously understood. While initial assumptions suggested that primarily recent vegetation was burning, soil core studies reveal that these fires are igniting ancient carbon deposits accumulated for over 5,000 years.

“Soil combustion has the potential to release long-term stored carbon from soil, which was previously considered a carbon sink,” explains Meri Rappel from the Finnish Meteorological Institute in Helsinki. Current climate models neglect the release of this ancient carbon.

In the cold conditions of the Arctic, plant growth is slow, leading to the accumulation of organic matter in the soil as peat and other forms over centuries or even millennia. This factor positions Arctic and adjacent boreal soils as significant carbon sinks, which effectively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

However, increasing wildfire incidents are changing this dynamic. Rappel’s research team has collected soil cores from recently burned areas to study the impact of these fires.

Their findings indicate that while surface vegetation may burn quickly, the underlying organic material smolders for a longer duration, releasing considerable amounts of soot and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Black carbon, a byproduct of these fires, absorbs sunlight, contributing directly to atmospheric warming. Moreover, in colder regions, black carbon can accumulate on ice and snow, accelerating melting processes that would otherwise not occur.

“We discovered that the age of the carbon released during fires varied significantly depending on soil depth and burn intensity,” Rappel stated during the European Geosciences Union Conference in Vienna.

The risk of releasing ancient carbon is particularly high as it tends to increase toward the North Pole, where organic matter accumulates close to the surface. For instance, in Canada’s Northwest Territories, fires are penetrating soil just a few centimeters deep, unleashing carbon stored for up to 400 years.

In Greenland, fires can consume up to 10 centimeters of soil, releasing carbon that is over 560 years old, with some areas experiencing burns of up to 15 centimeters, releasing carbon that has been stored for 1,000 years.

Remarkably, a boreal forest site in Quebec, Canada, has been identified where fires released carbon dating back 5,000 years. “However, this occurrence is not widespread,” said Ruppel at the conference.

The critical question remains: how much ancient carbon is currently being released by wildfires? Rappel emphasizes that this study is merely the starting point, indicating the need for further research to quantify the released carbon.

“Rappel’s work is vital and underscores the urgency,” noted Sandy Harrison from the University of Reading. “It’s evident that substantial old carbon exists in high-latitude soils and peat. As new fire regimes evolve, destroying topsoil layers and peatlands, this ancient carbon will be released into the atmosphere.”

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Unveiling Britain’s Past: Study Shows Minimal Roman Influence in Ancient DNA Analysis

Posted on May 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

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This Victorian-era chromolithograph illustrates Boudica’s revolt against the Romans around 60 AD.

Credit: Popper Photo (Getty Images)

Boudica's Rebellion Against the Romans — This Victorian-era chromolithograph illustrates Boudica’s revolt against the Romans around 60 AD.

Credit: Popper Photo (Getty Images)

Recent studies highlight the limited genetic influence of Roman occupation on modern British populations, revealing surprising insights into Britain’s genetic history.

“The Roman conquest’s genetic impact seems to be far less significant than previously thought,” says Rachel Pope, a PhD candidate at the University of Liverpool, who wasn’t involved in the research.

<p><a href="https://www.crick.ac.uk/research/find-a-researcher/marina-soares-da-silva">Marina Soares da Silva</a> and her team at the Francis Crick Institute analyzed the genomes of 1,039 ancient Britons, dating from the Bronze Age (2550 BC - 1150 AD) following the Norman Conquest. Roman rule in Britain lasted from 43 AD to 410 AD.</p>

<p>The findings indicated that nearly 100% of individuals living during the Roman period shared ancestry solely with Iron Age Britons, with only 20% exhibiting genetic contributions from outside Britain.</p>

<p>"Given the extensive lifestyle changes during Roman times, the mere 20% genetic influence is astonishing," notes <a href="https://www.lancashire.ac.uk/academics/duncan-sayer">Duncan Thayer</a> from the University of Lancashire, who wasn't part of the study. "I anticipated a more diverse genetic mix."</p>

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<p>"This implies that the Roman conquest was less about altering genetics and more about transforming lifestyles," Thayer explains. "Their focus was on converting Britain into a series of exploitable economies, driven by a select few."</p>

<p>This aligns with previous research indicating <a href="https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/41/9/msae168/7741671?login=false">minimal Roman genetic influence in rural regions</a>.</p>

<p>One notable area where the Romans influenced British society was in burial customs. Pre-Roman evidence suggests that women had significant autonomy, with practices such as matrilocality where women remained in their ancestral homes as men migrated.</p>

<p>In Iron Age Britain, burial practices typically followed maternal lineage, with individuals buried alongside maternal relatives rather than spouses. Silva and her research team discovered more sites in southwestern England evidencing these matrilineal burials extending into the late Iron Age.</p>

<p>"This discovery was unexpected, particularly the implications in the western regions," says Pope.</p>

<p>However, Roman burial sites displayed no discernible family patterns, suggesting a departure from Iron Age customs and lifestyles.</p>

<p>Pope notes that the enduring legacy of Boudica, the Aisni queen who led a revolt against the Roman Empire around 60 AD, reflects this loss. "Her story symbolizes a woman protesting against the inability to inherit property."</p>

<p>After the Romans departed, significant genetic changes occurred. Between 400 and 600 AD, various Germanic tribes like the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes migrated to and established dominance over modern England. The Anglo-Saxon populace remained influential until the Norman Conquest in 1066.</p>

<p>Silva’s analysis revealed a prominent influx of ancestry tied to Germanic-speaking tribes by the 6th century, impacting over 70% of the Anglo-Saxon demographic in southern Britain.</p>

<p>This observation parallels findings by <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05247-2">Thayer's research team</a>, where about 76% of genomes from the same era indicated similar genetic markers.</p>

<p>The results indicated a clustering of ancestral profiles, establishing a population labeled as early medieval Britain I. From the 8th to 10th century, this genetic lineage saw a decline, with increased presence from central and southern European ancestries.</p>

<p>The genetic influence of the Viking population was shown to be limited, despite the establishment of the Danelaw region, which was under Viking control from the 9th to 11th centuries. During this period, only 4% of Britons could trace their ancestry back to Iron Age Scandinavia.</p>

<p>This trend can be accounted for through two stages of Viking incursions, Thayer affirms. In earlier raids, genetics were predominantly Scandinavian, as Vikings captured individuals from Ireland and England. Conversely, later invasions resulted in a diverse genetic mix due to existing populations in Britain.</p>

<p>Silva's team analyzed 69 genomes from the post-Norman Conquest period, discovering similar evidence of genetic stagnation post-invasion, although most genomes were from a singular site in Leicester, limiting generalizability across the country.</p>

<p>Pope concludes that these findings illustrate the dynamic genetic influx into the UK from diverse populations across Europe. "What does it mean to be English?"</p>

<p>Thayer suggests, "Perhaps we are imposing modern concepts of ethnicity that held different significances in the past."</p>

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            <h3 class="SpecialArticleUnit__Heading">Discovering Hadrian's Wall: An Insight into Roman Innovations</h3>
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                <p>Experience history firsthand on an immersive walking tour along Hadrian's Wall, one of Britain's most iconic ancient monuments and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.</p>
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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Bronze Age Britons Crafted Copper Mining Tools from Ancient Bones

Posted on May 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Bronze Age Tools: Wedges Made from Limb Bones

O. Zagorodnia

Bronze Age Mining Tools — Bronze Age Tools: Wedges Made from Limb Bones

O. Zagorodnia

Despite having the technology for metal tools, communities in Bronze Age Britain effectively utilized animal bone tools in conjunction with metal for copper extraction over nine centuries, from 3700 to 2800 years ago.

A detailed study of 150 bones from a Bronze Age copper mining site at Great Orme, North Wales, reveals that these bones were deliberately chosen and crafted for specific mining tasks, particularly for extracting copper from soft rocks.

“This discovery challenges the conventional belief that Bronze Age mining relied predominantly on metal and stone tools. A more diverse and adaptable toolkit is emerging,” says Olga Zagorodnia from the British Museum.

Since the early 1990s, over 30,000 bone fragments have been unearthed at the site. Preliminary studies show that more than half of these fragments originate from cattle, with the rest primarily from sheep, goats, and pigs. Some bones are suspected to have served functional roles as tools, as noted in a 2011 study that identified wear patterns indicative of tool use.

By employing high-resolution microscopy, Zagorodnia and White analyzed the wear marks on the 150 bones. They replicated mining activities using bone tool replicas to compare wear patterns with those on ancient specimens.

“Notably, we observed rapid post-consumer wear development, which corroborated our microscopic findings,” remarks White. “Our experiments with bone splitting produced circular fracture patterns that mirrored those found in the archaeological samples, creating a tangible link to the ancient miners.”

The findings imply that these bones were purposefully modified into various tools, including wedges fashioned from limb bones for splitting soft rocks potentially rich in copper. Evidence of tapering and polishing suggests that some tools were designed to be affixed to a handle, akin to a metal pick, a significant new discovery.

Scoops Crafted from Scapula and Pelvic Bones

O. Zagorodnia

Conversely, rib bones likely served to carve through soft sandy limestone, possibly acting as scrapers or agitators to enhance copper separation during ore processing. Moreover, researchers identified tools fashioned from scapula or pelvis bones that may have been utilized for shoveling or scraping fine ore.

“The evidence from Great Orme signifies a continuation of long-established technological practices, predating metalworking.” Researchers posit that bones, as readily available resources in pastoral societies, offered a labor-efficient alternative to crafting metal tools.

The findings align with those from other prehistoric mining sites across Europe, where bone tools have been discovered. “Bronze Age communities in Britain and Europe didn’t merely switch to metal; they employed an integrated approach, utilizing both materials creatively,” notes White. “This reflects a profound understanding of material properties and hints at organized mining techniques involving specialized tools and potentially skilled labor.”

“Both authors introduce a remarkable level of scientific rigor to this unique field of artifact research.” states freelance archaeologist Simon Timberlake from Cambridge, UK. “To fully grasp the advancements that transitioned Stone Age technology into the Metal Age, we must thoroughly investigate the tools they employed.”

Discover the Origins of Humanity and Prehistoric Times in South-West England

Engage in an enriching experience of the early human eras, including the Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age, with this gentle walking tour.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Ancient Bite Marks Reveal Tyrannosaurus: The Multifaceted Behavior of a Legendary Predator

Posted on May 6, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A transformative study conducted by paleontologists at Aarhus University challenges the long-held belief that tyrannosaurs were exclusively apex predators. By analyzing 16 meticulously mapped bite marks on the bones of a 75-million-year-old Tyrannosaurus rex, researchers found that smaller Tyrannosaurs scavenged on their larger tyrannosaurid relatives.

Visualization of a small Tyrannosaurus rex eating the carcass of a larger Tyrannosaurus. Image credit: Yu Xin, Shen Li, Liang Junwei, Aarhus University.

“Tyrannosaurus was the apex terrestrial predator in the Northern Hemisphere during the Late Cretaceous period,” stated lead author Josephine Nielsen, a master’s student at Aarhus University, alongside her research team.

“Species found in the Campanian region of the northern interior of western North America include Daspletosaurus and Gorgosaurus.”

“Tyrannosaurs were substantial predatory carnivores with massive skulls capable of enduring extreme bite forces and stresses.”

“Bites can crush and process bones, even from prey significantly larger than themselves, as evidenced by coprolites containing bone fragments.”

“However, such fossils do not provide direct evidence of biting strength, and debates continue concerning the feeding strategies of Tyrannosaurus and their ecological interactions.”

Nielsen and her colleagues utilized advanced 3D scanning technology to identify 16 bite marks on a fossilized metatarsal (foot bone) of a giant tyrannosaur.

“By examining the depth, angle, and position of the bite marks in a virtual 3D setting, we demonstrated that these marks were not incidental,” Nielsen remarked.

“These distinct tooth impressions of a smaller tyrannosaurus indicate scavenging on much larger relatives.”

This groundbreaking study sheds light on the recycling of resources in the age of dinosaurs, revealing their behaviors as scavengers.

The robust leg bones may have been consumed late in the decomposition phase, after most of the flesh had been stripped away.

“The bone lacks signs of healing after a bite from a smaller dinosaur,” Nielsen noted.

“The marks were found on a foot that had minimal flesh, indicating the dinosaur was possibly ‘sweeping’ and scavenging the last remnants of a carcass.”

The authors conducted their research using digital models and 3D printed replicas instead of original bones.

The metatarsals measured 10 cm in length and belonged to a tyrannosaurid estimated to be between 10 to 12 meters long and weighing several tons during its lifetime.

The bones were uncovered by amateur fossil hunters in the Judith River Formation in Montana. This region is an eroded landscape that acts as a geological archive of a 75-million-year-old ecosystem, teeming with dinosaur fossils.

“What makes this study exceptional is not only the insight into ancient dinosaur food chains, but also the innovative technology employed to extract these details.”

“By developing a digital version, we can now zoom in on intricate details.”

For more in-depth findings, visit this study published in the journal Evolving Earth.

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Josephine Nielsen et al. 2026. Investigating size-asymmetric feeding in tyrannosaurids using metatarsal tooth impressions from the Judith River Formation, Montana, USA. Evolving Earth 4:100107; doi: 10.1016/j.eve.2026.100107

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient Sauropod Dinosaur Fossil Discovered in China: Insights into Prehistoric Giants

Posted on May 5, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A newly discovered genus and species of Masopodan sauropodomorph, named Kounryu Hōmei, has been identified from a partial skeleton found in southwestern China, dating back to the early Jurassic period. This remarkable dinosaur represents a crucial link between early herbivores and the massive four-legged sauropods that would later dominate the Mesozoic Era.

Artist’s impression of Kounryu Hōmei. Image credit: Connor Ashbridge / CC BY 4.0.

Kounryu Hōmei inhabited what is now China approximately 190 million years ago during the early Jurassic period.

Fossil evidence suggests that this dinosaur measured about 9 to 10 meters (30 to 33 feet) in length, making it one of the largest known early-branching sauropods unearthed in China.

This species belongs to the Masopodan group, which existed from the Late Triassic to the Late Cretaceous.

“The Early Jurassic was a key era in dinosaur evolution, marking the diversification and emergence of sauropod dominance in terrestrial ecosystems,” stated Dr. Ya-Ming Wang from the China Museum of Geology and colleagues.

“Within this group, non-sauropod Masopoda sauropods played a significant role in the evolutionary trajectory leading to the distinctive large body shapes associated with sauropods.”

“Therefore, understanding the anatomy, diversity, and paleobiogeography of these early-diverging sauropods is essential for unraveling the origins of one of the most successful dinosaur clades, the sauropods.”

The partial skeleton of Kounryu Hōmei was discovered in the Fengjiahe Formation located in Luming Town, Yunnan Province, China.

The specimen consists of the neck, back, tail vertebrae, and part of the hip joint.

Analysis of these fossils revealed an unusual combination of traits, indicating an alternative evolutionary path. Notably, it had a strong, elongated tail rather than the long neck typically associated with large dinosaurs.

Despite its relatively short neck for its body size, the tail may have played a balancing role, enabling this dinosaur to stand on its hind legs and feed.

Through phylogenetic analysis, researchers found that Kounryu Hōmei occupies a pivotal evolutionary position between early sauropods and more advanced forms closer to true sauropods.

“The discovery of this new specimen greatly enriches the known Early Jurassic dinosaur fauna of southwestern China,” the authors remarked.

“This provides essential new anatomical features that enhance our understanding of morphological differences and evolutionary patterns among early-diverging sauropods.”

The findings were published in the Royal Society Open Science on March 25th.

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Hu Shaobin et al. 2026. A neosauropod dinosaur discovered from the Lower Jurassic Fengjiahe Formation in Dali, Yunnan Province, China. R Soc Open Science 13 (3): 252219; doi: 10.1098/rsos.252219

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient 300-Year-Old Experiment Poised to Revolutionize Dark Matter Detection

Posted on May 4, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Dark Matter: The Dominant Force in the Universe

Image processing by ESA/Euclid/Euclid Consortium/NASA; M. Schirmer (MPIA, Heidelberg)

Centuries of scientific experimentation are paving the way for a breakthrough in the hunt for new particles, particularly those believed to constitute dark matter.

In 1773, British scientist Henry Cavendish initiated an experiment aimed at unraveling the mysteries of electromagnetism, involving the measurement of electrical potential on two nested metal shells to examine interactions of charged particles.

Now, Peter Graham, a professor at Stanford University, suggests reviving Cavendish’s historic experiment could illuminate the enigmatic particles forming dark matter.

Dark matter, which constitutes a significant portion of our universe, remains poorly understood. Numerous theories have emerged regarding its composition, and experiments range from particle colliders to advanced underground detectors.

Graham and his research team are focusing on a dark matter candidate known as milli-charged particles (mCPs). True to its name, mCP has an exceptionally small charge, rendering it suitable for Cavendish’s original experimental setup.

The team proposes recreating the nested shell design, applying a voltage to the outer shell and measuring the voltage difference to detect the presence of mCPs during the experiment.

Exploring Electromagnetism: Henry Cavendish’s 18th Century Experiments

Cavendish Institute

To enhance the experimental design, the team plans to incorporate an accumulator device to effectively extract all charged particles from the surrounding environment, maximizing the potential for mCP detection, according to Harikrishnan Ramani of the University of Delaware.

This innovative design is cost-effective compared to other mCP explorations, estimated at under $1 million—1,000 times less than operating a particle accelerator for a year. Preliminary calculations indicate it could be more sensitive than future collider experiments.

Researchers like Kevin Kelly from Texas A&M University believe this experimental approach could potentially outperform existing methods by a factor of 100 to 10,000, capable of detecting mCPs with even lower charges than previously thought.

According to Christopher Hill at Ohio State University, this technique may surpass some current experiments. He posits that it could accelerate the timeline for significant discoveries regarding the composition and functioning of our universe.

The research team is currently in the final stages of planning the experiment and securing funding. If successful, they aim to execute the project within two to three years, potentially offering a new avenue for studying mCPs.

Topics:

dark matter/
particle physics

Source: www.newscientist.com

Ancient Universe Theory Faces Potential Overhaul: A Century-Old Hypothesis at Risk

Posted on April 27, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Our Incredibly Bumpy Universe

NASA, ESA, IPAC/California Institute of Technology, STScI, Arizona State University

Our incredibly bumpy universe — Our Incredibly Bumpy Universe

NASA, ESA, IPAC/California Institute of Technology, STScI, Arizona State University

New evidence suggests that the assumptions physicists have held about our universe for over a century might soon be challenged. This emerging research indicates that our universe is far more clumpy than previously believed, potentially unraveling some of today’s most perplexing cosmological mysteries.

In cosmological modeling, simplifications are often made due to the inability to account for all galaxies. Generally, cosmologists assume that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic at large scales, meaning it appears largely uniform in all directions.

This prevailing view is referenced as the FLRW model, named after Alexander Friedmann, Georges Lemaître, Howard Robertson, and Arthur Jeffrey Walker, who developed these ideas in the 1920s. Most cosmological observations rely on this model, but new evidence emerging in three preprint papers could indicate a fundamental flaw.

The first paper, authored by Timothy Clifton from Queen Mary University of London and Asta Heinessen from the University of Copenhagen, presents a novel method to assess the accuracy of FLRW models in describing our universe. You can view it here: A new way to determine whether FLRW models can accurately describe our universe.

This analysis utilizes various formulas for cosmic distances inferred from supernova observations and the density variations of matter. If the FLRW model holds true, certain outcomes should equal zero; hence, a nonzero result may indicate the necessity for a new model. Prior tests have been proposed, but none have definitively signaled flaws in the FLRW framework.

In subsequent papers, linked as second and third, Heinessen and Sophie Marie Cockvin from the University of Southern Denmark undertook this distance measurement challenge using available cosmological data.

Successfully navigating this challenge, the duo employed AI-driven symbolic regression techniques to derive formulas fitting existing distance measurements without relying on the FLRW model, which previous analyses had done. Their results were striking, demonstrating non-zero findings that suggest the FLRW model may be flawed.

“We were surprised by this result, as it challenges much of the established understanding,” Heinesen comments.

“These findings imply a level of complexity in the universe that wasn’t previously recognized,” Clifton expresses. He regards this as a potential first indication that the FLRW model is inadequate, “opening new avenues for exploration and enlightenment.”

Although these findings are promising, they have not yet met the rigorous statistical thresholds required by cosmologists for confirmation. The team will await additional astronomical data that will materialize over the coming years.

However, this development could lead to significant implications for cosmology. The field has wrestled with the puzzling discrepancies surrounding the universe’s expansion rate, as well as the inconsistency between its earlier formation and current behavior. Recent observations have also suggested that dark energy may be evolving.

Clifton proposes that these core enigmas in cosmology could be elucidated by a universe lacking homogeneity. Such averages in measurements may not hold steady over time, he explains.

Subodh Patil from Leiden University notes the importance of cautious interpretation of the data but appreciates the overall approach. “My initial impression is commendable; they are asking the crucial questions,” Patil states.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Curiosity Rover Reveals Chemical Signatures of Ancient Shallow Lake in Gale Crater

Posted on April 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent analyses using the ChemCam instrument aboard NASA’s Curiosity rover have revealed significant mineral deposits rich in iron, manganese, and zinc within ripple layers of rocks at Gale Crater. This discovery suggests that a prehistoric shallow lake likely existed in this area.

This image showcases the Amapari Marker Band, a significant area where NASA’s Curiosity rover unveiled evidence of an ancient lake. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.

The ChemCam instrument employs laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy to analyze rocks by generating plasma and collecting light from it, facilitating understanding of the elemental composition on the Martian surface.

The primary objective is to assess the past habitability of Mars and explore whether it was ever conducive to life.

Curiosity has been investigating vast sedimentary formations believed to indicate the transition from a warm, wet Mars—characterized by phyllosilicates—to a cold, dry Mars abundant in sulfates.

The identification of redox-active metals like iron and manganese suggests that if life did exist on Mars, it may have thrived in this ancient lake.

Notably, some microorganisms on Earth can utilize these metals as energy sources.

“The presence of these metals in preserved ripple formations marks the clearest evidence of a lake at Gale Crater,” stated Dr. Patrick Gasda, a ChemCam science team member and researcher at Los Alamos National Laboratory.

“What is truly astonishing is that this lake was located high on Mount Sharp, where the rover examined rocks formed during a time when Mars’ climate was shifting towards dryness.”

“Historic Mars was significantly wetter, with lakes common in craters during that era.”

“As the planet transitioned to a drier and colder state, the formation of lakes became less frequent and their durations substantially shorter.”

The detection of iron, manganese, and zinc deposits provides a valuable benchmark for future Martian research.

These findings will guide scientists in identifying new exploration sites for Curiosity and assessing locations for potential sample return missions.

“Considering the astrobiological implications of the Amapari marker band, prioritizing these materials for future chemical analyses by Curiosity is crucial, and returning samples from Jezero Crater should be a significant focus,” Dr. Gasda emphasized.

Find more on this discovery in a recent paper published in Geophysical Research Journal: Planets.

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PJ Gasda et al. 2026. Metal enrichments in the Amapari marker band: potential mechanisms and effects of surface and groundwater and weathering in Gale Crater. JGR: Planet 131 (4): e2025JE009153; doi: 10.1029/2025JE009153

Source: www.sci.news

New Geological Discovery Reveals Evidence of Ancient Ocean in Mars’ Northern Plains

Posted on April 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A continent-like shelf beneath Mars’ surface indicates that a vast ocean may have once covered up to one-third of the planet, reigniting a long-standing debate about Mars’ watery past.

Artist’s impression of Mars as it appeared around 4 billion years ago. Credit: M. Kornmesser / ESO.

While it is widely accepted that Mars had some liquid water on its surface, the existence of long-lasting oceans remains uncertain. It’s debated whether water existed solely in lakes and streams or whether significant oceans formed during Mars’ history.

Previous Mars missions have identified geological features resembling coastlines, but their subtlety and varying elevations complicate their interpretation.

Real coastlines would exhibit consistent elevation across the globe, similar to Earth’s sea level. However, observations suggest otherwise.

“If Mars had an ocean, it likely dried up billions of years ago, more than half of Mars’ age,” states Michael Lamb, a professor at the California Institute of Technology.

“Earth has very few features that are billions of years old, especially after continuous erosion and disturbances over time,” he adds.

“We sought terrain that could provide stronger evidence of such an ancient ocean.”

Illustration from orbiter data showing the coastal shelf region of Mars, a hallmark of global oceans formed over extended periods. Image credit: A. Zaki.

Professor Lamb and Dr. Abdallah Zaki from the California Institute of Technology and the University of Texas at Austin analyzed Earth’s geological features to find indicators of past oceans.

Using computer simulations, they drained ocean models to assess the remaining terrain.

The simulations revealed that a distinct flat landmass, known as the continental shelf, surrounds the region where land meets sea, akin to a ring left by a drained bathtub.

While sea levels have fluctuated on Earth, continental shelves have remained stable, which supports the hypothesis of an ancient Martian ocean.

The researchers utilized topography data from Mars orbiters, discovering similar shelf formations in the northern hemisphere, hinting at an ocean covering a significant portion of the planet.

Such landforms take considerable time to form and are rare in lake environments, supporting the theory of a stable ocean existing for millions of years.

Additionally, evidence of river deltas and coastal features known as “bathtubbling” shelves were observed.

“The discovery of the shelf is a vital observation that consolidates the evidence for a Martian coastal zone,” Dr. Zaki commented.

“This previously overlooked aspect strengthens the case for a northern ocean on Mars, leading to further studies on deposits and satellite data.”

For further details, refer to the publication in Nature.

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Zaki, A. & Ram, M.P. Identifying topographical features of the early Martian ocean. Nature, published online April 15, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41586-026-10381-2

Source: www.sci.news

Triassic Fossil Discovery: Ancient Crocodile Cousin with Powerful Jaws Unveiled at Museum

Posted on April 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

CT scans of specimens from the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History have unveiled a new species of short-nosed crocodilian with remarkably robust jaws, offering a glimpse into late Triassic ecological specialization.

Eosphorosuchus lacrimosa (left) is disturbed by Hesperosuchus agilis (right) near the carcass of Coelophysis at Ghost Ranch, New Mexico, USA. Image credit: Julio Lacerda.

Eosphorosuchus lacrimosa thrived 210 million years ago, inhabiting areas near rivers and lakes in present-day New Mexico, USA.

This ancient reptile was known for its speed, featuring large hind legs and small, slender arms.

Characterized by a short snout, a heavily fortified skull, and powerful jaw muscles, Eosphorosuchus lacrimosa was adept at swiftly catching sizable prey.

“This discovery highlights the early diversification of primitive crocodiles at the onset of the reptilian era,” stated Dr. Bart Anjan Brar, a paleontologist at Yale University and the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History.

“During this Late Triassic period, two dominating reptilian lineages were emerging: one lineage led to modern crocodiles, while the other gave rise to birds—and, eventually, dinosaurs.”

In contrast to dinosaurs of that time, which were slender and agile, resembling herons, ancient crocodiles were robust four-legged predators, sharing physical traits with jackals and large foxes.

The holotype specimen of Eosphorosuchus lacrimosa comprises its skull, lower jaw, spine, limbs, and sections of its armor.

Discovered in 1948 at Ghost Ranch, New Mexico, this fossil remained largely unexplored for 75 years until now.

Phylogenetic analysis positions Eosphorosuchus lacrimosa near the base of Crocodylomorpha, outside a clade that also includes the small crocodilian, Hesperosuchus agilis.

This positioning suggests that its distinct traits evolved early in crocodilian history.

The fossilized remains indicate that Eosphorosuchus lacrimosa coexisted with Hesperosuchus agilis, hinting at early ecological niche differentiation among similarly sized terrestrial predators.

“Eosphorosuchus lacrimosa is one of the few well-preserved relatives of early crocodilians, representing the ‘dawn’ of functional diversification within the lineage leading to modern crocodiles,” noted Miranda Margulis Onuma, a doctoral student at Yale University.

“Beyond its unique anatomy and preservation history, this specimen underscores the potential of existing museum collections to unveil new insights into life’s history.”

Notably, the discovery provides a rare look into an ancient ecosystem where biodiversity flourished, and species exhibited specialized feeding structures to fulfill distinct ecological roles.

The research team’s study appears this month in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

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Miranda Margulis Onuma et al. 2026. Short-snouted phenosuchids with unusual feeding anatomy indicate that ecological specialization occurred early in crocodilian evolution. Proc Biol Sci 293 (2069): 20260130; doi: 10.1098/rspb.2026.0130

Source: www.sci.news

Exploring the Unexpected Crowds of Ancient Tidal Flats: A Hidden Gem Revealed

Posted on April 15, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Exciting new fossil discoveries in a 500-million-year-old Cambrian mudflat in Wisconsin have revealed the earliest evidence of animals venturing onto land, along with insights into their diet. Learn more about Blackberry Hill.

Climactichnites blackberriensis likely stopping to feed on washed-up ostracods.” width=”580″ height=”387″ srcset=”https://cdn.sci.news/images/2026/04/image_14694_1-Climactichnites-blackberriensis.jpg 580w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2026/04/image_14694_1-Climactichnites-blackberriensis-300×200.jpg 300w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2026/04/image_14694_1-Climactichnites-blackberriensis-84×55.jpg 84w” sizes=”(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px”/>

Mollusc footprints of Climactichnites blackberriensis likely stopping to feed on ostracods. CS = scoopworm crust; DS = decomposing rods; R = ripple mark; S = Ladleworm.

The fossilized remains from Blackberry Hill have revealed that the creatures—a relative of millipedes known as the Eutycarcinoid—created tracks referred to as Protichnites, which means “first footprint.”

Paleontologists have been puzzled over the identity of these creatures for over 150 years.

In these ancient tidal flats, fossilized crustaceans known as Philocariidae have also been identified, alongside thousands of well-preserved trace fossils from various organisms, including arthropods and mollusks.

One of the new trace fossils, Climactichnites blackberriensis, represents a significant imprint likely made by an unidentified mollusk.

These animals traversed the tidal flats, leaving behind a series of footprints. Remarkably, it appears that they stopped to feed on jellyfish that washed ashore.

Cochlichnus? – Traces of polychaete worms believed to be resting.

Fragments of material (crusts) and coccoids are found in the vicinity, potentially indicating some of the earliest fossil evidence of animals feeding on jellyfish in the Cambrian tidal flats.

This may have prompted certain species to explore land, marking the beginning of terrestrial life.

Additional trace fossils feature notable markings, including those from polychaetes, with traces of their parapodia (limbs) documented alongside early occurrences of Stiaria pillosa, believed to be feeding traces of a true carcinoid arthropod.

Stiallia – Presumed feeding traces from ancient arthropods.

Researchers Kenneth C. Gass (Milwaukee Public Museum) and Nora Noffke from Old Dominion University recently released their findings in a paper in the Paleontology Journal. Read the full study here.

The authors also suggested that some of these traces may have been created by certain species of extinct primitive arthropods, such as Aglaspidids, known for their spike-like bifurcated tails.

“These discoveries indicate the Cambrian tidal flats were more active than previously thought. It seems as if all these animals flocked to the flats for a brief reprieve on land,” Gass noted.

“More extensive taxonomic diversity in these tidal flats necessitates further field surveys and material investigations.”

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K. Gass and N. Noffke. 2026. New findings from the Cambrian Moose Mound Complex tidal flat facies, Wisconsin, USA. Paleontology Journal, pp. 1-15; doi: 10.1017/jpa.2026.10225

Source: www.sci.news

Unveiling Project Hail Mary: How Ancient Chinese Physics Influenced Modern Science

Posted on April 14, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Ryan Gosling as Ryland Grace in *Project Hail Mary*

Jonathan Olley / Amazon Content Services LLC

Ryan Gosling stars as Ryland Grace in Project Hail Mary — Ryan Gosling as Ryland Grace in *Project Hail Mary*

Jonathan Olley / Amazon Content Services LLC

Watching Project Hail Mary in a packed IMAX theater, I found myself gasping alone. It struck me that the audience was unfazed by the astonishing scene, but then I recalled: I’m a physicist.

Without revealing too much, a pivotal moment occurs when the Hail Mary spaceship accelerates unexpectedly. Ryland Grace, played by Ryan Gosling, is unstrapped, causing his head to collide with the control panel. In reality, the consequences would be fatal. This isn’t unusual in cinema; we frequently witness characters surviving impossible scenarios. Yet this time, disbelief was hard to suspend.

The film’s distinctiveness lies in its commitment to accurately portraying motion in space. Instead of fabricating scientific concepts, directors Phil Lord and Christopher Miller consulted NASA for authentic sci-fi representation.

Momentum is key. Picture riding a bicycle at high speed. Stopping abruptly is challenging due to momentum—affected by both speed and mass. This is why larger vehicles, like trucks, require longer distances to halt.

One marvel of physics is that momentum governs the universe. Isaac Newton’s second law emphasizes this, asserting its universal relevance. Even astronauts encountering space navigate momentum in unanticipated ways.

Newton’s first law states that objects in motion stay in motion unless acted upon by an external force. This contradicts what we observe daily on Earth due to gravity and other forces. For instance, during a cricket match, when a batsman strikes the ball, it eventually descends, halted by gravity. However, in space, free from these influences, objects will travel indefinitely.

In the film, Grace’s spaceship accelerates, leaving him unbelted to collide with the control panel. The impact is immense due to the absence of counteracting forces—consequently, I anticipated catastrophic injury. (The narrative’s leniency toward physics serves the film’s storytelling).

Ryland Grace encounters Newton’s laws on his space journey

Alamy Stock Photo / Landmark Media

Numerous moments in the film heightened my anxiety— not due to poor execution, but rather the remarkably accurate depiction of physics. One scene, where Grace tosses an object into space, was particularly striking: it travels perfectly straight, showing the absence of gravitational resistance—something unimaginable on Earth.

Four years ago, my perception of a film like Project Hail Mary would have lacked appreciation for such details. My academic focus on relativistic and quantum physics had me distancing from foundational Newtonian concepts. Initially seeing classical physics as outdated, I now recognize it’s vital for introducing students to advanced scientific concepts.

My outlook shifted during research for my book, The End of Space and Time, as I uncovered the historical development of Newton’s principles. Intriguingly, more than a millennium before Newton, philosopher Mozi and his followers articulated similar laws.

Delving deep into relevant translations sparked a newfound respect for basic physics principles. After reading passages from Mo Chin, I distanced myself from my original views and sought out Newton’s original texts in Principia. Years after my first degree in physics, I still find enlightenment in the lessons of physics, enabled by dedicated translations from scholars in the humanities.

My experience watching Project Hail Mary epitomized a synergy between scientific advisory and artistic expression, showcasing intriguing storytelling. Despite some criticisms of the narrative (and its author, Andy Weir), I left the theater with a renewed appreciation for our universe’s marvels, grateful to those who made it all possible.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Ancient Fossil Octopus: New Findings Reveal Multiple Species Identified

Posted on April 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Paulsepia mazonensis has captivated the scientific community as a cephalopod species first identified in 2000 from a remarkable 300-million-year-old specimen. This fascinating creature has earned a spot in the Guinness Book of World Records for being the world’s oldest octopus. Recent research has led to its reclassification as a distant relative of the nautilus, offering new insights into the timeline of octopus evolution, according to paleontologists.

Depiction of old cadmus collapse in the Mason Creek Basin, highlighting various Mason Creek fauna, including the polychaete Esconites zelus and the elasmobranch shark Bandringa rayi. Image credit: Franz Anthony.

Originally described from isolated siderite concretions, Paulsepia mazonensis has been recognized as the oldest known octopus, predating earlier estimates by over 150 million years. This revelation raises significant questions regarding our comprehension of cephalopod evolution, according to Dr. Thomas Clements, a paleontologist from the universities of Leicester and Reading.

This intriguing fossil from the Late Carboniferous Maisonkrieg Lagerstätte (311 to 360 million years ago) possesses distinct features, including a ‘sack-like’ fused head and mantle, symmetrical fins, and a pair of eyespots, alongside arms and specialized tentacles, yet lacks evidence for an inner or outer shell.

In a recent comprehensive study, researchers revisited this enigmatic fossil alongside several new specimens.

Employing advanced analytical methods, they uncovered a previously unrecognized radula, the toothed tongue characteristic of most molluscs.

Analysis of the alveolar bone suggests that Paulsepia mazonensis is more aligned with the shelled nautilus than previously thought.

This organism experienced significant decomposition prior to fossilization, leading to its ambiguous classification for decades.

“We conclude that Paulsepia mazonensis is synonymous with the Old Cadmus poli, based on morphological evidence,” the researchers confirmed.

This reinterpretation resolves a longstanding mystery regarding octopus evolution and unveils the oldest preserved nautilus soft tissue ever documented.

Through synchrotron micro-X-ray fluorescence elemental mapping, the team identified dental ossicles concealed within the concrete matrix of Paulsepia mazonensis.

The morphology of radial elements indicates that Paulsepia mazonensis does not correspond to coronal octamers but represents the oldest soft-tissue nautilus fossil discovered to date.

This reclassification challenges the Paleozoic origin of octopuses, further supporting a mid/late Mesozoic origin for crown octopuses while diminishing the credibility of the colloid affinity related to controversial Cambrian soft-bodied fossils like Nectocaris pterix.

The findings accentuate the complexities in interpreting exceptionally preserved soft tissue at the Masonkrieg Lagerstätte and underscore the necessity for thorough reevaluation of enigmatic consolidated soft-bodied fossil materials.

The team’s research paper has been published today in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

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Thomas Clements et al. 2026. Synchrotron data reveals characteristics of nautiloids Paulsepia mazonensis refuting the Paleozoic origin of octopods. Proc Biol Sci 293 (2068): 20252369; doi: 10.1098/rspb.2025.2369

Source: www.sci.news

Uncovering Ice Age Dice: How Prehistoric Americans Played Games Before Casinos and Ancient Rome

Posted on April 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Archaeologists from Colorado State University have uncovered evidence that Native Americans were crafting dice and engaging in games of chance as far back as 12,000 years ago, predating similar practices believed to have originated solely in the Old World.

Prehistoric Native American dice from various locations: (a, d) Signal Butte, NE (mid-Holocene); (b) Agate Basin, WY (early Holocene); (c, f) Agate Basin, WY (Late Pleistocene); (e, g) Lindenmeyer, CO (Late Pleistocene); (h) Irvine, WY (Late Holocene). Image credit: Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution, American Museum of Natural History/University of Wyoming.

“Historians often regarded dice and probability as innovations unique to the Old World,” explains Colorado State University’s Robert Madden, a doctoral student and author of the study.

“Our findings reveal that ancient Native American societies were deliberately producing objects designed for random outcomes, utilizing these results in organized games much earlier than previously believed.”

The earliest artifact identified by Madden originates from the Folsom site, dating between 12,800 and 12,200 years ago.

Unlike modern cubic dice, these were double-sided devices known as binary lots, crafted from bone, either flat or slightly rounded, and typically oval or rectangular in form, designed for easy handling and tossing onto a surface.

Each side of these binary lots was marked differently, distinguished by surface treatments, colors, or other visible alterations, similar to heads or tails on a coin, with one side designated for scoring.

When tossed, these dice would always land with one side facing up, yielding a binary (two-outcome) result.

Scores were determined by the numbers displayed when thrown together.

“These tools are simple yet purposeful. They are intentionally made for generating random outcomes, not mere leftovers from bone processing,” Madden stated.

This study also introduces a new morphological test for identifying North American dice in archaeological contexts, moving beyond subjective comparisons.

The test was developed through an analysis of 293 historical Native American dice sets cataloged by ethnologist Stewart Culin in his 1907 work, North American Indian Games.

The research reexamines previously collected artifacts, assessing whether they meet the new, objective criteria for dice, allowing for a systematic evaluation of the archaeological record.

Most of these artifacts had been excavated prior but lacked a clear standard for identification, which hampered their inclusion in broader analyses.

By applying this novel approach, Madden identified over 600 probable and diagnostic dice from sites that span significant periods in North American prehistory, from the late Pleistocene through to European contact and beyond.

“Most of these items had already been discovered and documented,” Madden noted.

“What was lacking was a standardized method to recognize these artifacts.”‘

“Our research does not claim that Ice Age hunter-gatherers practiced formal probability theory,” Madden clarified.

“However, they intentionally made, observed, and utilized random outcomes in repeatable, rule-based scenarios, tapping into probabilistic principles like the law of large numbers. This insight reshapes our understanding of the global evolution of probabilistic thought.”

The study further highlights the extensive range and sustainability of Native American dice games.

Dice artifacts were discovered at 57 sites across 12 regional areas, reflecting diverse cultures and survival strategies from Paleoindian to Archaic and late prehistoric periods.

“The versatility and endurance of these games underscore their cultural significance,” Madden stated.

“Games of chance provided structured, neutral environments for ancient Native Americans, facilitating interactions, trade, alliances, and the management of uncertainty. In this context, they served as essential social tools.”

The study has been published in Ancient History of America.

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Robert J. Madden. Pleistocene Probability: The Origins and Antiquity of Native American Dice, Games of Chance, and Gambling. Ancient History of America published online on April 2, 2026. doi: 10.1017/aaq.2025.10158

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient Iron Smelting Workshop Discovered in Senegal: A 2,400-Year-Old Archaeological Find

Posted on April 3, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Excavations at the Dide West 1 site in eastern Senegal have revealed a remarkably preserved iron smelting workshop, which was constructed between the 4th century BC and the 4th century AD and was active for nearly eight centuries.

A pile of tuyeres discovered at Dide West 1 in Senegal. Image credit: Ann Mayer.

In Europe, the Iron Age is typically defined as spanning from approximately 800 BC to the conclusion of the 1st century AD, but these timeframes vary significantly across the globe.

The earliest indications of iron production are believed to trace back to the second millennium BC in regions like Anatolia (present-day Türkiye) and the Caucasus.

“The iron smelting workshop at the Dide Ouest 1 site in Senegal provides valuable insights into the development of iron metallurgy in West Africa,” stated UNIGE archaeologist Melissa Morel and her research team.

The workshop features a substantial accumulation of nearly 100 tons of slag, around 30 used tuyeres (earthen pipes that channel air into the furnace) semicircularly arranged, and 35 circular furnace bases approximately 30 cm deep.

This iron production likely catered to local demands, particularly for crafting agricultural tools.

“Due to its exceptional preservation, historical significance, duration of use, and unique technical characteristics, this site stands out,” remarked Dr. Morel.

“This offers a rare opportunity to analyze the continuity and evolution of iron smelting technologies over time.”

“At Dide West 1, the layout, furnace structure, and waste materials reveal a tradition identified as FAL02.”

“This type of furnace includes a small circular design with a removable chimney and large clay tuyeres.”

“A significant feature of these tuyeres is their multi-outlet design, which connects small openings to the main channel via vertical side ducts, enabling optimal air distribution to the furnace base.”

“Another notable aspect is the innovative use of palm kernel seeds as packing at the furnace bottom—a method not previously documented.”

“Despite its prolonged operation, this workshop’s traditions have shown remarkable stability, with only minor technical modifications,” said Dr. Anne Mayol, archaeologist at UNIGE and the Institute for Global Studies.

“This continuity stands in contrast to metallurgical practices in other African contexts, underscoring the importance of understanding the technical and cultural decisions made by early iron producers.”

The team’s research paper was published in the African Archaeology Review.

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M. Morel et al. Early and long-term evolution of iron smelting technology at Dide West 1, Fareme Valley, eastern Senegal. African Archaeology Review, published online March 25, 2026. doi: 10.1007/s10437-026-09653-z

Source: www.sci.news

Discoveries from Ancient Bones Illuminate Neanderthal Elephant Hunting Techniques

Posted on March 26, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Evidence of Ancient Human Butchery on Lehringen Elephant Bones

Image Credit: VOLKER_MINKUS

Elephant bones from Lehringen, Germany — Evidence of Ancient Human Butchery on Lehringen Elephant Bones

Image Credit: VOLKER_MINKUS

In the backroom of the distinguished Schöningen Research Museum in Germany, a collection of mismatched cardboard boxes reveals archaeological treasures. Discovered in Rehringen, a village located 150 kilometers away, these boxes hold invaluable artifacts.

In 1948, researchers uncovered 125,000-year-old bones from the Paleoloxodon antiquus species in the bed of an ancient lake at Rehringen. While elephant bones from this period are somewhat common, this particular find included a 2.3-meter-long spear lodged between the ribs, marking a significant archaeological milestone.

This yew spear, identified as the oldest complete spear ever discovered, provides powerful evidence suggesting that Neanderthals were skilled big game hunters rather than mere scavengers. However, this remarkable discovery faced challenges. Alexander Rosenbrock, a dedicated school principal and amateur archaeologist, led the excavation, but a series of complications arose during the retrieval of the bones.

After digging began, a portion of the bones was improperly extracted before Rosenbrock and his team could arrive. Some bones were even reported stolen, and without a camera, he struggled to document their positions accurately. This led to a lengthy seven-year legal battle over the remains. Ultimately, Rosenbrock secured rights to keep the artifacts in Verden, where they unfortunately faded into obscurity before his passing in the 1950s.

Over the following 75 years, doubts lingered regarding the circumstances surrounding Rehringen’s find. Were the spear and bones simply coincidentally located together? Despite two examinations, researchers initially found no clear signs of butchery on the elephant bones.

The 1948 Excavation of Rehringen

Credits: Archives of the Cultural Heritage Office of Lower Saxony

Fast forward to 2025, Ivo Verheijen, Schöningen’s resident bone expert, began a meticulous examination of the Rehringen findings.

“We were informed there were just a few boxes,” Verheijen explained. “Upon arrival at the museum to collect them, we discovered numerous boxes piled in the attic!”

The Schöningen Center, located merely 300 meters from an active archaeological excavation site, has been operational since the mid-1990s. This site is notably home to 10 spears, around 300,000 years old, along with the Clacton and Rehringen spears, forming part of a limited collection of discovered spears from the Paleolithic era.

In 2017, the Schöningen team further solidified their expertise when they discovered a complete elephant. As a result, Verheijen was well-versed in handling ancient elephant bones before teaming up with Rehringen.

As Verheijen rummaged through the boxes, he uncovered a freshwater shell along with an excavation label, which intriguingly turned out to be an old 50 million mark banknote from the post-World War I inflation period. “It’s fascinating to have such unique labels,” he remarked.

This initiative resembled a cold-case investigation for Verheijen and his team. Thankfully, the collection comprised not only bones of elephants and other species but also invaluable records of Rosenbrock’s pioneering work, preserved and shared by his daughter Waltraut Deibel-Rosenbrock after his passing.

Verheijen quickly deduced that the Lehringen elephant had been intentionally slaughtered. “I immediately identified some distinct cut marks,” he stated. “It’s astonishing that these were overlooked for so long.”

Evidence of Cut Marks on Elephant Bones

Image Credit: Ivo Verheijen

The elephant, likely a solitary male standing over 3.5 meters tall at shoulder height, may have also been over 30 years old. It is suspected that he had been slaughtered both externally and internally, with organs removed shortly after death. This implies that the elephant likely perished with the spear embedded in its side, making the proximity of the bones and weapon no mere coincidence.

Neanderthals utilized flint tools to extract what they could from the carcass, leaving behind the rest for scavengers. While some bones showed signs of butchering, remains of bears, beavers, and aurochs were also discovered, indicating that Neanderthals frequently hunted and processed animals in proximity to the lake.

Verheijen speculates that modern elephants tend to move toward water when injured. Thus, after sustaining an injury from a spear, the elephant probably made its way towards the lake. This suggests that multiple spears may have been involved, and the hunters pursued the wounded creature until it collapsed, potentially breaking one spear in the process. The investigation will continue as the team plans to re-examine the spear.

Even at this early stage, the project has painted a vivid picture of what could be one of the most detailed Neanderthal hunting scenes ever documented.

Verheijen is also working diligently to preserve the Rehringen bones for future display. “This site holds great importance in Neanderthal history in Germany,” he emphasizes. “For reasons unknown, it has been largely forgotten, and our goal is to restore its rightful recognition.”

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Uncovering Neanderthal Hunting Techniques: Insights from Ancient Elephant Bones

Posted on March 25, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Evidence of Neanderthal hunting: Elephant bones from Lehringen, Germany

Credit: VOLKER_MINKUS

In the back room of the modern Schöningen Research Museum in Germany, old cardboard boxes house a fascinating discovery: remnants from Rehringen, a village 150 kilometers away.

In 1948, 125,000-year-old Paleoloxodon antique bones were excavated from an ancient lake’s bed in Rehringen. While such bones are not uncommon, this particular set contained a remarkable 2.3-meter-long spear embedded between the ribs.

This yew spear is recognized as the oldest complete spear ever discovered. The Rehringen Spear stands as the only known spear found alongside the skeleton of an extinct species. Since Neanderthals were the only humans in Europe at the time, this spear provides critical evidence that they hunted large game rather than scavenged. This was a groundbreaking discovery.

However, challenges arose. The excavation led by Alexander Rosenbrock, a local school principal and amateur archaeologist, revealed that around half of the bones were removed before he, his daughter, and volunteers arrived at the scene.

By the time Rosenbrock reached the site, some bones had already been stolen, and without a camera, he couldn’t sketch the crucial positions of the bones and spear. A lengthy legal battle ensued over the discovery, ultimately allowing Rosenbrock to keep the findings in Verden, which contributed to their obscurity. Sadly, the teacher passed away in the 1950s without publishing his findings.

Over the next 75 years, skepticism around Rehringen emerged. Were the spear and bones truly found together, or was it mere coincidence? Researchers accessed the findings twice but concluded that the elephant bones lacked evidence of butchery.

Excavation at Rehringen, 1948

Credit: Archives of the Cultural Heritage Office of Lower Saxony

Fast forward to 2025. Ivo Verheijen, the bone expert at Schöningen, began investigating the Rehringen finds.

“We were informed of just a few boxes,” Verheijen noted. “But upon reaching the museum, we discovered truckloads stored in the attic.”

The Schöningen Center, located 300 meters from an active excavation site since the mid-1990s, previously uncovered 10 spears around 300,000 years old from a nearby quarry. The Rehringen spear, alongside the Clacton spear, represents one of the oldest weapons from the Paleolithic era.

In 2017, the Schöningen team made headlines by discovering a complete ancient elephant, granting Verheijen substantial experience with these bones before switching his focus to Rehringen.

As he examined the artifacts, Verheijen removed an old box containing a freshwater shell from Rehringen and metadata from the excavation. He revealed that the label was a 50-million-mark banknote from the post-World War I inflation era, pointing out, “It used to be printed on one side only.”

This project resembled a cold-case investigation for Verheijen and his team. Fortunately, the box contained not just elephant bones but also flint tools and documentation of Rosenbrock’s work, preserved by his daughter Waltraut Deibel-Rosenbrock after his passing.

It didn’t take long for Verheijen to determine that the Lehringen elephant was slaughtered. “I quickly spotted distinct cut marks,” he stated. “It’s surprising that they weren’t previously noted.”

Cut marks found on an elephant rib

Credit: Ivo Verheijen

The elephant’s remains belonged to a young male, over 3.5 meters tall at the shoulder. Verheijen noted that solitary males are often easier targets for hunters.

Examination revealed that not only had the animal been butchered externally, but internal organs had also been removed, indicating that it was freshly dead when Neanderthals approached. It is highly probable that it died with the spear embedded in its side, suggesting a direct correlation between the bones and the weapon found on-site.

Early humans utilized simple flint tools to extract as much as possible from the carcass, leaving behind bones for scavengers. Interestingly, not every bone displayed signs of butchery—bear, beaver, and aurochs remains were also present, indicating that Neanderthals regularly hunted near the lake.

Verheijen suggested that modern elephants often head towards water when injured. Therefore, after being speared, the elephant likely made its way toward the lake, where it may have been pursued until it collapsed. One spear ultimately broke underneath it, which could explain some of the scene’s findings. The research team plans to further analyze the spear.

Even in its initial phases, the project has already painted a vivid picture of Neanderthal hunting behavior.

Verheijen aims to preserve Rehringen’s bones for exhibition, emphasizing, “This site is among the most significant Neanderthal locations in Germany. Despite being previously overlooked, we are dedicated to giving it the recognition it deserves.”

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Rediscovered: Two Ancient Marsupial Species Thought Extinct for 6,000 Years Found Alive in New Guinea

Posted on March 25, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent scientific research has unveiled two previously unknown species of marsupials within the remote rainforests of New Guinea’s Vogelkop Peninsula. The Pygmy Longfinger Possum (Dactylonax Kambuyai) and Wow Glider (Thus ayamalensis) are believed to have vanished around 6,000 years ago. These discoveries indicate that New Guinea’s rich forests may still conceal remnants of an ancient animal kingdom.

Pygmy Longfinger Possum (Dactylonax Kambuyai), a female spotted in the Kralik area of the Vogelkop Peninsula. Image credit: Carlos Bocos.

Professor Tim Flannery from the Australian Museum states: “The identification of a ‘Lazarus taxon’ is a remarkable event, especially when it was thought to be recently extinct.”

“The uncovering of two species once believed to be extinct for millennia is truly exceptional.”

“This discovery underscores the crucial need to conserve these unique biological regions and highlights the significance of collaborative research in safeguarding hidden biodiversity.”

The pygmy long-tailed possum and the ring-tailed glider, known through Pleistocene fossils found in Australia and New Guinea, inhabit secluded lowland forests of the Vogelkop Peninsula.

“Vogelkop represents an ancient section of the Australian continent, now part of New Guinea,” remarked Professor Flannery.

“Its forests may still harbor even more hidden aspects of Australia’s natural history.”

The Pygmy Longfinger Possum boasts striking stripes and remarkable adaptability, featuring one finger on each hand that is twice as long as the next longest finger.

This species is thought to have vanished from Australia during the Ice Age, a period notorious for the extinction of iconic megafauna, including the diprotodon and the marsupial lion.

Wow Glider (Thus ayamalensis), a subadult from the South Solon area of the Vogelkop Peninsula. Image credit: Arman Muharmansyah.

The ring-tailed glider is closely related to the Australian Glider (Petauroides) and marks the first new genus of marsupials identified in New Guinea since 1937.

Smaller than its relatives, this species features furless ears and a strong, prehensile tail, forming lifelong pair bonds and typically raising just one pup annually.

Similar to sugar gliders, these marsupials reside in tree hollows high within the forest canopy and face threats from logging practices.

“The glider, known locally as tous among some Tamburou and Maybrat communities, is deemed sacred,” shared Lika Koline, a Maybrat community member.

“It symbolizes the spirits of our ancestors and plays a key role in educational practices such as initiation ceremonies.”

“Our meticulous collaboration with Tamburou Elders was essential, and without the involvement of Traditional Owners, this identification would not have been feasible.”

“We are immensely proud that Papuan researchers have contributed to these groundbreaking findings. Our gratitude extends to the communities in Misool, Maybrat, and Tambulo for their continued support in this research,” stated Dr. Aksamina Yohanita from the University of Papua.

A detailed study discussing these findings was published on March 6th in the Australian Museum Records.

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Tim F. Flannery et al. 2026. “Reemergence after 6,000 years: A modern record of the ‘extinct’ Papuan marsupial, Dactylonax Kambuyai (Marsupial: Petauridae), revised phylogeny and zoogeography of the genus Dactylonax.” Records of the Australian Museum 78 (1): 17-34; doi: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.78.2026.3003

Source: www.sci.news

New Study Reveals Democracy’s Origins Extend Beyond Ancient Greece

Posted on March 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent research analyzed 31 ancient societies from Europe, Asia, and the Americas, revealing that democratic institutions were more prevalent than previously thought and not solely dependent on factors like population size or geography.

Acropolis of Athens by Leo von Klenze.

The term “democracy” originated in ancient Greece, where it was defined as the power of the people (demo = people, kratos = power).

This definition transcends specific institutional frameworks, framing democracy as an overarching goal.

Traditionally, scholars rooted in Western social science have viewed the core elements of democratic governance—such as power centralization and national inclusiveness—as products of the classical Mediterranean world, which lay dormant for over a millennium until the Renaissance reinvigorated these ideals in Europe and its colonies.

Yet, this prevalent perspective that democratic governance emerged exclusively in the West has rarely undergone systematic scrutiny.

“Many believe that democracy first flourished in Greece and Rome,” says Dr. Gary Fineman, MacArthur Curator of Mesoamerican and Central American Anthropology at the Field Museum’s Negaunee Center for Integrative Research.

“However, our research indicates that numerous societies around the globe devised methods to limit the authority of rulers and empower ordinary citizens.”

In contrast to democracies, dictatorships centralize power in a single individual or a small group, examples of which include absolute monarchies and authoritarian regimes.

In a democracy, decision-making is a collective process among the populace. While elections often correlate with democratic practices, this association is not always accurate; many dictators are elected through popular votes.

“Elections alone do not serve as the best indicators of democratic value, thus our study emphasized historical instances of political organization,” Dr. Fineman noted.

“We identified two critical governance aspects: the concentration of power within individuals or institutions, and the degree of inclusiveness, reflecting how accessible power is to significant segments of the population.”

The current study evaluated 40 cases from 31 distinct political entities across Europe, North America, and Asia over numerous millennia.

Due to varying record-keeping methods, not all societies maintained written archives, necessitating innovative approaches to infer their governance structures.

“The spatial arrangement of societies is particularly revealing,” Dr. Fineman remarked.

“Urban areas featuring open spaces and public structures that facilitate community gatherings tend to exhibit more democratic tendencies.”

Conversely, architectural remnants suggesting concentrated power—such as pyramids with limited upper space or urban designs funneling into a ruler’s residence—signal more authoritarian regimes.

The researchers developed an “authoritarianism index” to classify each society along a continuum from highly authoritarian to highly democratic.

“Many archaeologists maintain that Athens and the Roman Republic represent the only democracies of the ancient era, while governance in Asia and the Americas was predominantly autocratic,” stated Dr. Fineman.

“Our analysis reveals that various regions possessed democratic structures comparable to those of Athens and Rome.”

“These results indicate that both democratic and authoritarian governance existed widely in the ancient world,” commented David Stasavage, a professor at New York University.

“Societies innovated ways to democratize power and enhance inclusivity, suggesting that democratic principles have profound and unexpected historical roots,” added Dr. Linda Nicholas of the Field Museum.

The study also challenges the notion that population size and political complexity inherently lead to authoritarian rule, highlighting how funding mechanisms shaped authority.

“Societies reliant on income controlled by leaders—such as mines, trade routes, or warfare gains—tended to be more authoritarian,” Dr. Fineman explained.

“On the contrary, societies that primarily derived funds from community labor or domestic taxes were more likely to decentralize power and uphold shared governance.”

Furthermore, the research found that societies with more inclusive political frameworks generally exhibited lower economic inequality.

“These insights contradict the belief that dictatorship and high inequality are inevitable outcomes of socio-economic complexity and growth,” Dr. Fineman stated.

“Historical evidence shows that people globally have developed inclusive political systems, even under challenging conditions.”

For more information, check out the research paper, recently published in Scientific Progress.

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Gary M. Feynman et al. 2026. Distribution of power and inclusiveness over deep time. Scientific Progress 12(12); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aec1426

Source: www.sci.news

Kids Shaping Clay: The Ancient Art of Storytelling Before Pottery

Posted on March 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A groundbreaking discovery of 142 beads and pendants from five archaeological sites in Israel’s Natufian period (15,000 to 11,650 years ago) indicates that clay was first utilized for symbolic purposes and identity rather than for tools or cooking. Remarkably, many of these artifacts bear the fingerprints of children, suggesting that young makers played a vital role in this ancient artistry. These findings illuminate the origins of art, education, and social expression well before the advent of agriculture.

Late Natufian period butterfly clay beads from Einan Maraha in the upper Jordan Valley. Colored ocher red and bearing the fingerprints of a child (approximately 10 years old) who crafted it 12,000 years ago. Image credit: Laurent Davin.

“This discovery fundamentally alters our understanding of the relationship between clay, symbolism, and the emergence of sedentary life,” stated Laurent Davin, an archaeologist at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

The study analyzed a collection of 142 beads and pendants from five Natufian sites, revealing over 3,000 years of continuous occupation.

Each bead, small enough to fit in a child’s hand, was meticulously shaped into cylinders, disks, and ovals using unbaked clay.

Many beads featured a coating of red ocher applied using a technique called engobe, signifying the oldest known usage of this coloring method.

The extensive variety and quantity of beads discovered indicate that this was not an isolated venture but rather a rich cultural tradition.

Evidence suggests that clay served as a medium for visual communication long before being utilized for practical objects like bowls and jars.

The researchers identified 19 distinct bead types, many inspired by plants central to Natufian life, including wild barley, einkorn wheat, lentils, and peas—key crops that would later form the foundation of agriculture.

Fascinatingly, traces of plant fibers found on several beads provide insights into how these ornaments were worn and strung, highlighting organic materials that typically vanish from the archaeological record.

This eclectic collection strongly implies that nature, especially the plant kingdom, served not only as a food source but also as a foundation for cultural significance.

Perhaps the most astonishing revelation comes from the fingerprints preserved on the beads. A total of 50 prints were recovered, allowing scientists to identify the ages of their makers—children, youths, and adults alike.

This marks the first instance where archaeologists have successfully identified the creators of Paleolithic ornaments, showcasing the largest collection of fingerprints from this era.

Some artifacts appear to have been designed for children, such as a small clay ring measuring only 10 mm in diameter.

This suggests that crafting ornaments was a prevalent activity, playing an essential role in learning, imitation, and the transfer of social values through generations.

For decades, researchers believed that the symbolic use of clay in Southwest Asia arose solely from agricultural practices and Neolithic lifestyles.

This pivotal study, alongside the recent discovery of clay figurines at Nahal Ein Geb II, challenges that assumption.

Instead, it indicates that a symbolic revolution began during the early phases of sedentarization, when communities were transitioning to settled lifestyles while still hunting and gathering.

Clay ornaments emerged as a means of visual and public expression of identity, belonging, and social connections.

“These objects reveal that significant social and cognitive transformations were already taking place,” noted Leore Grossman, a professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

“The roots of the Neolithic period run deeper than we once realized.”

“By documenting one of the world’s oldest traditions of clay decoration, our study repositions the Natufians not just as agricultural pioneers, but as innovative cultural personalities who employed clay to convey their identities and aspirations.” Read the full study, published in the journal Science Advances.

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Laurent Davin et al. 2026. Modeling identity in the first settled communities: The emergence of clay ornaments in Paleolithic Southwest Asia. Science Advances 12(12); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aea2158

Source: www.sci.news

Neanderthals Used Birch Tar as a Natural Antibiotic: Discovering Ancient Medical Practices

Posted on March 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent research highlights that birch bark tar—historically recognized as a natural tool adhesive—can effectively inhibit harmful bacteria like: Staphylococcus aureus. This suggests that Neanderthals may have utilized it to treat wounds and manage infections during the Ice Age.

Neanderthals likely employed birch tar for various applications, including wound care. Siemsen et al. confirmed that birch tar possesses selective antibacterial properties and effectively inhibits Staphylococcus aureus.

Birch tar is frequently discovered at Neanderthal sites, where it is known to have served as an adhesive for crafting tools.

Recent inquiries suggest that Neanderthals may have had additional uses for this versatile substance.

For instance, indigenous communities in Northern Europe and Canada have utilized birch tar to treat injuries. Increasing evidence indicates that Neanderthals also engaged in various medicinal practices.

To explore the medicinal capabilities of birch tar, Dr. Tjaark Siemssen and his team from the Universities of Cologne and Oxford extracted tar from birch tree bark, particularly species identified at Neanderthal sites.

The researchers employed multiple extraction techniques, including distillation in clay pits and condensation on stone surfaces—methods that Neanderthals could also have accessed.

All tested tar samples showcased effectiveness in inhibiting bacterial growth against various strains, including the notorious Staphylococcus bacteria responsible for wound infections.

These findings not only reinforce the efficacy of indigenous medicinal practices but also lend credence to the possibility that Neanderthals used birch tar for therapeutic purposes.

The researchers note that birch tar, alongside other available plants, may serve additional roles, such as an insect repellent.

Further investigations into the diverse applications of these natural substances will enrich our understanding of Neanderthal culture.

“Our findings demonstrate that birch tar produced by Neanderthals and early humans possesses notable antibacterial properties,” the researchers stated.

“This discovery has significant implications for how Neanderthals managed disease burdens during the last Ice Age and contributes to the expanding knowledge of medicine among early human communities.”

“Integrating research in indigenous pharmacology and experimental archaeology enhances our understanding of the medical practices of our early ancestors and their closest relatives.”

“Moreover, this paleopharmacological research could assist in rediscovering antibiotic treatments as we confront a rising crisis of antimicrobial resistance.”

“The intricate processes involved in birch tar production are noteworthy.”

“Each stage of production was a sensory journey, and the challenge of cleaning tar from my hands after hours by the fire was a central experience every time.”

For more detailed insights, refer to the study published in the journal PLoS ONE.

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T. Ziemsen et al. 2026. Antibacterial properties of experimentally produced birch tar and its medicinal efficacy in the Pleistocene. PLoS One 21 (3): e0343618; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0343618

Source: www.sci.news

Powerful Jaws of Early Triassic Cyclidan Crustaceans: A Deep Dive into Ancient Marine Life

Posted on March 17, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists have unveiled a fascinating new species of enigmatic ciclidan crustacean, identified from three exceptionally preserved specimens hailing from China’s Early Triassic Guiyang biota.

Yunnanosiculus fortis. Image credit: Sun et al., doi: 10.1002/spp2.70052.

The Cyclidae represent a unique group of arthropods that first emerged during the Carboniferous period and persisted until the late Cretaceous period.

Despite their significance, their fossil record is scant, as most findings only display the carapace (hard shell) of these creatures, with many anatomical features remaining elusive.

“Cyclida is an arthropod order integral to the Guiyang biota,” explains Dr. Xiaoyuan Sun from the China University of Geosciences, alongside collaborators from China and the United States.

“This specialized group of crustaceans originated in the Mississippi Sea (359-323 million years ago) and went extinct during the Maastrichtian (73-66 million years ago) of the Late Cretaceous Period.”

“They’re classified as crustaceans due to distinctive traits such as antennae, mandibles, and maxillae.”

“Sadly, our comprehension of ciclidan crustaceans remains limited because of their rarity in the fossil record.”

Typically, only the robust carapace is preserved, with the antennae and limbs being scarcely found.

The newly identified ciclidan species, designated Yunnanosiculus fortis, thrived during the late Dinerian period of the early Triassic, around 251 million years ago.

It is described based on three specimens sourced from the Daye Formation in Guizhou Province, China.

These fossils unveil an oval carapace featuring narrow, smooth margins, well-defined antennae, and seven pairs of thoracic segments.

Significantly, one specimen retains a pair of robust lower jaws, an exceptionally rare feature in ciclidan fossils.

The holotype’s carapace measures approximately 19.8 mm long by 14.7 mm wide, with the lower jaw spanning about 1.7 mm long and 0.8 mm wide.

Microscopic X-ray fluorescence analysis revealed elevated levels of calcium and phosphorus within the mandible and other structures, indicating they were thick and heavily calcified.

“Yunnanosiculus fortis boasted a notably sturdy oval lower jaw,” the research team stated.

Holotype of Yunnanosiculus fortis. Scale bar – 2 mm. Image credit: Sun et al., doi: 10.1002/spp2.70052.

This remarkable discovery broadens the known geographic range of Early Triassic cichlidans.

Previously, fossils from this era were primarily registered from Madagascar and select regions of Europe.

The new species signifies the oldest record of cichlidans located in the eastern Tethyan area.

“The identification of this new species from China enhances our understanding of the paleogeographical distribution of Early Triassic cichlidans,” the researchers noted.

“Early Triassic cyclidans demonstrate widespread distribution across Madagascar, Europe, and China.”

“However, by the Late Triassic, their presence was predominantly limited to Europe.”

These fossils also provide insights into the evolutionary trajectory of these enigmatic creatures.

By examining the morphological data from Yunnanosiculus fortis, scientists reconstructed morphospace—an approach to analyze the diversity of body morphology within cichlidans and other related species.

The findings indicate that cichlidans underwent significant diversification early in their history during the Carboniferous period, with a gradual reduction in disparity in later geologic periods.

This pattern corroborates the “initial burst” model of evolution, where groups diversify rapidly soon after emerging, followed by a phase of slow evolutionary change.

This discovery further enriches our understanding of ecosystems following the Permian-Triassic mass extinction, which eradicated over 80% of marine life.

The fossil evidence from the Guiyang biota and other Early Triassic sites suggests that complex marine communities might have been reinstated earlier than initially believed.

By revealing new anatomical details and extending the geographic record of cichlidans, Yunnanosiculus fortis offers valuable insights into the recovery and evolution of marine life during one of Earth’s most chaotic periods.

“The addition of new species and the re-evaluation of the chronological paleogeography of Triassic cichlids illustrate that early Triassic cichlids were the most broadly distributed, with a gradual decline in distribution thereafter,” the authors concluded.

“This trend mirrors the global distribution of ammonoid and other marine invertebrate species during the Early Triassic and may relate to the reduction of environmental gradients in varying latitudinal zones post-Permian-Triassic mass extinction.”

The groundbreaking discovery of Yunnanosiculus fortis is discussed in the research paper published in the journal Paleontology Papers.

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Sun Xiaoyuan et al.. 2025. A new Induan (Early Triassic, Dinerian) cichlidan crustacean discovered from the Guiyang biota. Paleontology Papers 11 (6): e70052; doi: 10.1002/spp2.70052

Source: www.sci.news

The Ethnically Diverse History of the Ancient Goths

Posted on March 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Artist’s Impression of a 5th-Century Visigoth Warrior

Creative Assembly (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)

A groundbreaking DNA study from Gothic tombs uncovers that the Goths were a multi-ethnic society, linked to regions spanning Scandinavia, modern-day Türkiye, and North Africa.

This finding challenges traditional theories that positioned the Goths solely as Scandinavian migrants to the eastern Mediterranean. “If Gothic identity were primarily tied to a biological lineage from Scandinavia, we wouldn’t observe this diversity,” states Svetoslav Stamov of the National History Museum of Bulgaria.

The Goths inhabited Eastern Europe from at least the 3rd century AD, frequently residing along the Roman Empire’s borders. They alternated between being allies and adversaries of Rome. Notably, the Visigoths famously sacked Rome in 410 AD, playing a crucial role in the Western Roman Empire’s decline.

Despite their historical significance, the Goths remain one of history’s least understood cultures, largely represented through potentially biased Roman accounts that often conflated various neighboring groups under labels like “Goths,” “Celts,” and “Scythians.”

To uncover the true identity of the Goths, Stamov and his team sequenced the genomes of 38 individuals from two Bulgarian sites, identified as Gothic based on their unique beads, jewelry, burial practices, and cranial modifications.

One site near the palace of Aur in Khan Omurtag featured a cemetery likely linked to an early Gothic bishop’s church, dating from around 350 to 489 AD. This location is tentatively associated with an early Christian bishop named Ulfila.

The team also analyzed samples from the necropolis of Aquae Caridae, an ancient Roman site (circa 320 to 375 AD) known for its healing center and bathhouse. Though not a cemetery, several burials occurred there; one revealed an artificial skull deformity atypical for Roman times, indicating cultural diversity, as noted by Stamov.

Though significantly distinct genetically, the two groups shared mixed heritage from Scandinavia, the Caucasus, the Levant, Anatolia (now Turkey), East Asia (now Mongolia), Egypt, and sub-Saharan Africa. “This reflects a remarkably diverse community,” Stamov commented.

Arianism, an early Christian sect, might have played a pivotal role in fostering inclusivity. “Anyone could become an Arian Christian,” emphasizes Todor Chobanov at the Balkan Research Institute and Laryngology Center, Sofia, Bulgaria.

Chobanov asserts that the premise that the Goths were “complex and diverse” holds merit, as doesn’t establish a direct link between ancestry and ethnic identity. However, the team’s genomic analysis remains limited, so further sampling is necessary for a comprehensive understanding. Moreover, they caution that simply possessing Gothic artifacts does not definitively identify individuals’ ethnicities.

James Harland, from the University of Bonn, posits that the Roman Empire’s influence was significant in shaping Gothic identity as they navigated cooperation and conflict with the empire. “The interactions with the empire facilitated the existence of these groups as cohesive units,” he points out.

“Various Gothic tribes resided at the fringes of the Roman Empire for centuries, absorbing numerous influences, such as clothing styles and pottery,” notes Chobanov.

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Ancient 275-Million-Year-Old Amphibian Relative with Twisted Jaw Redefines Diet of Early Quadrupeds

Posted on March 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A groundbreaking discovery in paleontology has unveiled a new genus and species of Permian archaic tetrapods, identified from fossilized jawbones found in Brazil. Named Tanika amnicola, this intriguing amphibian relative showcases unique horizontal teeth and abrasive, file-like surfaces. This suggests that ancient tetrapod vertebrates may have begun experimenting with plant consumption much earlier than previously thought.

Tanika amnicola. Image credit: Vitor Silva.

Tanika amnicola thrived in the southern regions of the Gondwana supercontinent during the early Permian period, approximately 275 million years ago.

“Tanika amnicola has captivated researchers,” says Dr. Jason Pardo, a paleontologist at the Field Museum.

“We were intrigued by an unusual twist in its jaw that we were determined to understand.”

“For years, we speculated whether this was a variant, but with nine jaw samples now extracted, all exhibiting this distinctive twist—some exceptionally well preserved—it’s clear this was characteristic of the species, not a deformity,” he added.

Tanika amnicola represents a pedunculated tetrapod lineage, the oldest subset of tetrapods that eventually diversified into two major groups: those laying eggs outside of aquatic environments and those that lay eggs in water.

Modern reptiles, birds, and mammals descend from the branches that evolved to lay watertight eggs on land, while contemporary amphibians, like frogs and salamanders, represent tetrapod relatives that require moist environments for their eggs.

Nonetheless, some pedunculated tetrapods persisted even after more modern variations evolved, with Tanika amnicola being a notable example.

“In essence, Tanika amnicola survived as a remnant of the pedunculated tetrapod lineage long after newer tetrapods emerged. Its appearance is somewhat akin to that of a platypus—a true living fossil,” remarked Dr. Pardo.

Many aspects of Tanika amnicola‘s anatomy still puzzle scientists.

“The isolated jawbones we’ve discovered are remarkably unique and distinctive,” stated Dr. Ken Angielczyk, curator of paleomammalogy at the Field Museum.

“However, until we find a skull or additional bones definitively connected to these jaw samples, we cannot conclusively ascribe other nearby bone fragments to Tanika amnicola.”

Yet, the jawbone alone is revealing, demonstrating the rarity of this creature.

“Run your tongue across your lower teeth. Do you feel the tops pointing towards the roof of your mouth?” they explained.

“In Tanika amnicola, the lower jaw twists, with teeth projected sideways rather than upwards.”

“Conversely, the portion of the jaw facing the tongue in Tanika amnicola angles upward, towards the roof of the mouth.”

“The jawbone is adorned with numerous small teeth, known as denticles, creating a grinding surface akin to a cheese grater.”

Scientists hypothesize that the teeth and dental arrangements in the upper jaw harmonized with those in the lower jaw.

“We theorize that the lower jaw’s teeth would rub against similar teeth in the upper mouth,” Pardo explained.

“This grinding action suggests a distinctive feeding method predominantly aimed at plant material.”

“Based on dental morphology, we believe Tanika amnicola was likely an herbivore, consuming plants at least occasionally,” remarked Dr. Juan Carlos Cisneros from the Federal University of Piauí.

“It’s astonishing that a quadrupedal creature like Tanika amnicola existed, especially considering most of its tetrapod relatives primarily consumed meat, indicating an evolved adaptation to a plant-based diet.”

The peer-reviewed findings are published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

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Jason D. Pardo et al.. 2026. A quadrupedal organism with an anomalous jaw structure living during the early Permian period in Brazil. Proc Biol Sci 293 (2066): 20252106; doi: 10.1098/rspb.2025.2106

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient Parrot DNA Reveals Evidence of Pre-Inca Animal Trading

Posted on March 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Ancient DNA extracted from vibrant feathers found in Peru has been linked to at least four distinct species of Amazonian parrots: the scarlet macaw (Ara macao), blue and yellow macaw (Ara ararauna), red and green macaw (Ara chloropterus), and mealy amazon (Amazona farinosa). These birds were reportedly transported alive across the Andes centuries before the rise of the Inca Empire, showcasing a complex network of long-distance trade that connected Amazonian communities, high-altitude routes, and the Pacific Ocean.

A pair of scarlet macaws (Ara macao) in Costa Rica. Image credit: Julio-César Chávez / CC BY 4.0.

Discovered in Pachacamac, Peru, an ancient parrot feather lies far beyond the natural habitat of these birds, which are native to the rainforest.

“Through the integration of ancient DNA sequencing, isotope chemistry, and computational landscape modeling, we tracked the movement of these birds across diverse terrains,” explained Dr. George Oler, a researcher affiliated with the Australian National University and King’s College London.

“Our models of ancient habitats confirm that the western Andes were equally inhospitable for these species a millennium ago. These parrots thrive solely in rainforest environments, typically spanning a natural home range of about 150 kilometers.”

“The evidence that they were found on the opposite side of South America’s tallest mountain range—over 500 kilometers away—indicates human involvement, as these birds do not fly over the Andes under normal conditions.”

“Our research illustrates that multiple species of Amazonian parrots were captured in their natural habitat, transported over mountainous pathways, and survived long enough to regrow feathers along the coast.” – Dr. Oler.

Through genome analysis, researchers identified the four Amazonian parrot species from feather assemblages: scarlet macaw, blue and yellow macaw, red and green macaw, and mealy amazon, all of which traditionally inhabit tropical rainforests hundreds of kilometers from the Pacific coastline.

The journey for these birds likely took weeks or even months as traders navigated rugged mountain terrain and steep plateaus.

“Our findings provide genetic and isotopic evidence showing that these parrots were not merely traded for their feathers but were actually transported alive across challenging landscapes to significant coastal ceremonial sites,” Dr. Oler asserted.

By investigating chemical signatures within the feathers, the team discovered that the birds’ diet had shifted to include C4 plants like corn and marine proteins, implying that they continued to live post-transport over the Andes.

“Our analysis indicates that the parrots were fed a nitrogen-rich diet similar to that of their captors, clearly illustrating long-term care after their removal from the rainforest,” Dr. Oler noted.

Landscape modeling tools further unveiled trans-Andean corridors and river routes that may have facilitated avian transport, revealing a sophisticated network of overland and river exchanges.

This bird species, valued for its striking plumage, held immense cultural significance in pre-Hispanic societies and was frequently featured in rituals and elite burial practices.

“This discovery challenges previous beliefs that pre-Inca societies were isolated or fragmented,” Dr. Oler remarked. “Instead, we uncover evidence of organizational networks, ecological understanding, and logistical strategies that connected vastly differing ecosystems long before formal imperial roads established these routes.”

For further details, refer to the original publication in the journal Nature Communications.

_____

G. Ola et al. 2026. Ancient DNA and spatial modeling reveal pre-Inca trans-Andean parrot trade. Nat Commun 17: 2117. doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-69167-9

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient Reptiles Evolve from Four Legs to Two During Adolescence: Unveiling Evolutionary Mysteries

Posted on March 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Reconstruction by artist *Sonselasuchus cedrus* in its environment, 215 million years ago

Credit: Gabriel Ugueto

Artist's reconstruction of Sonselasuchus cedrus in its environment, 215 million years ago — Reconstruction by artist *Sonselasuchus cedrus* in its environment, 215 million years ago

Credit: Gabriel Ugueto

Ancient crocodilian relatives navigated their early years on all fours before transitioning to a bipedal stance as they matured.

This evolutionary adaptation involved differing growth rates in their arm and leg bones. “The forelimb length starts at about 75% of the hindlimb length and ends up being about 50%,” explains Elliot Armor Smith from the University of Washington in Seattle.

This discovery contributes to a growing body of evidence indicating that crocodile-like ancestors from the early dinosaur era showcased remarkable diversity, with some developing body shapes and lifestyles akin to modern ostriches.

Christian Sidor, Armor Smith’s collaborator, excavated the Cay Quarry, located in Arizona’s Petrified Forest National Park. This site comprises mudstone and sandstone laid down by ancient rivers during the Triassic period, around 215 million years ago.

Through their excavation, Armor-Smith and Sidor unearthed over 3,000 bones from early crocodilian relatives known as Shubosauridae. “It’s a jumble of individual limb bones that aren’t necessarily related,” notes Armor-Smith.

They successfully identified a new species within the Shubosaur family, naming it Sonselasuchus cedrus. Over 950 bones belong to this species, which diverges significantly from modern crocodiles, resembling more of a flightless bird or theropod dinosaur with short arms and a toothless beak instead of a jagged mouth full of teeth.

Other Shubosaurs share similar body features. “Shubosaurids are unique creatures that existed in the late Triassic period,” asserts Michelle Stocker from Virginia Tech. “They bear a striking resemblance to dinosaurs.” Most closely, they resemble ornithomimids, ostrich-like dinosaurs from the late Cretaceous period, occurring more than 100 million years after the Shubosaurids.

Sonselasuchus cedrus marks the beginning of a four-legged life. Fossils from young individuals exhibit similar sizes in forelimbs and hindlimbs, while older specimens showed larger hind limbs capable of supporting greater weight. “The robust femur indicates strength,” Armor-Smith remarks, “though even the largest humerus is relatively delicate.”

This is unusual, yet not entirely surprising. A 2019 study uncovered evidence of two dinosaur species transitioning from quadrupedal to bipedal locomotion as they matured. One was a sauropod, an ancestor of colossal sauropods like Brachiosaurus, while the other was a distantly related early ceratopsian akin to Triceratops.

Both juvenile and adult S. cedrus likely lived somewhat distinct lives, even adopting different diets, according to Stocker.

Common narratives of the dinosaur age often imply that dinosaurs, especially avians, evolved in remarkable ways, while crocodiles have largely remained unchanged. This perception misrepresents the extensive diversity of pseudosuchians, the lineage that includes crocodiles. Stocker clarifies, “They engaged in numerous unique and radical adaptations first, paving the way for dinosaurs.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Ancient 280-Million-Year-Old Fossil: The Earliest Evidence of Land Predators Hunting Herbivores

Posted on March 4, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists from the University of Toronto Mississauga have uncovered numerous tooth impressions in the fossilized bones of three juvenile Diadectes, one of the earliest large herbivorous vertebrates to traverse land. This groundbreaking finding represents the earliest direct evidence of predator-prey interactions between terrestrial carnivores and herbivores.

Skeletal reconstruction of Diadectes sideropelicus. Side view illustrating left and right tooth and hole marks. Image credit: Young et al., doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-38183-6.

Paleontologists have long been aware of the existence of apex predators in the Permian landscape; however, clear physical evidence confirming their dependence on the early large herbivores has remained elusive.

In contrast to the Mesozoic Era, renowned for its dinosaur bite marks, the earlier fossil record reveals scant direct evidence of such predator-prey encounters.

“Our findings indicate that the predator-prey hierarchy emerged earlier than previously understood,” stated lead author Professor Robert Rice, a paleontologist at the University of Toronto Mississauga.

“While these interactions are well-documented in the ‘age of reptiles,’ there has been limited information regarding them in the Paleozoic era, when terrestrial vertebrates first evolved into large apex predators and herbivores.”

In this study, Professor Rice and colleagues analyzed the disarticulated skeletons of three juvenile Diadectes, dating back to the early Permian period.

The fossils were unearthed in the Mud Hill area of the Vale Formation located in Texas, USA.

The paleontologists documented five distinct types of bone damage: shallow notches, deeper holes, grooves along the shafts, conical punctures, and small holes.

Notably, many marks were concentrated around cartilage-rich joints, indicating predators had stripped away muscle and pried open connective tissues.

Some grooves ran parallel to the long axis of the bone, consistent with the motion of tearing flesh.

“The holes, pits, cuts, and wrinkles present on these three juvenile herbivores’ skeletons point to the presence of large predators in this area, such as Varanopus and Dimetrodon,” said lead study author Jordan M. Young, a researcher at the University of Toronto Mississauga.

“Scavengers and small arthropods also took part in this ‘Paleozoic feast.’”

Evidence of arthropod perforation was found where the cartilage of the bone ends would have been.

The study was published in the Journal on February 26, 2026, in a Scientific Report.

_____

JM Young et al. 2026. The earliest direct evidence of trophic interactions between terrestrial apex predators and large herbivores. Scientific Reports 16, 6977; doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-38183-6

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient Primate Relative Discovered: Southernmost Fossil Unearthed in Colorado

Posted on March 4, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Newly Discovered Tiny Fossil: Purgatorius
This shrew-sized mammal is recognized as the oldest known ancestor of all primates, including humans. Initially believed to be confined to northern North America, its range now extends hundreds of kilometers to the south. This week’s article in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, detailed in a recent paper, challenges conventional theories about the biogeography of early primates and suggests that their diversification occurred rapidly following the end-Cretaceous mass extinction.

Shortly after the Cretaceous mass extinction, the earliest known primates like Purgatorius McKivevelli adapted quickly, specializing in an omnivorous diet that included tree fruits and archaic ungulate mammals. Image credit: Andrei Atutin.

The origins and early biogeographical history of primates is a fascinating yet contentious subject. The oldest primates, Purgatorius, are small tree-dwelling mammals that first emerged in North America around 65.9 million years ago.

Previously, Purgatorius fossils were only found in northern regions such as Montana and Saskatchewan, creating an incomplete understanding of their evolutionary history.

Paleontologist Stephen Chester from the City University of New York and his colleagues describe the southernmost fossil of Purgatorius in their new paper.

The specimens were meticulously recovered from ancient sediments in the Coral Bluffs area of the Denver Basin in Colorado.

“This discovery fills a critical gap in our understanding of the geographic distribution and evolution of our earliest primate ancestors after the dinosaur extinction,” Dr. Chester stated.

The fossils analyzed by the team consist of small teeth that display a distinctive combination of features, indicating they may belong to an earlier, previously unidentified species of Purgatorius.

“The presence of these fossils in Colorado reveals that ancient primates likely originated in the north before expanding southward, rapidly diversifying post-end-Cretaceous mass extinction,” Chester explained.

While scientists previously believed Purgatorius was absent from southern regions during this period, new findings suggest that this assumption was primarily due to limited fossil sampling.

“Our results demonstrate that small fossils can easily be overlooked,” Dr. Chester remarked.

“More intensive searches, especially utilizing screen-cleaning techniques, will likely uncover numerous significant specimens.”

The study further questions long-held assumptions about the habitats of early primates.

“The ankle bone of Purgatorius suggested tree-dwelling characteristics, and we initially suspected its absence from southern Montana was due to extensive forest destruction following an asteroid impact 66 million years ago,” Chester noted.

“Yet, our paleobotanical colleagues indicate that plant recovery in North America was rapid, leading us to believe that Purgatorius likely existed further south—we just haven’t looked hard enough.”

_____

Stephen GB Chester et al. “Southernmost Origin of Purgatorius: Insights into the Biogeographic History and Diversification of the Oldest Primates.” Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, published online March 2, 2026. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2026.2614024

Source: www.sci.news

How Ancient Mating Preferences Shaped the Human Genome: Insights from Recent Study

Posted on March 3, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A groundbreaking study from the University of Pennsylvania reveals that prehistoric humans and Neanderthals interbred with a notable sexual bias, with male Neanderthals mating more often with female modern humans. This pattern may explain the scarcity of Neanderthal DNA in the human X chromosome and highlight the impact of social behaviors on our genetic lineage.

Prehistoric mating preferences help explain why modern humans carry small amounts of Neanderthal DNA in their genomes, particularly absent from the X chromosome. Image credit: Gemini AI.

“In addition to the X chromosome, there’s a significant gap in Neanderthal DNA referred to as the ‘Neanderthal desert’,” stated lead author Dr. Alexander Pratt, a researcher at the University of Pennsylvania.

“Historically, we believed these gaps resulted from certain Neanderthal genes being biologically harmful to humans, leading to their removal through natural selection,” he added.

New genomic analyses indicate that long-standing mating preferences, not genetic incompatibilities, influenced which Neanderthal DNA sequences were retained in modern human genomes.

This research illustrates how social interactions have shaped the human genome and challenges the notion that evolution is solely driven by the “survival of the fittest.”

“Our findings indicate a distinct sexual bias, with gene flow predominantly occurring from male Neanderthals to anatomically modern human females, which explains the limited presence of Neanderthal DNA on modern human X chromosomes,” remarked Dr. Platt.

“Approximately 600,000 years ago, anatomically modern humans and Neanderthals diverged, creating two separate evolutionary paths,” added Professor Sarah Tishkoff, the study’s senior author.

“While our ancestors evolved in Africa, Neanderthals adapted to life in Eurasia, yet this separation was not permanent.”

“Over millennia, human groups migrated into and out of Neanderthal territories, resulting in genetic exchanges during their encounters.”

To assess whether Neanderthal X chromosomes contained modern human alleles, researchers analyzed conserved DNA in three Neanderthal samples: Altai, Chagyrskaya, and Vindija.

They compared this data with that of a diverse genome from Africa, which hadn’t historically interacted with Neanderthals.

“Our analysis revealed a significant discrepancy,” noted co-author Dr. Daniel Harris from the University of Pennsylvania.

“While modern humans lack the Neanderthal X chromosome, the Neanderthal X chromosome contained 62% more modern human DNA compared to other chromosomes.”

This mirrored result indicates that if reproductive incompatibility existed, modern human DNA would also be absent in Neanderthal X chromosomes.

However, the presence of modern human DNA in Neanderthal X chromosomes rules out biological incompatibility as a barrier to reproduction.

The lingering explanation lies in the sexual bias in mating practices.

Given that women possess two X chromosomes and men only one, the direction of mating plays a crucial role.

If Neanderthal males mated more frequently with modern human females, fewer Neanderthal X chromosomes would integrate into the human gene pool, while more human X chromosomes would enter the Neanderthal population.

Mathematical models verified that this bias adequately explains the observed inheritance patterns.

While other factors such as gender-biased migration could lead to similar results, these scenarios are often complex and vary over time and geography.

“Our findings suggest that mating preferences offer the simplest explanation for these patterns,” concluded Dr. Platt.

For more details on this research, refer to the journal Science.

_____

Alexander Pratt et al. 2026. Interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans showed significant sexual bias. Science 391 (6788): 922-925; doi: 10.1126/science.aea6774

Source: www.sci.news

Fossil Amber Unveils Ancient Ant Ecological Interactions with Other Organisms

Posted on February 28, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Fossils preserved in amber are not only exquisite but also provide insights into ancient ecological interactions, including potential parasitism and symbiotic relationships between ants and mites. This revelation comes from a groundbreaking morphological study analyzing six amber specimens: Baltic, Dominican, and Burmese.

Fossils of an ant colony preserved in Baltic Sea amber from Lithuania. Image credit: José de la Fuente & Agustín Estrada-Peña, doi: 10.3389/fevo.2026.1724595.

“Inclusions in amber reveal potential interactions between various organisms that shaped prehistoric environments,” stated paleontologist Dr. Jose de la Fuente from the Game and Wildlife Research Institute.

“The identification and morphological analysis of fossil ants and other insects in amber offer a glimpse into life on Earth millions of years ago.”

In this pioneering study, de la Fuente and colleagues examined four pieces of Cretaceous amber (dating back 99 million years), one Eocene amber (approximately 56 to 34 million years ago), and one Oligocene amber (roughly 34 to 23 million years ago).

The specimens comprised ancient ants and other organisms, as well as a rare phenomenon known as syninclusion.

“The earliest ants, identified from the late Cretaceous period, were known as stem ants, which left no modern descendants. All existing ants evolved from crown ants,” the researchers emphasized.

“Both ant types are present in the six amber specimens we investigated, including the hell ant, which evolved from stem ants.”

The researchers utilized advanced microscopy to identify various species and document the distances between ants and other organisms in the specimens.

In three of the six amber pieces, ants were discovered in close proximity to mites.

The first specimen revealed crested ants, a wasp, and two ticks closely associated, suggesting they may have been traveling on the ants.

The second piece showcased stem ants alongside spiders, while the third contained hell ants, snails, millipedes, and numerous unidentified insects.

The fourth specimen featured a stem ant and a mite approximately 4 mm apart.

The fifth amber fragment included three distinct types of ants related to mites and termites, as well as poorly preserved mosquitoes and winged insects.

In the sixth sample, stem ants were found alongside wasps and spiders believed to be parasitic. It appeared the ants were consuming something, resting against another insect inclusion that might be a worm or larva, yet no interaction was evident, hinting it could be a coincidence.

“The closest co-inclusions of ants likely reflect behaviors and interactions between these organisms,” Dr. de la Fuente noted.

“The ant-mite interaction observed in the fourth specimen may indicate two potential scenarios.”

“First, a special symbiotic relationship where the tick hitches a ride on the ant to disperse to new habitats; second, parasitism occurring when the mites feed on the ant host during transport.”

While amber fragments featuring ants are scarce, those with multiple species are even rarer. Existing evidence suggests interactions between ants and mites may sometimes be mutually beneficial.

Future studies could clarify these interactions using micro-CT scans to explore attachment structures that may facilitate the mites’ travel on ants.

“Advanced imaging techniques are essential for enhancing the analysis of interactions among diverse organisms in fossil amber inclusions,” concluded Dr. de la Fuente.

For more details, read the research team’s paper published today in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution.

_____

Jose de la Fuente and Agustín Estrada-Peña. 2026. Description of fossil amber containing ant co-inclusions. Front. Ecol. Evol 14; doi: 10.3389/fevo.2026.1724595.

Source: www.sci.news

How Bird Droppings Fueled One of the Largest Ancient Kingdoms in the Americas: New Research Insights

Posted on February 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

According to a recent study published in Pro Swan, the Chincha Kingdom, an influential ancient society on the Peruvian coast, thrived significantly due to their innovative use of bird droppings.

Archaeological investigations of maize recovered from burial tombs indicate that the Chincha people utilized seabird droppings, known as “guano,” as fertilizer to improve agricultural yields.

This natural fertilizer enabled the Chincha Kingdom to produce a corn surplus, facilitating economic growth, population expansion, and increased influence, ultimately making it one of the most prosperous Pre-Inca civilizations in South America.

“While seabird guano might seem insignificant, our study reveals that this vital resource played a crucial role in sociopolitical and economic transformations in the Peruvian Andes,” stated Dr. Jacob Bongers from the University of Sydney. “In ancient Andean cultures, fertilizer equated to power.”

Bongers’ team analyzed 35 corn samples from the Chincha Valley burial tombs, where an estimated 100,000 individuals lived at the time, discovering that the corn exhibited unusually high nitrogen levels.

Seabird feces are particularly nitrogen-rich due to their marine diet, providing biochemical evidence that the Chincha people enriched their soil with guano.

The arid land of Peru’s Chincha Valley makes crop cultivation challenging. – Credit: Jo Osborn

“The guano was likely sourced from the nearby Chincha Islands, renowned for their abundant and high-quality guano deposits,” Bongers elaborated.

The research team further examined modern images of seabirds, fish, and sprouting corn depicted on pottery, wall carvings, and paintings.

This artistic evidence reinforces the connection between seabirds and maize, highlighting their significant cultural role in Chincha society.

“The combined chemical and physical evidence we analyzed aligns with prior studies indicating that guano was intentionally harvested and utilized as fertilizer,” Bongers noted.

“Moreover, it underscores a deeper cultural significance, pointing to the acknowledgment of this fertilizer’s remarkable power and the ritualistic celebration of the bond between seabirds and agriculture.”

A selection of crafts from Peru featuring seabirds and ceremonial tools, highlighting the connection between agriculture and marine life. – Credit: Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Institute of Chicago

Much about the Chincha Kingdom’s history, including its origins, remains elusive, but it is known that it became part of the Inca Empire around 1480 AD, not long before the Spanish conquest of Peru.

Prior to their incorporation into the Inca Empire, the Chincha people engaged in trade with the Incas, who were known for their obsession with corn, which they fermented into a ceremonial beer called “chicha.”

However, the Incas, living high in the Andes, were unable to cultivate substantial corn crops due to their lack of access to valuable guano.

“Chincha’s true strength was not solely in resource access but in its mastery of complex ecosystems,” explained study co-author Dr. Joe Osborne from Texas A&M University.

“They possessed traditional knowledge of the interconnections between marine and terrestrial ecosystems, transforming that understanding into an agricultural surplus that built their civilization.”

“Their art reflects this connection, illustrating that their power stemmed from ecological wisdom, not just precious metals.”

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Ancient Bacterium: A Potential Solution or Catalyst for Antibiotic Resistance Crisis

Posted on February 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers have made a groundbreaking discovery of ancient bacteria trapped in ice. This ancient bacteria could provide insights into antibiotic resistance—and potentially exacerbate the existing problem.

A recent study published in Frontiers of Microbiology highlights the analysis conducted by Romanian scientists on the antibiotic resistance profiles of these ancient bacterial strains.

Known as Cyclobacter SC65A.3, these bacteria have been preserved for approximately 5,000 years beneath a thick layer of ice in Scalisoara Cave, located in northwestern Romania.

According to the study authors, “These ancient bacteria are invaluable for science and medicine; however, meticulous handling and laboratory safety measures are crucial to mitigate the risk of uncontrolled spread.” Dr. Cristina Purcarea, a Senior Researcher at the Institute of Biology, emphasized this point.

As antibiotic resistance continues to rise, conventional antibiotics may soon become ineffective in treating infections.

The issue of antibiotic resistance is largely driven by overuse. However, Professor Purcarea noted that Cyclobacter SC65A.3, recovered from thousands-of-years-old ice deposits, reveals the natural evolution of antibiotic resistance long before the introduction of modern antibiotics.

To recover this bacterial strain, scientists drilled a 25-meter ice core representing a 13,000-year timeline and transported the frozen samples in sterile bags to their laboratory.

Once in the lab, researchers analyzed the bacterial DNA embedded in the ice chips to explore how the bacteria survived such frigid temperatures and how they interacted with various antibiotics.

The bacterium was recovered from the great hall area of the Scalisoara cave in Transylvania, Romania – Credit: Getty Images

Scientists found that Cyclobacter possessed over 100 genes related to antibiotic resistance.

They tested these bacteria against 28 different antibiotics and discovered resistance to 10 of them, which included drugs used to treat infections of the lungs, skin, blood, reproductive system, and urinary tract.

Purcarea noted, “The 10 antibiotics to which we found resistance are commonly used in both oral and injectable therapies for a variety of serious bacterial infections in clinical settings.”

The findings suggest that strains capable of surviving in cold environments may serve as reservoirs for genes that aid in drug resistance.

“As the ice melts and releases these microorganisms, their resistance genes could spread to modern bacteria, further complicating the global issue of antibiotic resistance,” Purcarea explained.

Nevertheless, there is a silver lining. Cyclobacter SC65A.3 contains nearly 600 genes with unknown functions, including 11 genes that have the potential to kill other microorganisms or inhibit their growth.

This indicates that this strain could pave the way for the development of new treatments and therapies, particularly against major antibiotic-resistant pathogens.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Ancient Forces Behind Antarctica’s Gravitational Hole Uncovered by Earth Scientists

Posted on February 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A groundbreaking study by geoscientists at the University of Florida and the Paris Institute of Geophysics reveals the origin of Earth’s most severe gravity anomaly, known as the Antarctic Gravity Hole (or Antarctic Geoid Depression). This anomaly is attributed to millions of years of slowed underground rock flow.

Evolution of the Antarctic geoid cyclone. Image credit: P. Glišović & AM Forte, doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-28606-1.

According to Professor Alessandro Forte from the University of Florida, gaining a better understanding of how Earth’s interior influences gravity and sea levels can shed light on factors essential for the growth and stability of significant ice sheets.

“Variations in gravity due to differences in rock density beneath the surface, although small in absolute terms, can have a substantial impact on ocean levels,” he explained.

“In regions of reduced gravity, water tends to flow toward areas of higher gravity, causing sea levels to be relatively lower in those spots.”

“As a result of the Antarctic gravity hole, the sea level around Antarctica is significantly lower than it would typically be.”

In this research, Professor Forte and Dr. Petar Grišović from the Paris Institute of Geophysics have meticulously mapped out the Antarctic geoid cyclone, revealing its development throughout the Cenozoic Era, spanning from 66 million years ago to the present day.

The team utilized a global scientific initiative that integrates seismic data and advanced modeling techniques to reconstruct the 3D structure of Earth’s interior.

“It’s like performing a CT scan of the planet without the use of conventional X-rays,” Forte remarked.

“Earthquakes generate seismic waves, which act as the ‘light’ that reveals Earth’s inner structure.”

The researchers successfully created a global gravity map that aligns closely with satellite data, validating their underlying model.

The next challenge involved reversing the geophysical clock to examine how the Antarctic geoid cyclone has evolved over millions of years.

By employing physics-based reconstructions and sophisticated computer models, they retraced geological changes spanning 70 million years.

These historical analyses indicate that the Antarctic geoid cyclone began in a relatively weak state.

From approximately 50 to 30 million years ago, however, the gravity hole began to strengthen, coinciding with significant shifts in Antarctica’s climatic conditions, including the onset of a global ice age.

“We aim to test the causal relationship between this intensified gravity hole and the Antarctic ice sheet. Our new modeling will connect changes in gravity, sea levels, and continental elevation,” stated Professor Forte.

This research seeks to answer pivotal questions about the interactions between our climate and the processes occurring within Earth.

For more details, refer to the study published in December 2025 in the journal Scientific Reports.

_____

P. Grišović and A.M. Forte. 2025. Cenozoic evolution of Earth’s strongest geoid low reveals the dynamics of the Antarctic subsurface mantle. Scientific Reports 15, 45749; doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-28606-1

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient Mariners: Discovering Remote Arctic Islands Over 4,000 Years Ago

Posted on February 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Ancient Inuit Circular Tents Found on Isbjørne Island

Credit: Matthew Walls, Marie Christ, Pauline Knudsen

Ruins on Isbjørne Island — Ancient Inuit Circular Tents Found on Isbjørne Island

Credit: Matthew Walls, Marie Christ, Pauline Knudsen

4,500 years ago, early humans embarked on a historic journey to a remote island off Greenland’s northwest coast. This daring expedition entailed crossing over 50 kilometers of open sea, marking one of the longest maritime voyages by Arctic indigenous peoples.

Archaeologists assert that these intrepid sailors were the first to reach these isolated islands. Notably, John Derwent from the University of California, Davis, contributed insights but was not involved in this study.

In 2019, Matthew Walls and a team from the University of Calgary, Canada, explored the Kittisut Islands, also known as the Carey Islands, located northwest of Greenland. These islands lie within the Pikiarasorsuaq polynya—an open ocean region surrounded by sea ice, which has been present for approximately 4,500 years.

The research focused on three main islands: Isbjörne, Mellem, and Nordvest, revealing five sites with a total of 297 archaeological features. The most significant findings were at Isbjörne beach terraces, where they uncovered the remnants of 15 circular tents, each with a central hearth and divided by stones. These distinctive “bilobed” structures are emblematic of the Paleo-Inuit—the first settlers of northern Canada and Greenland.

Radiocarbon dating of a long-billed murre’s wing bones found within one of the tent rings indicated they are between 4,400 and 3,938 years old. This confirms that humans occupied the Kittisut Islands shortly after the formation of the polynya.

“We have nesting colonies of long-billed murres,” Walls noted. The early settlers likely harvested their eggs and hunted them for food, and they likely pursued seals as well.

The Old Inuit had already reached Greenland at this time and likely journeyed to Kittisut from the west, covering a minimum distance of about 52.7 kilometers. However, due to prevailing winds and currents, they most likely set sail from a more northerly location, resulting in a longer, safer journey. To the west of Kittisut lies Ellesmere Island, which is further but presents challenging navigational conditions.

The only comparable journey known in Arctic prehistory was the 82-kilometer crossing of the Bering Strait from Siberia to Alaska, likely first accomplished over 20,000 years ago, with the Diomede Islands serving as a midway stopping point.

“Crossing that expanse required advanced watercraft,” Derwent emphasizes. The population on Kittisut likely necessitated larger vessels rather than single-person kayaks. “You can’t transport children and the elderly safely in a kayak,” he explained. The Old Inuit likely used larger boats capable of carrying nine or ten individuals.

Despite extensive studies, no boat wrecks have yet been uncovered on Kittisut Island, and few such finds exist in the Arctic region. “Their vessels would have been skin-on-frame designs similar to those utilized by later Inuit communities,” noted Walls.

The initial Paleo-Inuit settlers likely played a vital role in shaping the Kittisut ecosystem. By transporting marine nutrients onto land, they fertilized the barren soil, fostering plant growth on the islands. “There’s initially a diverse plant life there, reliant on human involvement in nutrient cycling between marine and terrestrial systems.”

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How Ancient Peruvian Civilization Gained Power Through Guano Harvesting

Posted on February 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Valued for Centuries: Peruvian Pelican and Booby Droppings

Biljana Aljinovic/Alamy

Peruvian seabird droppings — Valued for Centuries: Peruvian Pelican and Booby Droppings

Biljana Aljinovic/Alamy

A potent fertilizer derived from seabird droppings likely played a crucial role in the rise of Peru’s agricultural kingdom 900 years ago, contributing to its eventual conquest by the Incas.

Recent chemical analysis of ancient corn cobs from southern Peru revealed elevated nitrogen isotope levels, indicating the maize was fertilized with a nutrient-rich blend of seabird excrement, feathers, and organic matter known as guano. This discovery represents the strongest evidence yet that indigenous Chincha farmers and traders sourced this exceptional fertilizer from nearby islands to enhance their crop yields and elevate their socio-economic status, according to Jacob Bongers at the University of Sydney.

“Access to vital resources can pave the way to power; here, the Chincha kingdom had the upper hand, while the Incas did not,” he states. “Social change may have originated from an unexpected source: bird droppings. It’s quite the intriguing narrative.”

Between 1000 and 1400 AD, the affluent and populous Kingdom of Chincha dominated one of Peru’s most fertile coastal valleys until its eventual incorporation into the Inca Empire in the 15th century.

The Chincha Valley lies just 25 kilometers from the Chincha Islands, home to large colonies of Peruvian pelicans (Pelecanus sagus), Peruvian boobies (Sula variegata), and Guanaius (leucocarbo bougainvilli), as well as penguins and gulls. These islands are known as guano islands. Bird droppings became renowned globally in the 19th century for their remarkable nutritional properties, primarily due to their high nitrogen content.

The use of guano by the Incas is well documented in early colonial records, which describe stringent state regulations governing the islands and substantial penalties for harming seabirds. However, until now, researchers lacked solid archaeological proof that the ancestors of the Chincha were already exploiting this valuable resource. Historians have long suggested that seabird fertilizers significantly bolstered the kingdom’s economic success, Bongers notes. Images of seabirds depicted on ceremonial artifacts, textiles, pottery, and architectural features further indicate that these birds held special significance for the Chincha people.

Bongers and his team gathered numerous ancient corn cobs (possibly offerings for the deceased) from Chincha tombs, hoping to unlock this mystery.

He collaborated with Emily Milton from the Smithsonian Institution, analyzing 35 corn cobs from 14 cemeteries in the Chincha Valley for their carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios. Together with Bongers, Milton and their colleagues also examined collagen from the bones of 11 ancient seabirds from the region, including pelicans, boobies, cormorants, gulls, and penguins, to establish a local isotope baseline for guano.

The bone analysis showed elevated nitrogen-15 levels typical of seabirds, while many corn cobs displayed even higher nitrogen isotope ratios indicative of guano fertilization.

These findings confirm that the Chincha people were utilizing island resources by at least 1250, says Joe Osborne from Texas A&M University.

Guano may have facilitated the economic expansion of the Chincha kingdom and enhanced its bargaining capacity when later absorbed into the Inca Empire, with broader implications for understanding how marine fertilizers influenced social transformations throughout the Andes, the researchers contend.

“It’s logical that ancient Peruvians harnessed guano as fertilizer,” remarks Dan Sandweiss from the University of Maine, who was not involved in the study. “Traveling to the islands for such a valuable resource would certainly have been worthwhile!”

Chincha guano is exceptionally valuable, possibly because its limited rainfall allows the nitrogen to remain largely intact. “This Peruvian guano was indeed a treasure,” he adds.

Explore Machu Picchu: The Science of the Incas in Peru

Dive into the pivotal ruins of the Inca civilization with two visits to Machu Picchu, and uncover the rich narrative that extends beyond a single site.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Ancient Cold Virus Discovered in 18th Century Woman’s Lungs: Insights into the World’s Oldest Pathogen

Posted on February 18, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Historic Anatomical Preparations from the Hunterian Anatomical Museum

Museum of Anatomy © The Hunterian, University of Glasgow

Historic Anatomical Preparations from the Hunterian Anatomy Museum — Historic Anatomical Preparations from the Hunterian Anatomical Museum

Museum of Anatomy © The Hunterian, University of Glasgow

A remarkable discovery has identified a cold virus that infected a woman in London approximately 250 years ago, marking it as the oldest known human RNA virus.

Researchers, through advanced DNA sequencing techniques, have uncovered traces of various viruses in ancient human bones that date back as far as 50,000 years. However, many viruses, particularly rhinoviruses that are responsible for the common cold, contain RNA genomes, which are significantly more unstable than DNA and typically deteriorate within hours post-mortem.

RNA is also generated by our cells during the process of translating genetic code into proteins.

In recent years, scientists have successfully extended the recovery timelines for ancient RNA. Notably, a team managed to recover RNA from a woolly mammoth that lived 40,000 years ago.

“To date, much of the ancient RNA research has depended on well-preserved materials, such as permafrost samples or dried seeds, which restricts our understanding of historical human diseases,” remarks Erin Burnett of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center in Seattle, Washington.

Since the early 1900s, numerous tissues in pathology collections have been preserved using formalin, a method that fortifies RNA against rapid degradation. Barnett and her team sought to explore pathology collections across Europe for older human specimens that might contain preserved RNA.

Within the Hunterian Museum of Anatomy at the University of Glasgow, researchers discovered lung tissue samples from two individuals preserved in alcohol rather than formalin. One sample belonged to a woman who passed away around the 1770s, while the other was from an unidentified individual who died in 1877. Both exhibited documented cases of severe respiratory illness.

The researchers aimed to extract both RNA and DNA from the lung tissue of these individuals. Barnett described the RNA extracted from both samples as “extremely fragmented,” with the majority of fragments measuring just 20 to 30 nucleotides in length.

“For context, RNA molecules in living cells typically exceed 1000 nucleotides,” she explains. “Thus, instead of working with long, complete chains, we meticulously pieced together data from many smaller fragments.”

Gradually, the scientists succeeded in reconstructing the entire RNA genome of a rhinovirus extracted from the 18th-century woman. They also detected signs indicating she was infected with bacteria responsible for respiratory ailments, including Pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis.

They compared the reconstructed ancient RNA viruses against a National Institutes of Health database featuring millions of viral genomes globally, including multiple rhinovirus strains.

This analysis revealed that the historic virus’s genome classified under the human rhinovirus A group, representing an extinct lineage most closely aligned with the modern genotype known as A19. “By comparing this with contemporary viruses, we deduce that the last time this historic virus and modern A19 shared a common ancestor was around the 1600s,” Barnett noted.

“The personal stories of these two individuals remain largely untold, and I hope this research brings them to recognition,” she expressed.

“This finding is significant as it demonstrates the potential to recover RNA from wet collections dated before the use of formalin,” said Love Darren at Stockholm University, Sweden.

“This marks the first step towards a surge of research into RNA viruses. Given that many RNA viruses evolve rapidly, studying them over centuries will yield vital insights into viral evolution,” he concluded.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

The Giant Python: An Ancient Legend from Taiwan

Posted on February 4, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

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Fossil vertebrae of a massive python, measuring nearly 4 meters long, were unearthed from the Chiting Formation in Taiwan, indicating its existence during the Middle Pleistocene.

An artistic reconstruction of a python and Toyotamafimia in Middle Pleistocene Taiwan. Image credit: National Taiwan University, Fossil Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity Laboratory / Cheng-Han Sun.

The Python genus comprises nearly 10 species of snakes within the Pythonidae family, found across tropical and subtropical regions of the Eastern Hemisphere.

In Africa, pythons inhabit tropical zones south of the Sahara, being absent from the southwestern tip of southern Africa and Madagascar.

In Asia, their range extends from Bangladesh, Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, across Myanmar to Indochina, southern China, Hong Kong, Hainan, and throughout the Malay region of Indonesia, and the Philippines.

“There are currently no living members of the Python genus on the main island of Taiwan,” notes Yi Lu Liau and colleagues from National Taiwan University.

A recent study involved paleontologists who analyzed a large, single trunk vertebra found near Tainan, Taiwan.

This vertebra dates back to the Middle Pleistocene, approximately 800,000 to 400,000 years ago.

The researchers classified this specimen as belonging to the Python genus, marking the first discovery of python fossils on mainland Taiwan.

Using measurements from a 3D reconstruction of the specimen, researchers estimated that this ancient snake reached lengths of about 4 meters, surpassing the size of modern snakes in Taiwan.

While Taiwan is home to over 50 snake species, none match the size indicated by these fossils.

“This fossil is not only the largest but also the most surprising snake fossil discovered in Taiwan,” the researchers stated.

The fossil was recovered from the Chiting Formation, a geological unit rich in fossils from southern Taiwan, where large herbivores such as saber-toothed cats, massive crocodiles, mammoths, and extinct rhinos have also been found.

Collectively, these findings suggest a complex, predator-dominated ecosystem during the Middle Pleistocene, in stark contrast to Taiwan’s current fauna.

“A top predator has gone extinct, as shown by the discovery of this enormous Python. Alternatively, previously documented saber-toothed tigers and large crocodiles indicate rapid changes in Taiwan’s modern biodiversity,” the scientists concluded.

“We propose that the top predator niche in today’s ecosystems may have remained vacant since the Pleistocene extinction event.”

“Future discoveries and in-depth analyses should further explore this hypothesis and illuminate the origins of modern biodiversity in the Far East.”

For more details regarding this discovery, refer to the study published in the journal Historical Biology.

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Yi Lu Liau and colleagues. Unexpected snake fossil (Pythonidae, Python) discovered in Taiwan. Historical Biology, published online on January 16, 2026. doi: 10.1080/08912963.2025.2610741

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Unlocking Australia’s Ancient Past: Study Reveals 230 Million-Year-Old Dinosaur Footprints as the Oldest in the Country

Posted on February 3, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Unearthed in 1958 by a young fossil hunter in Albion, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, dinosaur footprints have been officially recognized as the continent’s oldest, dating back approximately 230 million years to the late Triassic period. This discovery indicates that dinosaurs inhabited the Brisbane region far earlier than previously thought by paleontologists.

Living fossils unearthed from Petrie Quarry, Albion, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Image credit: Anthony Romilio & Bruce Runnegar, doi: 10.1080/03115518.2025.2607630.

The 18.5 cm (7 in.) long dinosaur footprint was discovered at Petrie’s Quarry, part of the Aspley Formation, alongside a slab featuring narrow linear grooves interpreted as possible tail traces.

Both specimens were extracted before the quarry site was redeveloped, passing through several university collections since then.

“This is the only dinosaur fossil discovered in an Australian capital, highlighting how significant finds can remain hidden in plain sight,” stated Dr. Anthony Romilio, a palaeontologist from the University of Queensland.

“Urban development has rendered the original site inaccessible, leaving behind these footprints as the only evidence of dinosaurs in the area.”

The footprints show impressions of three forward-facing toes, with the central toe demonstrating a faint fan-shaped outline, characteristics typical of a bipedal dinosaur.

Advanced 3D modeling and morphometric analysis revealed that this footprint closely resembles the Ichnogenus Evazoum, commonly linked to early sauropod dinosaurs found elsewhere.

Based on the dimensions of the footprints, Dr. Romilio and Professor Bruce Rannegar estimated that the corresponding dinosaur stood about 78 centimeters (31 inches) tall at the waist and weighed around 144 kilograms (89 pounds).

Utilizing established scaling equations, researchers calculated the maximum potential running speed to be about 60 km/h (37 mph).

While no dinosaur skeletons have been found in the Aspley Formation, these footprints serve as the only direct evidence of dinosaur presence in this time and place.

“Dinosaurs may have walked along waterways, leaving their tracks preserved in sandstone that was later cut to build structures across Brisbane,” Dr. Romilio explained.

“If not for the foresight to conserve this material, the history of Brisbane’s dinosaurs would have remained completely unknown.”

“These footprints were made in sediment by large animals and exemplify a unique kind of trace fossil,” stated Professor Rannegar.

The associated tail print, approximately 13 centimeters (5 inches) long, aligns with structures interpreted as a dinosaur’s tail track. However, the authors caution that without preservation of the corresponding footprint in an appropriate location, its origin remains uncertain.

“The shallow linear grooves found in the tail block closely match reported tail drag traces, yet lack any remaining evidence of Manus or Pes. Their true identity remains ambiguous,” they noted.

“These grooves could have resulted from caudal contact in the orbits of prosauropods, but typically on-site and near the midline of such orbit, which isn’t applicable in this case.”

The team’s research paper has been published this week in The Alcheringa, Australian Journal of Paleontology.

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Anthony Romilio and Bruce Rannegar. Australia’s oldest dinosaur: Reproductive fossils unearthed from the Carnian Aspley Formation in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Alcheringa published online on February 1, 2026. doi: 10.1080/03115518.2025.2607630

Source: www.sci.news