New Jurassic Pterosaur Species Discovered in Germany: Insights into Ancient Flying Reptiles

Posted on May 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A new genus and species of early monophenestratan pterosaur has been identified by paleontologists, based on a nearly complete and exceptionally preserved fossil skeleton found in Bavaria, Germany.

Holotype specimen of Laueropterus vitriolus viewed under natural light. Image credit: DWE Hone, doi: 10.7717/peerj.21204.

Pterosaurs were the first vertebrates to achieve powered flight, appearing roughly 210 million years ago and evolving from small birds to colossal creatures with wingspans comparable to small airplanes.

The newly described species, named Laueropterus vitriolus, belongs to a group of early pterosaurs known as monophenestratans. With a wingspan measuring approximately 1 meter (3.3 feet), it ranks among the largest members of this migratory group ever found.

“Early monofenestratans represent a relatively recent discovery in pterosaur evolution, first identified in 2010,” stated study author Dr. David Horne, a zoology reader at Queen Mary University of London.

“Through various analyses, these taxa were classified as both a clade and grade existing between non-monophenestratans and pterodactyls.”

“Some of the most advanced taxa have been designated as pterodactyls, representing derived monofenestratan and pterodactyl clades.”

The fossilized skeleton of Laueropterus vitriolus was unearthed in the Schaudyberg quarry around 2007, from the Mornsheim Formation.

This fossil dates back 150 to 143 million years (late Jurassic period), and includes the skull, jaw, spinal column, and most of the wings.

“The specimen is preserved on a sizable limestone slab measuring approximately 60 cm x 45 cm (2 feet x 1.5 feet),” Dr. Horne explained.

“The slab is predominantly gray, featuring thick white bars arranged at right angles that intersect at various points.”

“Pterosaur fossils are often exceptionally well-preserved and undistorted, allowing for clear outlines of thin elements such as the sternal plate.”

Laueropterus vitriolus exhibits a combination of both primitive and advanced features, including a large skull with a single opening that integrates the nostril and antorbital fenestra, characteristic of monophenestratan pterosaurs, alongside relatively short wing bones typical of earlier forms.

“Laueropterus vitriolus marks the fourth non-pterodactyl monophenestratan pterosaur discovered in Mülheim, alongside Skifosora, macrodactylus, and Rhamphodactylus,” Dr. Horne noted.

“This discovery represents the only other record of this grade in the region, with Proterodactylus found in much older deposits, highlighting that non-pterodactyl monophenestratans are significantly more common here.”

“Hundreds of pterosaur fossils have been excavated from the renowned Solnhofen Formation, yet fewer than a dozen non-pterodactyl monophenestratans have been documented in Mülheim, making this find exceptionally notable.”

The research findings were published online on May 11th in PeerJ.

_____

DWE Horne. 2026. A new, early monophenestratan pterosaur discovered from the Mornsheim Formation in southern Germany. PeerJ 14: e21204; doi: 10.7717/peerj.21204

Source: www.sci.news

Newly Discovered Giant Dinosaur Species in Thailand Unveils Asia’s Hidden Diversity of Ancient Giants

Posted on May 15, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists have unveiled an exciting discovery: a new genus and species of Somphospondylan titanosaur dinosaur, heralded as the largest ever found in Southeast Asia. Fossilized bones uncovered in Thailand provide compelling evidence that this region once hosted a remarkably diverse array of giant herbivores during the Early Cretaceous period.

Reconstruction of the life of Nagatitan chaiyapumensis in the arid floodplains of the Late Early Cretaceous Aptian-Albian period. Image credit: Pachanop Boonsai.

This newly described dinosaur species inhabited what is now northeastern Thailand approximately 113 million years ago.

Named Nagatitan chaiyapumensis, this ancient giant measured about 27 meters (89 feet) in length and weighed between 25 and 28 tons.

During its time, it coexisted with smaller plant-eating dinosaurs like iguanodonts and early ceratopsians, as well as predatory dinosaurs such as carcharodontosaurs and spinosaurs, alongside sharks, turtles, crocodile relatives, and pterosaurs.

“Our dinosaur is large by most standards, likely weighing at least 10 tons more than Dippy” (referring to Diplodocus carnegie), stated lead author Titiut (Pers) Sesapanitisakul from University College London.

“However, it still pales in comparison to massive sauropods like Patagotitan (60 tons) and Luyangosaurus (50 tons).

The fossil of Nagatitan chaiyapumensis was excavated from the Khok Kruat Formation in Chaiyaphum Province, Thailand.

“We consider Nagatitan chaiyapumensis the ‘last giant’ of Thailand,” Sesapanitisakul explained, “because it was found in a rock formation that contains the youngest dinosaurs.”

“Younger sediment deposited towards the end of the dinosaur era is unlikely to reveal dinosaur remains, as the area transformed into a shallow ocean by then.”

“This could represent the final or most recent large sauropod discovered in Southeast Asia.”

To classify Nagatitan chaiyapumensis, paleontologists compared its anatomy with over 150 other dinosaur species, situating it within the sauropod family tree.

The analysis established that the new species belongs to Euhelopodidae, a group of Somphospondylan titanosaurs primarily found in Asia.

This group also includes notable species such as Puwiangosaurus cylindornae from Thailand and Tanvayosaurus hofeti from Laos.

“This discovery highlights a trend of increased body size among Asian titanosaurs during the Mid-Cretaceous, likely driven by rising temperatures and the expansion of suitable habitats,” the researchers commented.

The identification of Nagatitan chaiyapumensis enhances the known diversity of sauropods in Southeast Asia and significantly contributes to our understanding of titanosaurs’ biogeography in this region.

The team’s paper has been published in the scientific journal Scientific Reports.

_____

T. Setapanitisakul et al. 2026. The first sauropod dinosaur discovered from the Early Cretaceous Khok Kruat Formation in Thailand enriches the diversity of vertebrate titanosaurids in Southeast Asia. Scientific Reports 16, 12467; doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-47482-x

Source: www.sci.news

Discover a New Species of Giant Long-Necked Dinosaur in Argentina

Posted on May 12, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Fossils discovered at a secluded ranch in Argentina reveal a new genus and species of large sauropod dinosaur, identified by an international team of paleontologists from Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich.

Reconstruction of Vicaracosaurus dionydei. Image credit: Felipe Cutro-Lev.

The newly identified sauropod species roamed the southern region of the Gondwana supercontinent during the Late Jurassic period, approximately 157 million years ago.

Named Vicaracosaurus dionydei, this dinosaur measured around 20 meters (65 feet) in length.

“Sauropods are a key lineage of dinosaurs, representing one of the most significant groups of herbivorous vertebrates from the Mesozoic era,” said lead author Alexandra Reuter, a doctoral student at Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, alongside her research team.

“These giant herbivores first emerged in the late Triassic period and thrived until the end of the Cretaceous period.”

“Sauropods displayed considerable taxonomic diversity and included the largest terrestrial animals in history.”

“Neosauropoda eventually branched into two primary clades, Diplodocoideae and Macronariidae, early in their evolutionary journey. This major classification has been widely accepted since the 1990s, though there is ongoing debate regarding the classification of many Jurassic taxa into these subclades or Neosauropoda as a whole.”

Fossil remains identified as Vicaracosaurus dionydei, including vertebrae, ribs, and parts of a hip joint, were first reported to paleontologists in March 2001 by local farmer Dionid Mesa.

This fossil site belongs to the Canadon Carcareo Formation, located in central to northern Chubut province, Argentina.

Historically, researchers have relied heavily on fossils from North America, Europe, and other Northern Hemisphere regions to piece together the evolution of neosauropods.

Both the Canadon Carcareo Formation and the Tendaguru Formation in Tanzania stand out as rare Gondwanan deposits preserving skeletons of multiple sauropods.

“For years, the only significant archaeological site in the southern continent was in Tanzania,” stated lead author Professor Oliver Rauchat, a paleontologist at the Bavarian Institute of Paleontology and Geology, as well as Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich.

“The fossils from the Chubut province, including Vicaracosaurus dionydei, provide critical comparative material that enhances our understanding of these creatures’ evolutionary history, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere.”

Fossil evidence indicates that Vicaracosaurus dionydei is part of a giant herbivore group known as Macronaria, which later gave rise to iconic giants like Brachiosaurus.

Yet, this new dinosaur’s anatomy also shows remarkable similarities to diplodocids, another sauropod lineage that includes famous species like Diplodocus.

To ascertain its position within the dinosaur family tree, researchers employed two distinct phylogenetic datasets for analysis.

Most analyses positioned Vicaracosaurus dionydei as sharing traits with Macronaria and Brachiosauridae, including Brachiosaurus and the African giant Giraffatitan.

“Our phylogenetic analysis indicates that Vicaracosaurus dionydei is closely related to brachiosaurids, making it the earliest known brachiosaur to inhabit South America during the Jurassic period,” Reuter concluded.

The research team’s paper was published in the online journal Peer J.

_____

A. Reuter et al. 2026. Vicaracosaurus dionydei, a new giant herbivorous dinosaur (sauropod) from the Late Jurassic Canadon-Carcareo Formation in Argentina and insights into the early evolution of giant sauropods. Peer J 14: e20945; doi: 10.7717/peerj.20945

Source: www.sci.news

Understanding Gentoo Penguins: More Than Just One Species

Posted on May 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent genetic research reveals that the iconic Gentoo Penguin is actually comprised of four distinct species, including one that was previously unknown to science. Alarmingly, three of these species are increasingly threatened by climate change.

Geographical distribution of the four distinct species of Gentoo Penguins in the Southern Ocean. Image credit: Noll et al., doi: 10.1038/s42003-026-10081-7.

Among seabirds, the Gentoo Penguin Complex (Pygocelis papua) showcases a significant example of adaptive divergence, with unique morphological, ecological, and genetic characteristics among lineages in the Southern Ocean.

Recent studies indicate the presence of four to six distinct evolutionary lineages, each inhabiting environments with minimal ecological overlap. This suggests that local conditions may significantly influence their adaptive divergence.

“The taxonomy of the gentoo penguin has long been contentious,” stated Professor Lauri Bowie of the University of California, Berkeley. “For over a century, the debate over the number of species and subspecies has persisted.”

“This paper aims to resolve that issue using a cutting-edge integrative approach.”

Professor Bowie and colleagues have presented compelling genetic proof that what was once believed to be a single, widely dispersed species of gentoo penguin is actually four separate species.

“North of the polar front, where temperatures are warmer, there exists an eastern lineage: Pygocelis teniata, found on Crozet Island, Marion Island, and Macquarie Island. The northern lineage, Pygocelis papua, is limited to the Falkland/Malvinas Islands and Martillo Islands in South America,” the researchers explained.

“Just above the polar front is a newly identified southeastern lineage, Pygothelis kerguelensis, which evolved on Kerguelen Island and possibly nearby Heard Island.”

“Below the polar front, the most populous group is Pygocelis Elswati, found along the Antarctic Peninsula, the coast of Antarctica, and South Georgia Island.”

Pygothelis kerguelensis was previously overlooked due to its similarities to other gentoo species, with only subtle differences in size and vocalizations. Its distinctive white underside and black back provide effective camouflage against predators while hunting in marine environments.

However, genetic analysis has deemed it a cryptic species, substantially unique from its counterparts.

“In Antarctica, various species, not just gentoo penguins, are at risk due to climate change,” stated Professor Juliana Viana from Andres Bello National University. “Gentoo penguins face the most significant threats in the subantarctic region—a collection of widely distributed islands governed by several nations, including Chile, South Africa, France, the Netherlands, Australia, and New Zealand.”

“It is crucial for conservation agencies in all involved countries to recognize and protect these three unique gentoo penguin species.”

The team’s study was published in the journal Communication Biology.

_____

D. Knoll et al.. Integrative evidence reveals adaptive divergence and speciation in gentoo penguins. Commun. Biol. published online on April 23, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s42003-026-10081-7

Source: www.sci.news

New Koala Fossil Species Discovered in Museum Drawer: A groundbreaking Find

Posted on May 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A long-neglected fossil in the Western Australian Museum’s collection has been identified as a new species of koala, named Phascolarctus sulcomaxiliaris. This ancient animal vanished from Western Australia as drought and cooling transformed its habitat at the end of the Pleistocene epoch.

Reconstruction of Phascolarctus sulcomaxiliaris. Image credit: Nellie Pease.

Comparatively, the modern koala (Phascolarctus cinereus) is Australia’s largest arboreal folivorous creature and serves as one of the continent’s most iconic marsupials.

Koalas inhabit various forest types along Australia’s east coast and have also migrated to parts of South Australia, including Adelaide and Kangaroo Island.

These remarkable animals are currently listed as vulnerable. Historically, their populations have faced declines due to habitat destruction, disease, vehicle strikes, predation by dogs, and hunting for fur, according to the IUCN.

“Although the koala is now locally extinct in Western Australia (WA), its remains have been known since 1910,” stated Dr. Kenny Trabouillon from the Western Australian Museum and Curtin University.

“Bones attributed to this species have previously been reported from several cave deposits in southwestern WA, including Koala Cave at Yanchep and Madura Cave on the Low Plains.”

Due to similarities in their teeth, Phascolarctus cinereus and the new species were historically considered the same.

In their study, paleontologists analyzed 98 bones from fossil specimens in the Western Australian Museum’s collection.

They compared the skulls, teeth, and posterior skulls to modern koala skeletons housed in museum collections along Australia’s east coast, revealing distinct and quantifiable differences that characterized Phascolarctus sulcomaxiliaris.

“This species exhibits several notable distinctions from contemporary koalas,” Dr. Trabouillon noted.

“The presence of large facial muscles in deep grooves of the cheekbones suggests that this koala may have possessed unusually large and flexible lips, potentially useful for manipulating eucalyptus leaves or enhancing its sense of smell to detect food from afar.”

Additionally, it appears that its skeletal structure was less agile than that of modern koalas, indicating it may have spent less time traversing trees.

Fossils of Phascolarctus sulcomaxiliaris have now been found across more than a dozen locations in southern Western Australia, including Yanchep, Margaret River, and the Low Plains near Madura.

This extensive distribution suggests that these koalas once occupied a significantly larger range than previously understood.

Radiometric dating indicates that Phascolarctus sulcomaxiliaris became extinct around 28,000 years ago.

“This timing coincided with significant climate change during the Late Pleistocene, when eucalyptus forests were reduced to about 5% of their current coverage,” explained Dr. Trabouillon.

“With substantial loss of food and shelter, the koalas in this region faced severe habitat degradation, likely leading to the extinction of this unique species.”

A detailed paper describing Phascolarctus sulcomaxiliaris has been published in today’s edition of Royal Society Open Science.

_____

Kenny Trabouillon et al. 2026. A new fossil of a Pleistocene koala (Marsupial: Phascolarctidae) from Western Australia. R Soc Open Science 13 (5): 251572; doi: 10.1098/rsos.251572

Source: www.sci.news

New Study Suggests Three Distinct Species of Three-Toed Sloths

Posted on April 30, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Extensive genome-wide analysis of the Amazonian two-toed sloth (genus Choloepus) reveals that these remarkable creatures possess greater genetic diversity than previously understood, suggesting the potential existence of undiscovered species.

Hoffmann’s two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni). Image credit: Camila Mazzoni.

The two-toed sloth is a slow-moving, tree-dwelling mammal that inhabits the lush rainforests of Central and South America.

Interestingly, although named for their two clawed digits on the front legs, these animals do not literally have “two digits.” This characteristic differentiates them from their three-toed counterparts.

Belonging to the genus Choloepus, the three-toed sloth is classified within the monophyletic family Choloepodidae.

Currently, scientists acknowledge two main species: Hoffmann’s two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni), found from Central America to parts of South America, and Linnaeus’s two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus), predominantly located in the Amazon Basin.

Dr. Camila Mazzoni of the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research highlights that Choloepus didactylus is monotypic with a wide distribution throughout the Amazon, while Choloepus hoffmanni comprises five recognized subspecies in Central America, as well as northwestern parts of Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador.

Both species are believed to coexist in the western Amazon, a region known for its rich concentration of terrestrial mammals, exhibiting distinct morphological traits such as fur coloration and skeletal characteristics.

However, significant overlaps in body size and coat color present challenges for accurate taxonomic classification.

To investigate the phylogenetic and biogeographical history of this genus in the Amazon, the researchers compiled existing mitochondrial data and generated new genomic datasets, including mitochondrial and whole-genome sequences from Choloepus individuals sampled across three remote Amazonian regions.

This comprehensive analysis allowed them to assess population structure, lineage relationships, demographic history, and genomic diversity patterns among sampled lineages.

The findings revealed that Choloepus hoffmanni is not a singular, cohesive lineage as previously thought.

Instead, populations east of the Andes share closer genetic relationships with Choloepus didactylus than with their western counterparts, indicating a “paraphyletic” classification that fails to capture the species’ true evolutionary history.

Even more remarkably, the research uncovered at least three deeply divergent genetic lineages among Amazonian sloths, suggesting that many others may yet be identified.

This hidden diversity dates back millions of years. By comparing nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, they reconstructed the sloth evolutionary timeline, revealing significant divergences linked to historical environmental changes.

The separation of sloths on opposite sides of the Andes likely occurred around 4.6 million years ago during the final uplift of the mountains that reshaped South America’s landscape.

Then, approximately 2.6 million years ago, the Quaternary Ice Age began, fragmenting the Amazon rainforest into isolated habitats, which would have introduced barriers to migration for these arboreal creatures, setting them on separate evolutionary paths.

Genetic analyses also indicated that sloth populations have experienced expansions and contractions in response to glacial cycles throughout history.

Dr. Mazzoni emphasized, “The Amazon sloth represents both an ancient evolutionary relic and a critical indicator of current deforestation trends.” She asserted, “The discovery of cryptic lineages and potentially new species underscores the urgency of advancing sloth research, which our team actively pursues.”

“This collaborative research lays a crucial foundation for sloth conservation efforts.”

“Our findings demonstrate the pivotal role of genomic research in revealing the hidden biodiversity of the Amazon, directly informing conservation strategies to protect unique evolutionary units before they are threatened by human activities.”

For further details, refer to the published study in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.

_____

Larissa S. Arantes et al. 2026. Genomic insights into the evolutionary history and puzzling diversity of the three-toed sloth (Choloepus) in the Amazon. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 221: 108620; doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2026.108620

Source: www.sci.news

Newly Discovered Triassic Dinosaur Species Unearthed in New Mexico

Posted on April 18, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A newly identified genus and species of carnivorous herrerasaurid dinosaur has been revealed from a well-preserved skull unearthed in northern New Mexico.

Artistic rendition of Ptychoterates buculentus. Image credit: Megan Sodano / Virginia Tech.

This newly discovered dinosaur species lived approximately 201 million years ago during the Rhaetian period of the Late Triassic era.

Identified as Ptychoterates buculentus, this species offers a rare glimpse into a lesser-known chapter of dinosaur evolution.

“Dinosaurs emerged during the Carnian period (237 to 227 million years ago) in the early Late Triassic and eventually branched into three lineages that thrived into the Jurassic: ornithischians, theropods, and sauropods,” explained Virginia Tech paleontologists Simba Srivastava and Stirling Nesbitt.

“While most of the earliest dinosaur fossils have been found in high-latitude regions of Pangea (present-day Brazil, Argentina, Zimbabwe, and India), comparable dinosaur remains from lower latitudes (like Late Triassic deposits in the southwestern United States and Morocco) are rare.”

The fossil remains of Ptychoterates buculentus include a nearly complete skull, which features an intact braincase and the majority of the skull roof, discovered in 1982 at the Coelophysis Quarry in northern New Mexico.

The skull measures about 22 cm (9 inches) in length, indicating it was a relatively tall and narrow-headed dinosaur.

“The skull reveals this species had prominent cheekbones, a broad braincase, and likely a short, deep snout,” added the paleontologist.

“These characteristics are the first of their kind seen in early dinosaurs, highlighting the ongoing evolution of these magnificent creatures.”

Ptychoterates buculentus belongs to one of the earliest-known families of carnivorous dinosaurs, the Herrerasauria.

This species is closely related to two other Triassic dinosaurs, Tawa Harae and Chindesaurus briansmalli.

These species form part of a newly defined clade, Morphoraptora, characterized by a mix of anatomical traits found in both primitive dinosaurs and later theropods.

“Our anatomical comparisons with other Triassic archosaurs support the identification of Ptychoterates buculentus as a new taxon within the saurischian dinosaurs, closely linked to Tawa Harae,” explained the researchers.

“More broadly, our findings position Ptychoterates buculentus as a member of Morphoraptora, a clade known primarily from Late Triassic deposits in the southwestern United States.”

Previously, scientists believed that by the late Triassic period, the earliest lineages of carnivorous dinosaurs had vanished, replaced by more advanced theropods.

However, the discovery of Ptychoterates buculentus indicates that some of these lineages survived much longer than anticipated, at least in the lower latitudes of the ancient supercontinent Pangea.

“Ptychoterates buculentus was found in strata that appear to date just before the Great Extinction at the end of the Triassic, and members of this family never appeared again, suggesting that this group perished due to the mass extinction,” the scientists noted.

“This finding necessitates a reevaluation of the end-Triassic extinction’s impact, showing that it not only eliminated competing dinosaur species but also long-established dinosaur lineages,” Srivastava added.

“Furthermore, since herrerasaurids have not been discovered elsewhere in the Late Triassic, it is likely that what is now the American Southwest served as the final refuge for these dinosaurs.”

The discovery of Ptychoterates buculentus is detailed in a research paper published in this week’s edition of the journal Paleontology Papers.

_____

Simba Srivastava & Sterling J. Nesbitt. 2026. A new taxon of saurischian dinosaurs (Triassic: modern Norian or Rhaetian) from Coelophysis Quarry in New Mexico, USA, highlighting the diversity of Herrerasaurus in the Late Triassic. Paleontology Papers 12 (2): e70069; doi: 10.1002/spp2.70069

Source: www.sci.news

Emperor Penguins Face Rapid Decline: Now Listed as Endangered Species

Posted on April 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Emperor Penguins at Risk of Extinction by 2100

Stefan Christmann/naturepl.com

Antarctica is witnessing a dramatic decline in two iconic species—the emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) and the Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella), both of which are now classified as endangered on the IUCN Red List.

Meanwhile, the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) has been downgraded from “Least Concern” to “Vulnerable.”

The IUCN Red List is recognized globally as the most comprehensive evaluation of the conservation status of animal, fungal, and plant species.

Data from the IUCN reveals that satellite imagery indicates a staggering loss of about 10%—over 20,000 adult emperor penguins—between 2009 and 2018. Projections estimate that their population will be cut in half by the 2080s.

“We’ve determined that human-induced climate change represents the most critical threat to emperor penguins,” stated Philip Trathan of the British Antarctic Survey and a member of the IUCN Species Survival Committee. “Early spring sea ice collapse is already impacting colonies throughout Antarctica, further alterations in sea ice will influence breeding, feeding, and molting habitats.”

The population of Antarctic fur seals has plummeted by over 50%, dropping from more than 2 million adult seals in 1999 to approximately 944,000 in 2025, primarily due to climate change.

In addition, southern elephant seal numbers have been severely affected by avian influenza, resulting in over 90% mortality among newborns in certain colonies, according to the IUCN.

Sharon Robinson from the University of Wollongong, Australia, along with colleagues, highlighted in 2022 that emperor penguins are among Antarctica’s most endangered species, potentially facing extinction by 2100.

“Global warming, which warms the oceans and melts sea ice, is eradicating the breeding grounds essential for successful reproduction of emperor penguins,” Robinson noted. “Like many birds and mammals, penguin chicks require safe environments for development, yet human activities are swiftly dismantling these critical habitats.”

Robinson, along with Dana Bergstrom from the University of Wollongong, also stressed the urgent need for attention. The 2025 survey offered alarming updates on the plight of emperor penguins and fellow Antarctic species.

“Of over 60 known emperor penguin colonies around the coastline, about half have exhibited increased reproductive failure or complete loss of breeding success due to early ice loss since 2016, with 16 colonies affected more than once,” Bergstrom explained. Fast ice refers to the sea ice that clings to the coast or seabed.

“This context adds to the already dire situation on the Antarctic Peninsula, where premature sea ice collapse has led to drowning chicks,” she stated.

The fate of the emperor penguin is “inextricably linked to climate policy,” according to the World Wildlife Fund. “To mitigate severe impacts, it’s critical to transition from fossil fuels and restrict global temperature rise to as close to 1.5°C as feasible,” WWF emphasized.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Ancient Fossil Octopus: New Findings Reveal Multiple Species Identified

Posted on April 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Paulsepia mazonensis has captivated the scientific community as a cephalopod species first identified in 2000 from a remarkable 300-million-year-old specimen. This fascinating creature has earned a spot in the Guinness Book of World Records for being the world’s oldest octopus. Recent research has led to its reclassification as a distant relative of the nautilus, offering new insights into the timeline of octopus evolution, according to paleontologists.

Depiction of old cadmus collapse in the Mason Creek Basin, highlighting various Mason Creek fauna, including the polychaete Esconites zelus and the elasmobranch shark Bandringa rayi. Image credit: Franz Anthony.

Originally described from isolated siderite concretions, Paulsepia mazonensis has been recognized as the oldest known octopus, predating earlier estimates by over 150 million years. This revelation raises significant questions regarding our comprehension of cephalopod evolution, according to Dr. Thomas Clements, a paleontologist from the universities of Leicester and Reading.

This intriguing fossil from the Late Carboniferous Maisonkrieg Lagerstätte (311 to 360 million years ago) possesses distinct features, including a ‘sack-like’ fused head and mantle, symmetrical fins, and a pair of eyespots, alongside arms and specialized tentacles, yet lacks evidence for an inner or outer shell.

In a recent comprehensive study, researchers revisited this enigmatic fossil alongside several new specimens.

Employing advanced analytical methods, they uncovered a previously unrecognized radula, the toothed tongue characteristic of most molluscs.

Analysis of the alveolar bone suggests that Paulsepia mazonensis is more aligned with the shelled nautilus than previously thought.

This organism experienced significant decomposition prior to fossilization, leading to its ambiguous classification for decades.

“We conclude that Paulsepia mazonensis is synonymous with the Old Cadmus poli, based on morphological evidence,” the researchers confirmed.

This reinterpretation resolves a longstanding mystery regarding octopus evolution and unveils the oldest preserved nautilus soft tissue ever documented.

Through synchrotron micro-X-ray fluorescence elemental mapping, the team identified dental ossicles concealed within the concrete matrix of Paulsepia mazonensis.

The morphology of radial elements indicates that Paulsepia mazonensis does not correspond to coronal octamers but represents the oldest soft-tissue nautilus fossil discovered to date.

This reclassification challenges the Paleozoic origin of octopuses, further supporting a mid/late Mesozoic origin for crown octopuses while diminishing the credibility of the colloid affinity related to controversial Cambrian soft-bodied fossils like Nectocaris pterix.

The findings accentuate the complexities in interpreting exceptionally preserved soft tissue at the Masonkrieg Lagerstätte and underscore the necessity for thorough reevaluation of enigmatic consolidated soft-bodied fossil materials.

The team’s research paper has been published today in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

_____

Thomas Clements et al. 2026. Synchrotron data reveals characteristics of nautiloids Paulsepia mazonensis refuting the Paleozoic origin of octopods. Proc Biol Sci 293 (2068): 20252369; doi: 10.1098/rspb.2025.2369

Source: www.sci.news

Rare Harvestman Species Discovered in Ukrainian and Baltic Amber

Posted on April 2, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

In an article published on March 18 in the Journal Acta Paleontology Polonica, paleontologists have unveiled an exciting discovery: a new species of harvestman identified from two Eocene amber pieces originating from Ukraine and the Baltic Sea region.

Reconstruction of Balticolasma Wunderlichi by artist Joshua Knüppe.

The newly identified harvestman is the first known member of the subfamily Ortholasmatinae found in the fossil record.

This species, named Balticolasma Wunderlichi, thrived in Europe approximately 35 million years ago during the Eocene epoch.

Today, these intricate, often ornate arachnids are primarily found in certain regions of East Asia and the Americas.

“The Ortholasmatinae subfamily contains some of the most visually striking modern harvestmen, characterized by complex and branched eye tubercles and unique dorsal microcarvings known as keel cells,” remarked paleontologist Christian Bartel from the Bavarian State Collection of Natural History and his colleagues.

“Currently, there are seven extant genera with 27 described species, each exhibiting distinct distributions.”

Balticolasma Wunderlichi was identified based on two specimens: a suspected female from Rovno amber in northwestern Ukraine and a male specimen preserved in Baltic Sea amber.

The fossils originated from private collections in Germany (Baltic Sea specimen) and Lithuania (Rovno specimen) and are currently housed at the Berlin Museum of Nature.

“The discovery of Ortholasmatinae harvestmen in European amber deposits was surprising. This group is no longer present in Europe today,” stated Dr. Bartel.

“Their relatives now inhabit only East Asia and North and Central America.”

“Clearly, during the Eocene epoch, about 35 million years ago, these harvesters had a much broader distribution across the Northern Hemisphere than they do today.”

Balticolasma Wunderlichi Female from Rovno Amber. Image credit: Bartel et al., doi: 10.4202/app.01283.2025.

Researchers employed high-resolution synchrotron microtomography to meticulously reconstruct the anatomy of Balticolasma Wunderlichi.

The scans revealed a small, flat body, measuring less than 3mm long, adorned with rows of tubercles and a distinctive forward-protruding hood-like structure.

“Some of its morphological features align closely with existing Asian genera,” the scientists observed.

This study underscores the scientific significance of amber deposits in the Baltic and Rovno regions.

The discovery enriches the catalog of known harvestman species preserved in these ambers, offering new insights for reconstructing the evolutionary tree of the group.

“Baltic amber is renowned for its exceptional fossil diversity, frequently revealing species that no longer exist in Europe today,” noted paleontologist Dr. Jason Dunlop from the Berlin Museum of Nature.

“The discovery of a new harvestman species in Ukraine once again illustrates the likely similarities between the harvestman fauna in both regions.”

“With this new addition, the number of harvestman species found in Baltic Sea amber rises to 19, while the number from ancient Ukrainian Rovno amber increases to seven. Six species have been documented in both locations.”

_____

C. Bartel et al. 2026. 3D analysis of ortholasmatine, first recovered from European Eocene amber. Acta Paleontology Polonica 71 (1): 95-107; doi: 10.4202/app.01283.2025

Source: www.sci.news

Newly Discovered Steamer Duck Species in Chile: A Remarkable Avian Find

Posted on March 26, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers have discovered a new species of the Tassiere genus, a group of aggressive and mainly flightless ducks, in the icy waters off the southern coast of Chile.

Beak color patterns in adult specimens: Chiloe steamer duck (A) and Magellanic steamer duck (B). Image credit: Bernabé López-Lanús and Mariano Costa.

Known as Tassiere, this small genus of waterfowl exhibits intriguing ecological traits, including most species being flightless. Their unique name comes from their distinctive movement over water, where they flap their wings like paddles.

These ducks are notably territorial, aggressively defending their habitats from rival species.

According to Argentine ornithologists Bernabe López-Lanús and Mariano Costa, “Natural history of Tassiere is often marked by a mix of certainties and errors throughout time.”

Interestingly, some Tassiere species may include both flying and non-flying individuals within a single population, blurring traditional species classifications.

The researchers employed bioacoustics to analyze the vocalizations of all known steamer duck species. They employed a combination of field recordings, archived databases, and spectrogram analysis.

While some calls, like the quick “click” sounds used for marking territory, are similar across species, others are distinctive. The “raspy growl” contact call revealed a consistent, species-specific acoustic pattern.

“This call is typically produced alone or precedes territorial vocalizations,” the researchers noted.

Male specimens of the newly identified species produced calls with a unique “dome-shaped” frequency profile, which contrasts with the “scalene triangle” pattern seen in closely related species like the Magellan Steam Duck (Taquiere Puteneres).

This new bird, named the Chiloe Steamer Duck (Tassiere Kettle), is endemic to the Chiloe and Aysén regions of Chile. Its range extends around 40 degrees south latitude, from northern Valdivia and the Chiloe regions to the Taitao Peninsula.

While this species frequents protected coastal environments, rich in macroalgae and inland waterways, the Magellanic steamer duck thrives in more exposed, wave-battered coastlines further south.

“Reproductive adults compete for optimal foraging sites, often found within underwater forests of Macrocystis pyrifera (commonly known as kelp),” the researchers stated.

This habitat boasts dense refugia rich in diverse invertebrates, such as amphipods, gastropods, polychaetes, and juvenile fish, which these birds typically access by diving.

This discovery emphasizes the importance of sound in modern taxonomy and reveals hidden biodiversity even within well-studied species, particularly in remote and complex environments.

“Cases like the discovery of Tassiere Kettle demonstrate that bioacoustics is essential for understanding the taxonomy of challenging species, even when sample sizes are limited,” the authors concluded.

Read their research paper published in the journal Audio Lunis.

_____

Bernabe López-Lanús and Mariano Costa. 2026. A new species of steamer duck (Anseriidae: Tassiere) from the Chiloé region of Chile, confirmed as a distinct taxonomic group from Taquiere Puteneres. Audio Lunis 5:2-65

Source: www.sci.news

Rediscovered: Two Ancient Marsupial Species Thought Extinct for 6,000 Years Found Alive in New Guinea

Posted on March 25, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent scientific research has unveiled two previously unknown species of marsupials within the remote rainforests of New Guinea’s Vogelkop Peninsula. The Pygmy Longfinger Possum (Dactylonax Kambuyai) and Wow Glider (Thus ayamalensis) are believed to have vanished around 6,000 years ago. These discoveries indicate that New Guinea’s rich forests may still conceal remnants of an ancient animal kingdom.

Pygmy Longfinger Possum (Dactylonax Kambuyai), a female spotted in the Kralik area of the Vogelkop Peninsula. Image credit: Carlos Bocos.

Professor Tim Flannery from the Australian Museum states: “The identification of a ‘Lazarus taxon’ is a remarkable event, especially when it was thought to be recently extinct.”

“The uncovering of two species once believed to be extinct for millennia is truly exceptional.”

“This discovery underscores the crucial need to conserve these unique biological regions and highlights the significance of collaborative research in safeguarding hidden biodiversity.”

The pygmy long-tailed possum and the ring-tailed glider, known through Pleistocene fossils found in Australia and New Guinea, inhabit secluded lowland forests of the Vogelkop Peninsula.

“Vogelkop represents an ancient section of the Australian continent, now part of New Guinea,” remarked Professor Flannery.

“Its forests may still harbor even more hidden aspects of Australia’s natural history.”

The Pygmy Longfinger Possum boasts striking stripes and remarkable adaptability, featuring one finger on each hand that is twice as long as the next longest finger.

This species is thought to have vanished from Australia during the Ice Age, a period notorious for the extinction of iconic megafauna, including the diprotodon and the marsupial lion.

Wow Glider (Thus ayamalensis), a subadult from the South Solon area of the Vogelkop Peninsula. Image credit: Arman Muharmansyah.

The ring-tailed glider is closely related to the Australian Glider (Petauroides) and marks the first new genus of marsupials identified in New Guinea since 1937.

Smaller than its relatives, this species features furless ears and a strong, prehensile tail, forming lifelong pair bonds and typically raising just one pup annually.

Similar to sugar gliders, these marsupials reside in tree hollows high within the forest canopy and face threats from logging practices.

“The glider, known locally as tous among some Tamburou and Maybrat communities, is deemed sacred,” shared Lika Koline, a Maybrat community member.

“It symbolizes the spirits of our ancestors and plays a key role in educational practices such as initiation ceremonies.”

“Our meticulous collaboration with Tamburou Elders was essential, and without the involvement of Traditional Owners, this identification would not have been feasible.”

“We are immensely proud that Papuan researchers have contributed to these groundbreaking findings. Our gratitude extends to the communities in Misool, Maybrat, and Tambulo for their continued support in this research,” stated Dr. Aksamina Yohanita from the University of Papua.

A detailed study discussing these findings was published on March 6th in the Australian Museum Records.

_____

Tim F. Flannery et al. 2026. “Reemergence after 6,000 years: A modern record of the ‘extinct’ Papuan marsupial, Dactylonax Kambuyai (Marsupial: Petauridae), revised phylogeny and zoogeography of the genus Dactylonax.” Records of the Australian Museum 78 (1): 17-34; doi: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.78.2026.3003

Source: www.sci.news

New Herbivorous Dinosaur Species Discovered in South Korea: A Breakthrough in Paleontology

Posted on March 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A newly discovered species of small herbivorous dinosaur has been unveiled from a partial skeleton of a juvenile found in South Korea.

Artist’s interpretation of Durisaurus humini. Image courtesy of Jun Song Yi.

Durisaurus humini, a dinosaur species that thrived in what is now Korea during the mid-Cretaceous period, approximately 113 to 94 million years ago.

This prehistoric species belongs to the Thescelosauridae family, a group of bipedal dinosaurs known to populate East Asia and North America during the Cretaceous.

“The fossil record of dinosaur skeletons in South Korea has historically been limited in abundance and completeness,” stated paleontologist Dr. Jeong-yoon Jeong from the University of Texas at Austin and Chonnam National University.

“Currently, only two dinosaur species from South Korea have been recognized, both characterized by partial posterior skulls from the late Cretaceous period: Coriaceratops fasongensis and the newly identified Collenosaurus bosongensis from the Senso Zaibatsu.”

The fossilized remains of Durisaurus humini were uncovered in 2023 within mid-Cretaceous rocks, specifically in the Nishiroyama layer on the southwestern coast of the Korean Peninsula.

The specimen encompasses a skull, vertebrae, hind limbs, and multiple bezoars (digestive stones).

Advanced X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) allowed researchers to reveal hidden anatomical details of the dinosaur’s interior embedded within the rock.

With a fuzzy coat, the dinosaur was likely about the size of a turkey but still a juvenile. Durisaurus humini may have eventually reached double this size.

Histological analysis suggests that this individual was very young, possibly around 2 years old.

“It would have been incredibly cute, resembling a young lamb,” commented Julia Clark, a paleontologist at the University of Texas at Austin.

Durisaurus humini marks the first new dinosaur species discovered in South Korea in 15 years, and it is the first dinosaur fossil with a partial skull to be found in the country.

“Upon discovering the specimen, we immediately noted some preserved leg bones and vertebrae,” Dr. Jung said.

“We were pleasantly surprised to find parts of the skull and other bones hidden within the rock blocks, creating significant excitement among the team.”

The clusters of gastroliths and their dimensions suggest that Durisaurus humini may have had a more omnivorous diet than previously assumed.

“The morphology of the gastroliths associated with Durisaurus humini and other early neoplacolates may imply a generalized or omnivorous dietary approach for this group,” the researchers noted.

“However, variations in gastric anatomy and bezoar use observed in modern birds indicate a cautious approach is necessary when interpreting dietary habits of non-avian dinosaurs.”

This groundbreaking discovery emphasizes the potential for further skeletal finds in South Korea, particularly at paleontological sites like Afed, where environmental conditions differ from those at locations known for rich trace fossil deposits.

Durisaurus humini suggests a greater diversity of Cretaceous dinosaurs in Korea than currently reflected in the trace fossil record,” the authors concluded.

For detailed insights, refer to their paper, published today in the online journal Fossil Record.

_____

J. Jung et al. 2026. A new species of dinosaur discovered in Korea and its implications on the diversity of early-diverging neoplates. Fossil Record 29 (1): 87-113; doi: 10.3897/fr.29.178152

Source: www.sci.news

New Bird Species Discovered in Japan: Ornithologists Unveil Rare Findings

Posted on March 18, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Genetic and acoustic research has revealed that the rare Iijima Warbler (Philoscopus ijimae) comprises two distinct species, including the newly identified crested warbler. Both species are small and face vulnerability in their habitats.

Japanese Warbler (Philoscopus tocharensis) taken in June 2017 on Nakanoshima, Tokara Islands. Image credit: Per Alström / Uppsala University.

The Japanese Warbler is a rare migratory bird native to Japan.

They breed in the Izu and Tokara Islands, located about 1,000 kilometers southeast of Honshu, Japan.

The Tokara population was only identified in Nakanoshima in 1988, with breeding also observed on four nearby islands.

Despite similarities between the two populations, research shows notable differences in their songs, as highlighted by a study led by Per Alström from Uppsala University.

Analyzing song patterns has enabled researchers to distinguish island populations with remarkable accuracy.

Genetic analysis of thousands of genome-wide markers and mitochondrial sequences shows a significant divergence between the two lineages, suggesting a separation period of approximately 2.8 to 3.2 million years.

“This finding underscores the importance of genetic research in recognizing hidden biodiversity, especially during the global biodiversity crisis,” stated Dr. Alström.

Despite potential for seasonal migration bringing them closer, no gene flow has been detected, indicating long-term reproductive isolation.

“Defining the new species is challenging,” Alström remarked. “They appear identical to a Japanese Warbler, but DNA analysis and song differences confirm their classification as distinct species.”

The Izu Islands population has been classified as endangered, while the newly recognized Tokara species is known as the Tokara Leaf Warbler (Philoscopus tocharensis), posing further conservation challenges.

Breeding has only been confirmed on Nakanoshima, with limited sightings across the archipelago.

Genomic studies indicate both species exhibit low genetic diversity, alongside historical population declines linked to their small, isolated nature, though signs of limited inbreeding may indicate a recovery from earlier bottlenecks.

Island species face unique threats, including habitat disturbance from human activities and invasive predators, further stressing fragile populations.

This study emphasizes a significant concern in conservation biology: species that lack formal recognition might receive inadequate protection.

Integrating genomics with traditional taxonomy can aid in identifying these hidden lineages before they go extinct.

“Island species are especially at risk, yet many remain undiscovered,” the researchers concluded. “Our findings reveal how genomics can expose hidden biodiversity and serve as critical indicators of population health.”

The urgency of formally recognizing and assessing the conservation status of these rare species is imperative in an ever-changing world to ensure the protection of overlooked lineages.

This study contributes to comprehensive conservation assessments for passerine birds leveraging genomic data.

The research team’s findings are documented in their paper published in PNAS Nexus.

_____

Takema Saito et al. 2026. Discovering and protecting enigmatic biodiversity: A case study of previously undescribed endangered bird species in Japan. PNAS Nexus 5(3):pgag037; doi: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgag037

Source: www.sci.news

Can Species Evolve Rapidly Enough to Adapt to Global Warming?

Posted on March 12, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

California’s Drought-Induced Cracked Sacramento River Bed

Kyle Grillot/Bloomberg via Getty Images

Recent observations show that a species has thrived despite extreme weather through rapid evolution. Does this suggest that species increasingly affected by soaring temperatures and challenging conditions can adapt as the planet continues to warm?

Historically, evolution has rescued numerous species from climate-related threats. Over the past 500 million years, Earth’s climate has fluctuated significantly, with species, including crocodiles, thriving in regions like the Arctic. Plants and animals have consistently adapted to survive as their environment changes.

The critical factor is time. Previously, the quickest climatic shift known was the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, occurring approximately 56 million years ago, when temperatures jumped by 5 to 8 degrees Celsius over about 20,000 years. Today’s projections suggest temperatures could exceed 4°C by century’s end. Can evolution effect such rapid change?

The answer, particularly for organisms with short life cycles, is a resounding yes. Compelling evidence comes from the wild plant known as the Scarlet Monkeyflower (Mimulus cardinalis), which adapted rapidly during the drought that hit California from 2012 to 2015.

Daniel Anstedt, a researcher at Cornell University in New York, began an extensive study of the monkeyflower in 2010. He assessed the plants’ growth annually across many habitats and collected samples for DNA analysis.

The Scarlet Monkeyflower thrives near water, making it vulnerable to drought conditions. Anstedt notes, “If you plant it in a pot and don’t water it for a few days, it simply dies.”

Remarkably, while three local populations disappeared, many surviving plants exhibited numerous mutations related to climate adaptation in their genomes, indicating they evolved drought tolerance within a remarkable three years. These populations were also the fastest to recover post-drought.

This phenomenon is termed “evolutionary rescue,” where species survive critical threats through rapid evolutionary changes. While lab studies have demonstrated this, Anstedt asserts that this is the first real-world case of its kind.

Scarlet Monkeyflower: A Water-Loving Plant

Douglas Tolley / Alamy

“Demonstrating exponential evolution is challenging,” Anstedt explains. “It requires showing a population’s decline due to a threat, illustrating genetic adaptation, and confirming that these changes facilitated recovery.”

Numerous instances of evolutionary rescue exist; for example, finches in the Galápagos Islands adapted to drought, Tasmanian devils evolved in response to contagious cancer, pests gained resistance to pesticides, and killifish adapted to pollution in U.S. rivers. However, Anstedt notes that verifying all three key factors in these instances remains uncharted territory.

“This research is pivotal as it shows recovery can be attributed to rapid evolution, a realization that hasn’t been documented extensively across species,” he adds.

Andrew Stouffer, a professor at Washington State University studying Tasmanian devils, concurs: “While we’ve observed rapid evolution in species like the Tasmanian devil, evidence linking it to demographic recovery is scarce.”

It’s important to note that the three-year drought detailed here is weather-related, not necessarily indicative of long-term climate shifts. “Determining long-term adaptation to climate change requires additional time,” Stouffer emphasizes.

In essence, the Scarlet Monkeyflower’s adaptation to survive one severe drought doesn’t guarantee it can evolve to withstand rising temperatures or extreme weather variations a century or more down the line. “Future droughts could be even worse than those experienced recently,” Anstedt warns.

Moreover, as populations decline, valuable genetic diversity—the key to evolutionary adaptability—is lost. Frequent and severe population declines diminish a species’ evolutionary potential each time.

Consequently, as global warming escalates, the frequency and intensity of threats will likely increase, while the capacity for evolution may diminish, particularly in long-lived species with extended generation times.

Nevertheless, Anstedt views his findings as promising. “Many current predictions about species decline neglect to account for evolution,” he concludes. “This insight brings hope for future adaptability.”

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover Two Newly Identified Bird Species in the Amazon Rainforest

Posted on March 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Long believed to be a single species found throughout the Amazon rainforest, ant birds are, in fact, a group of different species, including two newly identified ones: Cherkomakra village and Cercomacula laucisona. These species inhabit distinct areas of the southern Amazon. This revelation was made possible through an extensive analysis of museum specimens and bird audio recordings. Discover more about the gray ant bird (Sercomacra cinerasense), which further complicates our understanding.

Cercomacula laucisona. Image credit: Fernando Zurdo.

The gray antbird is a small, inconspicuous bird native to forested areas. These birds thrive in dense understory habitats across Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.

Males typically exhibit gray plumage while females appear brownish, making it challenging for ornithologists to differentiate between various populations in this vast geographical region.

To reassess species boundaries, researchers led by Sercomacra cinerasense expert Wagner Cavalzere from the University of Complex conducted comparative studies on feather coloration, body measurements, and vocalizations.

The study analyzed 682 bird specimens from museum collections and evaluated 347 song recordings.

The team employed BirdNET, a deep learning platform designed to classify bird calls, to assess song structure.

“Birds rely heavily on vocal communication, which is crucial for species recognition,” the researchers stated.

“Their songs serve as sonic signatures, essential for uncovering hidden diversity.”

The findings indicated distinct divisions in populations separated by major Amazonian rivers.

Birds residing north of the Pastaza, Maranhão, Solimões, and Amazon rivers exhibited consistent differences in coloration and song patterns compared to southern populations.

Cherkomakra village is found in the forested region between the Ucayali and Madeira rivers, while Cercomacula laucisona inhabits areas between the Madeira and Tapajos rivers.

“These rivers act as long-standing natural barriers,” the researchers noted.

“The populations have diverged independently over millennia to evolve into the unique species we describe today, isolated by these significant rivers.”

Cherkomakra village. Image credit: Tomas Melo.

Additionally, scientists recognized several previously named forms as distinct species, bringing the total in this complex to five.

Each species is characterized by unique vocal traits and geographical ranges, with minimal evidence of overlap or hybridization.

This discovery underscores the vast unexplored biodiversity within the Amazon, revealing complexities among bird species previously thought to be well understood.

“By integrating artificial intelligence with fundamental bioacoustics and museum collection studies, we uncover diversity that would otherwise remain invisible,” the authors emphasized.

“Acknowledging these species is crucial for their conservation in a rapidly changing environment.”

For further details on this discovery, refer to the new paper published in Vertebrate Zoology.

_____

V. Cavalzere et al. 2026. Integrated taxonomy of Sercomacra cinerasense Species complex with descriptions of two new species (Birds: Thamnophilidae). Vertebrate Zoology 76: 73-91; doi: 10.3897/vz.76.e171834

Source: www.sci.news

Newly Discovered Giant Mosasaurus Species Unveiled in Morocco

Posted on March 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists have discovered a new giant species of Mosasaurus, named Pluridence Imeraki, derived from Late Cretaceous phosphate deposits in Morocco. This slender-jawed mosasaur may have reached over 9 m (29.5 ft) in length, making it a significant addition to the mosasaur family.

Pluridence Imeraki holotype, enlarged view of the dentary. Scale bar – 10 cm. Image credit: Nicholas R. Longrich & Nour-Eddine Jalil, doi: 10.3390/d18030159.” width=”580″ height=”281″ srcset=”https://cdn.sci.news/images/2026/03/image_14606_1-Pluridens-imelaki.jpg 580w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2026/03/image_14606_1-Pluridens-imelaki-300×145.jpg 300w” sizes=”(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px”/>

Pluridence Imeraki holotype, enlarged view of the tooth. Scale bar – 10 cm. Image credit: Nicholas R. Longrich & Nour-Eddine Jalil, doi: 10.3390/d18030159.

Pluridence Imeraki existed in the ocean during the late Maastrichtian period of the Cretaceous, roughly 66 to 67 million years ago.

This species is classified under the Halisauridae subfamily, which typically includes smaller mosasaurs. Early members ranged from approximately 4 to 5 m (13 to 16.4 ft) long, such as Halisaurus, which could grow up to about 7.5 m (24.6 ft) in closely related species like Pluridence Serpentis.

At over 9 meters long, Pluridence Imeraki rivals the largest predatory mosasaurs from the region.

Dr. Nicholas Longrich from the University of Bath and Dr. Nour Eddin Jalil from the National Museum of Natural History in Paris remarked, “The Late Cretaceous saw a significant expansion of mosasaurs, a specialized group of large marine predators that dominated the oceans during the final 25 million years of this period in Marrakech.”

“Morocco’s late Maastrichtian Phosphate Formation is home to the most diverse mosasaur assemblage known, featuring what could be the richest marine reptilian fauna globally.”

“In recent years, numerous new mosasaur species have been identified, with over 16 species reported so far.”

“The four primary subfamilies of mosasauridae represented in these phosphates include mosasauridae, plioplatecarpini, tylosauridae, and halisauridae, along with basal mosasauridae like Pachybalanus.”

“While mosasaurids account for most of the species diversity, halisaurids thrived in phosphate-rich areas and were prevalent across Africa during the Cretaceous.”

Pluridence Imeraki, Pluridence Serpentis, and Halisaurus aramburgi from the latest Maastrichtian phosphates in Morocco. Scale bar – 1 m. Image credit: Nicholas R. Longrich & Nour-Eddine Jalil, doi: 10.3390/d18030159.” width=”580″ height=”323″ srcset=”https://cdn.sci.news/images/2026/03/image_14606_2-Pluridens-imelaki.jpg 580w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2026/03/image_14606_2-Pluridens-imelaki-300×167.jpg 300w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2026/03/image_14606_2-Pluridens-imelaki-316×176.jpg 316w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2026/03/image_14606_2-Pluridens-imelaki-195×110.jpg 195w” sizes=”(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px”/>

Relative sizes of Pluridence Imeraki, Pluridence Serpentis, and Halisaurus aramburgi, all extracted from Morocco’s latest Maastrichtian phosphates. Scale bar – 1 m. Image credit: Nicholas R. Longrich & Nour-Eddine Jalil, doi: 10.3390/d18030159.

A 1.25 m (4.1 ft) long skull, along with the lower jaw of Pluridence Imeraki, was unearthed from the phosphate layer of Couche III in Sidi Chennan, Kouribga department, Morocco.

The phosphate layer represents a marine upwelling zone, deposited in a shallow marine embayment along the eastern edge of the Atlantic Ocean from late Maastrichtian to early Eocene times,” noted the paleontologist.

“These formations are part of vast phosphate accumulations that arose along the Tethyan Mountains and the eastern Atlantic margin during the Late Cretaceous and early Paleogene.”

Compared to related species, Pluridence Imeraki likely exhibited a distinct feeding strategy.

Variations in jaw structure, tooth shape, and eye size suggest that this species occupied unique ecological niches in the marine ecosystem at the Cretaceous’s end.

“We discovered that halisaurids were not only more diverse than previously imagined, but also exhibited greater variation in tooth morphology, jaw shape, and body size,” the researchers concluded.

“Instead of merely competing with mosasaurines, halisaurinae experienced a minor adaptive radiation during the Late Cretaceous and served as significant components of low-latitude ecosystems.”

The discovery of Pluridence Imeraki was detailed in a research paper published in this week’s edition of Diversity.

_____

Nicholas R. Longrich and Nour Eddin Jalil. 2026. A giant halisaurine from the late Maastrichtian of Morocco. Diversity 18(3):159; doi: 10.3390/d18030159

Source: www.sci.news

Early Homo Species First Appeared in the Jordan Valley Over 1.9 Million Years Ago

Posted on February 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

New Study Reassesses the Age of the Jordan Valley Ubaydiya Layer: Dating Back Approximately 2 Million Years, Comparable to Georgia’s Dmanisi Ruins. This Research May Mark a Critical Moment in Human Evolution, Indicating That Early Humans with Advanced Tool-Making Skills Expanded into New Environments Much Earlier Than Previously Believed.

Artist’s reconstruction of Homo erectus. Image credit: Yale University.

The Ubaydiya ruins are situated in Israel’s Jordan Valley, nestled between Menahemia village and Beit Zerah kibbutz.

Discovered in 1959, this site has yielded a distinctive Ature hatchet but only a few human remains.

“The Ubaydiya Formation has been a focus of research for years, offering early evidence of the Acheulean culture, recognized by its large, double-sided stone tools, often found alongside a diverse array of fauna, including species from Africa and Asia,” remarked Ali Matmon, a professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

“Yet, determining the precise age of this site has posed a considerable challenge over the decades.”

“Historically, researchers estimated Ubaydiya’s age to be between 1.2 and 1.6 million years, based on relative chronology.”

To ascertain the site’s true age, researchers employed three independent dating techniques: magnetic stratigraphy, uranium-lead (U-Pb) dating of mollusc shells, and cosmogenic isotope burial dating.

“Cosmogenic isotope burial dating measures rare isotopes generated when cosmic rays strike rocks on Earth’s surface,” explained the research team.

“Once buried, these isotopes decay at a known rate, effectively beginning a geological clock that indicates how long they have been underground.”

“We also analyzed remnants of Earth’s ancient magnetic field preserved in lake sediments at the site,” they added.

“As sediment settles, it locks in the orientation of the planet’s magnetic field at that time.”

“By correlating these magnetic signatures with known historical reversals in Earth’s magnetic field, we established that this formation emerged during the Matsuyama period, over 2 million years ago.”

“We also examined the fossils of melanopsis, utilizing U-Pb dating to determine the age of shells and freshwater snails within the sediment, which helped us establish the minimum age of the layer where the stone tools were discovered.”

“Overall, our findings indicate an age much earlier than previously anticipated.”

Double-sided stone tool excavated from the Ubaydiya site in Israel. Image credit: Omri Barzilai.

The team’s results indicate that the Ubaydiya site is at least 1.9 million years old, significantly older than prior estimates.

“This new chronology suggests that Ubaydiya is roughly contemporaneous with the renowned Dmanisi site in Georgia, implying that our ancestors migrated to different regions simultaneously,” the scientists noted.

“Additionally, this suggests that both simpler Oldowan and more advanced Acheulean stone tool-making techniques began their migration from Africa as various hominin groups explored new terrains.”

This groundbreaking study is published in the Quaternary Science Review.

_____

A. Matmon et al. 2026. The Complex History of Radiation Exposure Burials in the Dead Sea Rift Valley and the Recycling of Pleistocene Sediments Affecting the Age of the Acheulian Site Ubaydiya. Quaternary Science Review 378: 109871; doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2026.109871

Source: www.sci.news

New Sauropod Dinosaur Species Discovered in Brazil: A Groundbreaking Find

Posted on February 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers in Brazil have unearthed a newly identified species of vertebrate sauropod dinosaur resembling those from Europe, hinting at an ancient migration route that once linked two continents, now divided by the Atlantic Ocean.

Artist’s impression of Dasosaurus tocantinensis. Image credit: TotalDino / CC BY 4.0.

This newly discovered dinosaur species lived approximately 120 million years ago during the Early Cretaceous period, a time when the world’s landmasses were consolidated within the southern supercontinent Gondwana.

Dubbed Dasosaurus tocantinensis, this dinosaur measured about 20 meters (66 feet) in length.

It belonged to the Somphospondyli clade, which includes titanosaur-like sauropods that thrived from the late Jurassic to the end of the Cretaceous period.

The partial skeleton of Dasosaurus tocantinensis was unearthed in the Itapecur Formation located in northeastern Brazil.

This dinosaur features distinct anatomical traits, such as elongated ridges and grooves on its caudal vertebrae, as well as a notably pronounced lateral bulge on its femur, characteristics not previously identified in any known species.

These unique features indicate that Dasosaurus tocantinensis lies outside the titanosaur lineage, a subgroup of sauropods that would later dominate the southern continents.

Interestingly, this new species appears most closely related to Galumbachitan morelensis, another sauropod that existed in present-day Spain around 122 million years ago.

The discovery not only catalogs a new species but also reinforces the idea that Early Cretaceous South America was not an isolated evolutionary niche.

Instead, it formed part of a vibrant network of land connections that facilitated dinosaur migrations between continents long before the Atlantic Ocean was fully formed.

“This finding expands the known diversity of Early Cretaceous sauropods in northern South America and underscores their biogeographical ties to Europe and other regions in northern Gondwana,” stated lead author Max Langer from the University of São Paulo and colleagues.

“Indeed, numerical biogeographical analyses suggest that a clade consisting of Dasosaurus tocantinensis and Galumbachitan morelensis originally arose in Europe, with their lineages migrating from Europe to South America through North Africa during the Valanginian (137 to 133 million years ago) and Aptian (121 to 113 million years ago) periods.”

The discovery of Dasosaurus tocantinensis was reported in a research paper published on February 12th in the Journal of Systematic Paleontology.

_____

Elver L. Mayer et al. (2026). A new European-like titanosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Brazil: Insights into the phylogeny, histology, and biogeography of Somphospondyli. Journal of Systematic Paleontology 24(1); doi: 10.1080/14772019.2025.2601579

Source: www.sci.news

Discover the Unique Ant Species: A Queens-Only Colony with No Males or Workers

Posted on February 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The parasitic species Temnothorax kinomurai targets the closely related ants, Temnothorax makora.

Credit: Clalit/iNaturalist

In a groundbreaking discovery, researchers have identified a unique parasitic ant species in Japan that has effectively eradicated both male and female worker ants from their colonies. This means that all individuals in these colonies function as queens, attempting to dominate the nests of competing species.

Typically, ant colonies are structured with a queen, female workers, and short-lived males that die shortly after mating.

For over four decades, scientists have speculated about the existence of this elusive parasitic ant, Temnothorax kinomurai, which is known to produce only queens. Until now, however, there was no definitive proof.

Young queens of this parasitic species infiltrate the nests of closely related ants, Temnothorax makora, killing the host queen and some workers through stinging. They then reproduce asexually, creating cloned offspring in a process called parthenogenesis—a phenomenon that is rare among ants but common in other insect species. As a result, workers from T. makora are deceived into nurturing the young kinomurai queens.

Research led by Jurgen Heinze and his team at the University of Regensburg, Germany, successfully bred and raised T. kinomurai queens in a controlled laboratory environment, resulting in 43 queen offspring—none of which displayed male reproductive organs.

The resulting 43 queens were then introduced to colonies of T. makora. Out of these, seven queens survived and successfully executed their takeover, producing 57 additional offspring, all confirmed to be female queens.

“This discovery reveals a completely new form of social organization among ants, adding a fascinating dimension to the already complex world of ants,” Heinze states.

While invading the colonies of other species can be a precarious tactic—evidenced by the study’s high queen failure rates—having an all-female offspring increases the likelihood of establishing a new reproductive colony.

“If parthenogenesis arose through random mutation, this is the outcome. A single T. kinomurai queen can produce 100 daughters without the need for mating, leading to 100 queens ready to seek out new colonies,” Heinze explains.

“This species represents the pinnacle of social parasitism evolution, showcasing the remarkable adaptability in the life cycles of social insects,” he concludes.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

European Ants Successfully Clone Another Species: Insights from Sciworthy

Posted on February 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

When discussing evolutionary biology, we often assume that the offspring of organisms belong to the same species. However, the European ant Messol Iberix challenges this notion. Recent studies in evolutionary ecology have uncovered that certain ants in the genus Messer are likely descended from two different species, leading to the term hybrids.

A groundbreaking study conducted by researchers at the University of Montpellier in France revealed that European ant queens are capable of producing worker ants through cloning hybrids from other ant species. This remarkable finding positions the European ant as the first known animal to spontaneously generate offspring from a different species, a process termed Heterogeneous parity, challenging preconceived notions in reproductive biology.

By investigating the population genetics of Messer ants and analyzing single DNA nucleotides at specific genomic locations, scientists discovered that all worker ants within the European ant species are hybrids. Genetic sequencing has confirmed that these worker ants inherit maternal genes from European ants and paternal genes from their closely related harvester ants, identified as messerstructor. The ecological implications of this hybridization are significant, especially since these two species typically do not coexist in Europe, raising questions about the origins of these hybrids.

To investigate further, researchers analyzed samples from wild European ant colonies. From 132 males across 26 colonies, they observed that 44% exhibited hairiness—a trait indicative of European ants—while the remaining 56% appeared hairless, typical of harvester ants. Through DNA and protein sequence analyses, they confirmed these physical differences stemmed from a mix of both European and harvester ant species, which diverged over 5 million years ago.

Interestingly, European ant queens engage in polygamy, mating with both European and harvester ant males. This dynamic means that to produce worker ants, European ant queens rely on sperm from harvester males, as sperm from European males produces only queens. Consequently, all worker ants are hybrids, meaning the survival of these colonies is dependent on the presence of male harvesters.

To solidify their hypotheses, researchers sequenced the mitochondrial genome, which is exclusively inherited from mother ants. Analyzing 286 eggs from five laboratory colonies, they discovered that 9% of the eggs laid by queens solely contained harvester ant DNA, supporting the idea that European ant queens can produce offspring without their own genetic material. This unique phenomenon, where males serve as the sole source of genetic inheritance, is termed androclonality or androgen.

Researchers believe that millions of years ago, when both species thrived in close proximity, European ant queens acquired sperm from wild harvester ant colonies to produce workers. As harvester ant populations declined in Europe, these queens adapted by storing sperm and began directly cloning males through their eggs, establishing a unique clonal lineage of male harvester ants that persists today.

The study indicated that a majority of hybrid workers within the colonies observed were fathered by male clones, although a small fraction came from male harvester ants. The genetic diversity among cloned males was notably lower than that found in wild males. Researchers noted distinct physical differences, akin to the contrast between domesticated cats and their wild counterparts, with cloned harvesters exhibiting reduced body hair compared to their wild relatives. This led the researchers to propose that these male clones should be classified as a domesticated variant of the harvester ant species.

While artificial cloning is generally recognized in scientific circles, the natural cloning adaptation observed in European ant queens highlights a fascinating survival strategy. Although their ability to clone males from another species has been established, the cellular and genetic mechanisms underlying this process remain poorly understood. Unraveling the evolutionary origins of this behavior and its implications for other species presents an intriguing challenge for the research team in France.

For more insights on this topic, check out the article: here.

Post views: 194

Source: sciworthy.com

Experts Urge Attention for the World’s Smallest and Cutest Deer Species

Posted on February 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Just when you thought Bambi couldn’t get any cuter, meet the Pudu, the world’s smallest deer. Slightly taller than domestic cats, these adorable creatures more than make up for their small size with immense charm.

With captivating doe eyes, a button-shaped nose, tiny feet, and perky ears, this small South American mammal looks like it just hopped out of a Disney movie.

There are two species of Pudu: the Southern Pudu and the Northern Pudu, also known as the Kitapudu.

https://c02.purpledshub.com/uploads/sites/41/2026/02/pudu-deer.mp4

Pudu is the world’s smallest deer, weighing less than a Corgi and standing no taller than a domestic cat.

The Southern Pudu, with its chestnut-colored fur, is native to the Valdivia temperate forest in south-central Chile and Argentina.

In contrast, the Kitapudu has a lighter coat and a darker face, primarily found in the Andes Mountains of Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, and Ecuador.

Adult Kitapudus weigh about the same as a domestic cat, but unlike felines, Pudus can be seen sporting charming headgear!

Each year, adult male Pudus grow a pair of distinctive, single-pointed horns that they use in playful “jousting” matches during the autumn mating season in the southern hemisphere. Males establish their territory and compete for dominance and mating rights.

These jostling contests can get intense, as males will jump, kick, and poke with their front legs, chasing each other and locking horns. Imagine Bambi caught up in a spirited brawl!

However, Pudus are typically solitary creatures, only socializing during mating or when females are raising their fawns. In the wild, they can be quite elusive.

By day, they conceal themselves in dense forest undergrowth, but at night, they emerge to perform essential duties such as marking their territory and foraging for food.

When it comes to diet, Pudus prefer low-hanging fruit—both literally and figuratively. Due to their petite size, they thrive on plant material found at ground level, including herbs, ferns, bark, and fallen fruit.

If they desire a treat from higher up, Pudus will ingeniously stand on their hind legs or climb a branch. Observers have documented them using their front legs to bend or break seedlings to reach tender leaves.

These nervous creatures are easily startled. This makes sense, considering their young are prey for Andean foxes, long-eared owls, and pumas—animals that can threaten their existence.

When alarmed, Pudus emit a warning sound and quickly zigzag to safety in the underbrush.

Though they breed successfully in captivity, the same cannot be said for their wild counterparts. Pudus are increasingly threatened by habitat destruction due to cattle ranching, agriculture, and logging.

Additionally, some are captured for the pet trade or hunted with specially trained dogs. A recent study found that wild Pudus have also begun transmitting diseases from nearby livestock, emphasizing the urgent need to protect these charming animals.

If you have any questions, please email us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or reach out to us on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (please include your name and location).

Explore our ultimate fun facts and discover more amazing science topics!

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Massive New Dinosaur Species Unearthed in Sahara Desert

Posted on February 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists have made an exciting discovery of a monumental new dinosaur species in a secluded area of the Sahara Desert. Named Spinosaurus mirabilis—which translates to “amazing spinosaurus” in Latin—this colossal creature roamed more than 95 million years ago in what is now Niger, far from the coastal regions typically associated with similar fish-hunting dinosaurs.

Measuring as long as a school bus and weighing several tons, Spinosaurus mirabilis stands out from other spinosaurs due to its distinctive scimitar-shaped crest on its head. This unique feature was so rare that researchers did not recognize its importance during the initial excavation in 2019; they only grasped its significance upon returning in 2022 to unearth additional specimens.

“This discovery was so sudden and surprising that it was incredibly exciting for our team,” said Paul Sereno, Professor of Organismal Biology and Anatomy at the University of Chicago. Sereno led the groundbreaking research, which was published in a 2016 Science study.

“I will cherish the moment we gathered around our laptops at camp to observe the new species for the first time, after one of our team members generated a 3D digital model of the bones we uncovered to assemble the skull. It was then that the full significance of the discovery became clear,” he added.

The interlocking upper and lower teeth of the skull form a lethal trap for slippery fish. Fish-eating is a proven adaptation found in ichthyosaurs, crocodiles, and pterosaurs, and distinguishes Spinosaurus from its dinosaur relatives. – Photo credit: Keith Ladzinski

Previous Spinosaurus fossils are mainly found near ancient coastlines. These dinosaurs, characterized by their long snouts and conical teeth reminiscent of modern crocodiles, were exceptionally adapted for hunting fish.

The extent of their aquatic capabilities is still debated, with some researchers asserting they were powerful swimmers, while others believe they spent most of their time paddling through shallow waters.

Interestingly, S. mirabilis was discovered hundreds of kilometers away from the nearest coast. Researchers propose that this region of Niger may have once been a lush forest landscape crisscrossed by rivers, rather than a coastal area.

Ana Lazaro, a participant in the 2022 Niger Expedition, holds the third and most complete head print known from the new spinosaurid *Spinosaurus mirabilis*. – Photo credit: Alvaro Simarro

“I envision this dinosaur had no difficulty entering 2 meters (6.5 feet) of water with its robust legs, but likely spent most of its time stalking through shallower areas, hunting for the day’s many large fish,” Sereno remarked.

Nevertheless, many mysteries remain about this new species and its closely related counterparts in the Spinosauridae family.

“This new discovery will only enhance its mystique,” said Steve Brusatte, a professor and paleontologist at the University of Edinburgh, who was not involved in the study. BBC Science Focus.

“This surprising discovery underscores that there is still much to learn about Spinosaurus. While dinosaurs have long been shrouded in enigma, each new fossil sheds light on their true nature, bringing Spinosaurus into clearer focus.”

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Exciting Discovery: New Spinosaurus Species Unearthed in Niger

Posted on February 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists Discover the First Distinct Species of Fish-Eating Dinosaur Spinosaurus mirabilis in Over a Century

Spinosaurus mirabilis — One of the last surviving spinosaurids. Image credit: Dani Navarro.

Recently identified as Spinosaurus mirabilis, this remarkable new species thrived during the Cretaceous period, approximately 95 million years ago.

The dinosaur fossil was unearthed by University of Chicago professor Paul Sereno and his team in a remote fossil site located in Jengeb, Niger, deep within the central Sahara desert.

One of the most striking characteristics of Spinosaurus mirabilis is its large, scimitar-shaped skull, which is unprecedented within this group.

“The scimitar-shaped skull was so substantial and surprising that when we first excavated it along with some jaw fragments in November 2019, we didn’t immediately recognize it,” they explained.

“Upon returning in 2022 with an expanded team, we uncovered two additional skulls, confirming the distinctiveness of this new species.”

“Based on the surface texture and internal blood vessels, we believe the skull was once covered in a layer of skin.”

“This display likely featured vibrant colors during its lifetime, curving upward like a blade to attract attention.”

Spinosaurus mirabilis capturing a coelacanth Mawsonia approximately 95 million years ago, near a river in what is now Niger. Image credit: Dani Navarro.

The discovery of Spinosaurus mirabilis challenges longstanding beliefs regarding the habitat and behavior of spinosaur dinosaurs.

Until this finding, most spinosaur fossils had been located in coastal sediments, leading to speculation about their fully aquatic lifestyle.

However, the new fossils from Niger are situated 500 to 1,000 kilometers away from the nearest ancient coastlines.

The researchers suggest that Spinosaurus mirabilis likely inhabited forested inland areas interspersed with rivers.

“I envision this dinosaur as a sort of ‘hell’s heron.’ With its robust legs, it could easily wade through two meters of water but likely spent the majority of its time stalking through shallow waters in search of large fish,” said Professor Sereno.

This pivotal research is detailed in a recently published article in the journal Science: paper.

_____

Paul C. Sereno et al. describe the new scimitar-shaped Spinosaurus species and its role in the evolution of spinosaurids. Science, published online on February 19, 2026. doi: 10.1126/science.adx5486

Source: www.sci.news

Newly Discovered Small Herbivorous Dinosaur Species Found in Spain

Posted on February 2, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A groundbreaking discovery has unveiled a new genus and species of small bipedal dinosaur from fossils found in Burgos, Spain.

Reconstruction of Foskeia pelendonum. Image credit: Martina Charnel.

Foskeia pelendonum thrived during the Early Cretaceous period, approximately 120 million years ago.

This newly identified species is part of the Rhabdodontomorpha, a group of ornithischian dinosaurs that existed primarily from the early to late Cretaceous period.

The diminutive dinosaur was roughly the size of a modern chicken, setting it apart from many of its larger ornithischian relatives.

“From the outset, we recognized the uniqueness of these bones due to their small size,” stated Dr. Fidel Torcida Fernández Baldor, a paleontologist at the Salas de los Infantes Dinosaur Museum.

“Remarkably, this study challenges established global theories regarding the evolution of ornithopod dinosaurs.”

“Miniaturization does not imply evolutionary simplicity. This skull is distinctive and highly specialized,” added Dr. Marcos Becerra from the National University of Córdoba.

“Foskeia pelendonum bridges a 70-million-year gap, serving as a small key to unlock a vast chapter of evolutionary history,” remarked Dr. Thierry Tortosa, a paleontologist at the Sainte-Victoire Nature Reserve.

“This is not a ‘mini’ iguanodon; it’s fundamentally different,” emphasized Dr. Tabata Zanesco Ferreira from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.

“Its anatomy is peculiar in a way that fundamentally alters the evolutionary tree,” said Dr. Penélope Cursado-Caballero from the University of La Laguna.

The fossilized remnants of at least five individuals of Foskeia pelendonum were excavated from the Vegaguete site in Burgos, Spain.

“This site is part of the Castrillo de la Reina Formation, located between Villanueva de Calazo and Salas de los Infantes,” the researchers noted.

Histological analysis confirmed that the largest specimen was a sexually mature adult.

“The microstructure of the bones suggests that at least one individual was an adult with a metabolic rate akin to that of small mammals and birds,” said Dr. Cohen Stein from Vrije Universiteit Bruxelles.

“Understanding growth and development is vital for comparing anatomical structures within Foskeia pelendonum and other species.”

“Juveniles often exhibit anatomical changes as they mature.”

Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Foskeia pelendonum is closely related to the Australian dinosaur Muttaburasaurus, extending the European clade Rhabdodontia.

“Our findings indicate that herbivorous dinosaurs comprise a natural group called Phytodinosauria,” stated Dr. Paul-Emile Dieudonné from the National University of Rio Negro.

“This hypothesis requires further examination with additional data.”

Despite its modest size, Foskeia pelendonum exhibits specialized dentition and postural changes during growth, adapting for rapid movement through dense vegetation.

“These fossils illustrate that significant evolutionary experiments occurred at both small and large body sizes,” Dieudonné concluded.

“The future of dinosaur research relies on recognizing the significance of small details.”

The discovery of Foskeia pelendonum is detailed in a research paper published in the journal Paleontology Papers.

_____

l-Emile Dieudonné et al. 2026. Foskeia pelendonum, a new rhabdodontomorph from the Early Cretaceous of Salas de los Infantes (Burgos Province, Spain), and a new lineage of ornithischian dinosaurs. Paleontology Papers 12 (1): e70057; doi: 10.1002/spp2.70057

Source: www.sci.news

Discover the Evolution of All Bird Species with Our New Online Tool

Posted on January 30, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Ornithologists at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology have unveiled the most comprehensive evolutionary tree of birds to date. This groundbreaking research reveals unexpected relationships and serves as a fascinating illustration for bird enthusiasts. Explore the World Bird Lineage Explorer, where you can track lineage and evolutionary milestones.

European bee-eater (Merops apiaster). Image credit: Rashuli / CC BY 2.0.

Understanding the phylogeny of birds is crucial for advancing bird research.

With over 11,000 bird species worldwide, consolidating phylogenetic trees into a singular, updated resource has posed significant challenges for ornithologists.

The Birds of the World Phylogeny Explorer directly addresses these challenges, remaining current with the latest scientific discoveries.

“This tool combines centuries of avian research with advanced computational tools, creating a captivating interactive resource that narrates the story of bird evolution,” stated Dr. Elliott Miller, a researcher with the American Bird Conservancy.

“New evolutionary relationships are constantly being discovered. We release annual updates to our phylogenetic tools, ensuring our datasets align with the latest taxonomy,” he added.

“This tool holds immense value for the scientific community,” remarked Dr. Pam Rasmussen from the Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

“The complete tree of bird life, built on cutting-edge phylogenetic research, is now a downloadable, interactive dataset from Birds of the World, encouraging further inquiry and exploration.”

“This evolutionary tree provides crucial insights into how evolutionary history has shaped traits such as beak shape, wing length, foraging behaviors, and habitat preferences in birds.”

“Bird lovers will appreciate the personalized features of the Birds of the World Phylogeny Explorer,” Dr. Marshall Iliff noted, also from the Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

“By logging into the platform, birders can visualize the diversity of their eBird species list, diving deep into bird history across orders, families, and genera, thus revealing noteworthy evolutionary patterns.”

“For birdwatchers, their lifetime list transforms into a personal journey through evolutionary history, highlighting how each species fits into the broader narrative of avian evolution.”

“Users are sure to encounter surprising revelations. For instance, why does the North American woodpecker closely resemble other woodpeckers yet belong to a different lineage?”

“Or why are peregrine falcons fierce hunters like hawks and eagles, even though they originate from a separate branch of the family tree?”

“Solving these taxonomic enigmas can become a lifelong pursuit for anyone deeply passionate about birds.”

Source: www.sci.news

New Titanosaurus Species Discovered by Paleontologists in Argentina

Posted on January 27, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A newly identified genus and species of titanosaurus, a colossal sauropod dinosaur from the Cretaceous period, has been uncovered from fossils in northern Patagonia, Argentina.

Reconstructing the life of Yenen Hassai. Image credit: Gabriel Rio.

Named Yenen Hassai, this new species roamed Earth approximately 83 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous period.

This ancient creature belongs to the Titanosauridae, a fascinating group of large, long-necked herbivorous dinosaurs that thrived on the Gondwana supercontinent.

“The head of Yenen Hassai was proportionately smaller compared to its massive body,” explained Dr. Leonardo Filippi, a paleontologist from CONICET and the Urquiza Municipal Museum in Argentina.

“This titanosaur measured between 10 to 12 meters (33 to 39 feet) in length and weighed approximately 8 to 10 tons.”

The fossil remains of Yenen Hassai were excavated from the Bajo de la Carpa Formation at a site known as Cerro Obero la Invernada in Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina.

This material showcases one of the most complete titanosaur skeletons found in the region, preserving six cervical vertebrae, ten dorsal vertebrae with associated ribs, the sacrum, and the first caudal vertebra.

Alongside the holotype, researchers identified remains of at least two additional sauropods at the site, including a juvenile specimen and another adult titanosaur, which may belong to an unclassified species.

“Through phylogenetic analysis, Yenen Hassai is found to be closely related to Nalambuenatitan and Overosaurus, as a basal member of an unnamed clade of derived non-lithostrotians saltasaurids,” they noted.

“Evidence from the titanosaur fauna at Cerro Obero la Invernada indicates that species diversity was relatively high during the Santonian period, suggesting that at least two lineages, colossosaurs and saltasauroids, coexisted.”

“This discovery positions the Cerro Obero-La Invernada region as the area with the highest diversity of titanosaurs during the Santonian of the Neuquén Basin, offering crucial insights into the evolution of dinosaur fauna in this era.”

This significant finding is detailed in a recent article: research paper published in the Journal of Historical Biology on January 12, 2026.

_____

LS Filippi et al. Yenen Hassai: An Overview of Sauropod Titanosaurs Diversity from the Cerro Overo-La Invernada Region (Bajo de la Carpa Formation of the Santonian), Northern Patagonia, Argentina. Historical Biology published online January 12, 2026. doi: 10.1080/08912963.2025.2584707

Source: www.sci.news

Pleistocene Fossils Uncover Evidence That Hopping Was Common Among Large Species, Not Just Small Kangaroos

Posted on January 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A groundbreaking study conducted by paleontologists from the University of Bristol, the University of Manchester, and the University of Melbourne has uncovered that the giant ancestors of modern kangaroos possessed robust hindlimb bony and tendon structures, enabling them to endure the stress of jumping. This challenges the previous assumption that body size strictly limited this iconic locomotion.

Simosthenurus occidentalis. Image credit: Nellie Pease / ARC CoE CABAH / CC BY-SA 4.0 Certificate.

Currently, red kangaroos represent the largest living jumping animals, averaging a weight of approximately 90 kg.

However, during the Ice Age, some kangaroo species reached weights exceeding 250 kg—more than double the size of today’s largest kangaroos.

Historically, researchers speculated that these giant kangaroos must have ceased hopping, as early studies indicated that jumping became mechanically impractical beyond 150 kg.

“Earlier estimates relied on simplistic models of modern kangaroos, overlooking critical anatomical variations,” explained Dr. Megan Jones, a postgraduate researcher at the University of Manchester and the University of Melbourne.

“Our research indicates that these ancient animals weren’t simply larger versions of today’s kangaroos; their anatomy was specifically adapted to support their massive size.”

In this new study, Dr. Jones and her team examined the hind limbs of 94 modern and 40 fossil specimens from 63 species, including members of the extinct giant kangaroo group, Protemnodon, which thrived during the Pleistocene epoch, approximately 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago.

The researchers assessed body weight estimates and analyzed the fourth metatarsal length and diameter (a crucial elongated foot bone for jumping in modern kangaroos) to evaluate its capacity to endure jumping stresses.

Comparisons were drawn between the heel bone structures of giant kangaroos and their modern counterparts.

The team estimated the strength of tendons necessary for the jumping force of a giant kangaroo and determined whether the heel bones could accommodate such tendons.

The findings suggest that the metatarsals of all giant kangaroos were adequate to withstand jumping pressures, and the heel bones were sufficiently large to support the width of the required jump tendons.

These results imply that all giant kangaroo species had the physical capability to jump.

Nevertheless, the researchers caution that giant kangaroos likely did not rely solely on hopping for locomotion, given their large body sizes, which would hinder long-distance movement.

They highlight that sporadic hopping is observed in many smaller species today, such as hopping rodents and smaller marsupials.

Some giant kangaroo species may have used short, quick jumps to evade predators. Thylacoleo.

“Thicker tendons offer increased safety but store less elastic energy,” said Dr. Katrina Jones, a researcher at the University of Bristol.

“This trait may have rendered giant kangaroo hoppers slower and less efficient, making them more suited for short distances rather than extensive travel.”

“Even so, hopping doesn’t need to be maximally energy-efficient to be advantageous. These animals likely leveraged their hopping ability to rapidly navigate uneven terrain or evade threats.”

University of Manchester researcher Dr. Robert Nudds remarks: “Our findings enhance the understanding that prehistoric Australian kangaroos exhibited greater ecological diversity than seen today, with some large species functioning as herbivores, akin to modern kangaroos, while others filled ecological niches as browsers, a category absent among today’s large kangaroos.”

For more details, refer to the study results published in the journal Scientific Reports.

_____

M.E. Jones et al. 2026. Biomechanical Limits of Hindlimb Hopping in Extinct Giant Kangaroos. Scientific Reports 16/1309. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-29939-7

Source: www.sci.news

Exploring the Evolutionary Origins of Same-Sex Sexual Behavior in Primate Species

Posted on January 13, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Same-sex sexual activity isn’t exclusive to humans; various primates engage in it too.

A recent study identified 59 non-human primate species, including bonobos, chimpanzees, and macaques, that exhibit same-sex behavior.

This extensive research, published in Nature Ecology & Evolution, is the most thorough review to date of same-sex behavior among primates (excluding humans). The findings challenge existing assumptions about the purpose of sexual activities within the animal kingdom and indicate that sex may serve a more complex social function.

The authors propose that same-sex behavior has evolved to assist primates in navigating complex social structures, reducing conflict, and strengthening bonds. They suggest that both genetic factors and external environmental stresses influence this behavior.

Vincent Savolainen, director of the Georgina Mace Center for the Living Planet at Imperial College London and lead author of the study, stated: “Our findings illustrate that homosexuality is not an anomaly; it’s widespread, beneficial, and essential.”

In their study, Savolainen and colleagues evaluated existing data from 491 primate species, focusing on documented instances of same-sex sexual activities.

“The behaviors observed included mounting, ventral-to-ventral, or ventral-to-dorsal contact, genital touching, and fellatio, encompassing both male-to-male and female-to-female interactions,” the study highlighted. Non-sexual same-sex interactions were excluded to maintain clarity.

Findings suggest that same-sex behavior is more prevalent among animals needing social cohesion to endure harsh environmental conditions, facing predation risks, or competing for resources. It is particularly common in social structures with rigid hierarchies, where sexual behaviors help individuals manage competition and foster alliances to reduce intergroup aggression.

“People often underestimate the significance of same-sex behavior in societal dynamics; it is as crucial as eating, fighting, parenting, and nurturing,” Savolainen remarked.

He likened same-sex sexual interactions to a form of “currency” that may enhance social standing, create opportunities, and facilitate resource sharing.

“In times of social strife, utilizing same-sex behavior can be advantageous,” Savolainen explained.

He noted that while this behavior is likely to be present in more than 23 primate species, limited data in the field and a lack of focused studies hinder comprehensive understanding.

Observing and interpreting same-sex sexual behavior can be challenging for scientists. Historically, many researchers viewed these behaviors as unusual and neglected documentation. Additionally, securing funding for studies on same-sex behavior in animals has been difficult, particularly from government sources.

“We have a plethora of species about which we lack knowledge. This knowledge gap is significant,” Savolainen warned. “Unless we incorporate same-sex behavior into our understanding of social dynamics, we can’t fully grasp how societies operate. We aim to gather more data in forthcoming studies.”

While the new research doesn’t directly relate its findings to contemporary human sexual behavior, it suggests that our ancestors experienced social and environmental pressures similar to those driving same-sex behavior in other primates.

Prior studies have indicated that widespread same-sex behavior exists in macaques and that certain traits are genetically inherited. Some behaviors can be linked to specific genetic lineages. Female bonobos often engage in genital rubbing during stressful situations, and same-sex behavior has also been documented in chimpanzees.

Marlene Zook, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Minnesota who studies same-sex behavior in animals, commented on the interesting breadth of the analysis.

“The extensive range of data collected in this study is particularly impressive,” she noted.

Zook expressed no surprise at the conclusion emphasizing the influence of environmental and social factors on same-sex behavior. The study prompts a reconsideration of widespread misconceptions regarding animal sexual conduct, emphasizing its complexity beyond mere reproduction.

“Sexual behavior often transcends reproduction, a fact evident in our species. However, many tend to overlook this reality in animals,” Zook observed. “People seem to assume that animals, unlike humans, conduct sexual activities purely for procreation purposes, which is quite inaccurate.”

Zook added that the scientific community has traditionally dismissed the concept of a “gay gene” that directly influences homosexual behavior.

“No single gene dictates homosexual behavior in humans or other animals. Instead, a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors shape nearly all behaviors and traits, whether they be physical or psychological,” she concluded.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Newly Discovered Songbird Species in Bolivia: A Major Ornithological Breakthrough

Posted on January 6, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Deep within Bolivia’s seasonally flooded savannah, a small olive-green songbird has eluded scientific classification for decades. After 60 years of misidentification, ornithologists have finally confirmed that this bird is not merely a regional variant within the genus Hylophilus. It represents a completely new species. This discovery adds to South America’s rich avian diversity and underscores the vast unknowns still present within even well-studied bird families.

Hylophilus moxensis) in its habitat near San Ramon, Beni, Bolivia, on January 10, 2024.” width=”580″ height=”426″ srcset=”https://cdn.sci.news/images/2026/01/image_14464-Hylophilus-moxensis.jpg 580w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2026/01/image_14464-Hylophilus-moxensis-300×220.jpg 300w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2026/01/image_14464-Hylophilus-moxensis-104×75.jpg 104w” sizes=”(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px”/>

Beni Greenlet (Hylophilus moxensis), January 10, 2024, in its habitat near San Ramon, Beni, Bolivia. Observe the pale brownish-gray pinnae, dark lore, the base of the dark commissures, the clefts across the crown and frontal area, and the dark iris. Image credit: Tini Wijpkema.

The newly identified species belongs to the Hylophilus genus, part of the Vireonidae family, which includes vireos, greenlets, and shrikes.

With the scientific name Hylophilus moxensis (common name: Beni Greenlet), this bird thrives in the wet scrublands of Bolivia’s Beni Savannah, an ecologically unique area also known as Llanos de Moxos.

The species was first noted by ornithologists in 1960 but was initially thought to be an isolated population of two similar species found in Brazil: the Rufous-Clown Greenlet (Hylophilus poirotis) and the Gray Greenlet (Hylophilus amaurocephalus).

“Morphological differences among many Hylophilus Greenlet species are subtle. Most display shades of green, gray, yellow, and brown,” explains Dr. Paul Van Els, an ornithologist at the National Museum of History in La Paz, Bolivia. He and his colleagues detailed their findings in a recent paper.

“For certain species, iris color is one of the most effective traits to differentiate them from similarly appearing relatives.”

By analyzing one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes, the research team clarified the uncertainty surrounding this population.

Results revealed that the Beni population is distinct from known species and is more closely related to Hylophilus poirotis and Hylophilus amaurocephalus, which diverged approximately 6.6 million years ago.

In contrast, the latter two species separated from one another about 3.5 million years ago.

Van Els and his team also conducted comprehensive analyses of facial plumage, eye color, and vocalizations.

Research indicates that the Hylophilus moxensis can be uniquely identified by the absence of black or brown markings behind the ears, a trait consistently found in closely related species, along with uniformly dark brown eyes and a distinctive vocal pattern.

In vocal studies, researchers observed that this species’ calls feature “V-shaped notes,” and their vocalizations include overtones reminiscent of female Hylophilus amaurocephalus calls—a unique combination not shared with either comparative species.

The discovery of Hylophilus moxensis contributes to a growing list of endemic species found in the Beni savannah.

While scientists currently do not regard this species as threatened with extinction, they caution that extensive agricultural burning poses significant threats to the region’s biodiversity.

“Recognizing Hylophilus moxensis should enhance conservation priorities in this area,” the authors noted.

“Rampant agricultural burning poses a serious risk to the region’s biodiversity.”

“Though we cannot accurately estimate the population size of Hylophilus moxensis, we do not currently consider it at risk of extinction, as there remains extensive suitable habitat.”

“However, the relatively low number of sightings might indicate issues beyond mere observer rarity, potentially reflecting a truly localized population.”

The team’s paper was published online on January 1, 2026, in the journal Bird Systematics.

_____

Paul Van Els et al. 2026. A new species of greenlet from Bolivia: Hylophilus moxensis (Vireonidae). Bird Systematics, 3(3):17-37

Source: www.sci.news

Discover 6 Groundbreaking Dinosaur Species Unveiled in 2025

Posted on December 25, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Zavasephale Rinpoche

Masaya Hattori

Meet the fascinating Zavasephale Rinpoche, a dome-headed dinosaur from Mongolia, dating back 108 million years. This remarkable creature is the oldest of its kind, with paleontologists describing its fossilized skull resembling a “cabochon gem.” While related species can grow up to 4 meters and weigh 400 kilograms, this juvenile measured around 1 meter in length and weighed approximately 6 kilograms.

<p xmlns:default="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    <figure class="ArticleImage">
        <div class="Image__Wrapper">
            <img class="Image" alt="Spicomerus afar" width="1350" height="834" src="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/05151921/SEI_276787454.jpg" srcset="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/05151921/SEI_276787454.jpg?width=300 300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/05151921/SEI_276787454.jpg?width=400 400w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/05151921/SEI_276787454.jpg?width=500 500w" sizes="(min-width: 1288px) 837px, (min-width: 1024px) calc(57.5vw + 55px)" loading="lazy" data-image-context="Article" data-image-id="2507371" data-caption="Spicomerus afar" data-credit="Matthew Dempsey"/>
        </div>
        <figcaption class="ArticleImageCaption">
            <div class="ArticleImageCaption__CaptionWrapper">
                <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Title">Spicomerus afar</p>
                <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Credit">Matthew Dempsey</p>
            </div>
        </figcaption>
    </figure>
</p>
<p>Scientists recently examined 165 million-year-old fossils from Morocco, leading to the identification of <em>Spicomerus afar</em>, a heavily armored dinosaur with a striking appearance. According to <a href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/people/susannah-maidment.html">Suzanna Maidment</a> from the Natural History Museum, the unique features of this dinosaur led her team to describe it as "baroque."</p>

<p xmlns:default="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    <figure class="ArticleImage">
        <div class="Image__Wrapper">
            <img class="Image" alt="Duonyx tsogtbatari" width="1350" height="964" src="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/05151923/SEI_276787580.jpg" srcset="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/05151923/SEI_276787580.jpg?width=300 300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/05151923/SEI_276787580.jpg?width=400 400w" sizes="(min-width: 1288px) 837px, (min-width: 1024px) calc(57.5vw + 55px)" loading="lazy" data-image-context="Article" data-image-id="2507372" data-caption="Duonyx tsogtbatari" data-credit="Masato Hattori"/>
        </div>
        <figcaption class="ArticleImageCaption">
            <div class="ArticleImageCaption__CaptionWrapper">
                <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Title">Duonyx tsogtbatari</p>
                <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Credit">Masato Hattori</p>
            </div>
        </figcaption>
    </figure>
</p>
<p>The 90-million-year-old <em>Duonyx tsogtbatari</em>, found in the Gobi Desert, might remind you of Edward Scissorhands due to its bipedal stance and two elongated fingers. These fingers, each equipped with massive claws measuring up to 30 centimeters, were likely used to grasp branches for feeding.</p>

<p xmlns:default="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    <figure class="ArticleImage">
        <div class="Image__Wrapper">
            <img class="Image" alt="Sri Rapax" width="1350" height="900" src="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/05151928/SEI_276787719.jpg" srcset="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/05151928/SEI_276787719.jpg?width=300 300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/05151928/SEI_276787719.jpg?width=400 400w" sizes="(min-width: 1288px) 837px, (min-width: 1024px) calc(57.5vw + 55px)" loading="lazy" data-image-context="Article" data-image-id="2507373" data-caption="Sri Rapax" data-credit="Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels"/>
        </div>
        <figcaption class="ArticleImageCaption">
            <div class="ArticleImageCaption__CaptionWrapper">
                <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Title">Sri Rapax</p>
                <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Credit">Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels</p>
            </div>
        </figcaption>
    </figure>
</p>
<p>If you’re a fan of <em>Jurassic Park</em>, be wary of the <em>Sri Rapax</em>. This dinosaur, discovered in the Gobi Desert, features menacing claws and was likely one of the fiercest predators during its time, 75 to 71 million years ago, hunting in sprawling deserts and lakes.</p>

<p xmlns:default="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    <figure class="ArticleImage">
        <div class="Image__Wrapper">
            <img class="Image" alt="Baminornis zhenghensis" width="1350" height="900" src="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/05151936/SEI_276787651.jpg" srcset="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/05151936/SEI_276787651.jpg?width=300 300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/05151936/SEI_276787651.jpg?width=400 400w" sizes="(min-width: 1288px) 837px, (min-width: 1024px) calc(57.5vw + 55px)" loading="lazy" data-image-context="Article" data-image-id="2507374" data-caption="Baminornis zhenghensis" data-credit="ZHAO Chuang"/>
        </div>
        <figcaption class="ArticleImageCaption">
            <div class="ArticleImageCaption__CaptionWrapper">
                <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Title">Baminornis zhenghensis</p>
                <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Credit">Zhao Chuang</p>
            </div>
        </figcaption>
    </figure>
</p>
<p>Discovered in China, the 150 million-year-old fossil <em>Baminornis zhenghensis</em> raises intriguing questions about the evolutionary link between birds and dinosaurs. Researchers suggest it could be the oldest bird discovered, showcasing shorter tail features than <em>Archaeopteryx</em>, hinting that modern bird characteristics evolved earlier than expected.</p>

<p xmlns:default="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    <figure class="ArticleImage">
        <div class="Image__Wrapper">
            <img class="Image" alt="Joaquinraptor casali" width="1350" height="900" src="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/05151937/SEI_267730855.jpg" srcset="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/05151937/SEI_267730855.jpg?width=300 300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/05151937/SEI_267730855.jpg?width=400 400w" sizes="(min-width: 1288px) 837px, (min-width: 1024px) calc(57.5vw + 55px)" loading="lazy" data-image-context="Article" data-image-id="2507375" data-caption="Joaquinraptor casali" data-credit="Andrew McAfee, Carnegie Museum of Natural History"/>
        </div>
        <figcaption class="ArticleImageCaption">
            <div class="ArticleImageCaption__CaptionWrapper">
                <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Title">Joaquinraptor casali</p>
                <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Credit">Andrew McAfee, Carnegie Museum of Natural History</p>
            </div>
        </figcaption>
    </figure>
</p>
<p>The terrifying <em>Joaquinraptor casali</em>, discovered in Patagonia, showcases a unique predator adaptation—its jaw was found with a crocodile's foot lodged in it. With a thumb claw akin to a human forearm, this new <em>Megaraptor</em> species likely grew to over 7 meters long, weighing around 1 tonne, making it one of the fiercest contenders of the Cretaceous period.</p>

<section class="SpecialArticleUnit">
    <picture class="SpecialArticleUnit__ImageWrapper">
        <img class="Image SpecialArticleUnit__Image" alt="Explore the world of science with New Scientist" width="1200" height="800" src="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/04143725/istock-622193346-.jpg" srcset="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/04143725/istock-622193346-.jpg?width=300 300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/04143725/istock-622193346-.jpg?width=375 375w" sizes="(min-width: 1277px) 375px, (min-width: 1040px) 26.36vw" loading="lazy" data-image-context="Special Article Unit" data-credit=""/>
    </picture>
    <div class="SpecialArticleUnit__CopyWrapper">
        <h3 class="SpecialArticleUnit__Heading">Dinosaur Hunting in Mongolia's Gobi Desert</h3>
        <div class="SpecialArticleUnit__Copy">
            <p>Join an exhilarating expedition to unearth dinosaur remains in the Gobi Desert, one of the world's premier paleontology sites.</p>
        </div>
    </div>
</section>

<section class="ArticleTopics" data-component-name="article-topics">
    <p class="ArticleTopics__Heading">Topics:</p>
</section>

Source: www.newscientist.com

New Bird Species Discovered in Papua New Guinea: A Breakthrough in Avian Research

Posted on December 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Ornithologists have utilized camera traps to document a newly identified species of jewel bubbler in the lush karst forests of Papua New Guinea’s Southern Fold Mountains.

Camera trap images showcasing the holotype and two paratypes of Ptilorrhoa urrissia taken during a detailed 3-month sampling in a high-density array over 0.5 ha. The holotype (ac, marked ‘h’ in image a) and a paratype (a and d, marked ‘p’ in image a), an adult female and juvenile with female-type plumage, were photographed together on January 1, 2020. The shown image is from a sequence of 20 photos captured within 87 seconds. A putative adult male paratype (e) was photographed on March 8, 2020, from under 40 meters. Image credit: Woxvold et al., doi: 10.1111/ibi.70016.

The newly identified species falls under the genus Ptilorrhoa, known for small birds in the family Cinclosomatidae.

Commonly referred to as jewel bubblers, these unique birds are endemic to New Guinea.

According to Ian Wachsvold, an ornithologist with the Australian Museum Research Institute, “Jewel bubblers are a group of ground-dwelling, insectivorous passerines found exclusively in New Guinea and nearby land-bridge islands.”

“These birds are characterized by their plump bodies, short wings, black masks, and white throat or cheek patches, with many species having soft feathers adorned with blue or maroon markings.”

“Typically vocal but shy, they dwell deep within the forests, making them more often heard than seen.”

“Currently, there are four recognized species, with three found across much of New Guinea, differentiated mainly by their altitude – Ptilorrhoa caerulescens lives in lowland areas, while Ptilorrhoa castanonota resides in hills and low mountains; Ptilorrhoa leucosticta prefers dense forests.”

“The fourth species, the brown-headed jewel bubbler (Ptilorrhoa geislerorum), has been recorded in two geographically separated regions: the hills and lowlands of northeastern Papua New Guinea, and a recently discovered population presumed to be this species located far west of Yapen Island.”

In 2017, Dr. Wachsvold and Leo Regula from Lihir Gold Ltd. initiated a biennial camera trap monitoring program for ground-dwelling birds and mammals on the Igif Ridge (Uri [mount] Uricia in the local Fasu language), a limestone forested anticline situated on the southeastern fringe of the Agogo Mountains in the Southern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea.

Throughout this research, distinctive, undescribed jewel bubblers were captured on camera.

“During over 1,800 camera days, we recorded 10 images of the bird across three sequences (trigger events) using two cameras set approximately 600 meters apart,” the researchers noted.

“In November 2018, we attempted to set up mist nets to capture these birds but were unsuccessful.”

“Camera trap surveillance was repeated in 2019, 2021, and 2024, accumulating a total of 94 photographs (22 sequences) and seven 30-second videos (4 sequences) featuring at least three to six birds, with 11 cameras monitoring an area of 16 hectares.”

Analysis of museum specimens alongside field photographic evidence confirms that the bird in question distinctly differs from other known Ptilorrhoa species.

Pyroroa urrissia),” they stated.

Pyroroa urrissia appears to be a resident species in the Yagif Ridge area, with birds photographed consistently over a span of ten consecutive months (June through March) across seven years.

The total number of newly detected species during the sampling period probably comprises fewer than ten birds.

“This species tends to be observed alone, in pairs, or in small family groups of three to four,” the researchers highlighted.

“Data indicates a similar social organization to other jewel bubblers worldwide. The Pyroroa urrissia duo is frequently photographed together, with most records (all but 3 sequences of one male) gathered from a 7 ha area; most likely indicating two breeding events involving a resident pair and their offspring.”

“We hypothesize that the Igif Ridge supports a fragmented population occupying an isolated low mountain lacking higher altitude support for Ptilorrhoa leucosticta,” they add.

“Potentially suitable habitats may be restricted to regions between Mt Bosabi and Mt Karimui in southern Papua New Guinea.”

To date, no songs have been distinctly attributed to any Ptilorrhoa species aside from Ptilorrhoa castanonota, although the team did encounter vocalizations on the Igif Ridge.

The new species appears to produce softer calls compared to other species such as Ptilorrhoa caerulescens and Ptilorrhoa castanonota, while showing behavioral similarities to Ptilorrhoa leucosticta.

“Jewel bubblers on the Igif Ridge are threatened by multiple factors,” scientists warn.

“Known native predators include at least three marsupials, such as the New Guinea quoll (Dasyrus albopuntatus), the woolly three-striped dasher (Myoichthys leucula), and certain Murexia species. Furthermore, the Papuan eagle (Harpyopsis novaeguineae), goshawk (Accipiter poliocephalus), and the great owl (Tito tenebricosa) prey on the ground, possibly targeting adult birds or their young.”

“Invasive predators represent an additional significant risk, especially for ground-nesting species like the jewel bubbler.”

“Domestic cats (Felis catus) have been photographed on Igif Ridge thrice in 2021 and 2024.”

“Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) are frequently spotted in the area, often accompanying hunters or loitering opportunistically.”

“Lastly, climate change poses a severe threat to tropical montane birds, particularly those like Pyroroa urrissia that have limited dispersal capabilities and no access to high-altitude environments on Igif Ridge.”

The findings of this significant discovery were published in a study in the journal Toki on November 26, 2025.

_____

Ian A. Wachsvold et al. A newly identified species of jewel bubbler (Cinclosomatidae: Ptilorrhoa) from Papua New Guinea’s Southern Fold Mountains. Toki, published online November 26, 2025. doi: 10.1111/ibi.70016

Source: www.sci.news

New Study Suggests Remarkable South African Fossil Could Represent a New Australopithecus Species

Posted on December 16, 2025 by

A recent study conducted by researchers from the University of Cambridge and La Trobe University questions the classification of the Littlefoot fossil, Australopithecus prometheus.

Littlefoot fossil from Sterkfontein Cave, central South Africa. Image credit: Purdue University.

The Littlefoot fossils were found in 1994 within a cave in Sterkfontein, central South Africa.

This specimen, referred to as StW 573, drew its name from the four small leg bones discovered in a box containing animal fossils, leading to the uncovering of the skeleton.

In the 2010s, paleoanthropologist Ronald Clark proposed that Littlefoot belonged to a hominin species known as Australopithecus prometheus.

Others argued that it was Australopithecus africanus, a hominid species first identified by Australian anatomist Raymond Dart in 1925 and already well-known in the region and across South Africa.

However, a new investigation by Dr. Jesse Martin and his team at La Trobe University has determined that Littlefoot does not exhibit a distinct set of traits linked to either species, suggesting it may be a completely new species.

“This fossil represents one of the most significant discoveries in human history, and its identity is crucial for understanding our evolutionary background,” stated Martin.

“We believe it’s evident that it does not belong to Australopithecus prometheus or Australopithecus africanus. This is likely a previously unidentified ancestor of humans.”

“Dr. Clark deserves recognition for discovering Littlefoot and for being among the few to suggest the presence of two hominin species in Sterkfontein.”

“Littlefoot indicates that this is likely true; there are indeed two species.”

Another forensic facial reconstruction of Australopithecus species – afarensis. Image credit: Cicero Moraes / CC BY-SA 3.0.

The researchers now intend to determine which species Littlefoot represents and how it fits within the human evolutionary tree.

Professor Andy Herries, a researcher at La Trobe University and the University of Johannesburg, remarked: “Littlefoot is one of the most complete and significant fossils ever discovered, providing valuable insights into early human diversity and how our ancestors adapted to various environments in southern Africa.”

“It is distinctly different from the designated specimen of Australopithecus prometheus, a classification based on the notion that early humans mastered fire, which we now understand was not the case.”

“Its unique significance compared to other contemporary fossils clearly indicates the necessity of defining it as a distinct species.”

Regarding this research, a paper was published in the December 2025 issue of the American Journal of Biological Anthropology.

_____

Jesse M. Martin et al. 2025. StW 573 Littlefoot fossil is Australopithecus prometheus. American Journal of Biological Anthropology 188 (4): e70177; doi: 10.1002/ajpa.70177

Source: www.sci.news

Paleontologists Uncover a New Species of Massive Saber-Toothed Tiger

Posted on December 16, 2025 by

A novel genus and species of mid-Oligocene nimuravid has been identified from fossil remains unearthed in northern China. This finding enhances our understanding of Nimurabiidae in eastern Eurasia.

Reimagining the life of Taotienimravus songi in a Chinese painting style. Image credit: Yuefeng Song.

Taotienimravus songi inhabited what is now China during the mid-Oligocene period, around 28 million years ago.

This ancient species is part of the Nimuravidae family, an extinct group of saber-toothed hypercarnivores, often referred to as pseudosaber-toothed cats.

“Carnivora demonstrates the broadest range in body sizes among mammals, with the smallest weasel weighing roughly 50 g. Pinnipeds average over 3 tons,” stated Dr. Qigao Jiangzuo of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

“With few exceptions, such as the bear family, large terrestrial carnivores, particularly those exceeding 20 kg, generally maintain a macrocarnivorous diet, targeting large prey of similar size or larger.”

“Often called pseudosabertooths, the Nimurabiidae represents one of the earliest diverging lineages within the Carnivora order, noted for their large size, hypercarnivorous craniodental features, and potentially macrocarnivorous behaviors,” the researchers added.

“The earliest fossils from this family, dating back to the mid-Eocene, belonged to highly specialized species exhibiting cat-like craniodental characteristics.”

“Nimuravidae underwent radiation during the Eocene to Oligocene, with the best-preserved specimens found primarily in North America, where numerous skulls and complete skeletons have been discovered.”

“Eurasia also contains numerous fossil remains, though they tend to be poorly preserved.”

“As the first lineage within Carnivora to develop large body sizes, this family is an excellent model for studying the evolution of early large carnivorous niches in an environmental context vastly different from that of today.”

The skeletal remains of Taotienimravus songi were discovered in the Qingshuiying Formation in northern China.

Specimen analysis indicates that this new species uniquely displays non-saber-toothed morphology with bone-cracking adaptations within the Nimuravidae family.

This animal likely engaged in a killing behavior distinct from other feline carnivores, possibly employing a tearing bite akin to that of hyenas.

“The defining characteristics of the new Nimuravid include exceptionally short and robust upper canine teeth along with a notably wide palatal area,” the paleontologists noted.

“The rostrum is exceedingly wide, probably the widest of any known Nimravid.”

“In contrast to many feline carnivores, the premolars do not diminish in size; rather, they increase, eliminating the gap between the canines and cheek teeth.”

“This contrasts with most feline carnivores, which almost invariably exhibit diastema.”

“We interpret this absence of a gap as an indicator of a strong canine bite, allowing for deep penetration into prey.”

Phylogenetic analysis positions Taotienimravus songi within the Nimravinae, creating a sister lineage to those in Europe and North America, such as Nimravus and Dinahelurus.

This clade shares a close relation to the European lineage encompassing Iofelis, Denailictis, and Quercyllus.

“The increase in size within Nimuravidae seems to align with the extinction of another carnivorous group, Oxyaenidae, during the Paleogene,” the researchers stated.

“The initial emergence of large carnivorous traits within the Carnivora order likely reflects competitive interactions driven by ecomorphic dynamics.”

“Nimuravidae effectively occupied ecological niches unavailable to Felidae, probably due to the lack of competition within Carnivora for much of their evolutionary history.”

“This study emphasizes the impact of both abiotic and biotic factors in shaping niche availability for these animals and underscores the need to discuss niche evolution and change within this framework.”

A study detailing this discovery was published on November 26, 2025, in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

_____

Qigao Jiangzuo et al. 2025. A new ecomorph of the Nimravidae and the exploration of early large carnivores within the order Carnivora. Proc Biol Sci 292 (2059): 20251686; doi: 10.1098/rspb.2025.1686

Source: www.sci.news

New Study Confirms Nanotyrannus as a Distinct Species of Tyrannosaurid Dinosaur

Posted on December 9, 2025 by

Nanotyrannus lansensis — For years, many believed these specimens were juvenile tyrannosaurus rex — However, a team of American paleontologists analyzed the ceratobranchia (hyoid bone) and concluded that it was actually a distinct, fully grown small tyrannosaurid. This finding shed light on the growth history of Nanotyrannus lansensis.

Encounter between adults of Nanotyrannus lansensis (left) and two juvenile tyrannosaurus rex, with a sub-adult tyrannosaurus rex watching from a distance. Image credit: Jorge Gonzalez.

Nanotyrannus lansensis measures 5.5 meters (18 feet) tall, which is relatively small compared to its length of over 12 meters (40 feet) compared to tyrannosaurus rex.

Initially discovered in 1942, Nanotyrannus lansensis was first classified as gorgosaurus, but through further scientific investigation, it was redefined as a separate species in 1988.

The main cause of the lengthy debate over the classification is that the holotype consists solely of an isolated skull, while traditional assessments of maturity often rely on limb bones.

Until recently, studies on other more complete fossils of Nanotyrannus lansensis yielded conflicting conclusions.

In a recent study, paleontologist Christopher Griffin from Princeton University and his team discovered that the microstructure of small bones in the throat ceratobranchial can accurately indicate the age and skeletal maturity of fossil specimens.

“At the time, there was a general consensus that the holotype skull of Nanotyrannus represented an immature tyrannosaurus rex rather than a distinct species,” Dr. Griffin stated.

“We initially aimed to follow that consensus, but upon examining samples of the hyoid bone and noticing characteristics strongly indicating maturity, we realized we needed to reevaluate that notion.”

The researchers found that in both modern archosaurs (like ostriches and crocodiles) and extinct theropods, the ceratobranch bones retain unique signals of growth and maturation, making them particularly useful for determining the developmental stage of fully mature individuals.

Using this technique, the team studied the holotype of Nanotyrannus lansensis and analyzed three sections of its ceratobranchia, identifying several features that suggest near-complete skeletal maturity.

This indicates that Nanotyrannus lansensis is a taxonomically distinct species that coexisted with tyrannosaurus rex, suggesting a greater diversity of predators in Late Cretaceous ecosystems than previously understood.

“This smaller-bodied tyrannosaurus rex indicates that the carnivore’s hyoid displayed a growth pattern suggesting it had reached or was close to maturity,” remarked paleontologist Ashley Poust of the University of Nebraska State Museum.

“We can now confidently affirm our classification of Nanotyrannus as separate from tyrannosaurus rex.”

“This implies the presence of at least two carnivores of different sizes in the same environment, which has significant implications for dinosaur ecology and extinction,” he added.

“Understanding what existed helps us gauge the size of the fossil record and how species have evolved over time.”

“Furthermore, it’s crucial to comprehend the complexity of the ecosystem.”

Results from this study are published in the journal Science.

_____

Christopher T. Griffin et al. A small Tyrannosaurus rex lived alongside tyrannosaurus rex. Science published online on December 4, 2025. doi: 10.1126/science.adx8706

Source: www.sci.news

Coexistence of Two Coelurosaur Species in Cretaceous Brazil.

Posted on December 9, 2025 by

Paleontologists have undertaken a thorough anatomical reevaluation of the fossilized remains of two coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs that inhabited South America during the Early Cretaceous period: Santanaraptor Placidus and Milischia asymmetrica.

Hypothetical reconstruction of Milischia asymmetrica (left) and Santanaraptor Placidus (right), focusing on lizards that existed in what is now northeastern Brazil approximately 112 million years ago. Image credit: Guilherme Gehr.

Santanaraptor Placidus and Milischia asymmetrica thrived in Brazil during the Early Cretaceous period, roughly 112 million years ago.

The holotypes of these coelurosaurs were discovered in Romualdo Formation in 1996 and 2000, respectively.

Dr. Rafael Delcourt from the University of São Paulo and his team stated, “The Romualdo Formation is a renowned Early Cretaceous fossil hotspot situated along the edge of the Araripe Plateau in northwestern Brazil.”

“Its megafossil record encompasses plants, invertebrates, turtles, crocodiles, pterosaurs, theropod dinosaurs, as well as one of the most diverse and well-preserved ichthyofaunas from the Mesozoic era.”

“Spinosaurids are among the most notable Romualdian theropods, with numerous reference specimens including the well-preserved skull of Illitator Challenger and the snout of Illitator Challenger Angaturama Limai.”

“Both Santanaraptor Placidus and Milischia asymmetrica originate from the same deposits that produced Spinosaurus, specifically the upper carbonate condensation level of the renowned Romualdo Formation.”

In their new study, Dr. Delcourt and collaborators from Brazil, Argentina, and Germany revised and compared the anatomy of Santanaraptor Placidus and Milischia asymmetrica to examine their phylogenetic relationships and potential synonymy.

Their analysis positions both species within an early-divergent group of maniraptoromorph dinosaurs, alongside Juratirant Rangami and Taniko Lagreus Topwilsoni, dating back to the Late Jurassic of Laurasia, indicating an early diversification of coelurosaurs in this region.

While there is some skeletal overlap, notable anatomical differences affirm their classification as separate species.

“The clade containing Juratirant Rangami, Milischia asymmetrica, Taniko Lagreus Topwilsoni, and Santanaraptor Placidus appears to extend back to at least Laurasia in the Late Jurassic, prior to the formation of the Apulian sea route that facilitated faunal exchange in the Early Cretaceous,” noted the paleontologists.

“At that time, a variety of coelurosaurs existed in both Laurasia and Gondwana, including Megaraptorra and branches such as ornithomimosaur, alvarezaurid, and dromaeosaurid.”

“Our phylogenetic model aligns more closely with the existing biogeographical data than one that confines Romualdocoelurosaurids primarily within Laurasian compsognathids or tyrannosaurids.”

“However, further studies and extensive fieldwork are necessary to clarify the early radiation of Coelurosaurus and its affinities with Romualdo morphology.”

A paper detailing these findings was published on November 18, 2025, in Anatomical Records.

_____

Rafael Delcourt and colleagues. Coelurosaurian theropods of the Romualdo Formation of the Early Cretaceous (Aptian) of Brazil: Santanaraptor Placidus meets Milischia asymmetrica. Anatomical Records, published online on November 18, 2025. doi: 10.1002/ar.70085

Source: www.sci.news

Paleontologists Uncover New Species of Mamenchisaurid Dinosaur

Posted on December 2, 2025 by

A recently identified sauropod dinosaur, Mamenchisaurus, was discovered in China, originating from the late Jurassic period.

Reconstruction of the life of Mamenchisaurus species, Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum. Image credit: Júlia d’Oliveira.

Mamenchisaurus sanggensis existed during the early Oxfordian stage of the Jurassic period, approximately 160 million years ago.

This dinosaur belonged to the divergent Mamenchisauridae family, sharing a close relationship with other Mamenchisaurus species.

“The diversity of sauropod dinosaurs peaked in the Late Jurassic, encompassing numerous geographically widespread non-neosauropod eusauropod lineages (like Mamenchisaurs and turiasaurs) alongside a broad array of globally distributed neosauropod members (Diplodocoidea and Macronaria),” stated Dr. Hui Dai, a paleontologist at the Chongqing Institute of Paleontology.

“Late Jurassic sedimentary formations in China preserve a rich sauropod fossil record, predominantly featuring mamenchisaurids, although precise neosauropod remains are largely recognized from the Middle Early Jurassic period.”

“The dominance of sauropod faunas in Asia contrasts sharply with that of contemporary European and North and South American strata.”

“Additionally, most of the late Jurassic Asian sauropod diversity is traced back to deposits from the lower section, particularly around the transition from the Middle to Late Jurassic.”

A partial skeleton of Mamenchisaurus sanggensis was uncovered at a fossil site in Chongqing, located in southwest China.

“The remains were found in reddish-purple silty mudstone near the upper layer of the Shaximyo formation,” paleontologists noted.

“While a general Callovian-Oxford age for this formation has traditionally been assumed, the exact age remains a subject of debate.”

The discovery of Mamenchisaurus sanggensis adds to the diversity of early-branching sauropod dinosaurs and offers further insights into the evolutionary history of sauropods in northwestern China.

“A deeper understanding of the evolutionary relationships among mid to late Jurassic Chinese eusauropods may have implications for testing theories regarding the isolation of East Asia from western Laurasia and Gondwana during this era and for the paleobiogeographic history of early diverging sauropods and more broadly, eusauropods,” the researchers remarked.

“Nonetheless, our knowledge of this evolutionary transition is incomplete, and a reexamination of specimens is essential to bridge the existing ‘gap’ in East Asian lineages.”

The study was published in the Journal on November 25, 2025 in Scientific Reports.

_____

H. Dai et al. A new mamenchisaurid sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of southwestern China reveals fresh insights into the evolution of East Asian eusauropods. Scientific Reports, published online on November 25, 2025. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-29995-z

Source: www.sci.news

Two Australopithecus Species Coexisted in Ethiopia 3.4 Million Years Ago

Posted on November 29, 2025 by

In 2009, paleoanthropologists uncovered eight foot bones from ancient human ancestors in 3.4 million-year-old deposits at the Wolanso Mir site in Ethiopia’s Afar Rift Valley. A new study reveals that this fossil, known as Brutele’s foot, belongs to Australopithecus deiremeda. This finding adds to the evidence that two hominin species, Australopithecus deiremeda and Australopithecus afarensis, coexisted in the same region at the same time.

Australopithecus deiremeda and Australopithecus afarensis. Image credit: Gemini AI.

“When we found this foot in 2009 and announced it in 2012, we recognized it was distinct from Lucy’s species, although Australopithecus afarensis has received significant attention since then,” stated Professor Johannes Haile Selassie from Arizona State University.

“Typically, naming a species based on postcranial elements is uncommon in our field, so we anticipated finding something distinctly linked to the feet from the neck up.

“Traditionally, the skull, jaw, and teeth are the primary markers for species identification.”

“When Bartele’s foot was first reported, some teeth had already been found in the same area, but we weren’t certain they were from the same deposit level.”

“Then in 2015, scientists classified a new species, Australopithecus deiremeda, from the same region, but the foot was not included, despite other specimens being unearthed nearby.”

“Over the last decade, our repeated fieldwork has yielded more fossils, allowing us to confidently link Brutele’s foot to the species Australopithecus deiremeda.”

Australopithecus deiremeda exhibits more primitive foot structures compared to Lucy’s species, Australopithecus afarensis.

While retaining an opposable thumb useful for climbing, it is believed that Australopithecus deiremeda likely walked on two legs, with an emphasis on their second toes rather than their big toes, as is the case with modern humans.

“The presence of an opposable big toe in Ardipithecus ramidus was a surprising and unexpected finding, highlighting that 4.4 million years ago, early human ancestors still possessed opposable big toes,” remarked Professor Haile Selassie.

“Then, a million years later, the discovery of Brutele’s foot further amazed us.”

“Currently, we’re in an era where we can observe subsequent species. Members of Australopithecus afarensis had an adducted big toe and displayed complete bipedalism.”

“This indicates that bipedalism, or walking on two legs, manifested in diverse forms among these early human ancestors.”

“The discovery of specimens like Bartele’s foot conveys that there were multiple ways to walk bipedally. It wasn’t until later that a single method emerged.”

To gain insights into their dietary practices, researchers sampled eight of the 25 teeth found in the area related to Australopithecus deiremeda for isotope analysis.

This process involved cleaning the tooth to ensure only the enamel was analyzed.

“I extracted the tooth using a dental drill with a very small bit, similar to what dentists use,” explained Naomi Levin, a professor at the University of Michigan.

“Using this drill, we meticulously remove a small amount of powder, which we store in a vial and return to the lab for isotope analysis.”

“The results were intriguing: Lucy’s species displayed a mixed diet, consuming both C3 (from trees and shrubs) and C4 (tropical grasses and sedges) plants; while Australopithecus deiremeda primarily utilized resources from the C3 category.”

“We were taken aback by how distinctly clear the carbon isotope signal was, mirroring ancient hominin data from Australopithecus ramidus and Australopithecus anamensis.

“I considered the dietary differences between Australopithecus deiremeda and Australopithecus afarensis. Although identifying them was challenging, the isotopic data distinctly indicated that Australopithecus deiremeda was not exploiting the same range of resources as Australopithecus afarensis, known as the earliest hominin to consume C4 grass-based resources.”

Another significant analysis involved accurately dating the fossils and understanding the ancient environments inhabited by these early humans.

“We conducted extensive field research at Wolanso Mir to analyze how different fossil layers interrelate, which is essential for grasping when and in what environments different species thrived,” noted Professor Beverly Thaler from Case Western Reserve University.

In addition to the 25 teeth found at Bartele, researchers also recovered the jaw of a four-and-a-half-year-old child, displaying dental anatomy similar to that of a juvenile Australopithecus deiremeda.

Professor Gary Schwartz from Arizona State University commented: “In juvenile hominins of this age, we observed evident growth discontinuity between front teeth (incisors) and back chewing teeth (molars), akin to patterns in modern apes and early australopiths like Lucy.”

“The most surprising aspect was that, despite gaining a better understanding of the diversity within early australopith (and thus early hominid) species regarding size, diet, locomotion, and anatomy, these early forms appeared surprisingly uniform in growth patterns.”

Findings have been detailed in a paper published in this week’s edition of Nature.

_____

Y. Haile Selassie et al. New discovery illuminates the diet and lifestyle of Australopithecus deiremeda. Nature published online November 26, 2025. doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09714-4

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient Foot Bones Uncover Evidence of Coexistence Between Two Human Species

Posted on November 27, 2025 by

The ancient human foot bones have puzzled scientists since their discovery in 2009.

Johannes Haile-Selassie

Bones arranged in the approximate anatomical position of the right foot — The ancient human foot bones have puzzled scientists since their discovery in 2009.

Johannes Haile-Selassie

The origins of a 3.4-million-year-old foot bone uncovered in Ethiopia may finally be elucidated, prompting a reevaluation of how various ancient human ancestors cohabited.

In 2009, Johannes Haile-Selassie and his team at Arizona State University unearthed eight hominin bones that previously constituted a right foot at a site known as Burtele in northeastern Ethiopia’s Afar region.

This discovery, dubbed Bartele’s foot, features opposable big toes akin to those of gorillas, indicating that any species could have had arboreal capabilities.

Another ancient human species, Australopithecus afarensis, was known to inhabit the vicinity, with the well-known fossil of Lucy—also discovered in the Afar region—but Bartele’s foot appeared to belong to a different species. “From the outset, we realized it was not part of Lucy’s lineage,” Haile Selassie states.

There were two primary hypotheses that intrigued Haile Selassie: whether the foot was associated with another species within the genus Australopithecus or perhaps an older, more primitive group known as Ardipithecus, which existed in Ethiopia more than a million years ago and also possessed opposable thumbs.

Meanwhile, in 2015, scientists announced the identification of a previously unknown hominid species, named Australopithecus deiremeda, after jaw and tooth remains were found in the same region. Initially, there was uncertainty about whether the enigmatic leg bone was part of A. deiremeda, as its age differed from that of the jaw and tooth remains.

However, in the subsequent year, researchers made a crucial discovery. The lower jaw of A. deiremeda was located within 300 meters of Bartele’s foot, and both sets of remains were dated to the same geological era. This led the research team to conclude that Bartele’s foot belonged to A. deiremeda.

Bartele’s foot (left) and bones shaped like a gorilla’s foot (right), similar to *Australopithecus deiremeda*

Johannes Haile-Selassie

In a separate part of the study, researchers analyzed Earth’s carbon isotopes. They found that A. deiremeda primarily consumed materials from trees and shrubs, while human teeth were more adapted for a diet rich in grasses than those of afarensis.

Haile Selassie noted that this finding suggests that both hominin species occupied the same ecological niche without competing for resources. He believes these groups could have coexisted harmoniously, engaging in separate activities. “They must have crossed paths and interacted within the same habitat, each doing their own thing,” he remarked. “While members of Australopithecus deiremeda may have spent time in trees, afarensis was likely wandering the adjacent grasslands.”

This revelation enhances our understanding of human evolution. “Historically, some have argued that only a single hominid species existed at any given time, with newer forms emerging eventually,” Haile Selassie explained. “We are now realizing that our evolutionary path was not straightforward. Multiple closely related hominid species coexisted at the same time, indicating that coexistence was a fundamental aspect of our ancestors’ lives.”

Carrie Mongul, a professor at Stony Brook University in New York, expressed enthusiasm about these developments. “Understanding more about the diversity of Pliocene hominins is truly exciting,” she stated. “This period, around 3 million years ago, was rich in evolutionary significance.”

Topics:

Human evolution/
Ancient humans

Source: www.newscientist.com

Trump Administration to Repeal Certain Protections Under the Endangered Species Act

Posted on November 20, 2025 by

On Wednesday, the Trump administration took steps to reduce the scope of the Endangered Species Act, reinstating modifications from the president’s first term that had previously been blocked by a federal court.

The proposed modifications include removing the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s “blanket rule,” which automatically safeguards plants and animals once they are deemed endangered. Instead, government agencies will be required to formulate specific regulations for each species, a process that may be time-consuming.

This announcement from the administration follows ongoing pressure from Republican lawmakers and industries such as oil, gas, mining, and agriculture, who have called for reforms to the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Critics argue that the law is too broadly applied and hampers economic growth.

Environmental advocates, however, have cautioned that these changes could significantly delay conservation efforts for species like the monarch butterfly, Florida manatee, California spotted owl, and North American wolverine.

Rebecca Riley, managing director of the Natural Resources Defense Council, stated, “They’re attempting to revert to the time when they first weakened the law. We are opposing this, and the Biden administration is working on reversing many of the adverse changes made.”

Scientists and government agencies have indicated that extinction rates are accelerating. Species populations globally are declining due to habitat loss and various pressures. Earlier proposals in President Trump’s second term sought to revise the definition of “harm.” These regulations, grounded in the Endangered Species Act, could allow logging projects on national forests and public lands to bypass species protections.

Interior Secretary Doug Burgum commented that the administration aims to restore the original purpose of the Endangered Species Act while also considering “the livelihoods of Americans who rely on our lands and resources.”

“These adjustments eliminate years of legal uncertainty and governmental overreach, thereby providing clarity for states, tribes, landowners, and businesses, and ensuring conservation efforts are based on sound science and common sense,” Burgum stated.

A further proposed change requires authorities to consider potential economic repercussions when identifying critical habitats necessary for a species’ survival, an action that environmental groups claim the 1973 law explicitly prohibits.

This approach could potentially result in species being classified as endangered while allowing ongoing practices that continue to endanger their survival.

Noah Greenwald, co-director of the Center for Biological Diversity’s Endangered Species Program, remarked, “What the Trump administration is attempting to do is quantify costs. If you’re aiming to protect the spotted owl, they’re trying to factor in how much that protection would cost. Historically, such costs haven’t influenced decisions regarding critical habitat protections.”

An example involving the Southwest sawfish highlights the possible repercussions of these proposals. The lizard population in Arizona’s Mule Mountains is rapidly declining due to rising temperatures, driving the reptiles towards the highest mountain peaks, pushing them closer to extinction.

A petition filed on Wednesday seeks protection for the lizard and the designation of critical habitat. Advocates believe that an economic impact assessment could hinder timely protections. The primary threat to this spiny dragon population is climate change, which could complicate critical habitat designations further.

“We feel this species should be classified as endangered. Frankly, we are somewhat astonished that this species is not already extinct,” stated John Wiens, a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of Arizona, who co-authored the petition.

Earlier this March, the Department of the Interior faced legal action from the Real Estate Environmental Research Center (PERC) and the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation over the comprehensive protection rule. Both organizations claimed the rule was illegal and would hinder states and landowners from facilitating species recovery efforts.

Designating species as “threatened” under the comprehensive rule allows them to automatically receive the same protections as those categorized as “endangered,” which are more stringent. This could lead landowners to become apathetic toward the survival of endangered species, as regulations may remain unchanged even if efforts are made to reclassify endangered species to “threatened” status.

PERC Vice President Jonathan Wood characterized Wednesday’s proposal as a “necessary adjustment” following the Biden administration’s actions.

“This reform acknowledges the illegality of the omnibus rule and re-centers recovery efforts within the Endangered Species Act,” Wood expressed.

During its initial term, the Trump administration also took action on the northern spotted owl and gray wolf.

The decision regarding the spotted owl was reversed in 2021 after it was found that political appointees had utilized flawed scientific data to justify opening millions of acres of forest on the West Coast to logging. Protections for wolves, on the other hand, remained in effect across most of the United States, only to be reinstated by federal courts in 2022.

The Endangered Species Act, established 50 years ago, continues to have widespread support. According to a recent poll, approximately 84% of Americans endorse the protections that the law affords.

Source: www.nbcnews.com