Discover the World’s Most Unique Scientific Tourist Attraction: A Hidden Gem!

Posted on April 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Feedback from New Scientist

Welcome to Feedback, your go-to source for the latest in science and technology news. If you have suggestions or feedback on topics we should explore, email us at feedback@newscientist.com.

Unique Tourist Attractions: Exploring the Niche

The Earth is vast, populated with a diverse range of interests. Here at Feedback, we have a penchant for unique tourist attractions along America’s scenic highways — such as the world’s largest collection of miniature representations of the world’s biggest objects.

Recently, science historian Richard Fallon drew our attention to what is likely the world’s only sculpture park dedicated to foraminifera. For those unfamiliar, foraminifera are single-celled organisms, primarily ocean dwellers with hard outer shells. Their fossil record is abundant and detailed, as they are preserved in vast quantities.

Located in Zhongshan, China, this Foraminifera Sculpture Park opened in 2009, and we acknowledge our delayed recognition of it. Nestled in a hillside park, visitors can stroll through 114 large sculptures. Describing these works is challenging without diving into terminology for irregular three-dimensional forms, but fans of Barbara Hepworth’s curvilinear sculptures might find some familiarity here.

On TripAdvisor, the Foraminifera Sculpture Park boasts a 5-star rating, albeit from a single review by a user named Eudyptes—who seems to have a specific fondness for foraminifera sculptures. Eudyptes is the scientific classification for the crested penguin.

We’d love more testimony about this attraction. Unfortunately, our editorial team turned down our request to visit China solely for this purpose, as well as a proposed visit to the Slavic International Toilet Museum in New Delhi.

On that note, we invite our readers to share any scientifically inclined sites that might be even more niche. Just to clarify, we are not seeking suggestions for popular attractions like the Icelandic Penis Museum or the British Vagina Museum. Maybe a unique museum focused solely on moss or Western blot images exists?

Humor in Scientific Research

It’s not uncommon for academics to incorporate humor in their paper titles, but referring to them in abstracts is rare. Typically, abstracts summarize key study points in about 200 words, varying from concise brilliance to confusing jargon.

However, physicist Leonard Susskind submitted a paper to arXiv titled “Is time reversal in de Sitter space a spontaneously broken gauge symmetry?” His summary includes an intriguing answer: “Yes, but with a twist: Time reversal is indeed a gauge symmetry, albeit hidden by spontaneous symmetry breaking.”

While the last part might puzzle many, we were particularly drawn to Susskind’s acknowledgment of his colleagues for their ongoing discussions. He humorously noted, “I’m almost 86 years old and I can’t wait for my readers to catch up.” His insightful summaries have landed on our list of favorite academic summaries, proving that humor can make complex subjects more relatable.

A Missed Opportunity

We owe our readers a heartfelt apology for an oversight. A few weeks back, we critiqued accounting firm PwC’s venture into estimating the moon’s future economy. We expressed skepticism about monetizing lunar assets, but reader Alex Collier raised an intriguing question: Could this entrepreneurial spirit imply the moon is actually made of cheddar?

Share Your Story with Us!

If you have a story to share with Feedback, email us at feedback@newscientist.com. Don’t forget to include your home address. You can find this week’s and past Feedback stories on our website.

This version is optimized for SEO, includes relevant keywords, and retains all HTML tags.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover How Neanderthals Hunted Turtles for Tools, Not Meals

Posted on April 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent research from Germany reveals that Neanderthals captured the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) approximately 125,000 years ago, likely valuing its shell as a tool more than its modest meat yield.

European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) beside the leg of a straight-tusked elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus). Image credit: Nicole Viehofer / MONREPOS – LEIZA.

Professor Sabine Gaudzinski-Windhauser of MONREPOS and Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz stated, “Recent findings on Neanderthal prey selection reveal a fascinating overlap with their ecological adaptability—showing similarities with the subsistence activities of Homo sapiens in the Upper Paleolithic.”

“Their diet ranged beyond traditional medium-to-large mammals like horses, bovids, and deer to include numerous small mammals such as leopards, birds, and reptiles, even incorporating massive straight-tusked elephants (Palaeoloxodon antiquus), which could weigh up to 135 tons.”

“Additionally, evidence indicates that Neanderthals consumed freshwater and marine resources, including shellfish and crabs, throughout the Mediterranean Basin and southwestern Iberian Peninsula.”

The latest study investigated fragments of a 125,000-year-old turtle shell unearthed in Neumark-Nord, a renowned Paleolithic site in present-day Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

Utilizing advanced 3D scanning technology, researchers discovered cut marks on the interior surfaces of many of the 92 shell fragments. This indicates that Neanderthals carefully slaughtered these turtles, severing their limbs, removing internal organs, and thoroughly cleaning the shells.

“Our findings provide the first evidence that Neanderthals hunted and processed turtles beyond the Mediterranean region and north of the Alps,” remarked Professor Gaudzinski-Windhauser.

Researchers believe that the turtle identified was a European pond turtle, which was not primarily utilized as a food source.

Professor Gaudzinski-Windhauser added, “Given that the site is rich in large, high-yielding animal remains, this possibility can be virtually dismissed.”

“It seems they had an ample surplus of calories.”

“The pond turtle weighs about 1 kilogram and offers relatively low nutritional value, yet they are fairly easy to catch. Children may have participated in hunting them, as their shells could have been crafted into tools.”

“Furthermore, they might have been pursued for their taste or potential medicinal properties, a notion supported by subsequent research on indigenous populations.”

“Our results illuminate Neanderthal ecological flexibility and intricate survival strategies that extend well beyond mere calorie maximization.”

The team’s results were published in today’s edition of Scientific Reports.

_____

S. Gaudzinski-Windhauser et al. 2026. Shell Play: Neanderthal Use of the European Pond Turtle (Emys orbicularis) in the Landscape of the Last Interglacial Period North of Neumark (Germany). Scientific Reports 16, 8628; doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-42113-x

Source: www.sci.news

Discover the Geometry of a Trumpet-Shaped Single-Celled Microorganism

Posted on April 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A fascinating protist species known as the blue spot stentor demonstrates remarkable movement by perceiving physical shapes. This finding implies that even the most basic life forms can utilize geometry for survival.

blue spot stentor. Image credit: Hokkaido University Physical Behavior Laboratory.

Measuring just 1mm in length, the blue spot stentor belongs to the protist family Tentriidae.

According to Dr. Shun Echigoya from Hokkaido University, lead author of the study, blue spot stentor exhibit complex behaviors that toggle between free-swimming and anchoring to substrates.

While swimming, the blue spot stentor generates propulsive force through hair-like structures called membranous bands located at the anterior end.

These cells adjust their movement in response to light and chemical signals while exploring their environment.

During swimming, the blue spot stentor elongates into a trumpet shape and anchors itself to the substrate using a fixation organ at the back.

When anchored, blue spot stentor also creates external vortices via its membranous band, forming an oral apparatus that traps bacteria and small ciliates for food.

However, the researchers noted that being anchored may increase vulnerability to predation.

Thus, selecting anchor points in a varied environment is crucial for the blue spot stentor.

For this study, Dr. Echigoya and colleagues crafted small chambers with controlled shapes, simulating the structures microorganisms encounter in natural aquatic habitats.

Some chambers featured smooth surfaces, while others included narrow spaces imitating edges, angles, and corners.

“We adjusted geometric characteristics such as corner angles and depths to provide varied anchorage options,” Dr. Echigoya elaborated.

“We documented the microorganisms’ behaviors through video recordings and supplemented them with numerical simulations for detailed analysis.”

The researchers observed behavior that was anything but random.

Initially, the cells swam freely, but as they neared the surface, their behavior transformed.

Their bodies became subtly asymmetrical, allowing them to glide along walls using the coordinated beating of their cilia.

Over time, they navigated toward smaller crevices, where they secured themselves to the surface.

“We were surprised by the effectiveness of this minimal strategy,” Dr. Echigoya stated.

The blue spot stentor does not require cognitive awareness of its surroundings; it can interact physically with surfaces simply by altering its shape to find suitable nooks.

“Our findings indicate that even slight physical features in natural environments significantly influence where microorganisms thrive and how they proliferate,” remarked Dr. Yukinori Nishigami, study co-author from Hokkaido University.

“The microscopic landscape is filled with tiny crevices and safe spaces.”

“Possessing the ability to locate and inhabit these protected niches may explain how microorganisms survive, disperse, and establish communities.”

The complete findings are published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

_____

Echigoya Shun et al. 2026. Geometric preference of anchor sites in unicellular organisms: blue spot stentor. PNAS 123 (9): e2518816123; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2518816123

Source: www.sci.news

Discover the Effective Anti-Aging Peptides That Actually Work

Posted on April 4, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

In the ever-evolving landscape of wellness, celebrity culture, and anti-aging trends, one term has emerged as a sensation: peptides. This broad term encapsulates short chains of amino acids, including substances like insulin and GLP-1 medications such as Ozempic. Thousands of influencers and their followers are diving into the world of peptides for purported health benefits.

With claims ranging from weight loss to enhanced sleep, injury recovery, and even increased libido, these compounds are gaining popularity for those looking to rejuvenate their lives and promote longevity. However, a word of caution is warranted. Many injectable peptides are unregulated and often sourced online, raising questions about their safety and efficacy. How can you differentiate between beneficial and potentially harmful compounds?

Peptides: Evidence and Efficacy

It’s essential to recognize that not all peptides share the same properties. These unique molecules act as biological signals, prompting specific cellular actions. They fall between individual amino acids and complete proteins, possessing enough specificity for defined functions while remaining small enough for online synthesis and sale.

Among the peptides capturing attention, BPC-157 is known for its alleged wound healing and recovery benefits, while GHK-Cu, a copper peptide, claims to provide anti-aging effects. Then there’s TB-500, often marketed alongside BPC-157 as a “recovery stack” for injuries.

The surge of interest includes reports of “peptide raves” in places like San Francisco, where groups gather for self-injection. However, those seeking scientific validation may find disappointments. BPC-157, often hailed as the flagship peptide, lacks substantial human trial evidence to back its claims.

Dr. Andrew Steele, director of the Longevity Initiative, states, “We were shocked at how limited the evidence is.” Despite animal studies suggesting benefits such as accelerated recovery and enhanced blood vessel growth, human trials are virtually non-existent.

As highlighted in research studies, many human trials solely gather subjective feedback on pain relief without a control group or placebo comparison.

Similarly, TB-500 is widely adopted by athletes for muscle recovery, yet is linked to safety issues. Dr. Steele notes it promotes angiogenesis and may inadvertently support tumor growth under specific conditions.

Health risks extend to peptides like Melanotan II, designed to stimulate melanin production for tanning. According to Cancer Research UK, this substance poses significant risks, including a higher chance of skin cancers.

Some peptides, such as GHK-Cu, are available as topical serums for skincare. – Photo credit: Getty

Product Transparency: What You Need to Know

Understanding peptide efficacy is important, but equally crucial is knowing their content and purity. Often marketed as research chemicals, peptides can evade drug regulations, raising safety concerns.

Testing reveals that a significant percentage of peptide products may contain harmful contaminants like bacterial endotoxins. As Dr. Steele points out, “Even if they work, there are significant red flags.” The safety of online-sourced research-grade peptides remains questionable.

Recent incidents, such as two women requiring hospitalization after unregulated peptide injections at an anti-aging festival, highlight the tangible risks associated with these unverified treatments. Symptoms included severe allergic reactions, which warrant serious consideration before pursuing such therapies.

The Exceptions: Noteworthy Peptides

Amid the uncertainty, there are exceptions. GHK-Cu, a copper peptide, exhibits proven topical benefits, promoting collagen and elastin production, reducing inflammation, and functioning as an antioxidant, as confirmed in clinical studies.

On the pharmaceutical side, GLP-1 peptides like Semaglutide (Ozempic and Wegovy) are well-researched and approved for weight management. Updated studies suggest they may also reduce risks for cardiovascular issues and possibly dementia, as discussed in recent publications.

A 2025 report found nearly 12 percent of Americans are using GLP-1 medications. – Photo Credit: Getty

While GLP-1s are rigorously tested and approved, the broader peptide landscape remains fraught with uncertainty. Dr. Steele emphasizes, “It’s likely that there are valuable anti-aging peptides out there, but currently, evidence is lacking for most.”

In summary, the term “peptide” encompasses a wide range of compounds, some of which are clinically beneficial while others may pose risks. Always prioritize safety—if a prescription is required, there’s usually a valid reason. If substances are sourced online as unregulated powders or liquids, exercise extreme caution.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Discover Fascinating Indigenous Cultures: Insights from New Scientist Expert Kathleen Duvall

Posted on April 3, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The rich history of North America’s Indigenous peoples is often misrepresented through a European perspective. In her book, Indigenous People, historian Kathleen Duvall from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill provides a comprehensive overview, exploring centuries of development and the ways Indigenous communities navigated a constantly changing world.

Duvall illustrates how climate change from the Medieval Warm Period to the last Ice Age influenced Indigenous agricultural and water management practices. The book also highlights monumental engineering achievements, such as the impressive Cahokia Mounds in present-day Illinois and the innovative Hoogum canal system in Arizona.

Focusing on Indigenous experiences, the book covers essential topics such as the astronomical calendar and the impacts of the post-colonial smallpox epidemic, while dismantling prevalent misconceptions.

If you are passionate about historical nonfiction or seeking fresh insights into topics like ecology, botany, and archaeology, Indigenous People promises to be an engaging read.

Kelsey Haze
London Bureau Chief

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover the Unique Galapagos Lava Heron: Insights from New Research

Posted on April 3, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The Galapagos lava heron, a unique small heron found on the lava-strewn shores of Ecuador’s Galapagos Islands, has recently gained recognition for its distinct status.

Galapagos lava heron (Butorides sundevalli). Image credit: Casey Klebba / CC BY-SA 4.0.

Endemic to the Galapagos Islands, this slate-gray to black heron has intrigued ornithologists for years.

While some classify it under the widely distributed Great Heron (Butorides striatum) as a subspecies Butorides striata sundevari, others advocate for its recognition as a separate species, Butorides sundevalli.

Recent DNA analyses led by researchers from San Francisco State University and the California Academy of Sciences lend weight to the latter perspective.

“This bird, noted for its significant plumage variation, has long posed the question of whether it stands as a separate species or simply as a subspecies of mainland birds,” said Dr. Jamie Chavez, lead author of the study.

Through the examination of thousands of genetic markers and numerous museum specimens, researchers found that the Galapagos lava heron forms its own distinct evolutionary lineage, diverging from its supposed relatives.

Surprisingly, the lava heron shows closer genetic ties to the Gray Heron (Butorides virescens) from North and Central America than to the Great Heron.

The ancestors of the Galapagos lava heron may have arrived on the islands via unusual migration routes, evolving in isolation over time.

“For biologists, visiting the Galapagos is a dream come true,” remarked Ezra Menderes, a graduate from San Francisco State University and co-author of the study. “There’s still so much to uncover within these well-studied ecosystems.”

This research not only clarifies the status of this magnificent bird but also contributes to a broader understanding of the evolutionary relationships within heron species.

Scientists suggest that what was once perceived as a single, globally distributed species should now be considered as several distinct species, including separate lineages across the Americas, Africa, and Australasia.

“Our ultra-conserved element (UCE) phylogenetic results indicate substantial internal divergence within the genus Butorides, bridging populations from the Old and New Worlds,” the authors noted.

“The UCE-based phylogeny strongly confirms the monophyly of New World herons, including the South American Great Heron, Gray Heron, and Galapagos lava heron.”

The findings, published in this month’s edition of Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, significantly enhance our comprehension of avian evolution.

_____

Ezra Z. Menderes et al. 2026. Global phylogenetic relationships of Butorides herons (suborder: Ardeidae) reveal the evolutionary history and taxonomic status of the Galapagos lava heron. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 220: 108600; doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2026.108600

Source: www.sci.news

SEO Optimized Title: “Discover Lixing Sun’s Ambitious Exploration: ‘The Origins of Sex’ This Week”

Posted on April 2, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

California condor embryos can develop without fertilization

Shutterstock/Barbara Ash

California condor bird on a rock with spread wings against blue sky. — California condor embryos can develop without fertilization

Shutterstock/Barbara Ash

Explore the Origin of Sex
Lixing Sun, Profile Books

The natural world often teaches us about life through vivid examples. Many kids learn about reproduction through birds laying eggs and bees pollinating flowers instead of focusing on human examples, which can be more challenging to convey.

However, as evolutionary and behavioral biologist Heung-sun Lee discusses in his thought-provoking book On the Origins of Sex: The Weird and Wonderful Science of How Our Planet is Populated, the “birds and bees” analogy is far too simplistic. It overlooks the vivid diversity and intricacies involved in animal reproduction.

Even species that might appear unremarkable have fascinating reproductive practices. For instance, barnyard hens can expel sperm from less dominant males, while male ducks sport corkscrew-shaped penises. Interestingly, female ducks have evolved opposite-spinning vaginas, enabling them to exert control over paternity.

On the Origins of Sex presents numerous examples to illustrate fundamental biological concepts. The wide range of breeding methods observed makes many human practices seem mundane. However, Sun’s ambitious goal is to delve deeper into the critical questions surrounding reproduction, especially the very existence of sexual reproduction.

“
The rigid male/female binary feels increasingly outdated.
“

This question might baffle readers unfamiliar with evolutionary biology, but from an evolutionary standpoint, sexual reproduction can be far more complex and resource-intensive than asexual reproduction. Achieving sexual reproduction requires two partners—one generating male gametes and the other producing female gametes. At first glance, asexual reproduction appears more efficient, a method still employed by numerous species, including bacteria and fungi. Parthenogenesis, a form of asexual reproduction where embryos develop without fertilization, is noted in over 80 vertebrate species, encompassing California condors, booby sharks, and Komodo dragons.

So why did sexual reproduction become prevalent? Sun dedicates the book’s first section to addressing this question, succinctly introducing essential concepts like the Müller ratchet, proposed in 1964 by geneticist Hermann Müller. This theory describes how the absence of genetic mixing in asexual reproduction leads to the gradual accumulation of detrimental mutations.

Additionally, the Red Queen hypothesis likens evolution to a continuing arms race, suggesting that species must evolve continuously to survive and outpace their competitors, underscoring the inherent risks of sexual reproduction.

Sun, a distinguished research professor at Central Washington University, draws from his connections with numerous scientists whose work he references throughout the book. On the Origins of Sex is his fourth work aimed at a general readership, following his explorations into fairness in nature and the history of beavers.

Despite Sun’s admission that On the Origins of Sex is a selective narrative, the intended audience isn’t always clear. While readers might need some background knowledge in evolutionary biology, the book remains captivating, enriched with examples of exotic animal reproduction that are well-paced.

Sun’s passion for his subject is infectious, particularly evident in his discussions on sexual adaptation and variation. He advocates for a broader understanding of gender, arguing that current definitions are “hopelessly homocentric and disconnected from evolutionary realities.” His detailed, step-by-step explanations of the sciences underpinning sex and gender reveal just how much human society relies on these biological concepts.

He articulates, “In popular discussions, gender is often perceived as a social construct. What is often overlooked is a deeper understanding of gender as a biological construct—something evolutionary biology can elucidate.”

Though careful not to engage in cultural arguments, Sun primarily focuses on evolutionary biology in non-human animals. It becomes evident that nature’s binary classification is an oversimplification. “Biological sex is not merely about distinguishing species that produce sperm from those that produce eggs,” he asserts. Consider fish like eels, clownfish, and wrasse, which can naturally change sex. Within birds and mammals (including humans), numerous variations exist, including intersex individuals.

Gender fluidity is far more prevalent among animals than traditionally understood, affecting not just reproductive roles but also behaviors and social structures. For example, hyenas, known for their matrilineal society, exhibit females possessing a “pseudopenis,” which aids in food competition and complicates pregnancy.

By highlighting this diversity, Sun urges a paradigm shift regarding sex and gender, advocating for a perspective that embraces differences as “natural and adaptive aspects of life’s continuum.” He concludes: “The rigid male/female binary is increasingly recognized as limited and outdated.”

In previous discussions, Sun has expressed a desire to infuse scientific insights into debates about diversity and social justice. He effectively meets this goal through a science-focused approach, enriched with examples from the natural world. Indeed, he posits that the immense diversity of non-human life and the numerous unanswered questions about reproduction should inspire us to welcome complexity and openness.

We may presume to understand the fundamentals of life, yet even Sun closes the book in awe of “how little we truly grasp.”

Elle Hunt – Writer based in Norwich, UK.

3 Great Reads on Sex and Evolution

The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Humanity
Written by Matt Ridley

Check out this essential 1993 favorite, praised by Lixing Sun for shaping contemporary views on sex and gender with its “sharp wit and engaging prose.”

The Evolution of Sex: How 500 Million Years of Sex, Gender, and Mating Have Shaped Modern Human Relationships Written by Nathan H. Lentz

This witty and insightful book showcases the remarkable diversity of sexual behaviors in animals while providing crucial lessons about human sexual diversity.

Intimate Animals: The Science of Love, Loyalty, and Connection
Written by Justin Garcia

This 2026 publication explores human attraction and emotional bonds. Justin Garcia, an esteemed evolutionary biologist and executive director of the Kinsey Institute, brings his expertise to the science of dating.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Scientists Discover Possible Signatures of the Universe’s First Stars

Posted on April 2, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

An Artist’s Impression of Star Formation in the Early Universe

Adolf Schaller STScI/NASA

Astronomers have gained an unprecedented insight into some of the universe’s first stars, known as “Population III” stars. These primordial stars could significantly enhance our understanding of the early universe, including their mass and influence on subsequent star formation.

Predicted to be composed almost entirely of hydrogen and helium, these ancient stars were colossal—hundreds of times the size of our Sun—and reached scorching temperatures of tens of thousands of degrees.

Despite their crucial role in cosmic history, most Population III stars had short lifespans, leading to their explosions, and astronomers have not conclusively identified galaxies rich in these stars due to their extremely early existence.

Recently, Roberto Maiorino and researchers at the University of Cambridge uncovered that the Hebe Galaxy, which formed just 400 million years post-Big Bang, aligns perfectly with characteristics of a Population III galaxy.

It contains no detectable elements heavier than hydrogen or helium, and the emitted light concentrates around specific frequencies tied to helium, a signature only achievable through extremely hot stars like the Population III. “As we understand it, a Population III star seems to be the most plausible explanation,” stated Maiorino. “Any other explanations fall short.”

The Hebe Galaxy was initially identified in 2024 through observations made with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). While its spectrum initially suggested lines of ionized helium indicative of a Population III star, doubt lingered regarding the reality of these lines or the presence of heavier metals.

Further JWST observations revealed a second line linked to ionized hydrogen from the same source, confirming the presence of helium.

“We invested significant time analyzing the data to validate this line detection,” said Hannah Uebler from Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich. “Discovering the peak in ionized hydrogen without additional detection was a pleasant surprise, confirming our previous claims of helium and hydrogen indicating a Population III scenario.”

The compelling results suggest we are witnessing a very hot object, consistent with expectations for a Population III star. Daniel Whalen, studying at the University of Portsmouth, UK, notes that while findings are promising, precision remains insufficient to exclude heavy elements typical of more mature Population II stars.

A galaxy populated predominantly by Population III stars, as anticipated by Maiorino and his team, poses challenges even in existing simulations of early universe conditions. These simulations indicate that initial stars typically formed in isolated, sparse clusters.

“This is not merely a quest to claim we found Population III stars,” said Maiorino. “We have gained significant insights already.” If Hebe’s stars are confirmed as Population III, it could yield vital knowledge about the universe’s infancy.

Maiorino and his team have leveraged early observations from Hebe to infer that most of the original stars had masses between 10 to 100 times that of the Sun, with significantly fewer being smaller.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover the World’s First Antimatter Delivery Service: A Revolutionary Breakthrough

Posted on March 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Portable Trap System “BASE-STEP”

Marina Cavazza, Chetna Krishna/CERN

CERN’s antimatter factory, located in a high-magnetic field environment and a vacuum more extreme than interstellar space, houses some of the most delicate matter found on Earth. Nestled in a compact box roughly the size of a filing cabinet and a few hundred kilograms lighter than a Ford Focus, lie antiprotons that have been quietly resting for weeks. Rather than being aggressively tested like most particles produced in this facility, these antiprotons have a singular purpose: awaiting their moment of transport.

Shortly, more than a hundred of these precious antimatter particles will be transported in trucks along a four-kilometer ring road around the CERN campus. This marks the inaugural demonstration of a future antimatter delivery service designed to transport antimatter to laboratories across Europe.

During my visit to CERN’s campus near Geneva, Switzerland, project leader Christian Smolla guided me through the facility, showcasing the final preparations for the “Symmetry Test in Transportable Antiproton Experiments (STEP).” “This represents a groundbreaking achievement in antimatter science,” he remarked. “While the theoretical framework for transporting antiprotons existed since the facility’s inception, this is the first practical implementation.”

Since the 1920s, scientists have acknowledged the existence of antimatter, particles with counterparts that possess opposite charges. However, antiprotons, being the simplest form of antimatter, often annihilate upon contact with their more plentiful proton counterparts, complicating their production and storage. It wasn’t until the 1980s that CERN successfully conducted the first experiments to confine antiprotons, generated by proton bombardment of metal targets.

Today, CERN’s Antimatter Factory is the only location globally capable of producing millions of antiprotons on demand and retaining them for research purposes. Several experiments, including the Baryon Antibaryon Symmetry Experiment (BASE), take place here, with STEP also participating.

Christian Smolla Making Final Adjustments

David Stock

These experiments meticulously test antimatter’s fundamental properties, examining deviations from normal matter. Insights gleaned could provide answers to why our universe predominantly consists of matter, seemingly devoid of antimatter.

To achieve the necessary precision in measurements, it is essential to mitigate noise from radiation that might disrupt data collection. When antiprotons enter the detection zone, they approach nearly the speed of light, necessitating a robust magnetic field for deceleration, although complete blockage remains unattainable.

In 2018, Smolla’s team recognized the need for a quieter environment for antimatter, resulting in a strategic escape plan. “Observing variations in the magnetic field made it clear we had to continue precision measurements elsewhere,” Smolla stated.

Containing antimatter is a formidable challenge, requiring superconducting magnets cool enough to sustain near absolute zero temperatures while consuming massive electrical power. The STEP design leveraged just a 30-liter liquid helium tank for magnet cooling, allowing its electronics to function on a standard diesel generator. Future test runs aim to transition to battery power.

Additionally, magnets needed to withstand start-stop movements during operation, and a custom vacuum system was essential to ensure the antiprotons remain uncontaminated by normal matter during their loading and unloading processes.

In 2024, Smolla’s team is set to showcase the STEP experiment. A truck will transport the device across the CERN campus to observe protons, a significant milestone in antimatter transport.

In the days leading up to my visit, approximately 100 antiprotons were slowed and positioned within a sophisticated network of vacuum and electromagnetic fields.

Since then, they’ve patiently awaited the next steps within a complex arrangement of electrical wires and liquid helium lines. With a small oscilloscope screen, Smolla’s team monitors the antimatter’s vital signs. The natural frequencies at which antiprotons vibrate manifest as double humps, affectionately adorned with googly eyes.

Detection Signals Indicating Antiproton Presence

David Stock

On an early Tuesday morning, a crane carefully hoists the entire 850-kilogram trap onto a specialized truck. The truck’s operator is trained to manage CERN’s sensitive equipment, ensuring smooth acceleration and braking.

The truck will then navigate a four-kilometer loop around the CERN campus before returning to the antimatter factory. Should the experiment prove successful, Smolla’s ultimate goal is to extend this antimatter transport service beyond CERN’s confines, delivering antimatter capsules to various European laboratories. A facility currently under construction at Heinrich Heine University in Düsseldorf, Germany, aims to study antimatter in a near-field-free environment.

However, this ambitious goal entails several years of work. CERN is scheduled to suspend extensive operations in July to upgrade its Large Hadron Collider for higher power outputs, a task slated for completion in late 2028.

Once operational, the antimatter delivery service could mean trucks transporting antimatter alongside ordinary vehicles on highways throughout Switzerland and Germany. Though it sounds alarming—given antimatter’s tendency to annihilate upon contact with regular matter—Smolla assures that the risk remains minimal.

“Transporting antimatter is safe, as the quantities we handle are extremely small,” Smolla explains. “You could easily lose 1,000 antiprotons without any noticeable impact.”

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover Nature’s Perfect Disguise: The Vibrant Hot Pink Phase of Tropical Bush Crickets

Posted on March 17, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent studies by Panamanian entomologists reveal that leaf-mimicking katydid species, specifically the Alota festae, start their life cycle in a vibrant pink hue, transitioning to green within days. This transformation not only mirrors the color changes of rainforest leaves, which often turn red or pink before fully maturing, but also serves as a sophisticated adaptive camouflage strategy previously misinterpreted as a genetic anomaly.

Striking hot pink female Alota festae, photographed on March 27, 2025, at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Image credit: Zeke W. Rowe.

Commonly referred to as bush crickets, Alota festae is a medium-sized katydid (measuring 2.7 cm and weighing 1 g) native to Panama, Colombia, and Suriname. These insects are usually non-sexually dimorphic, exhibiting a light green coloration and broad, rounded forewings that help them blend into their environment, resembling young plants.

On March 27, 2025, Dr. Benito Wainwright from the University of St Andrews and his colleagues made a groundbreaking discovery while studying a female Alota festae at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute field station on Barro Colorado Island in Panama. This specimen showcased an unexpected and vivid hot pink coloration.

“The discovery was quite surprising,” noted Dr. Wainwright. “It’s so uncommon that, under natural conditions, we observed its color shift from deep pink to green.”

Dr. Wainwright elaborated, “Instead of being a rare genetic mutation, this phenomenon could very well be a finely tuned survival tactic aligned with the lifecycle of the rainforest leaves the katydid mimics.”

During their research, the team maintained the insects at natural ambient temperature and humidity for 30 days. After just four days in captivity, the brilliant pink hue faded into a softer pastel pink.

Photographic documentation was made every 24 hours to meticulously track the katydid’s coloration changes. By April 7, 2025, the insect had transitioned entirely to green, rendering it indistinguishable from the more prevalent green variant.

Though pink katydids have been observed in scientific literature since 1878, they were previously viewed as rare mutations with potential disadvantages. This marks the first documented instance of a katydid exhibiting a complete color change within a single life stage.

Dr. Matt Greenwell from the University of Reading commented, “The complexities of tropical forests reveal how precisely certain animals have evolved to adapt. A bright pink insect in an emerald-green forest might seem vulnerable to predators, much like a worker in a high-visibility jacket. The gradual color adaptation reflects the dynamic nature of rainforests and stands as a remarkable example of natural camouflage.”

The team’s findings are detailed in a recent study published on March 7, 2026, in the journal Ecology, which can be accessed here.

_____

J. Benito Wainwright et al. 2026. Pink Cricket Club: Dramatic color changes in katydids disguised as neotropical leaves (Alota festae Griffini, 1896). Ecology 107 (3): e70333; doi: 10.1002/ecy.70333

Source: www.sci.news

Discover the Secrets Between the Stars: An Insightful Guide by Cyworthy

Posted on March 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The universe contains space waiting to be explored. When we shift our focus from Earth and the Milky Way to intergalactic space, we find an average density of 1 atom per cubic meter, or roughly 35 cubic feet of emptiness. Yet, the universe holds more than mere emptiness; it conceals a wealth of material on smaller scales.

Inside galaxies, regions between stars harbor gatherings of matter at different temperatures and densities, collectively known as the multiphase interstellar medium (ISM). This cosmic material primarily consists of hydrogen and helium, supplemented by trace amounts of heavier elements, referred to by astronomers as metals. It is from this material that new stars are born.

A recent study by a team of astronomers examined how variable metallic content affects star formation within the ISM. By simulating ISM clouds with varying metallicities across seven regions of the nearby universe, including areas near the Sun, random patches of the Milky Way, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, Sextans A, the globular cluster NGC 1904, and the blue compact dwarf galaxy I Zwicky 18, the team employed the SILCC project, a collaborative effort among European research institutions focused on simulating the lifecycle of star-forming gas clouds.

Using a sophisticated simulation code, the researchers modeled gas dynamics and magnetic field interactions within a massive cuboid measuring 500 parsecs on each side. This giant box, equivalent to 15 quintillion kilometers per side, contained gas molecules influenced by the gravitational attractions of star clusters and dark matter present within and around the cloud. To maintain cloud stability, gas molecules were initially set to move at an average speed of 10 kilometers per second during the first 20 million years.

Post-initiation, the simulation examined how magnetic fields and fluid dynamics evolved, including the effects of high-energy protons, referred to as cosmic rays. Over a simulated timeframe of 200 million years, the researchers tracked cloud interactions, star formation, lifecycle events, and the chemistry of residual molecules. By isolating metallicity effects across the seven different simulations, it was found that the solar neighborhood had the highest metallicity, while I Zwicky 18 displayed a mere 2% metallicity.

The findings revealed that low-metallicity regions of the ISM tend to be warmer on average compared to high-metallicity areas. The results indicated that metals possess superior heat-releasing properties compared to hydrogen or helium. In contrast, colder regions rich in metals fostered star birth, whereas warmer, low-metallicity environments produced fewer stars, perpetuating a cycle of thermal dynamics until temperatures soared to around 1 million Kelvin (or 2 million °F).

The research team acknowledged several simplifications in their study. Due to time constraints, only metallicity was varied across simulations, despite differing spatial parameters. Additionally, the team underestimated common metals like carbon, oxygen, and silicon, which are formed at higher rates through stellar nuclear fusion. Lastly, it was assumed that all massive stars culminated their lifespans via supernovae, excluding the possibility of black hole formation.

Post views: 51

Source: sciworthy.com

Discover the Only Proven Method to Boost Your IQ Effectively

Posted on March 15, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Many of us aspire to enhance our intelligence, whether we admit it or not. Who wouldn’t want to be the life of the dinner party or excel at chess?

You might be curious if it’s feasible to boost brain performance beyond innate genetics and an enriching early environment. If so, how can you achieve this?

Brain training games are often promoted as a viable solution. Just as individuals pursue muscle gains at the gym, those looking to sharpen their intellect gravitate toward brain-training games.

Their popularity has surged recently, largely due to the availability of apps on smartphones, coupled with the enticing premise: play for a few minutes daily and become smarter.

Unfortunately, the evidence supporting brain-training games is less than compelling.

A significant 2018 study demonstrated that participants improved significantly in a token-tracking game. However, when tested on similar tasks like recalling short digit strings, those gains vanished. The training failed to transfer from games to real-world tasks.

“When it comes to brain training, as marketed,” states Professor Bobby Stoyanowski, the study’s lead researcher, “we don’t see any improvement.”

Other research corroborates Stoyanowski’s findings. This isn’t the first time claims surrounding such games have been challenged; in 2016, the US Federal Trade Commission fined Lumosity $2 million, citing deceptive advertising related to their brain training claims.

“This raises many questions,” said Stojanowski. “We understand that our brains are plastic and can be enhanced, so the potential for improving cognitive performance is still open.”

Interestingly, one potential improvement avenue might involve weightlifting.

Harnessing Brain Power

When envisioning a high-IQ individual, we often picture a frail, bookish person instead of someone with a fit physique. However, these stereotypes are outdated and misleading, especially since exercise can significantly enhance mental capacities.

Puzzles can assess spatial awareness and problem-solving but how beneficial are they for cognitive function? – Image credit: Getty Images

A 2024 analysis indicated that motivating children to engage in regular exercise led to a noteworthy increase of four IQ points, regardless of their initial IQ levels or duration of the intervention.

While four points may seem minor, Dr. Javier Salvador Morales, the analysis’ lead author, argues that “an average increase of four IQ points is significant in a population context.”

For comparison, studies have shown that an additional year of formal education generally increases IQ by about one to five points.

“Thus, the impacts we observed relate comparably to the cognitive benefits of an extra year of schooling,” he says.

He notes that this isn’t a one-size-fits-all solution. “This doesn’t imply that individual physical activity will automatically result in such changes; rather, a structured exercise program can meaningfully enhance a child’s intelligence.”

Why is exercise effective? Its benefits for the brain are numerous.

MRI scans have shown that exercise can facilitate the creation of new neurons in the hippocampus, vital for learning and memory, improve brain connectivity, promote new blood vessel formation, and protect against neurodegenerative disease proteins.

These effects can largely be attributed to enhanced blood flow and oxygen availability, providing the brain with essential energy. Additionally, exercise leads to the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that benefit healthy brain function.

Read More:

The Thought Process

Are certain types of exercise more effective than others? Currently, the answers are debatable since much research has targeted older adults with moderate activities like walking taking precedence.

A 2024 study found that gardening was linked to a reduced risk of cognitive decline in individuals over 45, with higher energy expenditure driving improvements among participants engaged in gardening.

However, Salvador Morales’ analysis indicated benefits across a range of activities including aerobic exercises, yoga, team sports, and strength training. “Despite the differences, a clear pattern emerged: Structured physical exercise improved both general and fluid intelligence,” he affirms.

Certain trends were evident. Interventions typically lasted between 30 to 60 minutes, occurred three to five days a week, and included moderate to vigorous exercise.

Moreover, combining various exercise types proved effective. Some evidence suggests that mixing aerobic exercises with strength and flexibility training yields greater cognitive function improvements in older adults.

Research indicates that active, interactive video games may offer cognitive benefits. – Image courtesy of Getty Images

There’s ongoing debate regarding the magnitude or directness of these effects. Exercise often coincides with other benefits like improved sleep quality, mood enhancement, and social interaction. Nonetheless, Salvador Morales insists the cumulative evidence is compelling.

“Decades of research consistently demonstrate that structured exercise programs correlate with tangible improvements in cognitive and intellectual outcomes among youth,” he states.

This trend appears consistent across nearly all age demographics surveyed.

“Intelligence is influenced by a range of biological, educational, and environmental factors; thus, we can’t deem it the ‘best’ approach,” he observes.

“However, exercise is one of the few interventions consistently showing positive effects in randomized controlled trials for adolescents. It also enhances physical, emotional, and social well-being simultaneously—something not always achievable through more focused cognitive strategies.”

“While no single formula exists for boosting intelligence, exercise stands out as a safe, accessible, and broadly beneficial option.”

While brain-training apps may not significantly boost IQ, emerging technologies that integrate physical activity could hold promise.

A notable study involving mostly sedentary students showcased a virtual reality game with lightsabers.

Rather than remaining stationary, players had to swing, dodge, and engage dynamically, turning the game into a moderate to intense physical activity workout.

The outcomes, though modest, were significant. After gameplay, participants exhibited marked improvements in cognitive tests regarding naming, abstraction, and spatial orientation.

So, the wisest strategy might not be to abandon brain-training games completely, but to seek out games that engage both your mind and body.

Read More:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Scientists Discover Potential Cure for Baldness: Here’s How It Works

Posted on March 15, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

When discussing hair removal options, many products promise quick fixes or a return to the hair’s original luster. Unfortunately, these claims often fall short, leading to subpar and temporary results.

Despite the fact that 80% of men experience male pattern baldness, our understanding of how to slow, halt, or even reverse this process has been limited until recently.

Fortunately, breakthroughs in science may reveal effective strategies to combat this issue.

The intriguing solution could involve freezing hair at extremely low temperatures to produce clones—yes, clones! Sci-fi enthusiasts, get ready to support this innovation.

What Causes Male Pattern Baldness?

The common misconception is that bald individuals lack hair entirely, but that’s not true. When hair is lost, it doesn’t disappear; instead, it shrinks.

“Baldness is a result of hair shrinking,” explains Paul Kemp, CEO of HairClone, a pioneering company dedicated to next-generation hair loss treatments. “The hair isn’t gone; it’s just becoming smaller and less visible.”

The shrinkage occurs due to a type of skin cell known as dermal papilla, which surrounds the base of hair follicles and is essential for hair formation, growth, and texture.

During hair loss, the number of these vital cells—typically around 1,000 per follicle—diminishes dramatically.

This loss is exacerbated by dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a potent derivative of testosterone that affects hair follicles differently across the scalp. Generally, dermal papilla cells on the top of the head are more susceptible to this process compared to those on the sides.

Recent research findings, published in Experimental Dermatology, explore how these skin cells differentiate during early embryonic development, suggesting a genetic basis for why some areas are more prone to hair loss.

“The dermal cells that are lost and those that remain originate from distinctly different populations,” Professor Kemp clarifies. “Essentially, where you experience hair loss can be likened to a ticking clock set from the moment your body begins to develop.”

Read More:

Why Cloning Hair Could Cure Baldness

With the loss of dermal papilla cells linked to baldness, researchers are racing to discover ways to replenish them. Hair cloning, also known as hair propagation, is gaining traction, thanks to frontrunners like HairClone.

This pioneering technology is not yet available in the UK or US, but if successful, it could come with a hefty price tag. Kemp notes, “While initial costs will be high, scaling up production should help lower prices, making it comparable to advanced hair transplant techniques.”

Unlike traditional hair transplants, hair cloning can be initiated before significant hair loss occurs, ensuring discreet treatment results.

Here’s how the process works:

1. Hair Root Collection and Preservation:

Healthy hair follicles are extracted from areas where hair is still growing and cryogenically preserved for later use. For optimal results, it’s crucial to gather these follicles while they are still young.

2. Cell Multiplication:

This step involves isolating and multiplying dermal papilla cells in a laboratory setting. As Dr. Jennifer Dillon states: “From one follicle, we can multiply these cells over 1,000 times, resulting in over a million cells.”

3. Replantation:

The cultivated dermal papilla cells are injected back into bald areas of the scalp, returning hair to its natural thickness and fullness. This step is awaiting regulatory approval, but initial clinical data is promising.

While banking hair follicles is currently possible globally, it comes with a significant cost.

What Other Treatments Are Available?

Although hair cloning is a buzz-worthy topic, it isn’t the sole treatment option. A study published in the Cosmetic Dermatology Journal suggests that fat cells harvested from the abdomen could regenerate hair. This method, known as autologous fat grafting (AFG), eliminates the need for cryogenic preservation.

AFG falls under stem cell therapy, using versatile cells that can transform into various cell types to meet regenerative needs. Instead of freezing hair cells, stem cells can be extracted from the patient’s body and directed to grow into hair cells, injected into the scalp just like in hair cloning.

Another innovative treatment in development is microRNA therapy, which fine-tunes gene expression to stimulate hair growth and has the potential to be applied topically, thus reducing invasiveness.

When Will These Treatments Be Available?

As with hair cloning, various stem cell and microRNA treatments are currently seeking clinical approval, potentially becoming available in the coming years. Despite the rising optimism for effective baldness treatments, Dr. Claire Higgins, a tissue regeneration expert at Imperial College London, warns that success in lab trials does not always translate to clinical effectiveness.

Dr. Higgins believes that understanding the specific reasons why some dermal papilla cells are more vulnerable to hair loss will be key in designing more effective treatments. “While we understand the physiological changes leading to hair loss, the underlying causes remain unclear.”

Optimistically, Kemp concludes that future generations will have revolutionary solutions for hair restoration, much like advancements in dentistry. “Rather than waiting for hair loss to occur, we envision a world where individuals can maintain their hair throughout life.”

About Our Experts

Dr. Paul Kemp is the Co-founder and CEO of HairClone. Previously, he led the development of the first multicellular therapy approved by the FDA, currently benefitting millions globally. He also serves as co-director for doctoral training in regenerative medicine at the University of Manchester.

Dr. Claire Higgins is a leading lecturer in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine at Imperial College London, focusing on hair follicles and skin regeneration.

Dr. Jennifer Dillon heads research at HairClone, specializing in the development of cell therapies for hair loss and possessing over a decade of experience in stem cell and cancer research.

Read More:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Unlocking the Mind: Discover One of Your Brain’s Sneakiest Tricks

Posted on March 13, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Historically, people couldn’t read in silence. Writing originated as a method to encode spoken language rather than abstract thoughts. In ancient times, written texts were performed to audiences, emphasizing community engagement over solitary consumption.

From religious scriptures to royal decrees and epic tales of legendary heroes, these texts were recorded for accuracy but meant to be read aloud to an audience. With literacy rates low and the production of documents labor-intensive and costly, private reading was seldom practiced.

Early writing reflected spoken language, lacking spaces, paragraph breaks, or punctuation that we recognize today. It’s fascinating that complex speech sounds likely developed around 200,000 years before the advent of writing. The earliest known written form, Cuneiform from Mesopotamia, emerged approximately 5,000 years ago, indicating that our brains process these new linguistic forms using existing cognitive mechanisms.

Reading aloud was once the standard practice – Photo credit: Ann-Sophie De Steur

In the 1970s, psychologists Dr. Alan Baddeley and Dr. Graham Hitch introduced a model of short-term memory involving a “phonological loop” that retains speech sounds for a few seconds. When listening, this mechanism decodes sounds into meaningful words—similar processes occur during silent reading.

Studies indicate that even during silent reading, the muscles in our mouth, tongue, and larynx remain active due to subvocalization, a process where we internalize the sounds of words for comprehension.

The full potential of silent reading didn’t surface until the rise of mass literacy and the printing press during the early Renaissance. Nevertheless, this skill has older roots; for instance, in 428 B.C.E., playwright Euripides depicted Theseus silently reading a letter from his late wife, while Roman leader Julius Caesar was known to read a love letter silently during Senate debates.

This article addresses the query: “Why did it take so long for people to learn to read silently?” (submitted by Kelly Peña).

To contribute your questions, please email questions@sciencefocus.com or reach out through Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram. Be sure to include your name and location.

For exciting scientific insights, visit our Ultimate Fun Facts page.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Discover How One Day Could Reveal Your Remaining Lifespan

Posted on March 13, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Science is advancing towards accurately predicting lifespan based on daily habits, as highlighted in new research conducted by Stanford University.

The study observed the behavior of 81 African turquoise killifish in a camera-monitored aquarium throughout their lifespan, which ranges from four to eight months.

By analyzing billions of frames of video footage, scientists established a link between daily behavioral patterns and longevity.

Co-first author Dr. Claire Bedbrook, a bioengineer and neuroscientist, stated, “One of the main findings of this study is that behavior serves as a non-invasive indicator of the aging process.” BBC Science Focus.

She added, “By tracking simple metrics such as activity and sleep patterns over a 24-hour period, we gain insights into aging progression and potential lifespan predictions.”

With the rise of smartwatches, scientists anticipate a future where individual aging journeys can be quantified more effectively.

Claire Bedbrook (right) and Ravi Nath (left) studied the behavior of African turquoise killifish. Credit: Andrew Brodhead/Stanford University

This research sheds light on the aging processes in animals with complex brains.

A key finding suggests that towards early middle age, when their lifespans reach approximately 70 to 100 days, fish destined for longer lives exhibit different behaviors compared to those that die earlier.

Co-first author Dr. Ravi Nath, also a neuroscientist and geneticist, remarked, “We could accurately estimate an animal’s age and whether it has a short or long lifespan based on its behavior at a relatively young age.” BBC Science Focus.

Notably, the research revealed variations in sleep patterns. Long-lived fish primarily sleep at night, while those with shorter lifespans increasingly sleep during the day as they mature.

Additionally, more active fish—those that swim more vigorously and spontaneously during the day—were found to have a higher likelihood of living longer.

The team identified a total of 100 distinct “action syllables,” representing short actions that form the foundational aspects of medaka behavior, many of which correlate with lifespan.

Claire Bedbrook (left) retrieves a tank of African turquoise killifish while Ravi Nath observes. Credit: Andrew Brodhead/Stanford University

Utilizing machine learning models, researchers accurately predicted the lifespan of individual fish based on a few days of behavioral data during mid-life.

Furthermore, the study found that fish age in distinct stages rather than continuously, supporting similar findings in recent research on humans.

Dr. Bedbrook explained, “I initially believed aging to be a gradual process, but our behavioral tracking indicates long periods of stability followed by sudden aging phases where animals enter new life stages.”

Future studies will aim to analyze behaviors in more natural settings, potentially allowing fish to exhibit increased social interactions.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Astronomers Discover Neutron Star Collision in Surprising Cosmic Environment

Posted on March 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Astronomers have utilized NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory along with other advanced telescopes to investigate a transient gamma-ray burst event known as GRB 230906A. This burst originated from a faint dwarf galaxy hidden within a vast flow of intergalactic gas. The discovery indicates that neutron star mergers—violent collisions responsible for producing heavy elements like gold and platinum—can occur far away from the luminous centers of galaxies, which may elucidate why some bursts appear to lack a defined host galaxy.

GRB 230906A originated in a small galaxy in a gas stream approximately 4.7 billion light-years from Earth. Image credit: NASA / CXC / Pennsylvania State University / S. Dichiara / ESA / STScI / ERC BHianca 2026 / Fortuna and Dichiara, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 / SAO / P. Edmonds.

A neutron star is the remnants left after a massive star depletes its nuclear fuel, collapses, and violently explodes.

Despite their compact size, neutron stars possess a mass greater than our Sun and are incredibly dense.

These celestial bodies are considered among the most extreme entities in the universe.

In recent years, astronomers have gathered evidence of neutron star mergers occurring within larger galaxies.

However, this recent revelation highlights that neutron star collisions can also take place within smaller galaxies.

“Discovering a neutron star collision in such an unexpected location is a pivotal moment for our field,” stated Dr. Simone DiChiara, an astronomer from Pennsylvania State University.

“This finding may hold the key to resolving two significant mysteries in astrophysics.”

The first question this groundbreaking neutron star collision site may clarify is why gamma-ray bursts from neutron star mergers often do not appear at the central regions of galaxies.

The second mystery this discovery could illuminate concerns the presence of heavy elements like gold and platinum in stars located far from a galaxy’s core.

This neutron star collision is intriguingly situated in a gas stream spanning approximately 600,000 light-years, originating from a diminutive galaxy about 4.7 billion light-years away.

This gas flow likely emerged hundreds of millions of years ago during a galactic collision that stripped gas and dust from the involved galaxies, leaving remnants in intergalactic space.

“Our discovery reveals a collision within a collision,” remarked Dr. Eleonora Troja of the University of Rome.

“The merging of galaxies instigated a surge of star formation, ultimately leading to the birth and subsequent collision of neutron stars over millions of years.”

To identify the GRB 230906A phenomenon, which occurred on September 6, 2023, astronomers employed multiple NASA telescopes, including the Chandra X-ray Observatory, Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, and the Hubble Space Telescope.

Fermi detected neutron star collisions by recognizing the characteristic gamma-ray burst (GRB) signals.

Following initial location analysis by the interplanetary network, the precise location of the object was further defined using the advanced observational capabilities of Chandra, Swift, and Hubble.

NASA’s initiative is part of a growing global network dedicated to monitoring cosmic phenomena to uncover the secrets of the universe.

“Chandra’s pinpoint accuracy in X-ray localization made this research possible,” said Dr. Brendan O’Connor, a postdoctoral fellow at Carnegie Mellon University.

“Without this data, connecting the burst to a specific cosmic source would have been unattainable.”

“Once Chandra provided us with a precise location, Hubble’s exceptional sensitivity unveiled a small, faint galaxy in that area.”

“We managed to achieve this groundbreaking discovery by synergizing various research elements.”

This insight might elucidate why certain GRBs seem to lack identifiable host galaxies.

It suggests that some host galaxies may be too diminutive to be discerned in standard optical surveys conducted by ground-based observatories.

GRB 230906A’s unusual positioning could also contribute to the understanding of how astronomers found heavy elements like gold and platinum in stars situated far from their galaxy centers.

These stars are generally believed to have formed from older gas that had less opportunity to accumulate heavy elements from supernova events.

Collisions between neutron stars can synthesize heavy elements, including gold and platinum, via various nuclear reactions, similar to those observed in a well-documented neutron star collision from 2017.

Events like GRB 230906A can produce such elements that eventually disperse throughout the galactic outskirts and can appear in future generations of stars.

Another potential explanation for this explosion is its positioning within a more distant galaxy located behind the cluster of galaxies.

“We consider this a less likely explanation compared to the presence of small galaxies,” the researchers concluded.

This groundbreaking finding is detailed in the research paper published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.

_____

S. Dichiara et al. 2026. A merger within a merger: Chandra identifies short GRB 230906A in exceptional circumstances. APJL 999, L42; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ae2a2f

Source: www.sci.news

Are You Harming Your Teeth Every Night? Discover the Hidden Dangers!

Posted on March 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The medical term for teeth grinding during sleep, known as sleep bruxism, is surprisingly common. Many individuals engage in this unconscious behavior without even realizing it.

It’s estimated that up to 8-10% of adults will experience this condition at some point in their lives.

While the exact causes of sleep bruxism remain unclear, several factors are believed to contribute. Stress and anxiety often serve as significant triggers, causing your body to unconsciously tense muscles during sleep.

Other contributing factors include misaligned teeth, certain medications (such as some antidepressants), consumption of caffeine or alcohol, and sleep disorders like sleep apnea.

In fact, research indicates a high correlation between sleep bruxism and obstructive sleep apnea, a condition where the airway intermittently becomes blocked during sleep, leading to respiratory arrest and disrupted sleep patterns. Approximately half of individuals with sleep apnea exhibit signs of teeth grinding during sleep studies. This study suggests that the relationship between these two conditions may be influenced by shared neurological mechanisms affecting jaw and airway muscle activity during sleep.

Recognizing the Signs of Teeth Grinding

Although teeth grinding occurs unconsciously while you sleep, certain signs may indicate that you are grinding or clenching your teeth. Nighttime clenching can lead to headaches, jaw pain, tooth wear, and even temporomandibular joint (TMJ) issues.

Symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorder can include:

Jaw, ear, and temple pain: Discomfort may arise in these areas, accompanied by clicking or grinding sounds when moving your jaw.
Morning headaches: Tension from clenching can result in headaches near the temples.
Worn or cracked teeth: Teeth may become unusually flat, chipped, or sensitive.
Jaw functionality issues: Clicking, popping, or difficulty moving your jaw may signal stress in your TMJ.
Earache-like pain: You may experience discomfort around your ears or cheeks.
Loud grinding sounds: Your partner may hear you grinding or clenching your teeth during sleep.
Mouth injuries: Look for small bites or irritation on your cheeks and tongue.

If you discover that you are grinding your teeth, you might be wondering how to stop.

If your jaw hurts in the morning, you may be grinding your teeth while you sleep – Photo credit: Getty

Strategies to Reduce Teeth Grinding

To alleviate or completely stop teeth grinding, consider addressing lifestyle factors. Managing stress through relaxation techniques, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), meditation, and gentle yoga before bedtime can be beneficial. Additionally, limiting alcohol and caffeine, along with maintaining regular sleep habits, may help.

Improving your overall sleep quality can also reduce instances of teeth grinding. Studies indicate that poor sleep quality is often associated with more frequent grinding incidents.

If discomfort is a concern, over-the-counter pain relief and cold compresses (like an ice pack wrapped in a cloth for 20-30 minutes) can help alleviate pain and swelling. Engaging in jaw exercises, light stretching, and adjusting your sleeping position may also provide relief.

Research has shown that targeted physical therapy can improve TMJ function and decrease pain related to teeth grinding.

If your symptoms persist or become significantly painful, consulting a dentist is crucial. They can diagnose underlying issues, provide a custom night guard, and refer you to additional treatments such as physical therapy or specialized dental care.

If your teeth grinding is linked to sleep apnea or other sleep disorders, a sleep specialist may suggest further evaluation, as treating the root sleep issue can reduce teeth grinding intensity. With consistent care and lifestyle adjustments, most individuals can reduce the frequency and severity of sleep bruxism, protect their teeth, and alleviate discomfort.

This article addresses the question (from Alex Jevons of Leeds): “How do I stop clenching my jaw at night?”

For questions, please email questions@sciencefocus.com or connect with us on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (include your name and location).

For more amazing science insights, visit our Ultimate Fun Facts page.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Scientists Discover Evidence of Man-Eating Killer Whales in Russian Waters

Posted on March 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Two severed killer whale fins discovered on a remote Russian island may reveal a shocking new behavior: killer whales may be hunting and consuming their own species. Each fin is newly severed, and a recent study indicates that the tooth marks belong to another killer whale.

Dr. Olga Filatova, an associate professor at the University of Southern Denmark, received the alarming photographs from her collaborator, Sergei Fomin, and was certain about the implications.

“I was astonished when he discovered the first fin,” she stated in an interview with BBC Science Focus. “We never believed we would witness this phenomenon in our lifetime, but it appears we have.”

Genetic analysis confirmed that the severed fins belonged to resident killer whales, which are fish-eating mammals living in tight family groups for generations. The likely aggressor is the transient killer whale, a separate population that preys on marine mammals such as seals, sea lions, and other whales.

From a taxonomic perspective, all killer whales belong to a single species, meaning this behavior technically qualifies as cannibalism. Killer whale.

However, Filatova emphasizes that the situation is more nuanced. Resident and transient populations do not socialize or interbreed, and in the wild, they may not even recognize one another as the same species.

Filatova suggests that the attack likely occurred during a large social gathering, where numerous resident families convened for breeding. Due to the familial ties within these groups, killer whales must seek mates from outside their family units, resulting in fragmented populations that may extend over several kilometers.

During these social events, young males may become separated from their protective family units. “This provides an opportunity for mammal-eating species to target these vulnerable young, as other adults are preoccupied,” Filatova explained.

Fomin observed one such gathering shortly before he came across the second fin.

The second fin was found in 2024, approximately 2 km (1.2 miles) from the first fin – Photo credit: Sergey Fomin/SDU

Both fins belonged to young whales, and their severed state—rather than being simply bitten off—suggests that killer whales that hunt other species typically remove fins to access the flesh beneath, leaving low-energy remains.

This discovery carries implications beyond the immediate tragedy. Filatova posits that the strong social bonds characteristic of resident killer whale communities could stem from the pressures of predation.

“These populations remain stable for a specific reason: they need to safeguard themselves,” she remarked.

She theorizes that the two populations first encountered each other around 100,000 years ago when resident whales—more genetically similar to Atlantic killer whales—migrated to the North Pacific, encroaching on territory already inhabited by transients.

The remarkable family cohesion seen in today’s killer whales may be a result of evolving under the long-term threat of predation.

With only two fins discovered thus far, Filatova is cautious about drawing definitive conclusions. It remains uncertain whether this killing behavior signifies a recent shift or if it has been occurring unnoticed.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Discover Two Newly Identified Bird Species in the Amazon Rainforest

Posted on March 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Long believed to be a single species found throughout the Amazon rainforest, ant birds are, in fact, a group of different species, including two newly identified ones: Cherkomakra village and Cercomacula laucisona. These species inhabit distinct areas of the southern Amazon. This revelation was made possible through an extensive analysis of museum specimens and bird audio recordings. Discover more about the gray ant bird (Sercomacra cinerasense), which further complicates our understanding.

Cercomacula laucisona. Image credit: Fernando Zurdo.

The gray antbird is a small, inconspicuous bird native to forested areas. These birds thrive in dense understory habitats across Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.

Males typically exhibit gray plumage while females appear brownish, making it challenging for ornithologists to differentiate between various populations in this vast geographical region.

To reassess species boundaries, researchers led by Sercomacra cinerasense expert Wagner Cavalzere from the University of Complex conducted comparative studies on feather coloration, body measurements, and vocalizations.

The study analyzed 682 bird specimens from museum collections and evaluated 347 song recordings.

The team employed BirdNET, a deep learning platform designed to classify bird calls, to assess song structure.

“Birds rely heavily on vocal communication, which is crucial for species recognition,” the researchers stated.

“Their songs serve as sonic signatures, essential for uncovering hidden diversity.”

The findings indicated distinct divisions in populations separated by major Amazonian rivers.

Birds residing north of the Pastaza, Maranhão, Solimões, and Amazon rivers exhibited consistent differences in coloration and song patterns compared to southern populations.

Cherkomakra village is found in the forested region between the Ucayali and Madeira rivers, while Cercomacula laucisona inhabits areas between the Madeira and Tapajos rivers.

“These rivers act as long-standing natural barriers,” the researchers noted.

“The populations have diverged independently over millennia to evolve into the unique species we describe today, isolated by these significant rivers.”

Cherkomakra village. Image credit: Tomas Melo.

Additionally, scientists recognized several previously named forms as distinct species, bringing the total in this complex to five.

Each species is characterized by unique vocal traits and geographical ranges, with minimal evidence of overlap or hybridization.

This discovery underscores the vast unexplored biodiversity within the Amazon, revealing complexities among bird species previously thought to be well understood.

“By integrating artificial intelligence with fundamental bioacoustics and museum collection studies, we uncover diversity that would otherwise remain invisible,” the authors emphasized.

“Acknowledging these species is crucial for their conservation in a rapidly changing environment.”

For further details on this discovery, refer to the new paper published in Vertebrate Zoology.

_____

V. Cavalzere et al. 2026. Integrated taxonomy of Sercomacra cinerasense Species complex with descriptions of two new species (Birds: Thamnophilidae). Vertebrate Zoology 76: 73-91; doi: 10.3897/vz.76.e171834

Source: www.sci.news

Archaeologists Discover Neolithic Europeans’ Surprisingly Complex Cuisine

Posted on March 5, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

An international team of archaeologists analyzed 85 pottery sherds containing significant food shell remains from 13 archaeological sites in Northern and Eastern Europe, dating from the 6th to 3rd millennium BC. They identified various plant tissues such as wildflowers, legumes, fruits, and herbaceous roots, leaves, and stems in 58 of these sherds. The findings reveal that prehistoric hunter-gatherers exhibited a selective preference for specific plant species and parts, often pairing them with certain animal foods.

Prehistoric Europeans demonstrated careful selection of their plant foods, consciously opting for specific species and combining them with targeted animal foods. This practice may have led to the development of unique tastes, flavors, and textures, facilitated by pottery techniques, thereby motivating their invention and adoption.

Foraging wild plants was a crucial aspect of survival for prehistoric communities. However, direct evidence, including the types of plants foraged and their uses, often remains elusive.

Traditionally, scientists analyze fat residues in ancient pottery to interpret ancient diets. Nonetheless, this method primarily sheds light on animal remains, limiting insights into plant consumption.

In a groundbreaking study, researcher Lara González Carretero from the University of York and her colleagues employed advanced techniques, including microscopy and chemical analysis, to uncover evidence of plant consumption by ancient European hunter-gatherers.

The study evaluated organic artifacts from 58 pottery pieces excavated from 13 archaeological sites in Northern and Eastern Europe, dating between the 6th and 3rd millennium BC.

This innovative approach collected tissue samples from various plant species, including grasses, fruits, leaves, and seeds, frequently found alongside remains of animals, particularly fish and other marine life.

The specific combinations of ingredients varied by region, likely reflecting local cultural practices and available resources.

This important discovery underscores the significant role of plants and aquatic foods in early European diets.

The results confirm that these communities regularly utilized pottery techniques for meal preparation, each developing their own intricate culinary traditions.

“Our findings reveal that the selection of plant foods was highly selective, with hunter-gatherers favoring specific plant species and parts, often combining them with particular animal foods,” the researchers stated.

“These results also suggest that our understanding of plant processing in pottery may be drastically underestimated if we rely solely on lipid residue analysis.”

Read their paper published in the online journal PLoS ONE.

_____

L. González Carretero et al. 2026. Selective culinary uses of plant foods by Northern and Eastern European hunter-gatherer-fishermen. PLoS One 21 (3): e0342740; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0342740

Source: www.sci.news

Discover If You’re Truly Cool: Insights from Science

Posted on March 2, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

At some point, many of us yearn to be perceived as cool. This pursuit significantly influences our purchases, fashion choices, hobbies, social circles, and even our vocabulary.

Being accepted by a group has its advantages. Research indicates that those deemed cool are often more admired, likable, and viewed as friendly and competent. But what truly defines “cool”?

The idea of coolness has historical roots, with parallels in cultures worldwide, including West Africa and China. In Europe, the concept traces back to the 16th century Italian term sprezzatura, embodying a refined and effortless style (think of the Mona Lisa—her enigmatic smile and poise exemplify this ideal). This form of coolness hinges on nonchalance and mastering the art of making challenges appear effortless.

Perhaps one key to being cool is to be effortlessly yourself. We all recognize the discomfort of trying too hard to impress others (just recall former British Prime Minister Theresa May’s infamous dance video).

Being cool often stems from confidence and a sense of adventure.

Cool slang evolves over time, from rad and hip to swell, dope, fresh, and light, but “cool” remains timeless.

This term, signifying “fashionable,” originates from African American culture in the 1930s and 1940s, particularly in the jazz music scene.

Jazz musicians with a relaxed playing style were labeled as cool, a term later embraced by bohemian groups like beatniks and hippies in the 1950s and 1960s. Subsequently, the concept of coolness became commercialized, with businesses exploiting it to market everything from apparel to cars.

So, what might define coolness in 2026? A recent study involving around 6,000 participants from six continents outlined the characteristics of individuals considered cool. Findings revealed six core traits: power, hedonism, adventure, autonomy, openness, and extroversion. However, balance is crucial; excessive hedonism or a desperate pursuit of power can disrupt credibility.

The consistency of these traits across cultures suggests that coolness fulfills a universal social function.

Individuals embodying these traits are more likely to challenge the status quo, innovate, and inspire others to embrace new perspectives.

Moreover, simply being perceived as cool can elevate a person’s social status by showcasing their creativity and promoting cultural evolution.

But what if you don’t identify as cool or prefer not to chase that label? The same study identified personality traits regarded as “good” rather than cool, such as kindness, sincerity, friendliness, and warmth. Pursuing these qualities can also leave a lasting impression.

This article responds to the query (posed by Jonathan Schaefer of Wakefield): “What truly makes someone cool?”

For questions, please email questions@sciencefocus.com or connect with us on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (include your name and location).

For more exciting scientific discussions, check out our Ultimate Fun Facts page.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Adorable Seal Pups Mimic Human Speech and Accents: Discover Their Unique Sounds!

Posted on February 28, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent studies reveal that seal pups produce more human-like sounds than previously believed, often taking turns “communicating” by adjusting their calls to match their neighboring pups. This fascinating behavior sheds light on the evolution of complex communication, including human language.

Harbor seals, also known simply as seals, are among the few animal species capable of learning and altering their vocalizations.

“They can learn to create new sounds or modify existing ones,” explains Dr. Cohen de Reus from Radboud University and Vrije Universiteit Bruxelles. His research is part of his Ph.D. dissertation, as noted by BBC Science Focus.

Every talkative harbor seal has its own distinct calls, which mothers utilize to locate their pups on busy beaches. This study examines how seals modify their calls based on social contexts.

https://c02.purpledshub.com/uploads/sites/41/2026/02/Seal-pup-conversation.mp4

During testing, Jenny the seal’s responses were monitored as recordings of other pups were played.

Dr. de Reus found that the calls of pups sitting together became increasingly similar over time. “This phenomenon resembles regional accents in humans,” he stated. “Despite their visual similarities, each pup can be recognized individually, just as in humans.”

Additionally, akin to polite human conversation, the pups engage in turn-taking without overlapping in communication.

To conduct his research, Dr. de Reus analyzed thousands of hours of audio from numerous harbor seal pups at the Peterburen Seal Center in the Netherlands.

“After spending extensive time with the pups, I could identify at least half of their calls,” he shared.

This study aims to uncover the subtleties of communication shared across species and those unique to humans, potentially revealing the intricate history of human language development.

“Language is often regarded as a unique trait that sets us apart from other species, yet our findings indicate the existence of advanced communication systems in various animals,” Dr. de Reus continued. “Consider this research a foundational step for future comparisons.”

This seal was recorded at a rehabilitation center that cares for orphaned and injured seals until their release back into the wild – Credit: Getty

Read more:

This version incorporates SEO best practices by using relevant keywords, optimizing headings, and maintaining appropriate HTML tag structure.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Discover an Excerpt from “Art Cure” by Daisy Fancourt: New Scientist Book Club Picks

Posted on February 27, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Spending Time Painting in Cornwall, UK

Ashley Cooper/Alamy

Russell hesitated at the door, unsure whether to enter or not. This wasn’t his usual environment; he only came at the doctor’s suggestion.

His journey began with a stroke that disrupted blood flow to his brain, leading to significant challenges. He faced months of recovery, relearning skills he once took for granted. As time passed, he encountered severe back pain, lost his job, and struggled to maintain relationships, becoming depressed and overwhelmed by his situation.

When his doctor suggested eight weeks of art classes, Russell doubted the effectiveness of art as therapy. Still, feeling like he had nothing to lose, he stepped inside.

To his surprise, the first class was less intimidating than expected; he didn’t draw but observed fellow students. The calming ambiance and vibrant colors somewhat eased his anxiety. On his way home, he noticed a shift—his breathing was slower and more peaceful. The next week, he recognized familiar faces and started doodling in the garden shed during sleepless nights. By the third class, he had picked up a paintbrush. In the following weeks, he proposed a collaborative project: to paint portraits of his classmates.

I first met Russell early in the morning at a Manchester hotel. We were both preparing to appear on BBC Breakfast, where he would discuss the pioneering initiative of “prescription-based art” within the National Health Service. His experiences left me in awe of the transformation he underwent.

During his subsequent checkup, doctors were impressed with his progress; both his mood and pain levels had significantly improved. Art classes provided him with a sense of structure, something he had started to look forward to. His doctor reduced his medication, noting the improvement in his overall health and sleep quality.

As he neared the completion of his portrait series, he approached Gloucester Art Museum to host an exhibition titled “We’re All Mad Here.” The event drew fellow students and healthcare professionals, leading to requests for more commissioned works, including paintings of a nurse’s children.

Over the past decade, Russell Haynes has showcased his art throughout the UK—from Gloucester Cathedral to the Tower of London. His pieces are now highly sought after, often selling for thousands. He not only continues to create art but also teaches classes, receiving referrals from doctors. Remarkably, Russell has not taken any medication nor visited a doctor in over a year.

When I asked him about the impact of those initial art classes, he stated simply:

“They saved my life.”

This excerpt is from a work by Daisy Fancourt. Art Cure: The Science of How Art Changes Our Health (Cornerstone Press), part of the New Scientist Book Club’s March selection. Join us for a shared reading experience here.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover Daisy Fancourt’s Insights on Art as Medicine: ‘If Art Had the Healing Power of Medicine, We’d Embrace It Daily’

Posted on February 27, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Regular Engagement with Arts: Transformative Physiological Changes

Mascot/Getty Images

Reflecting on my journey into research on the health benefits of art, a pivotal moment stands out. After completing my education, I began working at the NHS, overseeing performing arts programs at Chelsea and Westminster Hospitals in London. One patient’s relative approached me post-performance in a dementia ward and said, “What a wonderful entertainment program you are running.”

This comment, albeit well-intentioned, overlooked the profound impact of our Hospital Arts Program. I personally witnessed transformative effects: a patient, despite memory loss, sang along to White Cliffs of Dover, evoking childhood memories. I observed a child with severe burns who required no morphine during a theater performance, a premature baby who calmed and began eating while his mother sang, and a stroke survivor who walked more steadily upon wearing headphones. While our arts programs offered enjoyable distractions, I recognized their deeper significance in enhancing patients’ health. My curiosity led me to seek a deeper understanding of these effects.

Over the past decade, I have dedicated my research as a psychobiologist and epidemiologist to acknowledge the health benefits associated with art engagement. Findings from numerous global studies reveal that activities like reading, listening to music, dancing, or crafting activate essential biological processes that support our health. Participating in the arts stimulates our brain’s reward system, elevating dopamine levels tied to mood and pleasure. Furthermore, we regulate autonomic nervous system activity, which contributes to lower heart rates and decreased blood pressure over time. Notably, our stress hormones diminish, as do inflammatory responses within our immune system. We can even modify gene expression, reducing stress-related genes while enhancing those that promote neurogenesis.

Regularly engaging in arts over extended periods fosters significant physiological changes. It’s shown to increase gray matter in brain regions vital for memory, auditory processing, and motor skills. Furthermore, we produce unique protein patterns associated with improved cognitive function and a reduced risk of depression and infections. A recent study employing various biological metrics, including brain clocks and epigenetic evaluations, indicates that consistent engagement with the arts correlates with a younger biological age.

These profound changes significantly influence our overall well-being. Individuals who actively participate in the arts tend to report greater happiness, enhanced life satisfaction, purpose, and a reduced risk of developing conditions such as depression, chronic pain, frailty, and even dementia. These beneficial relationships hold even when accounting for factors like wealth, demographics, medical history, or lifestyle choices.

These promising results are drawn from randomized controlled trials, laboratory experiments, and large-scale epidemiological studies examining the art’s population-level impacts. Numerous specific artistic interventions in medical settings for designated patient groups—like singing programs for stroke survivors or dance classes for individuals with Parkinson’s disease—underscore art’s potential benefits. Some trials suggest that art might be even more effective for managing pre-operative anxiety than traditional anti-anxiety medications like benzodiazepines, with fewer side effects proving its efficacy.

Nevertheless, while engaging in the arts is a promising avenue of exploration, it is not a cure-all. Various instances of art-related harm exist due to misuse or inadequate project design. I have actively countered misconceptions, such as the idea of art as a cure for boosting intelligence or combating serious health issues like cancer. Although the field remains ripe with potential and ongoing research, we eagerly anticipate larger-scale trials.

If a medication boasted this array of health benefits, we would enthusiastically promote it, invest resources in its development, and ensure its accessibility. It is exhilarating to watch the recommendations I promote materialize—not as prescriptions or medical interventions, but as enjoyable experiences like attending a concert, participating in dance lessons, or simply reading a book, potentially including my own.

Daisy Fancourt is the author of Art Cure: The Science of How Art Changes Our Health (Cornerstone Press) and featured in the March reading list of the New Scientist Book Club. Join us here to participate in the discussion!

Topics:

Health/
New Scientist Book Club

Source: www.newscientist.com

Scientists Discover Electric Discharges in Trees During Thunderstorms

Posted on February 27, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

While most people are aware of the destructive power of lightning in forests, few know about the subtle electrical phenomenon known as corona. This weak electrical glow is believed to occur on tree leaves during thunderstorms. Researchers at Penn State University utilized ultraviolet-sensitive equipment to directly observe and measure this intriguing phenomenon in tree species such as sweetgum and celery pine across various U.S. states.

Coronae glow on the tip of a spruce needle caused by a charged metal plate in the laboratory. Image credit: William Bruun.

Lightning strikes have captivated humanity since thunderstorms began sweeping through Earth’s forests, causing everything from trunk splits to wildfires, often turning night into day.

However, scientists are now shifting their focus to the more delicate electrical phenomena that manifest on leaf tips amid thunderstorms.

Unlike lightning, which can heat the air to extreme temperatures, corona represents a weak electrical discharge with a temperature only slightly above that of the surrounding air.

Despite their gentler nature, these electrical sparks can generate significant amounts of hydroxyl, a key oxidant in the atmosphere, potentially harming tree foliage and affecting charged particles within thunderstorm cloud bases.

“We have observed these phenomena, confirming their existence,” stated Dr. Patrick McFarland, a meteorologist at Pennsylvania State University.

“Having tangible evidence is incredibly exciting,” he added.

“In a laboratory setting, when you block all light, you can barely see the corona, which appears as a blue light,” he explained.

For this study, Dr. McFarland and his team designed a portable instrument equipped with multiple components to measure tree canopies and the atmospheric conditions that influence corona formation.

The centralized component is a 25 cm diameter telescope that focuses ultraviolet (UV) radiation onto a solar-blind UV camera sensitive to wavelengths between 255 and 273 nm.

During thunderstorms in North Carolina, scientists succeeded in observing corona on sweetgum and pine trees.

“The corona could potentially travel between leaves or trace along branches swaying in the wind,” the researchers noted.

Similar observations were recorded for various tree species during four additional thunderstorms from Florida to Pennsylvania.

“Our findings illustrate that the corona exhibits glowing patterns in wooded areas during thunderstorms,” the researchers stated.

“These corona effects can alter air quality in forests, subtly damage foliage, and influence storm conditions overhead.”

For further details, refer to the study published on February 12th in Geophysical Research Letters.

_____

PJ McFarland et al. 2026. Corona discharges glow on trees under thunderstorms. Geophysical Research Letters 53 (4): e2025GL119591; doi: 10.1029/2025GL119591

Source: www.sci.news

Discover the Tiny Predatory Dinosaur Lighter than a Chicken

Posted on February 25, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Reconstruction of *Arunashetri seropolisiensis*

Credit: Gabriel Díaz Yantén, National University of Rio Negro.

Reconstruction of Arunashetri seropolisiensis — Reconstruction of *Arunashetri seropolisiensis*

Credit: Gabriel Díaz Yantén, National University of Rio Negro.

The nearly complete skeleton of a small dinosaur, weighing less than a domestic chicken, has provided significant insights into the evolution of Alvarezaurus, one of the smallest dinosaur species ever documented.

This 95 million-year-old fossil, identified as Arunashetri seropolisiensis, was unearthed in 2014 at the La Buitrera site in northern Patagonia, Argentina.

The first specimen of Arunashetri consisted of incomplete hind limb bones found in 2012. Peter Makowiecki from the University of Minnesota contributed to the research on this new fossil. At the time, only fragmentary remains were available, leaving the classification as a probable alvaresaurid. “We didn’t even know if it was a juvenile or an adult,” says Makowiecki.

“With the entire skeleton now complete, we suddenly have all the information required to understand how Arunashetri functioned. Its anatomical structure is both similar and distinct from other species, providing key insights into the evolution of Alvarezsaurus’s unusual anatomy,” notes Makowiecki.

The new fossil features very elongated and slender hind limbs, along with unexpectedly long forelimbs equipped with three well-developed fingers. Detailed analysis revealed that this dinosaur was an adult, estimated to be at least four years old.

It is believed that it weighed only 700 grams in its lifetime. “These specimens are incredibly small, even smaller than a chicken,” explains Makowiecki.

Previously, Alvarezsaurus was thought to be an early ancestor of birds. Recent findings clarify that while Arunashetri may have superficially resembled a bird, it, along with all Alvarezsaurus, are indeed non-avian theropods. “This new discovery confirms our understanding,” states Makowiecki.

It was once believed that all small alvaresaurids had short, robust forelimbs with prominent thumbs but reduced lateral digits and small teeth, interpreted as evolutionary adaptations for a diet of ants and termites. However, as Makowiecki points out, “Arunashetri does not fit that mold. Although it is a smaller member of the Alvarezauridae family, it signifies a relatively early branch in the evolutionary tree, hence its teeth and forelimbs remain quite substantial.”

In fact, he adds, its forelimbs are more characteristic of other theropods rather than anteater specialists. “Arunashetri, while smaller, structurally resembles a typical theropod. Considering its size, it likely consumed a significant variety of invertebrates, along with a broader prey spectrum,” he further explains.

This indicates that paleontologists still lack a full understanding of why these dinosaurs evolved to such small sizes. “We are left with a vague understanding that Alvarezsaurids successfully occupied a very small predator niche,” concludes Makowiecki.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover Hawking’s Final Theory: Insights from His Last Book

Posted on February 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Unlocking the Super Ager Microbiome

Discover the secrets to a long and vibrant life hidden within the microbiomes of centenarians who celebrate over 100 years of health.

The Truth About Processed Foods

Ultra-processed foods are notorious for their harm to health. Uncover the most dangerous ingredients found in these foods, their impact on your body, and tips on how to identify them.

The Future of Memory Erasure

Exciting advancements suggest that we might soon have the ability to permanently delete unwanted memories. However, the implications could be significant.

Miracle Weight Loss Drugs: Fact or Fiction?

Medications like Ozempic, Wigoovy, and Munjaro could aid in weight loss of up to 20%. The latest generation of weight reduction pills is making waves… but are they too good to be true?

Plus, in this issue:

Revitalize Your New Year’s Resolutions: If you’re having trouble keeping your New Year’s resolutions, you’re not alone. Life’s demands can hinder your best intentions. Discover effective strategies to regain focus.
AI-Only Social Media: Did you know there’s a platform specifically for AI interactions? It’s called Maltbook… and conversations are taking an interesting turn.
Expert Q&A: This month, our experts answer your burning questions: Do some animals hoard treasure? Does exercise really alter heart rates? How many birds collide with buildings annually? Will increased rocket launches harm the ozone layer? Is our perception of time distorted? Can we maintain our sense of taste as we age? Is my dog displaying signs of ADHD? What are the effects of potential exposure to toxins? How large were medieval warhorses? What’s the best way to move on from an ex? And more…

Mark Your Calendar: Issue 430 Launches on February 24, 2026

Don’t forget, BBC Science Focus is also available on all major digital platforms. Find us on Android, Kindle Fire and Kindle e-readers, as well as our iOS app for iPads and iPhones.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Discover Why Horse Sounds Are Unique in Nature

Posted on February 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Insights into How Horses Communicate

Horizon International Images/Alamy

Understanding Horse Communication — Insights into How Horses Communicate

Horizon International Images/Alamy

Horses are unique in their vocalizations, producing two distinct sounds simultaneously—a low, cow-like moo and a high-pitched whistle from their throats.

Recent research reveals that horse vocalizations exhibit both low-frequency sounds around 200 hertz and high-frequency sounds exceeding 1,000 hertz, a phenomenon known as biphonation. The low-frequency sounds can be attributed to the vibrations of the horse’s laryngeal vocal folds, much like human speech and singing. However, the mechanism for producing the high-frequency sounds in such a large animal remains an intriguing question.

“Humans have coexisted with horses for over 4,000 years, yet equine communication remains partially misunderstood,” explains Tecumseh Fitch from the University of Vienna, Austria.

To investigate this phenomenon, Fitch and his team conducted tests and experiments on horse larynxes sourced from meat suppliers.

“Initially, we observed low-frequency sounds when we blew air into the larynx,” says Fitch. “However, after some adjustments, we successfully elicited high-frequency components.”

This established that both sound components originate from the larynx itself, contrasting with human whistling produced via the lips.

To confirm the whistling mechanism, researchers introduced air and helium—two gases of varying densities—through the larynx. This allowed them to test whether high-frequency sounds resulted from whistle production or tissue vibrations.

“The low-frequency sounds stem from vocal cord vibrations, similar to human singing or cow mooing, and remained unchanged when we altered the gases,” Fitch noted. “Conversely, the high-frequency content varied significantly with higher helium concentrations.”

Endoscopic examinations of live horses revealed that laryngeal muscles contract as the call begins, narrowing the glottis—where the vocal cords reside—and increasing airway resistance. This mechanism forces air through a narrow opening at high speed.

While other small mammals like mice and rats can produce laryngeal whistles, their frequencies are inaudible to humans.

“Horses are unique among mammals for their ability to produce two frequencies at once using their larynx, with whistles being part of their regular vocal repertoire,” Fitch adds.

This research sheds light on a previously undocumented method of aerodynamic whistle production in animals beyond rodents, explains Ben Jankovic at the University of New South Wales, Sydney.

Fitch and his colleagues propose that whistles enhance vocal clarity and transmission distance, although these theories require further investigation.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover the Unique Ant Species: A Queens-Only Colony with No Males or Workers

Posted on February 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The parasitic species Temnothorax kinomurai targets the closely related ants, Temnothorax makora.

Credit: Clalit/iNaturalist

In a groundbreaking discovery, researchers have identified a unique parasitic ant species in Japan that has effectively eradicated both male and female worker ants from their colonies. This means that all individuals in these colonies function as queens, attempting to dominate the nests of competing species.

Typically, ant colonies are structured with a queen, female workers, and short-lived males that die shortly after mating.

For over four decades, scientists have speculated about the existence of this elusive parasitic ant, Temnothorax kinomurai, which is known to produce only queens. Until now, however, there was no definitive proof.

Young queens of this parasitic species infiltrate the nests of closely related ants, Temnothorax makora, killing the host queen and some workers through stinging. They then reproduce asexually, creating cloned offspring in a process called parthenogenesis—a phenomenon that is rare among ants but common in other insect species. As a result, workers from T. makora are deceived into nurturing the young kinomurai queens.

Research led by Jurgen Heinze and his team at the University of Regensburg, Germany, successfully bred and raised T. kinomurai queens in a controlled laboratory environment, resulting in 43 queen offspring—none of which displayed male reproductive organs.

The resulting 43 queens were then introduced to colonies of T. makora. Out of these, seven queens survived and successfully executed their takeover, producing 57 additional offspring, all confirmed to be female queens.

“This discovery reveals a completely new form of social organization among ants, adding a fascinating dimension to the already complex world of ants,” Heinze states.

While invading the colonies of other species can be a precarious tactic—evidenced by the study’s high queen failure rates—having an all-female offspring increases the likelihood of establishing a new reproductive colony.

“If parthenogenesis arose through random mutation, this is the outcome. A single T. kinomurai queen can produce 100 daughters without the need for mating, leading to 100 queens ready to seek out new colonies,” Heinze explains.

“This species represents the pinnacle of social parasitism evolution, showcasing the remarkable adaptability in the life cycles of social insects,” he concludes.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover the Japanese Archipelago: Once a Sanctuary for Cave Lions

Posted on February 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

New genetic and proteomic analysis reveals that from 73,000 to 20,000 years ago, the Japanese archipelago was home to the cave lion (Panthera spelea). This insight contrasts with previous beliefs that the region was primarily a refuge for the Tiger (Panthera tigris).

A cave lion painted at the Chauvet Cave in France.

Lions and tigers were apex predators during the Late Pleistocene, playing vital roles in the East Asian megafauna ecosystem.

Cave lions primarily roamed northern Eurasia, whereas tigers occupied southern regions.

“Since their emergence around 2 million years ago, lions and tigers have been dominant apex predators, shaping the evolution of other carnivores and influencing herbivore populations through predation,” stated researchers Shu-Jin Luo and colleagues from Peking University.

“About a million years ago, as lions migrated from Africa, they expanded their ranges in Eurasia, becoming important competitors.”

“However, due to significant habitat contraction from anthropogenic activities in the early 20th century, their ranges no longer overlap, with the closest populations now over 300 km apart in India.”

“In contrast, during the Late Pleistocene, lions and tigers frequently coexisted within the lion-tiger transition zone, which extends from the Middle East through Central Asia to the Far East,” the researchers indicated.

The Japanese archipelago, the easternmost part of this zone, was historically viewed as a refuge for tigers, yet the identity of these big cat subfossils was uncertain.

To explore the origins and evolutionary history of Japan’s Pleistocene feline populations, researchers examined 26 subfossils unearthed from various sites in the Japanese archipelago.

“Using advanced techniques such as mitochondrial and nuclear genome hybridization, paleoproteomics, Bayesian molecular dating, and radiocarbon dating, we surprisingly discovered that all ancient remains identified as ‘tiger’ were actually cave lions,” the team said.

Despite the low endogenous DNA content in most samples, scientists successfully retrieved five near-complete mitochondrial genomes and one partial nuclear genome.

The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Japanese specimens formed a distinct monophyletic group within the Late Pleistocene cave lion lineage, designated as Speller-1.

Nuclear genome analysis of well-preserved specimens confirmed these findings, clearly differentiating the lion lineage from tigers.

Paleoproteomic analysis identified unique amino acid variants in α-2-HS-glycoprotein associated with lions but not tigers.

The research team concluded that cave lions dispersed throughout the Japanese archipelago approximately between 72,700 and 37,500 years ago, facilitated by a land bridge connecting northern Japan to the mainland during the last ice age.

They inhabited areas previously believed to favor tigers, coexisting with wolves, brown bears, black bears, and early humans, forming a crucial part of the archipelago’s Late Pleistocene ecosystem.

The authors propose that Speller-1, the cave lion, may have survived in the Japanese archipelago for at least 20,000 years after its extinction across Eurasia, outlasting its last extinction event in eastern Beringia by more than 10,000 years.

“Future studies of lion and tiger subfossil sites across mid-latitude Eurasia are essential for understanding species range dynamics and clarifying the historical interactions between lions and tigers,” the researchers concluded.

Read the full study published on January 26, 2026, in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

_____

Shin San et al. 2026. “During the Late Pleistocene, the Japanese archipelago protected cave lions rather than tigers.” PNAS 123 (6): e2523901123; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2523901123

Source: www.sci.news

Scientists Discover Secrets of Swirling Plume-Like Structures Beneath Greenland Ice Sheet

Posted on February 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

For years, glaciologists have been intrigued by the peculiar plume-like structures hidden beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet. Recent research conducted by scientists from the University of Bergen, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, and the University of Oxford indicates that these enigmatic features are the result of thermal convection—an intriguing process typically associated with Earth’s mantle.

Location of a large plume-like structure (triangle) within the Greenland Ice Sheet. Credit: Leysinger Vieli et al., doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07083-3 / Law et al., doi: 10.5194/tc-20-1071-2026.

“Typically, we perceive ice as a solid material, so the revelation that parts of the Greenland Ice Sheet experience heat convection—similar to cooking pasta— is both extraordinary and fascinating,” said study co-author Professor Andreas Born from the University of Bergen.

“The realization that thermal convection can occur within ice sheets defies our expectations,” remarked lead author Dr. Robert Loh, also from the University of Bergen.

“However, the ice is at least a million times softer than Earth’s mantle, making the physics align. It’s truly a remarkable phenomenon in nature.”

“These findings could play a crucial role in reducing uncertainties in models predicting ice sheet mass balance and sea level rise,” added Professor Born.

Deep ice is found to be approximately ten times softer than previously assumed, but this does not imply a faster melting rate.

“Enhancing our understanding of ice physics is vital for greater certainty regarding future conditions; nonetheless, softer ice alone does not guarantee accelerated melting or increased sea levels. Further studies are necessary to explore this,” Dr. Loh emphasized.

Although these findings do not predict imminent disasters in Greenland or elsewhere, they underscore the complex and dynamic nature of this region.

“Greenland and its ecosystem are indeed unique,” Dr. Loh commented.

“The ice sheet is over 1,000 years old and is the only one on Earth that coexists with a culture and established communities along its edges.”

“Understanding the processes beneath the ice will better equip us to handle the changes occurring along coastlines globally.”

Read more about the research in the upcoming publication in Cryosphere this month.

_____

R. Law et al. 2026. Investigating the conditions under which convection is likely to occur within the Greenland Ice Sheet. Cryosphere 20: 1071-1086; doi: 10.5194/tc-20-1071-2026

Source: www.sci.news

Discover How Elephant Trunks Use Touch Beyond Muscles and Nerves: Key Findings from Recent Study

Posted on February 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Keratin composites enable animals to walk with hooves, fly with wings, and sense their environment through their skin. Mammalian whiskers consist of elongated keratin rods attached to specialized tactile structures, enhancing the animal’s sensory perception. A recent study conducted by scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems aims to explore the structure, porosity, and stiffness of the whiskers found in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).

Schulz et al. investigated the whiskers of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) to determine their geometric and mechanical adaptations for enhanced tactile sensitivity, which encodes contact location through vibrotactile signals. Image credit: Schulz et al., doi: 10.1126/science.adx8981.

Whiskers in mammals, resembling elongated keratin rods, serve as sophisticated sensory tools.

While the keratin material itself does not directly sense touch, whiskers are housed within hair follicles, surrounded by dense sensory neurons that translate subtle mechanical vibrations into nerve signals.

Previous research primarily focused on the shape and movement of whiskers, often assuming a uniform mechanical structure along their length.

However, emerging evidence suggests that the stiffness and internal composition of whiskers can differ from root to tip, highlighting the importance of material properties in tactile sensation.

Unlike many other mammals, elephants possess numerous immobile whiskers distributed over the thick skin of their highly skilled trunks.

Though these whiskers cannot move independently, they frequently interact with objects, enabling elephants to perform precise tasks, from delicate manipulations to food handling.

Given the immobility of their whiskers, Dr. Andrew Schultz and colleagues hypothesized that elephants rely on variations in the shape and material structure of their whiskers to enhance tactile perception.

The researchers employed techniques such as micro-CT imaging, electron microscopy, mechanical testing, and functional modeling to examine the shape, porosity, and stiffness of whiskers in both juvenile and adult Asian elephants.

Findings reveal that the material properties of elephant whiskers transition from thick, porous, and rigid roots to thin, dense, and soft tips.

Dr. Schultz noted, “Tapping the handrail with different parts of the whisker wand felt soft at the tip and sharp at the base. I could easily feel where contact occurred without even looking.”

These functional gradients significantly influence how mechanical vibrations are relayed to sensory neurons, enhancing the clarity and strength of tactile signals.

Specifically, the transition from a firm base to a softer tip amplifies signal power, aiding elephants in accurately determining contact locations along the whisker, which is crucial for navigation and fine manipulation.

In this manner, elephant whiskers exhibit a type of built-in or “physical” intelligence, optimizing sensation through intelligent material design without needing active movement.

This exciting discovery is driving the authors’ efforts to apply natural insights into advancements in robotics and intelligent systems.

“Bio-inspired sensors that replicate elephant-like stiffness gradients could provide precise information with minimal computational cost, simply by leveraging intelligent material design,” Dr. Schultz stated.

The team’s groundbreaking research was published in the Journal on February 12, 2026, in Science.

_____

Andrew K. Schultz et al. 2026. Functional gradients drive tactile sensation in elephant whiskers. Science 391 (6786): 712-718; doi: 10.1126/science.adx8981

Source: www.sci.news

Physicists Discover Method to Control Hidden Friction in Electronic Devices

Posted on February 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Electrons Interacting and Causing Friction

High quality stock/Alamy

Even the smoothest surfaces can exhibit friction due to electron interactions. However, recent advancements present a technique for reducing or completely eliminating this electronic friction, empowering the development of more efficient and durable devices.

Frictional forces, in various contexts, can hinder movement, waste energy, and can be beneficial in everyday tasks like walking or striking a match. In mechanical systems, such as engines, friction not only expends energy but also accelerates wear, necessitating the use of lubricants and surface treatments. Nevertheless, as every object harbors numerous electrons that interact, some degree of friction may always exist regardless of mitigation strategies.

According to Xu Zhiping, researchers from Tsinghua University in China have developed an innovative method to manage this “electronic friction.” Their apparatus consists of dual layers of graphite paired with a semiconductor crafted from molybdenum and sulfur or boron and nitrogen.

These materials excel as solid lubricants, showcasing near-zero mechanical friction when in motion against each other. This focus allowed researchers to explore a less apparent factor: electronic friction, which contributes to energy loss during the layers’ movement. Xu elaborated, “Even with entirely smooth surfaces, mechanical activity can disturb the ‘sea’ of electrons within the material.”

To confirm their focus on electronic friction, the team initially analyzed how the electronic state of the semiconductor reacted to energy depletion during sliding. They subsequently explored various methods for controlling this phenomenon.

By applying pressure to their device, they succeeded in halting the ocean of electrons by allowing the electrons between layers to share states, minimizing energetically costly interactions. Additionally, introducing a “bias voltage” enabled them to fine-tune the motion of these electrons.

By adjusting the voltage across different segments of the device, researchers could influence electron flow, effectively reducing electronic friction and allowing for a dynamic control mechanism instead of a simple on-off switch.

Jacqueline Krim noted that the initial study on electron friction dates back to 1998 when her North Carolina State University team utilized superconducting materials—perfect electrical conductors at extremely low temperatures—to observe energy loss. Research has since evolved, offering new avenues for modulation without necessitating material replacement or additional lubricants, she commented.

Krim envisions a scenario akin to adjusting the friction of your shoe soles via a smartphone app when transitioning from icy sidewalks to carpeted rooms. “Our objective is real-time remote control, eliminating downtime and material waste. Achieving this goal necessitates materials that react to external magnetic fields producing the desired levels of friction,” she explained.

Xu acknowledged the complexities involved in managing all forms of friction within a device, noting that a rigorous mathematical model correlating these frictions is yet to be established. Nevertheless, he expressed optimism regarding their findings, suggesting that if electronic friction primarily drives energy waste and wear, their approach could hold considerable promise.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover the Essential ‘Hidden’ Gut Bacteria for Optimal Health

Posted on February 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Essential Gut Bacteria Linked to Health

3D Media Sphere/Science Photo Library

Gut bacteria essential for health — Essential Gut Bacteria Linked to Health

3D Media Sphere/Science Photo Library

A newly discovered group of bacteria thriving in the gut microbiome of healthy individuals suggests their crucial role in maintaining overall health.

About 4,600 species of bacteria inhabit our gut, impacting a range of bodily functions from our immune response to sleep patterns and mental health risks.

Interestingly, around two-thirds of these species fall into the “hidden microbiome,” many of which cannot be cultured in laboratories or even named. We only identify them through genomic analysis. “Are these species merely bystanders, or do they contribute to human health?” questions Alexandre Almeida, a researcher at Cambridge University.

To delve deeper, Almeida and his team analyzed genetic markers of bacteria across a comprehensive study involving over 11,000 participants from 39 countries, primarily across Europe, North America, and Asia.

Approximately half of the participants were healthy, while the other half had one of 13 conditions, including obesity, chronic fatigue syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease.

The analysis revealed that 715 bacterial species are linked to specific health conditions; 342 were more abundant in unhealthy individuals, while 373 were prevalent in those who were healthy.

Among these, a prominent genus named CAG-170 consistently correlated with better health outcomes. “Across various conditions, CAG-170 levels were markedly higher in healthy individuals compared to those with diseases,” Almeida explains.

In another aspect of the study, Almeida’s team explored bacterial species that indicate a healthy gut microbiome versus one characterized by dysbiosis.

“CAG-170 once again showed a significant correlation,” Almeida adds. “Higher CAG-170 levels corresponded with a balanced and healthier gut microbiome.”

To understand CAG-170’s role, the researchers examined its genome, identifying genes linked to metabolic pathways capable of producing elevated vitamin B12 levels and breaking down various carbohydrates and fibers.

While CAG-170 itself doesn’t utilize vitamin B12, Almeida suggests that other bacteria frequently found alongside CAG-170 likely benefit from it. “CAG-170 seems to adopt a collaborative role, providing metabolic support to its microbial companions.”

This study marks a vital step in understanding which components of the gut microbiome contribute to health and disease. Research led by Nicola Segata at the University of Trento recently characterized a healthy gut microbiome but didn’t thoroughly explore how these bacteria provide health benefits.

Determining whether high CAG-170 levels are a health cause or consequence remains challenging. Almeida emphasizes the need for further research to assess whether introducing CAG-170 can mitigate certain health risks.

“The human microbiome and body are intricately linked, and should be considered a unified complex system,” Segata states. “Instead of seeking direct causality, we need to explore the holistic relationship between microbial and bodily health, including diet’s role.”

Professor Segata advocates for follow-up studies incorporating nutritional clinical trials to evaluate the dietary factors that influence both microbiome composition and human health.

From Almeida’s perspective, CAG-170 holds potential in two ways: as a biomarker for gut health and as a foundation for new probiotics aimed at enhancing overall well-being.

The potential for CAG-170 as a probiotic candidate is promising, yet its laboratory cultivation remains a significant challenge. “Identifying optimal foods and prebiotic supplements to increase CAG-170 levels may be a more attainable goal than developing probiotic products.” Segata notes.

However, genomic insights offer guidance on practical applications. Since CAG-170 bacteria appear unable to produce arginine, supplementing with more amino acids might promote their growth and presence in the gut.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Search for Radio Signals on K2-18b Fails to Discover Alien Civilization

Posted on February 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Illustration of the exoplanet K2-18b — Diagram of Exoplanet K2-18b

NASA

Exoplanet K2-18b has generated immense intrigue due to hints of potential life; however, an extensive analysis of radio signals revealed no evidence of an advanced civilization.

In 2025, Nick Madhusudan and researchers from the University of Cambridge claimed that K2-18b, located 124 light-years away, may exhibit traces of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) molecules in its atmosphere. Given that a significant amount of DMS on Earth is produced by biological processes, Madhusudan and his team suggested these signals might indicate signs of life on K2-18b.

Further observations, however, indicated that the DMS signal could be attributed to non-biological sources. Current scientific consensus holds that K2-18b is abundant in water, potentially featuring oceans or a water-laden atmosphere.

Madhusudan and fellow researchers are now exploring the possibility of extraterrestrial intelligent life on K2-18b by searching for radio signals, akin to those humans have been broadcasting since the 1960s.

Utilizing the Very Large Array Telescope in New Mexico and the MeerKAT radio telescope in South Africa, researchers observed K2-18b in multiple orbits around its star, focusing on radio frequencies similar to those emitted from Earth. They might have detected a signal from a transmitter with strength comparable to that of the now-defunct Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico.

After meticulously eliminating potential terrestrial interference sources, researchers found no signals indicating that K2-18b possesses a powerful radio transmitter. Select researchers remained unavailable for comments to New Scientist regarding their findings.

“If a beacon akin to Arecibo were continuously transmitting from K2-18b, we likely would have detected it,” said Michael Garrett from the University of Manchester, UK.

“Of course, a lack of detection does not imply the absence of life; it simply restricts a specific and likely rare type of signal: a continual, relatively narrowband radio transmitter operating within the observed frequency range,” Garrett explained. “Civilizations, should they exist, might not utilize radio technology in this manner or may transmit intermittently, directionally, or at lower power levels. Furthermore, in aquatic environments, very low-frequency radio waves could be more common.”

Garrett posits that while alien water worlds may support simple life forms, the absence of exposed land could complicate the evolution of advanced intelligent life capable of developing technology. “The pathway to establishing complex infrastructure could vastly differ from what we have experienced on Earth.”

Explore Mysteries of the Universe in Cheshire, England

Join some of science’s brightest minds for a weekend exploration of the universe’s mysteries. The program includes a tour of the iconic Lovell Telescope.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover the Fascinating World of Fungi: Beyond Sci-Fi Villains

Posted on February 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

New Scientist: Your source for science news, expert journalism, and in-depth features on technology, health, and the environment.

Imagine inhaling fungal spores, then feeling a peculiar sensation—maybe something biting. Suddenly, terror spreads as chaos ensues.

This dire scenario is central to the plot of Refrigerated, a thrilling film following a trio of unlikeliest heroes racing to avert an apocalypse. Their formidable foes? Mutated strains of Cordyceps sinensis—a fungus now infecting warm-blooded animals due to a malevolent twist of solar radiation. Sounds familiar, doesn’t it?

Traditionally, Cordyceps sinensis overtakes invertebrates, invading their systems and manipulating their behavior to ensure spore dispersal. Eventually, grotesque growths erupt from the decaying host, releasing spores into the environment, continuing the cycle of horror.

The shift to mammals is alarming yet plausible. This fungal nightmare isn’t new; it inspired works like The Girl with All the Gifts, which unleashed a zombie apocalypse in 2016, and HBO’s The Last of Us, which also utilized bioterrorism as a gripping theme. With a radio drama titled Spore releasing soon, the cultural fascination with this fungus is at an all-time high.

This obsession with Cordyceps sinensis misrepresents the vast fungal kingdom, which includes over 4,500 documented species in the UK National Collection of Pathogenic Fungi, far surpassing the limited narrative of terror.

Fungi boast incredible traits. For instance, Japanese oak mushroom is the largest organism on Earth, spanning approximately 10 square kilometers beneath Oregon’s Malheur National Forest. Fungi are also ancient ecosystem engineers—research indicates they colonized land before modern plants, laying the groundwork for soil. Some species, like the gill-splitting mushroom (Schizophyllum commune), exhibit remarkable sexual flexibility with over 23,000 mating types to increase reproductive success.

From decomposing organic matter to symbiotic relationships with 90% of plants, fungi play crucial roles in sustaining life. They’ve also given humankind antibiotics like penicillin, treatments for various ailments, and even contributed to beloved foods like sourdough and beer.

Despite representing only about 10% of the fungal diversity, these organisms inspire untold narratives for science fiction—from plastic-decomposing fungi to predatory strains with microscopic lassos. How will climate change affect fungal behavior to threaten crops?

Nonetheless, such inspirations remain overlooked, limiting imaginative portrayals. The fixation on Cordyceps sinensis fosters a narrow narrative that oversimplifies the rich tapestry of fungi. I urge writers to broaden their perspectives—this strange kingdom of fungi is ready to inspire and amaze.

Nick Crampton is a researcher at the Natural History Museum in London and a published children’s author.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Are You the Same Person Every Day? Discover the Surprising Findings of This Brain Experiment

Posted on February 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Your ability to cultivate a stable and consistent sense of self is nothing short of remarkable.

Throughout our lives, we encounter significant transformations, evolving from infants to adults—acquiring new knowledge, forgetting some, forming fresh relationships, and letting go of old ones. These experiences are interspersed with vivid dreams and fleeting moments each night.

Yet, amidst all these changes, we continue to perceive ourselves as the same individuals. This phenomenon can be attributed to the ongoing developmental processes within the brain, which is more adaptable and delicate than you might think.

Classic studies from the late 20th century, such as those involving cases where half of the brain was severed as a radical epilepsy treatment, illustrate this concept.

Interestingly, these cases exhibited strange consequences, like patients performing contradictory movements, such as lifting a button with one hand while undoing it with the other. Nevertheless, they still maintained a coherent sense of self.

These individuals even crafted explanations for their unusual behaviors, demonstrating that their brains were actively working to create a unified personal narrative.

In healthy individuals, psychological studies have revealed memory patterns that bolster this constructed identity.

For instance, we tend to remember and reflect on experiences that align with our self-perception. If you identify as an introvert, you may find it easier to recall and emphasize past memories that resonate with that identity.

Essentially, you are curating your personal autobiography to fit your current self-concept.

The medial prefrontal cortex, located at the front of the brain just behind the forehead, plays a crucial role in regulating this structure.

Research indicates that when people identify traits that best describe themselves—whether in the present or future—this brain region is significantly more active than when they assess similar qualities in others.

Our constructed sense of self also extends to our possessions. During brain scans, the medial prefrontal cortex shows increased activity when individuals view their belongings, while this response diminishes for unfamiliar items.

This illustrates how quickly and adaptively our brains reshape our personal boundaries.

Our sense of self extends to our possessions – Image credit: Robin Boyden

Memory processes are also vital in this ongoing construction of self.

Damage to the hippocampus, located deep within the brain alongside the temples, can prevent individuals from envisioning their past or future—highlighting how reliant our identity is on active brain functions.

Not only does your brain construct a sense of self over time, but it also maintains it spatially, providing a stable sense of ownership over your body.

Another critical region, known as the temporoparietal junction (located behind the ear), significantly influences this aspect of identity.

A study conducted in 2005 demonstrated that electrically stimulating this brain area during surgery could induce out-of-body experiences in patients, making them feel as though they were floating outside themselves.

Thus, while our sense of a stable self often feels entirely convincing, it can be disrupted by brain injuries or even by carefully orchestrated neural experiments.

Overall, the evidence suggests that our experience of “me-ness” is a constructed phenomenon, tirelessly maintained by the brain.

This article answers the question posed by Southampton’s Frank Ross: “How does my brain create a sense of self?”

If you have any inquiries, please reach out via email at: questions@sciencefocus.com or send us a message Facebook, Twitter or Instagram (remember to include your name and location).

Explore our ultimate fun facts and discover more amazing science pages.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Comprehensive Review of ‘A Brief History of the Universe (and Our Place in It)’: Discover the Cosmic Big Picture

Posted on February 6, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Space Exploration: Insights into Black Holes

Mark Garlick/Science Photo Library

Illustration of the tidal disruption event (TDE), showcasing a star being torn apart by a supermassive black hole's gravity, forming a fan-shaped debris pattern around it. — Space Exploration: Insights into Black Holes

Mark Garlick/Science Photo Library

A Brief History of the Universe
By Sarah Alam Malik, Published by Simon & Schuster (UK, February 12) and William Morrow (USA, May 5)

Published in 1988, Stephen Hawking’s A Brief History of Time revolutionized the field of cosmology and became a bestseller. As a curious teenager, I attempted to read it, but I never finished. Now, nearly four decades later, particle physicist Sara Alam Malik offers her own perspective on cosmology with A Brief History of the Universe (and Our Place in It).

While Hawking’s work began with Aristotle’s heliocentric theory from 340 BC, Malik traces our understanding back to Babylonian astronomical observations recorded in cuneiform around the 7th century BC. The journey then progresses through the contributions of Aristotle and Ptolemy, reaching the flourishing of astronomical sciences in the Islamic Golden Age during the 6th century AD.

This concise history propels readers through significant milestones by page 47, covering Galileo’s discovery of Jupiter’s moons, Newton’s apple, and Einstein’s general relativity, ultimately exploring the mysteries of galaxies and black holes, leading to the concept of the universe’s thermal death. Malik adeptly connects cosmic-scale truths with the intricate world of quantum mechanics, stating, “The building blocks of the universe turned out to be as amazing as the structure of the universe they created.”

Unlike Hawking’s technical depth, Malik adopts a broader perspective, bringing to life characters such as Dmitri Mendeleev, who created the periodic table, and Fritz Zwicky, the pioneer of dark matter. Her narrative highlights a diverse cast, including medieval Islamic astronomers and groundbreaking women like Vera Rubin, who overcame gender barriers to reshape our understanding of galaxies.

Written with a more contemporary tone, Malik discusses topics Hawking could not forecast in 1988, such as the Large Hadron Collider, revealing the emotional impact of scientific breakthroughs like the Higgs boson discovery through compelling anecdotes.

This book is not only a “brief history of the universe” but emphasizes “and our place in it.” It narrates humanity’s discovery of the cosmos, underscoring our journey enabled by the giants before us. It evokes awe and humility, reminding us, “It remains a wonder of human existence that we can understand worlds so far removed from our own.” Each era has crafted its narrative of the universe, often believing its own version.

At its best, Malik’s work dives deeply into cosmic and quantum mysteries, aligning with her expertise in dark matter. While chapters on the origin of life, its future, and machine intelligence may feel less thorough, her warm, clear prose covers an impressive breadth within just 223 pages. As an 18-year-old, I might have navigated this complex narrative and been inspired to follow in Hawking’s footsteps.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover Bonobos’ Creative Innovations Through New Experiments

Posted on February 6, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The bonobo’s remarkable performance in pretend play experiments highlights its mental capability to envision non-existent objects, a trait that may stretch back 6 to 9 million years, challenging previous beliefs about the uniqueness of human imagination.

Kanji the bonobo. Image credit: Ape Initiative.

“The realization that their cognitive experiences extend beyond the immediate present is revolutionary,” remarked Dr. Christopher Krupenier, a researcher at Johns Hopkins University.

“Imagination, once thought to be an exclusive human trait, is now being reconsidered as something that may not solely belong to our species.”

“Jane Goodall’s discovery of tool-making in chimpanzees altered our understanding of what it means to be human, prompting a reevaluation of the unique qualities of mental life across different species.”

By the age of two, human children engage in pretend play, like tea parties.

Even infants as young as 15 months display surprise when witnessing someone “drinking” from a cup filled with imaginary content.

While there have been anecdotal observations of animals showcasing pretend behavior in both wild and captive settings, controlled studies on pretend play in non-human animals remain scarce.

For instance, young female chimpanzees have been seen playing with sticks, mirroring how a mother would cradle an infant.

Captive chimpanzees have even been noted dragging imaginary blocks along the ground after interacting with real wooden blocks.

Dr. Krupenier and Dr. Amalia Bastos from the University of St Andrews sought to test this ability to pretend in a structured experiment.

They devised a setup akin to a child’s tea party to evaluate Kanzi, a 43-year-old bonobo (Pan Paniscus) who has been reported to engage in pretend play and respond to verbal cues.

During the experiment, Kanzi and the researcher sat across from each other at a table adorned with an empty pitcher, cups, bowls, and jars, reminiscent of a tea party.

In the first task, two transparent cups, both empty, were accompanied by an empty pitcher.

The experimenter tilted the pitcher as if to “pour” juice into each cup, then pretended to dump juice from one cup, slightly shaking it to emphasize the action. They then inquired, “Where’s the juice?”

Kanzi consistently pointed to the cup that pretended to hold juice, even when its position was swapped, demonstrating his understanding of the task.

The researchers conducted a second experiment to rule out the possibility that Kanzi believed there was real juice in the cups, providing one cup with actual juice and another with pretend juice.

When asked what he preferred, Kanzi almost invariably pointed to the cup with real juice.

In a third experiment, the same concept was repeated without grapes.

Here, the experimenter pretended to take a grape from an empty container and placed it into one of two jars, then asked Kanzi, “Where are the grapes?” He accurately indicated the jar with the imaginary grapes.

While Kanzi wasn’t flawless, he consistently pointed to the correct locations.

“It’s fascinating and significant that the findings suggest great apes have the mental capacity to visualize things that are not present,” noted Dr. Bastos.

“Kanzi can conjure the notion of a pretend object while recognizing its lack of reality.”

“Imagination enriches the mental lives of humans,” added Dr. Krupenier.

“If we share some aspects of imagination with great apes, it compels us to reevaluate the presumption that other animals lead merely robotic lives, limited to the present moment.”

“These revelations will encourage us to cherish these intelligent, thoughtful creatures and ensure their preservation.”

For further details, refer to the study published in today’s issue of Science.

_____

Amalia Prime Minister Bastos et al. 2026. Evidence for object pretend expressions by Kanzi, a language-trained bonobo. Science 391 (6785): 583-586; doi: 10.1126/science.adz0743

Source: www.sci.news

Discover the Real Cause of Cellulite and Effective Reduction Tips

Posted on February 3, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Cellulite is a common skin concern characterized by uneven, dimpled areas often likened to the texture of orange peel or cottage cheese. It is predominantly found on the thighs, buttocks, and hips.

Research indicates that 80-90 percent of women develop cellulite after puberty, while men are significantly less affected and not entirely immune.

Despite its prevalence, cellulite is often misunderstood and incorrectly associated solely with excess weight or an unhealthy lifestyle. In reality, multiple factors contribute to its formation.

What Causes Cellulite?

Cellulite results from an interplay between fat cells, connective tissue, and skin structure. Fibrous bands, known as septa, anchor the skin to the underlying muscles.

In women, these bands are vertically oriented, causing adipose lobules (fat cell clumps) to push through, creating dimples when the skin above is thinner or less elastic.

Men tend to have a cross-structure in connective tissue, which helps reduce the visibility of cellulite. This physiological difference is one reason men develop fewer wrinkles.

The structure of our skin helps explain why men are less likely to develop cellulite – Photo credit: Getty

Hormones, particularly estrogen, significantly influence this process. Estrogen affects blood flow to the skin, fat distribution, and tissue structure.

Factors like puberty, pregnancy, and hormonal changes during menopause or through hormonal contraceptives can lead to an increase in cellulite visibility.

Genetics also play a crucial role in determining skin thickness, collagen integrity, and fat distribution. Aging further exacerbates these effects as collagen production declines and skin thins, making cellulite more noticeable.

Lifestyle factors such as smoking and poor circulation contribute to the development of cellulite.

In conclusion, cellulite arises from a combination of biological and environmental factors, including chemical pollution. It’s not merely a result of being overweight.

Can Cellulite Be Removed?

Despite a booming industry promising quick fixes, no treatment has proven to permanently eliminate cellulite. It is not classified as a disease, but rather a typical structural characteristic of human skin. However, various approaches can temporarily diminish its appearance.

Lifestyle changes can be beneficial. Incorporating strength training enhances muscle tone and reduces skin laxity, while aerobic exercises improve circulation.

While managing weight may shrink fat cells, cellulite can still persist in those with a healthy weight. A balanced diet and quitting smoking promote overall skin and connective tissue health but do not specifically target cellulite.

Topical treatments featuring caffeine or retinol may yield minor short-term improvements by dehydrating fat cells or thickening the skin.

Massage techniques, ranging from manual methods to devices like endermologie, can enhance lymphatic drainage and circulation but offer only temporary results.

Medical procedures can provide more significant effects, such as laser and radiofrequency treatments designed to disrupt fibrous bands and stimulate collagen production. Subcision, a minor surgical technique, releases these bands under the skin.

Although these options can enhance skin texture for months or even years, they can be costly, invasive, and carry certain risks.

Conclusion

Cellulite should be viewed as a normal aspect of human skin, particularly in women. It does not indicate poor health, fitness, or self-care and does not require treatment unless one desires cosmetic improvements.

Embracing cellulite as a natural variation in body structure can help shift the perspective away from “fixing” it and towards accepting it as part of human diversity.

This article addresses the query “Why does cellulite form and can it be reduced?” (submitted by Judy Price from Solihull).

If you have any questions, feel free to reach out via: questions@sciencefocus.com or message us on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (please remember to include your name and location).

Explore our ultimate fun facts and discover more amazing science content.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com