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Researchers find five previously unknown species of eyelash pit vipers in South America

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Scientists have identified five mysterious species of the genus Viper Botrykiss They live in the jungles and cloud forests of Colombia and Ecuador.

Botrykis Rahimi. Image credit: Lucas Bustamante.

The eyelash viper is distinguished by a unique feature: a set of huge spine-like scales above the eyes.

These eyelashes give the snake a frightening and ferocious appearance, but the true purpose of this feature is still unknown.

However, what is certain is that certain populations exhibit longer and more stylized eyelashes compared to others.

The changes in the condition of the eyelashes led researchers to hypothesize that an undiscovered species existed.

Eyelash vipers are also famous for another characteristic: they are multicolored. The same patch of rainforest may contain individuals of the turquoise morph, moss morph, or gold morph. They all belong to the same species, even though they have completely different attire.

Alejandro Arteaga, a researcher with the Carmai Foundation and Tropical Helping SA, said: “No two individuals have the same color, even if they belong to the same litter (giving birth to live offspring).”

“Some species have a ‘Christmas’ form, a ghost form, and even a purple form, and different varieties can coexist and even breed with each other.”

“The reasons behind these incredible color changes are still unclear, but it is likely that the pit vipers are able to occupy a wide range of ambush perches, from mossy branches to bright yellow heliconias. is.”

Distribution of palm beetles botry extract schlegeli Species complex including 5 new species.Image credit: Arteaga other., doi: 10.3897/evolsyst.8.114527.

The newly identified species of eyelash viper is Botry extract lasix morum, Botrychus crebai, botry extract kwargi, Botrykis Rahimiand botry extract fusaini.

The first three species are endemic to the eastern Columbia Mountains and live in cloud forests and coffee plantations.

Botrykis Rahimi It stands out because it occurs in the remote and pristine Chocó rainforest on the border of Colombia and Ecuador.

botry extract fusaini It lives in the forests of southwestern Ecuador and northwestern Peru.

“The venom of some (perhaps all) of the new viper species is much less lethal and hemorrhagic than the venom of typical vipers. Central American eyelash viper (botry extract schlegeli)” said Tropical Helping SA and Savia Foundation researcher Lucas Bustamante, who was bitten on the finger. Botrykis Rahimi When the photo was taken during a research expedition in 2013.

“There was intermittent localized pain, dizziness and swelling, but after three doses of antivenom within two hours of the sting, it quickly resolved and no scarring remained.”

“One of the key conclusions of the study is that four species in the group face high risk of extinction,” the researchers said.

“Their geographic range is very limited, and 50% to 80% of their habitat has already been destroyed.”

“Therefore, rapid response measures are urgently needed to save remaining habitat.”

of study It was published in the magazine evolutionary systematics.

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A. Arteaga other. 2024. Systematic revision of Eyelash Palm-Pitviper botry extract schlegeli (Serpentes, Viperidae), 5 new species descriptions and 3 revalidations. evolutionary systematics 8 (1): 15-64; doi: 10.3897/evolsyst.8.114527

Source: www.sci.news

New Study Claims Megalodon Sharks Were Not as Powerful as Previously Believed

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A recent study suggests that the megalodon’s body shape might not have been as chunky as previously thought. Contrary to popular belief, researchers now suspect that this prehistoric fish, also known as the megalodon (Otodus megalodon), may have had a more elongated form, akin to modern slim sharks.

The typical estimation of the megalodon’s length is between 15 to 20 meters (50 to 65 feet), and they inhabited the earth’s oceans from 15 million to 3.6 million years ago. However, the fossil record contains limited evidence of the megalodon, mainly consisting of teeth and vertebrae rather than intact skeletons.

While previous estimates of its body size were based on the bodies of contemporary great white sharks (Carcharodon carcharius), resulting in the assumption of a thick and round body shape, a new study published in the Old Trogia Electronica journal suggests that the megalodon was more than just a larger version of the great white shark. The study contends that the animal may have had similarities to the slimmer modern mako shark.

So what’s the controversy?

Essentially, two groups of scientists are at odds over the actual size and shape of the megalodon.

A study led by scientists from DePaul University and the University of California, Riverside (UCR) employed a CT scanner on a live great white shark to compare its vertebral skeleton to existing reconstructions of the megalodon’s spinal column. This study suggests significant enough differences between the two sharks to propose that the megalodon was not merely a larger great white shark.

However, a UK-based research team utilized advanced 3D modeling to study the body structures of various shark species, including great whites, mako sharks, and salmon sharks. With this approach, they concluded that the megalodon may have been even larger than previously anticipated, with a dorsal fin comparable in size to an adult’s height.

The earlier study’s authors critiqued the new findings, asserting that they rely on circular logic and lack statistical validation. They also mentioned the absence of raw data for future researchers to verify or reproduce the study’s results. Their study was peer-reviewed by prominent shark experts from around the world, although not by the authors of the new study.

Yeah, but…can Jason Statham still defeat Megalodon?

Regardless of the megalodon’s shape, the lifespan and dietary habits of this extinct shark remain unclear. To further advance their understanding, researchers will need to find a complete or near-complete skeleton. The potential elongated body of the megalodon, if confirmed, could prompt a reassessment of its life, diet, and extinction causes.

As for the debate over the megalodon’s size and shape, the fact that it was a large, formidable predator is indisputable. However, the question of whether Jason Statham could defeat it in battle remains up for discussion.

“Even with the interpretation of the megalodon’s shape as more slender, I don’t think the odds for that matchup will change significantly,” Cooper stated. “Regardless of which theory you favor, whether the shark was fat or skinny, the short answer is that megalodon was still a very large shark. Either way, it’s a massive challenge for Statham.”

About our experts

Jack Cooper is a postdoctoral researcher in palaeontology at Swansea University. His research covers scientific report, scientific progress and the Fish Biology Journal.

Professor Catalina Pimiento is a Senior Lecturer in Paleontology at Swansea University. Her research specializes in Frontiers of ecology and evolution, natural ecology and evolution, and scientific progress.

Professor John Hutchinson is Professor of Evolutionary Biomechanics at the Royal Veterinary College. His research spans nature communications, anatomy journal, and scientific progress.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

The True Color of Neptune: It’s Not as Blue as Previously Believed

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Voyager 2's original photo of Neptune (left) and the new study's reprocessed image (right)

Patrick Irwin

Neptune's true color is a pale greenish-blue similar to that of Uranus, contrary to popular belief that it is a much deeper blue.

NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft passed by the outer planet in the 1980s and sent back photos showing the strikingly different colors of Uranus and Neptune.

This is puzzling given their similar size, mass, and chemical composition. Models of the planet's atmosphere can explain some of the fluctuations, such as Uranus' thicker “haze layer” that reflects more white light and makes the planet appear brighter, but these may explain why the planet is It doesn't fully explain why you should have something like that. different shades.

now, Patrick Irwin Researchers at the University of Oxford have processed images from Voyager 2 to show what the planet looks like to the human eye.

The original photo of Neptune taken by Voyager 2 had an enhanced contrast ratio to highlight hard-to-see atmospheric features. In addition to how they balanced the colors to create the final composite image, this also made the planet appear bluer.

Scientists at the time knew this and included these changes in photo captions, but over time the captions became detached from the images and Neptune's deep blue hue became a fact in the public consciousness. According to Irwin, the shrine is now enshrined inside.

Images of Uranus (left) and Neptune (right) created in previous and new research

Patrick Irwin

He and his team developed a model that uses shots taken by the Hubble Space Telescope to convert raw image data into true-color images. This image contains more complete information about the light. This produced similar hues on both planets. “The way the eye works makes true-color images much more boring and bland,” Irwin says.

The researchers also used Hubble images and images from the Lowell Observatory in Arizona to build a model to predict how Uranus' color would change during its long 84-year orbit around the sun. Due to the rotation of the planet, more of the equator is visible at the vernal equinox, and more of the poles are visible at the summer solstice. At the equator, there is more methane and red light is absorbed. The planet also has a hood of reflective, brightening ice particles that forms at its sun-facing poles during the equinoxes, increasing the reflectance of red and green wavelengths.

This helps explain the long-standing mystery of why Uranus appears slightly green on the summer solstice. “We knew there was a hood, we knew there was less methane in the polar regions, but no one had put it all together to be able to explain what was really going on seasonally. “It was,” Irwin said.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

New Study Finds Human Insulin is Less Sensitive to Temperature Than Previously Believed

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A Cochrane review has shown that certain types of insulin can remain effective when stored at room temperature for several months, offering a practical solution for diabetes treatment in areas without stable refrigeration. This finding is particularly crucial for people with diabetes in low- and middle-income countries, as well as those affected by conflict, natural disasters, and environmental challenges.

Insulin storage options have been highlighted in the review, which summarizes the results of various studies investigating the effects of storing insulin outside the refrigerator. It was found that unopened vials and cartridges of certain types of human insulin can be stored for extended periods at temperatures up to 25°C and 37°C without any clinical consequences or loss of insulin activity. This has significant implications for people living in areas where access to refrigeration is limited.

Dr. Bernd Richter led a research team that conducted a comprehensive study on insulin stability under different storage conditions. The review analyzed 17 studies and found consistent insulin efficacy at temperatures ranging from 4°C to 37°C, providing reassurance that alternatives to powered cooling of insulin are possible without compromising its stability.

The study also identified areas for future research, such as better understanding the efficacy of insulin after storage under different conditions, studies of mixed insulin, effects of movement on insulin pumps, contamination of opened vials and cartridges, and cold environmental conditions.

The study was funded by the World Health Organization.

Source: scitechdaily.com

Immune cells exhibit greater independence than previously believed

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New research reveals that immune cells can independently navigate complex environments by actively shaping chemical cues, a discovery with significant implications for understanding immune responses and cancer metastasis. have.

Immune cells exhibit a higher level of self-directed mobility than previously appreciated. InFLAMES researcher Jonah Alanko has shown that these cells are more than just passive reactors to surrounding chemical signals. Instead, they actively modify these signals and skillfully navigate complex environments through self-organization.

Directional cell movement is an essential and fundamental phenomenon of life. This is an important prerequisite for personal development, vascular remodeling, immune response, etc.

The research conducted by postdoctoral researcher Jonah Alanko focused on the migration and navigation of immune cells within the body. Chemokines, a type of signaling protein, play an important role in directing immune cells to specific locations. Chemokines, for example, form in lymph nodes and create chemical cues called chemokine gradients that cells in the body follow. According to Alanko, these chemokine gradients are like scent trails left in the air, getting brighter as you move away from their source.

The traditional idea was that immune cells recognize targets according to pre-existing chemokine gradients. In other words, cells that follow these cues have been viewed as passive actors, when in fact they are not.

Dendritic cells move through a microscopic maze with the help of chemokine gradients they create. In the upper image, the nucleus of the cell is drawn in blue, and the lines in the lower image represent the movement of the cell.Credit: Jonna Alanko, University of Turku

“Contrary to previous notions, we were able to demonstrate for the first time that immune cells do not need pre-existing chemokine gradients to find their way. They can create their own gradients, making complex We can move collectively and efficiently even in difficult environments,” Alanko explains.

cells consume chemokines

Immune cells have receptors that can sense chemokine signals. One of these receptors is called CCR7 and is present on dendritic cells.

Dendritic cells are specialized antigen-presenting cells that have a critical role in activating the overall immune response. We need to find the infection, recognize it, and then move to the lymph nodes with that information. In lymph nodes, dendritic cells interact with other cells of the immune system to mount an immune response against pathogens.

Alanko’s research showed that dendritic cells not only register chemokine signals at the CCR7 receptor, but also actively shape their chemical environment by consuming chemokines. The cells thereby create local gradients that guide their own movement and that of other immune cells. The researchers also discovered that another type of immune cell, her T cells, can benefit from these self-generated gradients to enhance their own directional movement.

“When immune cells are able to create chemokine gradients, they can guide the directional movement of themselves and other immune cells to avoid future obstacles in complex environments,” explains Jonah Alanko. do.

This discovery deepens our understanding of how immune responses are regulated in the body. But it can also reveal how cancer cells direct their movement to cause metastasis.

“The CCR7 receptor has also been found in many types of cancer, and in these cases this receptor has been shown to promote cancer metastasis. Cancer cells use the same mechanisms as immune cells to It may even guide its movement. Our findings therefore have the potential to help design new strategies not only to target specific cancers but also to modify immune responses. ,” said Jonah Alanco.

Reference: “CCR7 acts as both a sensor and a sink for CCL19 to coordinate collective migration of leukocytes” Jonna Alanko, Mehmet Can Uçar, Nikola Canigova, Julian Stopp, Jan Schwarz, Jack Merrin, Edouard Hannezo, Michael Sixt, September 1, 2023; scientific immunology.
DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adc9584

Jonna Alanko is a postdoctoral researcher at the InFLAMES Flagship in the MediCity laboratory at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Finland. She carried out most of her recently published research in a research group led by Professor Michael Sixt at the Austrian Institute for Science and Technology (ISTA) in Austria.

Source: scitechdaily.com

Scientists identify five previously unknown soft-furred hedgehog species in Southeast Asia

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Five new species of hedgehogs have been discovered by scientists in Southeast Asia.

These are all types of hedgehogs that have soft, spineless fur, and are more hairy than spiny.

Two of the species discovered by researchers are completely new, and the remaining three are subspecies that have been upgraded to species level.

image:
H. maxi is found in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. Photo: David Orcock/SWNS

Researchers at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History used DNA to identify different genetic lineages, which were later confirmed as different species by comparison with museum specimens.

One completely new species, Hylomys vorax, is found in the rainforest on the slopes of Mount Leuser in northern Sumatra.

It is approximately 12 cm (4.7 inches) long, has dark brown fur, a very thin snout, and a completely black tail.

Another completely new species, the H. macaron hedgehog, also has dark brown fur, but is larger than the Hylomys vorax hedgehog, at about 14 cm (5.5 inches) long.

Found in southern rainforests. Vietnam Males of this species have long fang-like incisors, hence their name from the Vietnamese word for vampire (Ma cà rồng).

The researchers said further research would be needed to determine what purpose the tusks serve.

Lead author Dr. Arlo Hinckley said the findings “highlight that even in well-studied animal groups like mammals, there are discoveries still waiting to be discovered.”

The other three new species were previously considered subspecies of Hylomys suillus but have now been elevated to species in their own right and have been named H. dorsalis, H. Maxi, and H. peguensis. Masu.

The H. dorsalis hedgehog is found in the mountains of northern Borneo, and the H. maxi hedgehog is found in the mountains of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula.

Both are about 14 cm long, but H. dorsalis has a prominent black strike that starts at the head and reaches the middle of the body.

The H. pegwensis species is small, usually about 13 cm (5 inches) long, and has slightly more yellow fur than other species.

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It is found in many countries in Southeast Asia, especially Thailand, Laos, and Myanmar.

Each of the five species are active during the day and night and, like all other hedgehog species, are omnivorous. They probably eat a mixture of insects and other invertebrates, and fruit whenever possible.

Dr Hinckley said: “Based on field observations and the lifestyle habits of their relatives, these hedgehogs tend to forage in hollow areas, foraging among tree roots, fallen logs, rocks, grassy areas, undergrowth and leaf litter. It is highly likely that they build nests and hide.

“But they are so poorly studied that we are limited in speculating about the details of their natural history.”

Source: news.sky.com

Researchers Utilize ‘Mobile Observers’ to Uncover Previously Uncharted Air Pollutants

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A groundbreaking study conducted by the University of Utah and EDF used Google Street View vehicles to closely monitor air quality in the Salt Lake Valley. This study revealed highly localized pollution hotspots, highlighted issues of environmental justice, and represents a major advance in understanding and addressing the uneven impacts of urban air pollution.

In the Salt Lake Valley, vehicles equipped with advanced air quality measurement tools similar to Google Street View vehicles drove through neighborhoods and collected highly detailed air quality data. This comprehensive sampling revealed clear variations in pollution levels within different regions. Additionally, new atmospheric modeling techniques have been developed to accurately identify these sources of pollution emissions.

In 2019, a team of atmospheric scientists at the University of Utah, in collaboration with the Environmental Defense Fund and other partners, introduced an innovative approach to air quality monitoring in the Salt Lake Valley. They equipped two Google Street View cars with air quality measurement tools, creating mobile air pollution detectors capable of identifying hyper-local pollution hotspots.

Over the next few months, John Lin, a professor of atmospheric science at the university, developed a breakthrough modeling technique. The method combined wind pattern modeling and statistical analysis to trace pollutants to their exact source. This technology provided a level of detail in pollution tracking that exceeded the more extensive and less accurate methods of traditional air quality monitoring, which typically assessed air quality across urban areas.

According to a study led by the United States and the Environmental Defense Fund (EFD) recently published in the journal atmospheric environment, the results are out. “With mobile vehicles, you can literally send them anywhere you can drive and find out more about pollution, including off-road sources that traditional monitoring has missed,” said Lin, who is also deputy director of the Wilkes Climate Science Center. “We can put up a map,” he said. policy. “I think the idea of ​​patrolling lifeguards is pretty viable in many cities.”

Researchers equipped vehicles with air quality instruments and asked drivers to explore their neighborhoods street by street, taking air samples once every second, from May 2019 to March 2020. This created a huge dataset of air pollutant concentrations in the Salt Lake Valley. It is the highest-resolution map showing pollution hotspots at a detailed scale, with data capturing fluctuations within 200 meters, or about the width of two football fields.

The air quality pattern was as expected, with higher pollution around traffic and industrial areas. Neighborhoods with lower average incomes and higher proportions of black residents had more pollutants, confirming well-known issues of environmental justice. This pattern traces its legacy to his century-old redlining policy, in which Homeowner’s Loan Corp. created maps outlining “dangerous” areas in red ink.

“Air quality is not a new problem. It’s been around for decades, and it was probably worse back then,” Lin said. “The Interstate 15 corridor runs along red-light districts. And sadly, there is quite a bit of research supporting the fact that the red-light districts of 80 years ago are still important. These areas still struggle with air quality issues. These areas tend to be underinvested, so the legacy of racism remains.”

Research-grade equipment in Google Street View vehicles measures the ambient air that is pumped in from the surrounding area and detects major emissions. The researchers tested Lin’s new atmospheric modeling approach using two case studies of well-known pollution sources. The model was then applied to analyze previously unknown areas of PM elevation.2.5

The authors hope to use atmospheric models for projects such as Air Tracker, a web-based tool developed in partnership with EDF and Carnegie Mellon University that helps users find possible sources of air pollution in their neighborhood.

This research was funded by the Environmental Defense Fund. Other authors of this article are also cited, and the study utilized the resources of the National Center for High Performance Computing.

Source: scitechdaily.com

New findings on ancient climate analysis suggest that CO2 is contributing to more warming than previously believed

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A diagram of Earth 65 million years ago, when CO2 levels were much higher than today.

Chris Butler/Science Photo Library

Perhaps the most difficult question in climate science. That is, how much global warming does carbon dioxide cause? A new analysis of 66 million years of Earth’s climate history suggests that the Earth is far more sensitive to greenhouse gases than current climate models predict, which could lead to even warmer temperatures in the long term. This means that there is a possibility of further development.

A key factor determining the impact of our emissions on the planet is how much the planet warms in response to the extra CO2 we pump into the atmosphere. This sensitivity is affected by various feedback loops related to clouds, melting ice sheets, and other influences.

One way to measure this sensitivity is to look at how the climate has changed in the past. Gases trapped in ice cores can only take us back about 800,000 years, so to go even further back in time to look at temperatures and CO2 levels in the atmosphere, researchers used proxies. Masu. For example, the density of pores in plant leaves and the isotope levels in the fossil shells of marine organisms change in response to CO2 levels.

However, discrepancies between different proxies have led to an uncertain view of Earth’s ancient climate. Now, an extensive review by a team of over 80 researchers provides a clearer picture. More accurate representation of ancient CO2 levels. “We now have a much clearer picture of what carbon dioxide levels have been in the past,” he says. Berber Henisch He coordinated the project at Columbia University in New York.

This allows us to understand current CO2 levels in the atmosphere alongside the deep past. This indicates that the last time CO2 levels were as consistently high as they are now was about 14 million years ago, and much earlier than that. previous estimate.

By comparing this new CO2 data with temperature records, “we can learn how sensitive the climate has been to changes in carbon dioxide,” Hoenisch says. Current climate models estimate that doubling his CO2 levels in the atmosphere would result in a warming of 1.5°C to 4.5°C. However, the results suggest that the temperature increase is even larger, between 5°C and 8°C.

However, there is a big caveat. This new insight into the history of Earth’s deep climate covers trends over hundreds of thousands of years, rather than the short timescales of decades or centuries that are relevant to humanity today, and therefore It doesn’t tell you what the temperature is likely to be. “It’s a slow cascading effect that slowly kicks in,” Hoenisch says.

The vast time scales covered in this study also mean that details of climate sensitivity cannot be detected. michael man Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania say climate sensitivities may have been different at other times in Earth’s history compared to today, which is likely why the study yielded higher estimates than those based on more recent periods. I think this explains why I got there.

“The bottom line is that the climate sensitivity estimates from this study probably don’t apply to current anthropogenic warming,” Mann says. “Nonetheless, this study confirms a very close relationship between CO2 and global temperatures, highlighting the continuing threat of fossil fuel combustion.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Facebook disables previously used PGP-encrypted email, a feature once favored by a niche group of tech enthusiasts

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In 2015, as part of a wave to encrypt everything on the internet encouraged by the Edward Snowden revelations, Facebook announced: Allows users to receive encrypted emails from your company..

Even back then, this was a feature for paranoid users. When you turn on this feature, all emails sent by Facebook to users who opt in (primarily like notifications and private messages) will be sent using a decades-old technology called Pretty Good Privacy (PGP). Encrypted.

After eight years, Facebook has discontinued the feature due to low usage, the company said. This feature was retired on Tuesday.

Message Facebook showed users ahead of deprecation of PGP-encrypted email.

Facebook declined to reveal exactly how many users are still using the encrypted email feature. It’s not hard to believe that no one was actually using it. I love encryption, but deprecating this feature makes a lot of sense.

First, you can turn off email notifications completely. The reason is simply that email notifications appear in the Facebook app or browser. Why would he want to get two notifications that a friend tagged you in a photo from a party where you were drunk without asking for permission?

For example, I was using the email encryption feature at the time, but since then I also turned off email notifications, so that feature was useless.

Also, who will be using PGP in the year of the Lord 2023? Even the inventor of PGP, the esteemed cryptologist Phil Zimmerman, has said that he does not use PGP Back in 2015.

“Ironically, I haven’t lost.” Zimmerman told me in an email at the time:.

Zimmerman said the main reason he didn’t use PGP since Symantec acquired PGP in 2010 to incorporate PGP technology into its products was because he couldn’t run the necessary encryption software on his MacBook. He said it was true. Zimmerman also said that “there was no version of his PGP that worked on iOS devices.” (It’s worth noting that you can encrypt email and files on your Mac. GPG Toolsafter its acquisition by Symantec, served as the de facto replacement for PGP (if you want to inflict that kind of pain on yourself).

I’m still using PGP very sometimes.If you want to annoy me, you can use my PGP public key Send an encrypted message. It will be much easier to read and respond if you send it on Signal or WhatsApp instead.

Rest in Peace, Facebook Email Encryption. I never really get lonely.

Source: techcrunch.com

Science and Technology News: Elon Musk’s X (previously known as Twitter) conducts trial to enforce posting fees for new users

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Elon Musk’s X has started testing potential sign-up fees for new users.

The company formerly known as twitter introduced a fee of $1 (82 pence). new zealand And that Philippinesmost of the main features are behind a paywall.

New accounts that do not pay will not be able to post anything or interact directly with other users.

Instead, you are limited to viewing and listening to content and following other accounts.

X said the move was aimed at “reducing spam, platform manipulation, and bot activity.”

musk We have long complained about the presence of fake accounts on the platform; and tried to use his concerns to get out of the contract to buy it last year..

The trials in New Zealand and the Philippines came after the billionaire businessman discussed plans to introduce “small monthly payments” to all users.

Speaking at an event with the Israeli Prime Minister Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu Musk said last month that the fee would help fight “a horde of bots.”

Use Chrome Browser for a more accessible video player

Mr. Musk starts charging fees for using X

Fees will make X “difficult to operate”

Since Musk took ownership of the company, much of his focus has been on monetizing Company X’s user base, with advertiser spending declining due to concerns over his moderation policies. ing.

X already offers a premium subscription for £9.60 per month. This gives users a verification check, allows them to write longer posts or edit existing ones, and gives their account priority visibility in search results.

Musk acknowledged that the new $1 fee “will not completely stop bots,” but argued that it will “make it 1,000 times harder to manipulate the platform.”

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This means that Company X israel-hamas war To spread.

EU officials warned Musk to take actionsaid it violated the block’s new online content rules.

Misleading content includes video game footage purporting to depict scenes of conflict and reusing unrelated war clips.

Later, X announced changes to the Community Notes feature. This allows volunteer posters to attach fact-checks to their posts, making them more visible if other users find them useful.

However, there are concerns that the tool is being manipulated, and all notes must include a source.

Source: news.sky.com