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Growing up, my first encounter with invisible light awakened a sense of wonder. My childhood home was filled with radios, and I would slowly tune in, listening to the magic of music and voices emerging from the static. At that young age, I couldn’t grasp that I was tuning into the electromagnetic spectrum, but I instinctively appreciated the beauty of sensing the unseen world.

While the human eye detects only a narrow band of visible light, the universe radiates a vast array of wavelengths, from gamma rays to radio waves. Each wavelength interacts with matter uniquely, unveiling different aspects of our world. For example, microwaves effectively heat water molecules, making them ideal for reheating leftovers. In contrast, X-rays pass through soft tissues while being absorbed by bone, assisting doctors in capturing images of our skeletal structure.

Radio waves, characterized by the longest wavelengths and lowest energy in the electromagnetic spectrum, can traverse vast distances and penetrate Earth’s atmosphere effortlessly. As I discovered in childhood, radio waves serve as a powerful communication medium and effective cosmic messengers. My interests, which eventually gravitated towards cosmology, naturally led me to engage with radio telescopes to explore the universe’s earliest stars and galaxies.

The electromagnetic spectrum’s current understanding is built on centuries of scientific investigation. This journey began with Isaac Newton’s 1665 prism experiment, illustrating that white light could be split into a spectrum of colors. Later, in 1800, astronomer William Herschel uncovered infrared light, discovering higher temperatures beyond the red spectrum. By the late 19th century, advancements in electromagnetism unveiled radio, microwave, X-ray, and gamma-ray waves, enriching our comprehension of the spectrum.

Making the Invisible Visible

Optical astronomy may have ancient roots, emerging from humanity’s ability to detect sunlight and starlight. However, exploring other spectrum areas requires advanced tools—antennas for radio waves, specialized detectors for X-rays. Each spectrum subcategory represents a language we must learn to fully understand the universe, translating its messages into familiar formats like light and sound.

To capture the universe’s full essence, we must utilize the entire electromagnetic spectrum. For instance, ultraviolet light reveals water plumes erupting from Jupiter’s moon, Europa. The giant planet’s magnetic field interacts with the moon’s atmosphere, creating auroras visible in ultraviolet wavelengths. Observing these changes enables astronomers to infer the existence and composition of materials ejected from a subsurface ocean potentially harboring life.

Another remarkable tool is the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), located 1.5 million kilometers from Earth and shielded from the sun by a large awning. JWST has transformed our understanding of the formation of the universe’s first stars and galaxies, capturing unprecedented, cold views.

As the universe expands, light from early galaxies is redshifted to longer infrared wavelengths. JWST solutions elegantly depict galaxies formed just hundreds of millions of years after the Big Bang. However, some galaxies appear unexpectedly mature, challenging our understanding of star formation and galaxy evolution.

To unravel these mysteries, astronomers gather ancient light shifted to longer wavelengths—faint radio waves originating from the universe’s primordial period. The Square Kilometer Array (SKA), based at Jodrell Bank Observatory in the UK, comprises over 100,000 antennas across the Australian outback, acting as a colossal radio observatory that can detect faint signals merely tens of millions of years after the Big Bang. SkA’s primary objective is to decode messages from ancient stars and nascent black holes, but it also facilitates numerous observations, including mapping the Milky Way’s farthest arms and seeking signs of extraterrestrial intelligence.

I am especially intrigued by the Search for Extraterrestrial Life (SETI), which exemplifies the synergy between observations across different wavelengths. Optical telescopes like the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) catalog thousands of exoplanets by measuring minute brightness dips when planets transit their parent stars. Subsequently, infrared telescopes like JWST analyze exoplanet atmospheres for habitability markers. Finally, radio telescopes can target promising planets for life and listen for messages from beyond Earth—both deliberate greetings and accidental leaks of communications.

Though born speaking a single language of light, the universe communicates in a rich, multilingual tapestry. The electromagnetic spectrum serves as our Rosetta Stone, enabling telescopes to decode the hidden stories inscribed in invisible texts. Together, these stories unlock a universe far more intricate than what our eyes can perceive alone.

Emma Chapman is an astrophysicist at the University of Nottingham, UK, and author of Radio Universe: How to Explore Space Without Leaving Earth (John Murray, 2026).