Hubble Space Telescope Returns to the Famous Crab Nebula: A New Look at an Iconic Astronomical Marvel

By analyzing new observations from Hubble alongside images captured in 1999, astronomers have successfully tracked the continuing expansion of one of the sky’s most studied supernova remnants, the Crab Nebula. This expansion is fueled by a rapidly spinning pulsar at its core.



This captivating image of the Crab Nebula was taken by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope in 2024. Image credit: NASA/ESA/STScI/William Blair, JHU/Joseph DePasquale, STScI.

In 1054, astounded Chinese astronomers witnessed a remarkably bright nova, the second brightest object in the night sky after the moon, visible even during the daytime for a remarkable 23 days. Observations of this supernova were also documented by Japanese, Arabian, and Native American astronomers.

Today, the luminous Crab Nebula, also known as Messier 1, M1, NGC 1952, or Taurus A, occupies the position of that brilliant star, situated approximately 6,500 light-years away in the constellation Taurus.

This nebula’s brightness makes it visible even through amateur telescopes, making it a popular object for stargazers.

Initially identified in 1731 by the English physicist and astronomer John Beavis, the Crab Nebula was later rediscovered in 1758 by French astronomer Charles Messier.

The name “Crab Nebula” derives from its resemblance in an 1844 painting by Irish astronomer Lord Rose.

At its center lies the remnant core of the original star, known as the Crab Pulsar (PSR B0531+21).

“We often perceive the sky as a static body,” remarked Dr. William Blair, an astronomer at Johns Hopkins University. “However, the enduring journey of the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has shown us that the Crab Nebula continues to evolve and expand from the explosion that occurred nearly 1,000 years ago.”

In the latest images, Hubble revealed the nebula’s intricate filament structure, demonstrating substantial outward movement over a 25-year period at an astonishing rate of 5.6 million kilometers per hour (3.4 million miles per hour).

“Hubble possesses the unique longevity and resolution necessary to capture these intricate changes,” the astronomers noted.

To facilitate comparisons with new images, Hubble’s 1999 image of the Crab Nebula has undergone reprocessing.

“The color variations observed in both Hubble images signal changes in the gas’s local temperature, density, and chemical composition.”

“Even after extensive work with Hubble, I’m continually amazed by the detailed structure and improved resolution revealed by Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) compared to 25 years ago,” Dr. Blair commented.

“WFC3 was installed in 2009, marking the last time Hubble’s instrument was upgraded by astronauts.”

“The filaments at the edges of the nebula seem to be moving more rapidly than those at the center and appear to be expanding outward instead of stretching over time.”

This phenomenon is attributed to the pulsar’s nature as a pulsar wind nebula, driven by synchrotron radiation generated from interactions between the pulsar’s magnetic field and the surrounding nebula material.

In contrast, other notable supernova remnants typically expand in a manner influenced by shock waves from the initial explosion, which erode the outer shell of gas ejected by the dying star.

The new high-resolution observations from Hubble also offer deeper insights into the Crab Nebula’s three-dimensional structure, challenging to assess from two-dimensional images.

In an intriguing observation, shadows of some filaments are reflected in the haze of synchrotron radiation within the nebula.

Interestingly, some bright filaments in the latest Hubble images do not display shadows, suggesting they are located behind the nebula.

“The true significance of Hubble’s observations of the Crab Nebula is yet to unfold,” the researchers asserted.

“Data from Hubble can be integrated with recent findings from other telescopes observing the Crab Nebula across varying wavelengths of light.”

“NASA/ESA/CSA’s James Webb Space Telescope is set to release infrared light observations of the Crab Nebula in 2024.”

Comparing Hubble’s images with modern multiwavelength observations will provide scientists with a comprehensive understanding of the ongoing aftermath of supernovae, continuing to intrigue astronomers long after new stars first appeared in the sky.

Find more findings published in January 2026. Astrophysical Journal.

_____

William P. Blair et al. 2026. Revisiting the Crab Nebula using HST/WFC3. APJ 997, 81; doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae2adc

Source: www.sci.news

Review of Marvel Rivals: A Hero Shooter That Raises Concerns About the Future of Gaming

TThe history of video games is, in some ways, a history of subtle iterations of other people’s ideas. The interstellar success of Taito’s Space Invaders spawned an entire shooter genre, with titles like Galaxian, Phoenix, and Golf taking the basic idea and adding new features. Then in 1984, Karate Champ started the fighting game craze, and Tetris gave us the falling object puzzle game. This is how things have always worked. Adapt, expand, and pass the baton. However, there is a subtle but deep gulf between imitation and inspiration, and not every title can cross it.

Chinese mega-publisher NetEase’s latest live service game, Marvel Rivals, is an Overwatch featuring Marvel characters. It’s more than just an elevator pitch. that’s right What is it? Colorful cartoon characters with varying skills gather in a series of sci-fi arenas for team-based combat in a handful of play modes. The Punisher, a vanilla guy with a machine gun, is Soldier 76 from Overwatch with a Bastion flavor. God-like healer Adam Warlock is a male Mercy. And the Hulk, as a fist-thumping tank, is just rampaging through Winston, the hairless gorilla. Also provides gaming site GamesRadar handy guide Show players which Marvel cast members most resemble their Overwatch favorites.

Marvel’s rival. Photo: Game Press

Many of the genre’s well-worn tropes and abilities have at least been remixed to suit the Marvel universe, and playing as these familiar legends adds an undeniable charm. From bludgeoning enemies with Thor’s hammer to sending exploding acorns flying as Squirrel Girl to slamming Captain America’s shield into Black Panther’s body armor, Rivals captures the comic dynamics of this famous cast perfectly. so much so that the large-scale skirmish seems like the most exciting scene in the movie. X-Men ’97 cartoon. It’s also great that all 33 heroes are available for free from the beginning. Of course, there’s also the Store and Battle Pass, but for now these only give you alternative costumes, emotes, and other accessories. And completing daily missions and seasonal story objectives will give you currency to buy this kind of stuff without paying a penny.

Additionally, the game has a big new feature, Team-Ups, which unlock additional hero abilities when at least two players on the same side select complementary characters. There’s a symbiote bond between Venom, Spider-Man, and Peni Parker that allows the latter two to channel the former’s alien powers, and allows Hela to heal and resurrect Thor and Loki in Ragnarok: Rebirth. I can do that. Kinship can greatly facilitate tactical play.

Marvel’s rival. Photo: NetEase Games

But Rivals in many ways reflects key tenets of the bible of hero shooter design. In other words, for every positive there is always a negative. The sheer number of Marvel’s super freaks and their team-up powers make the game feel very unbalanced at times. Characters like Storm and Iron Man are difficult to counter when they can stay in the air for the entire match, picking off enemies from a distance and avoiding most of the incoming gunfire. Big guys like Venom and Moon Knight tend to completely dominate the area they’re fighting, often at the expense of melee-based combatants who need to get close to deal significant damage. I never expected Wolverine to become one of the most nuanced and sophisticated characters in Marvel’s cast, but here we are.

This game is definitely luxurious in both look and feel. The user interface design regarding the menu system and information screens is excellent. Destructible locations shine in detail. And the characters are also beautifully reproduced. However, here too there are drawbacks. Amidst the chaos of a superhero riot, with explosions, magical attacks, and “hilarious” banter all at the same time, figure out what you’re hurting and what you’re hurting instead. It’s difficult. you Until it’s too late.

These characters will definitely receive buffs and nerfs in time to even out the balance, and players will begin to learn how to combine team members more strategically. But even if the balance issue were resolved, what we’re left with is the equivalent of a changeling in video game folklore, designed to trap those who loved the original. A supernaturally accurate replacement. The question is, can you really blame Rivals for getting too close to Overwatch and potentially getting a restraining order? As the failed hero shooters Hyena, Concord, and xDefiant recently demonstrated, the brutal economics of the live service market demand absolute loyalty to established norms. It’s also fine to tag large global licenses.

Rivals, like many other highly polished and highly focused franchise expansions, is entertaining, gorgeous, and well-made. However, its presence bodes ill for the mainstream gaming industry and the people who work in it. To be successful, especially in the live services sector (where there is a lot of investment), he says, there is no need to expand or challenge other genres. All you have to do is flip a few low denomination coins based on your innovation concept, replicate it and refranchise it. On the other hand, studios that launch new ideas and original characters are doomed to failure. Millions of dollars are lost, jobs are lost, and the game is over.

Rivals is packed with Stan Lee superheroes, but its message about the game’s all-out Funko Pop-ification is as dark as a Charles Burns graphic novel.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Paleontologists Uncover Secrets of ‘Elgin Marvel’ Fossil

The “Elgin Marvel” fossil is a block of reddish sandstone containing a natural cast of a Permian skull and jaw. Dicynodonts It was discovered in the Hopeman Sandstone Formation near Elgin, Scotland. According to a new study, the specimen Gordonia traquairi A type of dicynodont that lived between 254 and 252 million years ago, when the Earth was made up of a single land mass called Pangaea.

Artist image Gordonia traquairi Image courtesy of Scott Reed.

Gordonia traquairi It belongs to a group of extinct species known as dicynodonts, and is characterized by its stocky body, beak, and tusks.

This organism lived relatively shortly before the end-Permian extinction (the Great Dying), the worst mass extinction event in history, which occurred about 252 million years ago and wiped out much of life on Earth.

The Elgin Marvel specimen is one of the best-preserved in a series of fossils collected near Elgin in northeast Scotland.

These are collectively known as the Elgin reptiles. Gordonia traquairi are closely related to mammals.

In the new study, paleontologist Heidi George of the University of Edinburgh and her colleagues performed micro-CT scans of the cavities the animal carved into the sandstone before the bones deteriorated.

The scan produces a three-dimensional representation of the skull anatomy, including details of the brain.

These insights help us understand animal behavior and the biology behind it, providing clues about the evolution of this and other species.

Gordonia traquairi The fossil shares many physical characteristics with similar remains found in China, indicating that dicynodonts were diversifying around the world just before the devastating extinction.

The Elgin reptile is the only known example of this type of fossil from Western Europe.

Palaeontologists hope that the increasing use of micro-CT scanning as a tool to study fossils in detail, combined with the trend toward open sharing of data, will provide opportunities to add to the body of knowledge in the field.

“The Elgin Marvel is a fascinating fossil of an ancient mammal relative that is one of the best-preserved of the world-famous Elgin reptiles,” Dr. George said.

“Most of these famous fossils were discovered more than a century ago, but it’s only recently that new techniques have revealed more detail and provided valuable insights into their skull and brain anatomy and lineage.”

“It’s hard to imagine, but about 250 million years ago Scotland was a desert covered with sand dunes. Gordonia “God was in control of the world,” says Professor Steve Brusatte of the University of Edinburgh.

“By studying them, we can learn about some of the earliest stages of our own evolution.”

This study paper In Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.

_____

Heidi George others Micro-CT data reveal new information about the craniomandibular and neuroanatomy of dicynodonts. Gordonia (Therapsid: Heterodontida) Lived in the Late Permian of Scotland. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society Published online June 18, 2024; doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae065

Source: www.sci.news