When observing orangutans munching on leaves, one might assume they choose the nearest plants. However, recent research reveals that orangutans actively seek out plants with medicinal properties.
This groundbreaking study, based on 20 years of research on wild orangutans in the Sebangau peat swamp forest of Borneo, indicates that these primates can “self-medicate” by consuming specific plant combinations in a prescribed sequence.
The research team meticulously documented the dietary habits of orangutans to uncover non-random eating patterns among the species. The findings showed that orangutans frequently consumed plants known for their medicinal benefits, surpassing initial expectations.
Notably, these plants contained compounds that demonstrated antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing effects. “At this stage, we cannot definitively state that orangutans consciously ‘diagnose’ themselves like humans,” explains Georgia Allen, the lead researcher and master’s student in conservation and biodiversity at the University of Exeter. The research results were published in Scientific Reports.
Allen notes, “However, our findings suggest that orangutans selectively consume certain medicinal plants in ways that extend beyond mere nutritional needs.”
Orangutans are a critically endangered species residing only in Indonesia and Malaysia. They share over 96% of their DNA with humans. – Credit: Getty
Interestingly, many of the specified plants do not form a major part of an orangutan’s regular diet, suggesting they are consumed for specific health benefits rather than as standard fare.
It remains uncertain whether this behavior is a natural instinct or a learned practice passed down through generations.
Chimpanzees display similar “self-medication” behaviors, consuming plants to combat internal parasitic infections, and similar actions have been observed in other primates like bonobos, gibbons, and gorillas.
This study, conducted by Allen under the guidance of Dr. Kimberly Hockings and supported by Dr. Elodie Fryman, underscores the significance of some plants, which are also utilized for healing by local indigenous communities.
The research team emphasized the need to preserve indigenous knowledge for effective biodiversity conservation.
Recent animal research published in Cell Metabolism reveals that incorporating specific amounts of single amino acids into a low-protein, plant-based diet significantly decreases frailty and fat in mice. A comprehensive analysis of epidemiological data involving over 200,000 participants indicates similar health benefits.
A predominantly plant-based, low-amino acid diet optimizes healthspan, necessitating moderate methionine intake to minimize frailty. Image credit: Fanti et al., doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2026.05.015.
“The combined findings from both mouse and human studies indicate that a ‘longevity diet,’ primarily vegan or vegetarian with moderate fish intake, may offer the best health outcomes,” stated Valter Longo and his research team from the University of Southern California.
“The Mediterranean diet supplies adequate, albeit small, levels of methionine and other essential amino acids.” Research shows that Mediterranean nations enjoy some of the highest life expectancies, despite exhibiting notable frailty levels.
Given that plant-based foods contain lower essential amino acid levels compared to animal foods, Dr. Longo’s team developed a longevity diet enriched with small amounts of methionine to test its effects on frailty risk.
In this study, groups of 20-month-old mice were provided with one of four distinct diets: a high-fat, high-sugar Western diet, a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet, or a low-protein longevity diet supplemented with methionine (LDMM).
Mice on the LDMM diet exhibited significantly improved outcomes, such as extended healthy lifespans (the percentage of life spent in good health), reduced fat mass, and decreased frailty.
“While we anticipated varying results from different diets, the dramatic metabolic shifts achieved by merely adjusting the methionine levels in the longevity diet were astonishing,” explained Maura Fanti, a researcher at USC.
“This suggests that not just the total protein contribution, but also the specific amino acid composition, could serve as a targeted approach for metabolic intervention.”
“Moreover, the study identified several biomarkers that indicate improved cardiometabolic health in LDMM mice, including elevated levels of signaling molecules that regulate metabolism and aging, such as GLP-1.”
“Although mice and humans have differing regulatory pathways, witnessing such synchronized changes in multiple metabolic hormones is promising, and we eagerly anticipate similar effects in human studies.”
Notably, mice administered the LDMM diet consumed more food than those in any other group and managed to maintain similar caloric intake while losing fat without sacrificing lean body mass—provided that methionine levels were kept low enough.
Additionally, human data highlighted that participants consuming the highest amounts of animal protein—marked by elevated methionine and essential amino acid intakes—exhibited greater obesity prevalence and double the diabetes incidence compared to those with minimal or no animal protein intake.
“This trend persisted despite higher animal protein consumers having lower caloric intakes and generally healthier diets,” Dr. Longo noted.
“This challenges the traditional belief that calorie reduction is essential for weight loss while emphasizing the need for clearer insights into the underlying mechanisms.”
“Insufficient methionine levels can lead to weakness, while excess methionine may counteract the diet’s benefits, which is inspired by the dietary patterns of traditional long-lived populations like those in Italy and Okinawa.”
“The results indicate that overall protein consumption may be less critical than the intake of specific amino acids.”
“The next phase for the research team involves conducting a controlled clinical trial of the LDMM approach in humans.”
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Maura Fanti et al. A longevity diet supplemented with methionine increases growth hormone, GLP-1, and FGF21. It reduces frailty and promotes a healthy lifespan. Cell Metabolism published online June 23, 2026. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2026.05.015
Recent research spanning five continents, from the steppes of Mongolia to the rainforests of the Pacific, reveals that hunting dogs and their owners share a remarkable bond. This study suggests that their cooperative relationship dates back approximately 30,000 years, highlighting deep evolutionary ties.
Examples of hunting dogs and human interaction across four non-WEIRD societies: (a) pointing in Mongolia, (b) problem-solving in Vanuatu, (c) demonstration in Mongolia, and (d) scenarios from Madagascar and Peru. Image credit: Bräuer et al., doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-57657-1.
Over the last 25 years, domestic dogs have increasingly become a significant focus of scientific research.
Throughout domestication, dogs have developed human-like communication skills essential for thriving in human environments.
Specifically, dogs excel in social communication, responding adeptly to human gestures and language. Their selection as cooperative partners during domestication has played a vital role in this evolution.
Extensive studies have examined dogs’ communication proficiency, including their response to human pointing, social referencing, and problem-solving abilities.
However, most findings have predominantly emerged from studies involving dogs from “WEIRD” (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Wealthy, Democratic) societies.
Dr. Julian Breuer, a cognitive psychologist at the University of Jena, emphasized the focus of their field study on hunting dogs, which necessitate deep collaboration between humans and their furry companions.
“This cooperation might have been critical in the domestication of dogs, marking them as the first domesticated animals in history,” noted Dr. Breuer.
To explore whether the dog-human bond is universal or influenced by culture, Dr. Breuer and his team assessed 164 dog-human pairs across culturally rich regions: Germany, Madagascar, Mongolia, Peru, and Vanuatu.
Standardized behavioral tests were performed to evaluate communication and cooperation between dogs and humans.
Remarkably, the findings revealed a strikingly similar relationship worldwide, indicating its roots in shared evolutionary history rather than cultural differences.
Across all regions, dogs demonstrated an understanding of human gestures, communicated actively with their owners, and relied significantly on their owners’ guidance in challenging situations.
Additionally, dog owners consistently described their pets as trusted companions, valuing their presence beyond mere working animals.
“While we anticipated notable cultural differences, we found the human-dog relationship to be surprisingly universal,” stated Dr. Breuer.
Despite these similarities, variations emerged, primarily influenced by environmental conditions and hunting methodologies.
For instance, hunters in Vanuatu displayed superior skills in interpreting dog signals compared to their counterparts in other regions.
In the South Pacific islands, dogs play a crucial role in tracking wild boars through thick underbrush, necessitating high levels of human-animal coordination.
Conversely, in Germany, dogs appear to be more reliant on their owners, responding consistently to signals likely due to more focused training approaches.
“Despite significant cultural and environmental contrasts, the relationship between dogs and humans is notably similar,” concluded the researchers.
Residual differences may arise from variations in hunting techniques and distinctions between queer and non-queer societies.
The findings of this research were published in a paper in the journal Scientific Reports.
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J. Breuer et al. 2026. Global similarities in dog-human interactions. Scientific Reports 16, 18527; doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-57657-1
Domestic cats (Felis catus) exhibit brain atrophy and neurological decline patterns similar to those seen in aging humans, providing an excellent model for studying dementia and the aging process.
Januel et al. utilized 3,754 data points from age-related brain fluctuations and blood chemistry profiles to align human and cat ages throughout their lifespan. Image credits: Sci.News / Makieni777 / Rise-a-mui / Alexas_Fotos / Dorothe / Vaclav Zavada / Artem Makarov / Daga Roszkowska / Birgit / Pasi Mammela.
Cats have a relatively long lifespan, with evidence suggesting that their aging patterns may mirror those of humans.
According to AnAge, the maximum human lifespan (122.5 years) is nearly double that of great apes, such as chimpanzees (68 years).
Domestic cats can live up to a maximum of 30 years, significantly outliving their wild relatives, like the European wildcat (Felis silvestris), which averages around 19 years.
With an estimated 600 million cats globally, these findings emphasize the relevance of studying their aging processes.
“Given the longevity and abundance of domestic cats, we concentrated on interspecific age concordance between humans and cats, focusing on the aging process,” stated Christine Charbet and her team from Auburn University.
The research examined 3,754 data points derived from humans, cats, and other mammal species.
This data encompassed brain imaging, blood chemistry, disease markers, and behavioral milestones like eye opening and play initiation.
MRI scans revealed that cats and humans undergo comparable age-related changes in brain structure, including shrinkage and ventricular enlargement—changes typically associated with neurodegenerative conditions in both species.
“The similarities in age-related brain atrophy between cats and humans were surprising,” remarked PhD candidate Briar Rigby Dames from the University of Bath.
“These findings underscore the potential of companion animals to provide critical insights into the aging process.”
Instead of using basic age ratios, the researchers employed a complex biological model based on quantifiable age-related changes.
This method showed that aging in both species does not happen at a uniform rate; instead, it accelerates and decelerates at various life stages.
According to the model, late-life aging patterns align closely—80 years in humans equals approximately 15 years in cats. While not all animals reach old age equivalents in humans, domestic cats certainly do.
Dr. Ryan Gibson, a veterinary neurologist at Auburn University, added, “An increasing number of cat owners are seeking advanced brain imaging to identify illnesses in their pets, creating a unique avenue for studying aging animals alongside humans in real-world contexts.”
“This expanded clinical access opens valuable opportunities for translational research—bridging scientific knowledge with healthcare—to deepen our understanding of aging and neurological diseases that benefit both cats and humans.”
Rigby-Dames noted, “There is potential to establish extensive veterinary health databases for companion animals, akin to human health databases like the UK Biobank.”
“Such resources could significantly enhance our ability to investigate aging and diseases using real-world clinical and owner-reported data across species.”
These findings are published in the journal Biology Open.
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Capucine Januel et al. illustrate that cat brains age similarly to humans: Revealing that pet cats live long enough to serve as a natural model for human aging. Biology Open 15 (6): bio062604; doi: 10.1242/bio.062604
A comprehensive new analysis of Type Ia supernovae refutes the controversial claim from 2025 suggesting that the expansion of the universe is slowing down.
Type Ia supernovae serve as a fundamental aspect of modern cosmology, providing initial evidence for cosmic acceleration as well as opportunities for new dark energy experiments. Image credit: Alex Parker / NASA / SDSS.
In 2025, a study led by Yong-wook Lee from Yonsei University surprised the scientific community by claiming that indications of dark energy had diminished, asserting that the universe’s expansion was no longer accelerating.
The researchers proposed that the methodologies employed in measuring cosmic expansion via supernovae were inherently flawed.
Dr. Phil Wiseman of the University of Southampton, lead author of the latest study, noted, “The debate following last year’s claims stemmed from a scientific misinterpretation rather than an actual flaw in the universe’s behavior.”
He affirmed, “Earlier measurements, which have long been accepted, remain valid, and our current understanding of the universe’s future is intact.”
“Fortunately, we have sidestepped a crisis, but the question of why the universe is still expanding at an accelerated rate persists.”
“By validating our measurements, we can redirect our focus toward unraveling the true nature of dark energy, rather than questioning its existence,” he added.
The initial discovery of the universe’s accelerated expansion received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2011.
If the assertions made in 2025 were valid, they would reverse nearly three decades of astronomical progress.
Nobel laureate Professor Adam Rees, a co-author of the new investigation, remarked, “Extraordinary claims necessitate thorough scrutiny.”
“Our findings reveal that once we adjust for varying host environments and populations of supernovae, the evidence for cosmic acceleration remains impressively consistent.”
To assess cosmic distances, the authors meticulously analyzed Type Ia supernovae.
The 2025 study posited that as the universe ages, these supernovae exhibit varying peak brightness levels, misleading astronomers into believing that the universe is decelerating.
Contrary to this, the new research indicates that the methodology employed to ascertain the ages of these celestial bodies was flawed.
Researchers demonstrated that previous work incorrectly assumed that the age of the galaxy matched the age of the exploded star.
They further pointed out that the 2025 publication neglected the mass of the host galaxy, a critical correction typically made to ensure precision in contemporary cosmological studies.
Co-author Professor Mark Sullivan of the University of Southampton stated, “Challenging established theories is crucial in the scientific process.”
“While this idea proved incorrect, it has inspired new discussions regarding supernova explosions and the more accurate measurement of dark energy.”
“We have recently intensified our focus on the astrophysics of supernova explosions and their implications for cosmology,” remarked study co-author Dr. Brody Popovich, an astronomer at the University of Southampton.
“This was an excellent chance to reevaluate our underlying assumptions. It turns out that we have indeed understood this and incorporated it into our cosmological assessments.”
Upcoming research will be published in Royal Astronomical Society Monthly Notices.
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Phil Wiseman et al. 2026. Still accelerating: Type Ia supernova cosmology remains robust against galactic age evolution. MNRAS 549 (3): stag797; doi: 10.1093/mnras/stag797
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Banning Social Media for Under-16s: Transforming Childhoods
Anna Barclay/Getty Images
The UK government is set to implement a ban on social media use for children under 16 by early next year, mirroring a similar policy that took effect in Australia in 2025. This initiative aims to safeguard children’s welfare over corporate profits. However, the effectiveness of this ban is still under scrutiny. How will scientists assess its impact?
As Professor Pete Etchells of Bath Spa University highlights, “There’s no evidence either way.” His team is collaborating with the Australian government to evaluate the repercussions of their national ban while advising the UK government. “This is very new territory,” he adds.
The Wellcome Trust is spearheading research in the UK and is actively involved in the IRL trial based in Bradford. The study includes around 4,000 participants aged 12 to 15 from 10 schools who use an app to monitor their social media habits. Notably, half of these children will face restrictions on social media access. Preliminary findings are expected next year, coinciding with the implementation of the new ban, although Katherine Sebastian from the Wellcome Trust emphasizes that these insights will still inform policy decisions.
This research will enhance existing studies, which often rely on subjective self-reports from children and parents about social media usage. In contrast, this objective approach marks a significant advancement, especially considering that intervention studies are notably scarce. As Etchells notes, “If we’re discussing significant mental health shifts, changes won’t be noticeable overnight.”
Australia’s ban was enacted in December, but its long-term effects are still unfolding. Once a national ban is established, conducting controlled studies becomes increasingly challenging, complicating the assessment of broader social impacts on populations before and after the ban.
For the time being, Sebastian is gearing up for further studies, anticipating some results post-ban. The UK government is expected to introduce this bill in parliament by Christmas, aiming for implementation in early 2027.
The Wellcome Trust is inviting 14 research teams to propose studies on the impact of social media on youth well-being, with plans to fund various approaches to maximize data collection for conclusive results.
Some of these studies will follow existing cohorts, regularly interviewing participants about their mental health before and after the ban. Others may utilize real-time assessments through text messages for immediate feedback. Alternative methods might analyze already collected data, such as hospital admissions or school absenteeism rates.
Although there’s optimism for insights following the ban, Sebastian believes the outcomes may vary. While some positive effects could arise, challenges may also emerge due to the disruption of online support networks.
The long-term impact of this ban may evolve over years, especially as today’s children transition to adulthood without social media exposure. “This is not a finished conversation,” warns Sebastian. “Policies might need reevaluation, shaped continuously by our findings and others.”
Currently, some experts express concern about the UK government’s hesitance to address mental health issues among youth without adequate data. Professor Holly Bear from Oxford University argues that a blanket age ban is a “blunt weapon” and surpasses what current evidence justifies, but acknowledges that Wellcome’s research presents an opportunity to evaluate whether such measures are beneficial, harmful, or inconclusive.
A critical obstacle to effective research and policy implementation could be users circumventing bans. Preliminary reports indicate age verification technology may be fooled by screenshots of video game characters, and VPNs enable users to connect from regions without age restrictions.
A research initiative by the Molly Rose Foundation in Australia revealed that 61% of children aged 12 to 15 had accounts on restricted platforms before the ban took effect, affirming concerns that a similar move in the UK could be a “high-stakes gamble.”
If you or someone you know needs support, contact British Samaritans at 116123 (samaritans.org) or the US Suicide and Crisis Lifeline at 988 (988lifeline.org). For assistance in other countries, visit bit.ly/SuicideHelplines.
In a groundbreaking mouse study by scientists at the Dasman Diabetes Research Institute in Kuwait, rodents following a sucrose-free diet exhibited insulin resistance, gut bacterial imbalances, and early signs of fatty liver disease, all while maintaining similar body weights.
Rashid Ahmad and Fatema Burman have found that a sucrose-free, low-fat diet drastically alters gut microbiota diversity, decreasing beneficial short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria and increasing pro-inflammatory species like Helicobacter gammanii, Odoribacter splanchnicus, and Alistipes spp. Image credit: Lourdes Alvarez.
“The complete removal of sucrose from a low-fat diet can unexpectedly compromise gut health, triggering inflammation and metabolic issues,” stated Dr. Rashid Ahmad, the study’s lead author.
Dr. Ahmad and colleague Dr. Fatema Burman analyzed the impacts of a low-fat diet devoid of sucrose against a low-fat control diet for two groups of mice over 16 weeks.
Their assessments included glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, metabolic hormone levels, gut microbiota health, and inflammation in the colon and liver.
Mice on the sucrose-free diet experienced impaired glycemic control, increased insulin resistance, gut microbial imbalances, intestinal inflammation, and signs of fatty liver disease, despite comparable body weights to the control group.
“Our findings indicate that eliminating sucrose from a low-fat diet can negatively impact gut microbiota and overall metabolic health,” Dr. Ahmad remarked.
“This research underscores the critical nature of balanced carbohydrate intake for maintaining intestinal and immune system balance.”
The effects of restrictive diets that exclude sugar from low-fat meals have remained unclear until now.
“This study might reshape dietary guidelines to emphasize the importance of a healthy gut microbiome rather than just focusing on carbohydrate reduction,” Dr. Ahmad added.
“These insights could lead to enhanced strategies for preventing and managing metabolic disorders, fatty liver disease, and chronic inflammatory conditions.”
The authors presented their findings on June 13 at the Endo 2026 Endocrine Society Annual Meeting in Chicago, Illinois.
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Rashid Ahmad and Fatema Burman. Sucrose-free low-fat diet induces metabolic dysfunction through dysbiosis and colonic inflammation in mice. Endo 2026 abstract number ORF07-04
Recent research indicates that not all five-a-day meals are created equal, with only a small percentage of individuals obtaining sufficient micronutrients from their fruit and vegetable intake.
According to the study, conducted by scientists at Harvard Medical School and the University of Reading, the diets of participants in the UK and US were analyzed for their flavanol intake—compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties found in plants.
Flavanols are crucial dietary components as they “have beneficial effects on vascular function and blood vessel health” and can reduce cardiovascular mortality, explains Professor Gunter Kuhnle from the University of Reading.
Despite their importance, the study found that many individuals failed to reach the recommended levels of flavanols. Researchers monitored flavanol levels through urine biomarkers, tracking the diets of over 30,000 participants.
Optimal flavanol intake is between 400-600 mg per day, yet fewer than one in five participants achieved this level, even among those who consumed five servings of fruits and vegetables daily.
Researchers emphasize that the key factor is which types of fruits and vegetables you consume, rather than simply aiming for five servings a day.
So, which fruits and vegetables should be prioritized for their flavanol content?
Fruits high in flavanols include plums, which contain around 450mg of flavanols per 500g punnet, cranberries at approximately 300mg per 250g punnet, and blackberries, which have about 250mg per 200g of punnet.
You can also reference the Phenol Explorer and the USDA database for more information on flavanol levels in various foods. However, it’s essential to note that different apple varieties may contain varying amounts of flavanols.
It’s vital to make conscious choices and consume a diverse range of fruits and vegetables. “Pairing green tea with blackberries or having a whole apple can significantly impact your flavanol intake,” suggests Dr. Javier Ottaviani, the lead author of the study at the University of California, Davis.
In a small randomized trial in the United Kingdom, adults who incorporated one serving of 100% fruit juice or a smoothie into their healthier diet experienced notable reductions in depression scores after just four weeks.
Daily consumption of 100% fruit juice or a smoothie can enhance mental health, supporting the UK’s Five Healthy Eating Five Days guidelines. Image credit: Joseph Musila.
“While many recognize the benefits of consuming five servings of fruits and vegetables daily, implementing this can be challenging,” stated lead author Dr. Courtney Neale, who conducted the study at Newcastle University and is currently at the University of Liverpool.
“Our trial demonstrated that targeted financial and educational support to overcome common obstacles in achieving five servings can lead to significant dietary improvements for individuals with low fruit and vegetable consumption.”
“We discovered that straightforward, cost-effective strategies, like drinking a modest glass of 100% fruit juice or a smoothie each day, can assist individuals in meeting their five-a-day target while also offering potential mental health benefits.”
In this study, Dr. Neale and colleagues focused on participants who consumed one glass of 100% fruit juice or a smoothie daily as part of a five-a-day healthy eating strategy.
Adults with insufficient fruit and vegetable intake received support to enhance their daily consumption, either with or without a glass of juice or a smoothie to comply with the five-a-day guideline.
The 42 participants were divided into three groups: a control group that maintained their usual diet, a group that increased their intake of whole fruits and vegetables, and a group that did the same while also consuming a daily glass of juice or a smoothie.
After four weeks, both groups showed a rise in fruit and vegetable consumption, but the group that added fruit juice reported lower depression scores.
Specifically, depression questionnaire scores were 2.52 points lower (out of 27) compared to the control group, indicating a modest yet statistically significant difference, with no adverse effects on metabolic health indicators observed.
Lead author Dr. Oliver Shannon, a Lecturer in Nutrition and Aging at Newcastle University, noted: “With the UK facing rising living costs, the price of fresh produce can be a significant barrier for individuals aiming to increase their fruit and vegetable intake.”
“This research indicates that incorporating a glass of fruit juice or a smoothie daily could be part of the solution to achieving the five-a-day goal.”
“The finding that juice consumers had lower depression scores is promising and warrants further investigation, particularly among those experiencing mental health issues.”
“This aligns with existing research suggesting improved blood flow to the brain and enhanced cognitive function following the consumption of citrus juices.”
“Simple dietary modifications, including increasing fruit intake and adding a daily glass of juice, may be pivotal in supporting mental well-being.”
For more information, refer to the study published in the May 22 issue of the British Journal of Nutrition.
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Courtney Neale et al. Including fruit juices and smoothies in the recommended five-daily intake of fruits and vegetables: a randomized controlled trial investigating effects on intake, mood, and health markers. British Journal of Nutrition published online on May 22, 2026. doi: 10.1017/S0007114526107569
The latest large-scale genetic study of Alzheimer’s disease has pinpointed 127 gene locations associated with the condition, with 48 of these being newly identified. This research also highlights specific genes that may serve as promising drug targets and identifies cell types at a higher genetic risk for developing Alzheimer’s.
Alzheimer’s disease accounts for the majority of cases of dementia and has a significant hereditary component; research suggests that genetics may contribute approximately 60 to 80 percent of an individual’s risk. Key genes implicated in this condition include Apoe. Individuals who inherit one copy of the APOE4 variant face a two to three times greater risk of developing the disease. Additionally, parental genetic factors may elevate risk by up to 12 times.
However, health and lifestyle choices are also crucial, and even those with genetic predispositions may not necessarily develop Alzheimer’s. “Some individuals can carry these high-risk variants yet remain unaffected,” remarks Daniel Posthuma from Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
To further investigate genetic influences, Posthuma’s team analyzed genomic data from around 110,000 diagnosed individuals alongside 74,000 individuals with at least one parent affected by Alzheimer’s but who had not yet shown symptoms. This data was compared to approximately 2.6 million people without Alzheimer’s disease, revealing significant gene activity linked to the disease.
This analysis uncovered 127 genes associated with Alzheimer’s, 48 of which had not been previously linked to the disease.
These newly discovered genes offer insights into the underlying mechanisms of Alzheimer’s, a condition marked by abnormal protein accumulations, such as amyloid beta and tau, in the brain. Immune cells, including a specific type known as microglia, initially migrate to these problem areas to help clear protein excess but contribute to inflammation as the disease progresses.
Posthuma’s research suggests that mutations linked to Alzheimer’s increase the expression of microglial genes while reducing neuronal gene expression, aligning with earlier findings related to neuroinflammation and cell degradation. A significant study discusses the deterioration of neurological function in Alzheimer’s.
“While the first four genes linked to Alzheimer’s suggested amyloid-beta deposition, the majority of these newly identified genes emphasize the role of immunity and neuroinflammation,” Tanzi adds.
The research team flagged three specific types of neurons exhibiting diminished gene expression in Alzheimer’s patients. “These neurons are among the first to degenerate in Alzheimer’s-affected brains,” Posthuma explains, cautioning that the exact relationship between neuronal loss and disease remains to be clarified.
Furthermore, Posthuma and her colleagues have highlighted five potential drug targets from the newly identified genes. Notably, three of these are involved in immune responses.
“There is a need to reconsider our approach, focusing more on targeting the immune system rather than solely developing anti-amyloid drugs, where most funding has been concentrated,” states Shea Andrews from the University of California, San Francisco.
The other two genes of interest include UBE2V1 and SPATA2, which appear to be linked to various neurodegenerative diseases.
Andrews asserts that an effective treatment strategy for Alzheimer’s will necessitate a multifaceted approach—combining drugs targeting amyloid, tau, and the immune system along with healthy lifestyle practices to mitigate cognitive decline.
“This study underscores that Alzheimer’s risk factors are multifaceted, indicating that no single biological pathway or cell type is solely responsible,” claims Rebecca Sims from Cardiff University, UK. “It also suggests the need for more advanced models, such as co-culture systems [growing various cell types together in the lab] and organoids to examine cellular interactions in disease.”
Though approximately 90 percent of participants in this research were of European descent, Sims noted that this study represents progress toward achieving a more diverse ancestry representation through its multi-ethnic design.
Currently, genetic assessments have limited predictive power concerning Alzheimer’s risk. However, studies like this one could enhance their relevance. Improved testing might pinpoint individuals at slightly elevated risk, prompting regular monitoring or encouraging lifestyle modifications to offset potential risks. “I’m cautious to draw definitive conclusions, as increased risk isn’t yet conclusive,” she adds.
A groundbreaking study from France’s National Institute for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment (INRAE) reveals that cattle (Bos taurus) can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people and are capable of matching a recognized voice to the correct face.
Research shows that cows can recognize human faces and associate them with familiar voices. Image credit: NeiFo.
“Cows are inherently social animals, having been domesticated 10,500 years ago,” explain researchers from INRAE, including Ocean Amishaw.
“They possess exceptional eyesight and a remarkably wide field of vision (330 degrees).”
“While the social cognitive abilities of cows regarding humans have remained largely unexplored, dairy cows, in particular, are often in close proximity to humans from birth, being bottle-fed and milked daily.”
“Emerging evidence indicates that domestic animals can recognize human faces, yet such abilities in cattle had not been previously validated.”
“Considering the variety of species capable of human recognition, it would be surprising if cows lacked this ability, warranting further investigation.”
To explore if cows can differentiate between familiar and unfamiliar faces, the research team studied 32 Prim Holstein cows.
The researchers presented the cows with silent videos of known and unknown male faces while tracking how long the cows gazed at each.
They conducted tests on cross-modal recognition, showing videos of familiar and unfamiliar faces while playing corresponding audio from two men, both reciting the same sentence.
Additionally, they monitored the cows’ heart rates during the video sessions to assess emotional responses.
The cows displayed less fear during silent videos, gazing longer at the images of unfamiliar faces, indicating their ability to differentiate between known and unknown individuals.
When combining visual and audio stimuli, cows spent more time observing videos when the audio matched the visual face, suggesting they could pair faces with familiar voices from their herd.
However, none of the familiar faces or voices appeared to significantly influence the cows’ emotional responses, as indicated by stable heart rates.
“Our findings indicate that cows can indeed differentiate between familiar and unfamiliar individuals and construct cross-modal representations of these individuals,” stated the authors.
“Future studies should investigate whether cows adjust their behavior based on the individual they are interacting with, reflecting their agency in human-animal relationships.”
These findings were published this month in the online journal PLoS ONE.
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O. Amishaw et al. 2026. Cows visually identify and cross-modally recognize familiar human faces in videos. PLoS One 21 (5): e0329529; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0329529
Consuming grapes may enhance the skin’s protective barrier against environmental damage by altering gene activity, according to a groundbreaking study conducted by Western New England University.
Grape phytochemicals interact with the microbiome, influencing gene expression and promoting skin health. Image credit: Nicky Pe.
Grapes are rich in a variety of natural compounds known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, making them a valuable addition to your diet.
Key components include quercetin, anthocyanins, and the well-known resveratrol.
Clinical research has linked regular grape consumption to various health benefits, including enhanced cardiovascular health, reduced inflammation, improved bowel function, and better cognitive performance in older adults.
“We are increasingly confident that grapes serve as a superfood, mediating nutritional genomic responses in humans,” stated Professor John Pezzuto, the study’s lead author from Western New England University.
“This was particularly evident in the body’s largest organ, the skin.”
“Notably, we observed changes in gene expression that indicated improved skin health.”
“Furthermore, grape consumption likely influences gene expression in other vital organs, such as the liver, muscles, kidneys, and even the brain.”
“This research enriches our understanding of how whole foods, like grapes, impact overall health.”
“It’s thrilling to be part of a post-genomics era, where we can visualize the complex matrices that illustrate nutritional genomic responses.”
The study involved human volunteers who consumed the equivalent of three servings of whole grapes daily for two weeks.
Gene expression in the skin was measured both before and after grape ingestion, with and without exposure to low-dose ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
The findings displayed variations in gene expression between individuals, indicating unique responses to both grape consumption and UV exposure.
More significant changes were observed when UV exposure coincided with grape consumption.
Thus, while individual responses varied, all participants experienced notable changes in gene expression after eating grapes.
By identifying functional similarities in gene expression changes post-grape consumption, researchers noted increased keratinization of the skin, a process that forms a protective barrier against environmental harm.
This conclusion was further reinforced by exposing the skin to low doses of UV radiation and measuring malondialdehyde, an oxidative stress marker, which decreased with grape consumption.
“Our results, primarily based on transcriptomic data and theoretical protein-protein interactions, support the conclusion that grape consumption benefits skin health,” the researchers confirmed.
“Of course, other factors such as non-coding RNA and epigenetics also play a role and require further exploration.”
For more details, refer to their published paper in ACS Nutrition.
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Asim Dave et al. Inter- and intra-individual variation in gene expression in human skin after grape consumption and/or exposure to ultraviolet radiation. ACS Nutritional Science, published online on May 13, 2026. doi: 10.1021/acsnutrsci.6c00003
The antenna of House cricket (Acheta domesticus) exhibits fascinating behavior when contacted with a heated probe. Insects show heightened attention to the burned area, grooming it much more significantly than if there were either innocuous contact or no contact at all. This phenomenon, observed by entomologists from the University of Sydney, may provide evidence for a condition akin to pain in insects, a topic that has sparked considerable scientific debate.
Manzi et al. explored house crickets (Acheta domesticus), a key species in insect farming, emphasizing the importance of flexible, site-specific self-defense as a pain-related behavioral feature. Image credit: Matthew Lindsey / CC BY 2.0.
“Once thought to possess brains too simple for complex experiences, insects are now recognized for their ability to perform intricate tasks like associative learning and situational decision-making,” said Dr. Thomas White, an evolutionary ecologist at the University of Sydney.
“Recent studies have pinpointed brain regions such as the mushroom body and central complex that seem to facilitate evaluative processing similar to mechanisms found in vertebrates.”
“However, understanding pain in insects cannot be resolved solely by examining neural structures.”
“Considering the variety of nervous systems across different species, behavioral observation remains the clearest path to inferring subjective experiences.”
“Thus, rather than questioning whether insects share the same neural structures, it is more pertinent to investigate whether they display similar behaviors under comparable conditions.”
In their research, the authors assessed 80 adult house crickets under strictly controlled experimental conditions designed to dismiss simple reflex actions.
Each cricket underwent exposure to three specific conditions: the tip of a soldering iron heated to 65 degrees Celsius (149 degrees Fahrenheit) was briefly applied to one antenna, followed by a non-heated probe application, alongside a no-contact scenario.
Cameras recorded the crickets’ movements for ten minutes, while three observers, blinded to the treatment each insect underwent, analyzed the grooming behavior frame by frame.
Results showed that crickets exposed to heat stimulation were significantly more prone to groom the affected antennae, dedicating considerably more time to this behavior—about four times longer than their counterparts in the no-contact group.
On average, the duration of grooming for damaged antennae reached approximately 13 seconds post-exposure, contrasted with around 3 seconds in the control condition.
“The increased grooming intensity in crickets followed a clear temporal pattern; those subjected to noxious heat displayed a heightened and sustained response, which later declined. This behavior mirrors findings in bees and rodents,” the researchers noted.
What makes this discovery particularly significant is not merely that the crickets responded, but how they did so.
Reflexes—often automatic responses that even the simplest nervous systems exhibit—typically cease once the stimulus is removed.
In contrast, the crickets continued returning to the impacted area long after the heated probe was taken away, indicating they were likely tracking an internal signal of damage.
“Pain represents one of the most enigmatic and crucial aspects of animal cognition, positioning insects as a challenging case study,” the authors remarked.
“Behavioral indicators, particularly flexible and localized responses to harm, offer the most straightforward method to deduce pain-like states in these creatures.”
“Our findings showcase such a response in a crucial organism: Acheta domesticus. Crickets exhibited more frequent grooming, prolonged duration, and a distinct temporal profile in response to noxious stimulation compared to tactile or non-contact controls.”
“These responses were specific to the injury site and persistent, indicating that crickets monitor the vicinity of the harm and adjust their behavior beyond mere reflex actions.”
Findings are detailed in a study published this month in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
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Oscar Manzi et al. 2026. Flexible self-defense as evidence of a pain-like state in house crickets. Proc Biol Sci 293 (2070): 20260609; doi: 10.1098/rspb.2026.0609
Recent studies by entomologists reveal that the carpenter ant, the largest genus in the subfamily Halinaciinae of Formicidae, produces a variety of previously unknown venomous peptides with potent antifungal properties. This discovery challenges the long-standing belief that older ants depend solely on formic acid for their defense mechanisms.
Analysis of Camponotus nicobarensis venom. Image credit: Koch et al., doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aed4078.
The Formicinae subfamily is renowned for its diverse ant species and ecological success, primarily known for producing toxins rich in formic acid, sometimes comprising up to 70% of their chemical defenses.
Interestingly, unlike many ant species, Gyricin ants lack stingers. They deliver venom through an acidopore located at the tip of their abdomen, which allows them to smear it on predators, spray it from a distance, or apply it to areas afflicted by bites.
Research has established that these venoms serve a multitude of functions beyond mere combat. Formicinae ants utilize their venom as an external immune defense, distributing it throughout their colonies to acidify their guts and create beneficial microbial communities, as well as for alarm signals and recruitment.
Traditionally, scientists attributed most of these functions to formic acid, believed to constitute the majority of the venom’s composition.
However, earlier studies suggested the existence of unexplored peptide compounds within the venom.
“We revisited some lesser-known publications from decades ago,” stated Professor Timo Niedermayer from the Free University of Berlin.
The earlier paper pointed out that these venoms contained peptidic compounds.
“Our investigation of the venoms from eight geographically distinct carpenter ant species revealed 35 peptides, known as formicytoxins, derived from two gene families.”
“While the specific formicytoxin profile varied among species, we found that its presence was widespread.”
“This indicates that carpenter ant venom is far more complex than previously thought.”
For this study, researchers employed cross-disciplinary methods, integrating biology, chemistry, and pharmacy.
By utilizing proteotranscriptomic techniques, they analyzed protein and RNA data from the venom and related tissues to identify distinct peptides and their corresponding gene sequences.
They also performed chemical analyses, conducted bioactivity tests, and synthesized formicytoxin in laboratory environments.
The findings suggest that these peptides play a crucial role in maintaining hygiene within ant colonies.
As ants distribute this toxin within their nests, the researchers theorized that formicytoxin may enhance and sustain external immune defenses long after the immediate antibacterial properties of formic acid have lessened.
“Certain peptides exhibit significant antifungal characteristics,” explained Dr. Simon Tragast, a researcher at Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg.
This is particularly pertinent given the threats posed by environmental microorganisms and pathogens to social insects like ants, as well as the escalating issue of microbial resistance affecting human health.
The Formicinae subfamily comprises over 3,700 species, indicating a significant potential for uncovering more bioactive compounds.
Explore the full study published in the journal Science Advances.
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Lucas Koch et al., 2026. Beyond formic acid: Peptides in carpenter ant venom help protect against disease. Science Advances 12(20); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aed4078
“Invasive studies involving rectal tubes have hindered our understanding,” he asserts, adding, “Our knowledge hasn’t progressed significantly since.”
But there’s good news! Hall’s team is developing a groundbreaking Human Fart Atlas to chart normal flatulence ranges across the population. A key element of this initiative is innovative smart underwear that detects human gas emissions.
A coin-sized sensor clips discreetly onto standard briefs, continuously monitoring gas releases and sending data to an app, providing valuable insights for both users and researchers.
In a study published in December 2025 in Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X, participants wore these smart pants for at least 11 hours over three days. Findings suggest that people fart far more than previously believed.
The average healthy adult expels gas about 32 times a day, but the range is diverse.
The study revealed individual differences, with participants reporting anywhere from 4 to 59 farts daily. Unpublished data indicates even higher numbers in some cases.
“Some individuals farted up to 175 times a day,” Hall noted, contrasting it with others on similar diets who only farted four times.
The human gut microbiome contains approximately 38 trillion bacterial cells – Photo credit: Getty
Breakthrough in Gas Detection
These fascinating insights stem from a technology the research team has refined over five years.
Hall humorously describes its inception: “As a microbiologist, one day I was studying microbial metabolism in an anaerobic chamber when everything went wrong. Someone farted, and we got a groundbreaking signal.”
This incident led to placing sensors in a place no wearable has ventured before—inside your pants. The sensors detect hydrogen, a gas produced by intestinal bacteria during food metabolism.
While future versions aim to capture a broader gas spectrum, current technology mainly detects the “hydrogen bomb.”
This data allows researchers to begin monitoring flatulence frequency and proceeds to shape a comprehensive Human Flatus Atlas. Hall mentioned the oversubscription for study participation demonstrates how comfortable the device is to wear.
“The most unexpected revelation was that there was room for the sensor in that area,” he explains. “You won’t even feel it. We’ve tested various shapes and materials; ultimately, we found that a round shape works best.”
Holding up what he coined a “butt mannequin,” he elaborates on sensor placement next to the perineum. “When seated, you’re typically not in contact with it,” he adds.
“Plus, women often wear menstrual pads without issue; our device is much smaller.”
Read more:
Gastrointestinal Insights
Wearing Hall’s smart underwear provides critical insights into our daily bodily functions. For skeptics, it offers essential information about your gastrointestinal health.
Generally, farting is a normal part of digestion. In fact, individuals consuming a fiber-rich diet often pass more gas, as beans and vegetables ferment in the intestines, producing excess gas.
Bloating can indicate good gut health but might also signify irritable bowel syndrome or a food intolerance.
Changes in frequency or habits can hint at shifts in your microbiome, influenced by stress or dietary changes. Excessive or foul-smelling gas might indicate lactose or gluten intolerance.
Consult a healthcare provider if you experience persistent digestive symptoms, such as diarrhea, pain, or bloating.
The variation in flatulence stems from multiple factors, including genetics, diet, and microbiome diversity. For instance, lactose intolerance is often hereditary.
“Those who are lactose intolerant must adjust their diets accordingly, as consuming milk can lead to increased gas production,” Hall explains.
The average person produces enough gas in a day to inflate a small balloon – Photo credit: Getty
Hall envisions that smart pants technology could revolutionize personal health tracking, providing clinicians with valuable data for better patient care.
“While we lack medical approval for this technology currently, future adaptations could empower gastroenterologists with this data, making it easier to distinguish normal from abnormal,” he explains.
His dream is to create a “fart score” akin to cholesterol levels, enabling individuals to monitor their health effectively.
Next steps involve adding methane detection, known to correlate with constipation, while exploring how farting habits across the globe compare with those in the United States.
Don’t you just love the smell of progress in the morning?
A significant genetic study has unveiled that Australia’s so-called “wild dogs” are predominantly dingoes, redefining the discussions surrounding conservation and wildlife management in the region.
Australian dingo. Image credit: Charcolot.
“Dingoes fulfill a vital ecological role in the Australian ecosystem, being the only terrestrial apex predator on the mainland (and some offshore islands) since their arrival over 3,000 years ago,” stated Yassin Souilmi, a researcher at the University of Adelaide.
“They hold immense cultural significance for many Indigenous Australians, frequently appearing in ancestral songlines as essential contributors to ecological and cultural balance.”
“However, dingoes have historically clashed with livestock farmers since the colonial era (the 1800s), leading to extensive dingo management strategies implemented throughout Australia.”
In a groundbreaking new study, researchers examined over 300 free-roaming dogs across Australia and discovered that only 11.7% of their DNA originated from domestic dogs.
These domestic DNA levels were highest in southeastern Australia, particularly in Victoria and New South Wales, while being significantly lower in remote northern and western regions.
“Over the decades, various genetic tests have produced conflicting results regarding the composition of dingoes, which are descended from European dogs and free-roaming animals,” Dr. Souilmi explained.
“Our research utilized pre-colonial dingo DNA as a true benchmark to clarify this discrepancy, concluding that the majority of free-roaming dogs in Australia are indeed primarily dingoes.”
This revelation is supported by ancient DNA records and has profound implications for species classification and population management.
“The term ‘wild dog’ obscures crucial biological and cultural distinctions. Dingoes are fundamentally different from feral dogs,” Dr. Souilmi emphasized.
“Future wildlife management strategies should incorporate local insights and work closely with Australia’s Indigenous communities, who have long regarded dingoes as companions and relatives.”
This innovative testing technology maintains accuracy with a minimal number of DNA markers, paving the way for large-scale, cost-effective ancestry screening.
“Our test’s reliability with minimal markers means that ancestry screening can now be routinely employed,” explained lead author Dr. Shamsunder Ravishankar, also from the University of Adelaide.
“Wildlife organizations can now achieve dependable results without needing extensive whole-genome budgets.”
The study categorized Australian dingoes into eight genetically distinct populations, including two newly identified groups in northern and central Australia.
Considering domestic dog ancestry, the findings revealed that southeastern populations exhibit far less genetic diversity compared to those in northern and central regions.
Dingoes from the Mallee (Great Desert) in northwest Victoria stood out, showcasing even lower ancestral diversity than the small, isolated Kugari population.
“Eliminating the domestic dog component alters our understanding,” stated co-author Dr. Ní Chau Nguyen, also from the University of Adelaide.
“While the ancestors of domestic dogs increased the overall genetic variation among southeastern dingoes, they simultaneously compromised some genetic traits that distinguish these dingoes.”
“Our research also corroborated previous studies indicating that gene flow from European dogs to dingoes peaked in the mid-20th century, especially during the 1960s, coinciding with rapid post-war population growth and agricultural expansion in southeastern Australia.”
For detailed findings, see the published study in the journal Conservation Letters.
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Shamsundar Ravishankar et al. 2026. European dog admixture inference based on paleogenomics allows for scalable dingo conservation. Conservation Letters 19 (3): e70052; doi: 10.1111/con4.70052
During the Neoproterozoic Era (1 billion to 538.8 million years ago), Earth underwent dramatic climate fluctuations, notably the Sturtian Ice Age, where ice is believed to have enveloped the planet. Understanding the geological record and the survival of life during this pivotal event has remained a significant challenge. Geochronological studies indicate that the Sturtian Ice Age persisted for an astonishing 56 million years, far exceeding predictions made by conventional climate models. A recent study from Harvard University proposes that Earth may have experienced cycles of ice-covered and ice-free states during the Sturtian period.
Artist’s impression of ‘Snowball Earth’. Image credit: Oleg Kuznetsov, http://3depix.com/ CC BY-SA 4.0.
“The global glaciation that occurred near the advent of animal life, known as the Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth event, represents one of the most severe climate transformations in Earth’s history and likely had profound effects on biological evolution,” stated Charlotte Minsky, a Harvard graduate student, along with her research team.
“However, the causes, severity, and ecological impacts of these glaciations continue to be the subject of intense debate.”
Employing a coupled model of ancient climate systems and the global carbon cycle, researchers propose that Earth was not trapped in a singular, incessant snowball state.
Their simulations indicate that extensive weathering of basalt in the Franklin Igneous Province, a significant volcanic area in northern Canada that likely erupted prior to the Sturtian Ice Age, dramatically reduced atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, leading to multiple global ice ages.
As volcanic activity and other processes gradually rebuilt atmospheric carbon dioxide, global temperatures rose, ice melted, and previously covered basalt regions were exposed once more.
This renewed decomposition through weathering replenished carbon dioxide, triggering another snowball cycle.
The authors contend that this recurring cycle of freezing and thawing driven by carbon dioxide could sustain glacial and interglacial variations for tens of millions of years.
The mechanisms revealed in this study address several longstanding discrepancies, particularly the duration of the Sturtian Ice Age, which was previously challenging to reconcile with established climate models.
This research aligns with sedimentation patterns from that era, elucidating how atmospheric oxygen levels could remain stable amidst extreme climatic shifts.
Moreover, frequent returns to warmer, ice-free states may have been critical in preventing a total collapse of atmospheric oxygen.
“This discovery may elucidate how aerobic life continued to thrive throughout such severe intervals,” Minsky noted.
For more details, refer to the study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
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Charlotte Minsky et al. 2026. The snowball greenhouse cycle repeats within Neoproterozoic Sturtian glaciers. PNAS 123 (19): e2525919123; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2525919123
In November 2025, scientists seized a historic opportunity when the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS passed between ESA’s Jupiter Icy Moons probe (JUICE) and NASA’s Europa Clipper spacecraft. This unique alignment allowed one spacecraft to capture the comet’s dazzling dayside while the other focused on its dusty nightside.
In November 2025, 3I/ATLAS passed between ESA’s Juice spacecraft and NASA’s Europa Clipper spacecraft. Image credit: NASA/ESA/Southwest Research Institute.
“As the comet journeyed between Juice and Europa Clipper, we successfully coordinated informal observations between the two spacecraft,” stated Dr. Kurt Retherford, a planetary researcher at the Southwest Research Institute.
“We notably observed emissions of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon,” he added.
“These elements arise when gases leaking from a comet’s core break down into atoms upon exposure to sunlight.”
This exceptional observation leveraged the ultraviolet spectrometer (UVS) instruments aboard both the Juice and Europa Clipper spacecraft.
“Studying interstellar comets has provided exciting bonus science,” remarked Dr. Philippa Molyneux, also from the Southwest Research Institute.
“The resulting rare data set includes valuable insights into gas emissions and airborne dust.”
“This marks the first instance of directly observing the coma of a gas-emitting comet from two perspectives simultaneously.”
“While Europa Clipper captured the comet’s night side, abundant with dust, Juice documented the glowing gas of the day side.”
Early findings indicated that carbon emissions from 3I/ATLAS were unexpectedly high compared to typical solar system comets, corroborating other observations regarding the origin and composition of interstellar comets.
By examining trends in emissions over multiple days, researchers can track changes in the molecular ratio as the comet traverses the solar system.
“Studying the ratio of water ice to dry ice allows us to compare this interstellar comet’s composition with those from our solar system,” Molyneux explained.
“This analysis will illuminate whether the solar system in which 3I/ATLAS formed is similar to or different from our own.”
“I found the collaboration with Europa Clipper to be a rewarding demonstration of how both projects can synergize their observation programs,” Dr. Retherford commented.
“The SwRI team is involved in both missions, making this a special highlight in our collaborative efforts.”
For decades, scientists have studied the yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes). Previously thought to consist of two large populations, new genomic research has unveiled three distinct lineages of this endangered species that have been isolated for thousands of years, well before humans arrived in New Zealand (Aotearoa).
Geographical distribution of yellow-eyed penguins. Image credit: Guhlin et al., doi: 10.1038/s41559-026-03062-w.
In 1841, Jacques-Bernard Ombron and Honoré Jaquinot first described the yellow-eyed penguin as an endangered species endemic to New Zealand.
The indigenous Maori people of New Zealand consider these penguins taonga (cherished things) and refer to them as huiho or takaraka.
Since 2019, respiratory distress syndrome has affected chicks in mainland New Zealand, significantly reducing the number of breeding pairs to under 115.
“As one of the world’s rarest penguin species, the yellow-eyed penguin is an essential indicator of ecosystem health. Its population trends mirror broader ecological changes,” stated Professor Gemma Geoghegan from the University of Otago.
“Conserving yellow-eyed penguins is vital for biodiversity and the health of coastal ecosystems.”
“They also play a crucial role in local wildlife tourism, significantly contributing to the economy.”
“Their decline indicates a biodiversity crisis, leading to cultural and economic losses.”
In a recent study, Professor Geoghegan and collaborators sequenced the complete genomes of 249 yellow-eyed penguins from mainland New Zealand (Northern Ranges), the sub-Antarctic Enderby (Auckland Islands), and the Campbell Islands (Southern Ranges).
Rather than observing two simple population structures, the researchers were surprised to discover three genetically distinct groups with minimal interbreeding.
These findings suggest that each group warrants formal recognition as a separate subspecies due to significant genetic variations.
“In this study, we utilized population genomics to explore the evolutionary history and disease susceptibility of the endangered yellow-eyed penguin,” said Professor Geoghegan.
“Supported by Genomics Aotearoa, we generated comprehensive genomic data from these 249 penguins, enabling us to understand the reasons behind the severe respiratory disease affecting mainland chicks.”
Unexpectedly, we found that the yellow-eyed penguin consists of three distinct subspecies, showing no evidence of migration among them.
Our analysis indicates these populations have been separated for thousands of years, much earlier than previously believed.
This means the endangered northern population is not merely a recent offshoot of the southern lineage, but rather a unique evolutionary group.
We have identified potential genes related to immune function and respiratory biology, which may contribute to the northern populations’ vulnerability to respiratory distress syndrome.
“These findings shed light on the role of host genetics in wildlife diseases and have significant implications for conservation management.”
After discussions with Ngāi Tahu, the species’ kaitiaki (guardians), the authors suggest new subspecies names based on Māori geography: Megadyptes antipodes Murihiku (Hoiho Murihiku) for the northern residents, Megadyptes antipodes Motu Maha (Hoiho Motu Maha) for Enderby Island in the Auckland Islands, and Megadyptes antipodes Motu Ifupuku (Hoiho Motu Ifupuku) for Campbell Island.
“Collaborating with Ngāi Tahu, the Kaitiaki of Hoiho, we aim for this research to support urgent conservation efforts for each subspecies, particularly the declining northern lineage with fewer than 115 breeding pairs,” stated Professor Geoghegan.
The team’s research paper is published in the journal Nature Ecology and Evolution.
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J. Gurin et al. Population genomics of yellow-eyed penguins reveals subspecies divergence and candidate genes associated with respiratory distress syndrome. Nat Ecol Evol, published online May 12, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41559-026-03062-w
A significant ocean current system that plays a crucial role in regulating the climate across the Northern Hemisphere is projected to weaken more dramatically by the end of this century than previously anticipated, according to a new study published in Scientific Progress.
The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is an extensive ocean current system transporting warm water north from the tropics, releasing heat into the atmosphere before descending and returning south.
“This system essentially forms a loop that transports heat from the equator to the North Atlantic,” stated Dr. Valentin Portman, the lead author of the study from France’s Bordeaux Southwest Research Center, during an interview with BBC Science Focus.
“Warm, salty water flows north, releasing heat, thickening, sinking, and then traveling south through deep ocean currents.”
Research indicates a projected 51% slowdown by 2100, a figure approximately 60% higher than average projections derived from conventional climate models, with significantly lower uncertainty.
The weakening of AMOC could lead to severe consequences. Sea levels along the northeastern U.S. coast are already rising faster than the global average, partially due to a weakening AMOC.
Globally, the tropical rain belt is expected to weaken and shift southward, jeopardizing the monsoons on which millions in West Africa and South Asia depend for agriculture.
In Europe, these changes could result in harsher, colder winters as the conveyor belt of warm water to the continent decelerates.
Worryingly, each additional weakening increases the system’s proximity to a tipping point where complete collapse becomes more probable, posing potentially catastrophic risks.
The AMOC extends across the Atlantic Ocean, forming a part of a vast network of ocean currents – Photo credit: Getty
Understanding a Complex System
Predicting the future of AMOC as the Earth warms is notoriously challenging due to the system’s vast complexity and influence from both local and global factors.
Previous forecasts about AMOC’s future varied significantly based on the employed climate prediction models. While most agree the system is weakening, the degree of potential collapse ranges from minimal to complete failure.
The new study identified two systematic errors prevalent in much of the prevailing modeling: underestimating salinity in the South Atlantic and overestimating coldness in the North Atlantic.
These biases cause models to underestimate how dense, saline water sinks and maintains current flow across the system.
By correcting these variables using a statistical approach called ridge-normalized linear regression, seldom applied in climate research, the expected weakening escalated to 51%, significantly lowering uncertainty surrounding the results.
“Typically, only one variable is used in studies, such as a singular observation of AMOC’s strength in the past,” Portman explained.
“This study aimed to incorporate more information by leveraging multiple variables simultaneously, which is vital due to AMOC’s complexity and dependence on various processes.”
The current strength of AMOC is already notably weak. Recent observations suggest a decline of 10% to 20% since the mid-2000s, equating to hundreds of millions of gallons of water no longer flowing north each second.
A 2025 study disclosed that the recent weakening of currents has contributed to nearly 50% of flooding along the northeastern U.S. coast since 2005.
However, attributing this decline to human-induced climate change rather than natural fluctuations remains a challenge. Experts state that it may take until 2033 (with 29 years of data) to confidently distinguish between the two.
Not a Complete Collapse—But It’s Worrisome
Results from this recent study are concerning, but researchers emphasize clarity regarding what they do and do not illustrate. In the 6th assessment report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) expressed confidence that AMOC would diminish throughout this century, albeit with “moderate confidence” that it would not collapse by 2100.
Yet, such assurances may offer little comfort given the extensive changes that collapse could entail, whether prior to or following this century’s conclusion.
For instance, a 2025 study in Geophysical Research Letters predicted that under such circumstances, temperatures in London could plummet to -20°C (-4°F) and -48°C (-54°F) in Oslo, despite global warming driven by greenhouse gases.
Moreover, a weakening AMOC risks crossing an unknown tipping point threshold. A study suggests that the AMOC may hold two stable “on” or “off” states, with reversals potentially taking thousands of years to rectify.
The exact location of this threshold remains uncertain. Extending existing models beyond the typical 2100 cutoff, a 2025 study in Environmental Research Letters indicated AMOC shutdowns could occur in 67% of high-emission scenarios and 30% under moderate conditions.
“We don’t definitively know where the threshold lies or if this situation truly applies,” Portman noted. “We can speculate that this decline, even more significant than predicted, may be approaching a tipping point.”
Critical Action Window
Portman’s team tested four distinct emissions scenarios. Three (ranging from moderate to very high) consistently yielded results of approximately 50% weakening, suggesting that many impacts of human-induced climate change could become irreversible beyond a certain threshold.
“We are introducing considerable heat into the ocean, which will persist for centuries,” Portman stated.
However, the most optimistic scenario, marked by robust and sustained emissions reductions, resulted in only about a 20% decline.
“There are two perspectives here. One is that it may be a bit too late, given significant CO2 emissions leading to long-term effects,” Portman explained.
“Conversely, if we dramatically lower CO2 emissions prior to hitting the tipping point, we can avert a serious decline.”
While Portman expresses confidence in his research’s projections for this important ocean system, he acknowledges that other significant processes may still need to be considered.
“This necessitates prudence regarding the findings,” he emphasized. “Substantial uncertainty remains in climate models concerning AMOC’s future. Addressing this issue is vital.”
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This Victorian-era chromolithograph illustrates Boudica’s revolt against the Romans around 60 AD.
Credit: Popper Photo (Getty Images)
Recent studies highlight the limited genetic influence of Roman occupation on modern British populations, revealing surprising insights into Britain’s genetic history.
“The Roman conquest’s genetic impact seems to be far less significant than previously thought,” says Rachel Pope, a PhD candidate at the University of Liverpool, who wasn’t involved in the research.
<p><a href="https://www.crick.ac.uk/research/find-a-researcher/marina-soares-da-silva">Marina Soares da Silva</a> and her team at the Francis Crick Institute analyzed the genomes of 1,039 ancient Britons, dating from the Bronze Age (2550 BC - 1150 AD) following the Norman Conquest. Roman rule in Britain lasted from 43 AD to 410 AD.</p>
<p>The findings indicated that nearly 100% of individuals living during the Roman period shared ancestry solely with Iron Age Britons, with only 20% exhibiting genetic contributions from outside Britain.</p>
<p>"Given the extensive lifestyle changes during Roman times, the mere 20% genetic influence is astonishing," notes <a href="https://www.lancashire.ac.uk/academics/duncan-sayer">Duncan Thayer</a> from the University of Lancashire, who wasn't part of the study. "I anticipated a more diverse genetic mix."</p>
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<p>"This implies that the Roman conquest was less about altering genetics and more about transforming lifestyles," Thayer explains. "Their focus was on converting Britain into a series of exploitable economies, driven by a select few."</p>
<p>This aligns with previous research indicating <a href="https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/41/9/msae168/7741671?login=false">minimal Roman genetic influence in rural regions</a>.</p>
<p>One notable area where the Romans influenced British society was in burial customs. Pre-Roman evidence suggests that women had significant autonomy, with practices such as matrilocality where women remained in their ancestral homes as men migrated.</p>
<p>In Iron Age Britain, burial practices typically followed maternal lineage, with individuals buried alongside maternal relatives rather than spouses. Silva and her research team discovered more sites in southwestern England evidencing these matrilineal burials extending into the late Iron Age.</p>
<p>"This discovery was unexpected, particularly the implications in the western regions," says Pope.</p>
<p>However, Roman burial sites displayed no discernible family patterns, suggesting a departure from Iron Age customs and lifestyles.</p>
<p>Pope notes that the enduring legacy of Boudica, the Aisni queen who led a revolt against the Roman Empire around 60 AD, reflects this loss. "Her story symbolizes a woman protesting against the inability to inherit property."</p>
<p>After the Romans departed, significant genetic changes occurred. Between 400 and 600 AD, various Germanic tribes like the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes migrated to and established dominance over modern England. The Anglo-Saxon populace remained influential until the Norman Conquest in 1066.</p>
<p>Silva’s analysis revealed a prominent influx of ancestry tied to Germanic-speaking tribes by the 6th century, impacting over 70% of the Anglo-Saxon demographic in southern Britain.</p>
<p>This observation parallels findings by <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05247-2">Thayer's research team</a>, where about 76% of genomes from the same era indicated similar genetic markers.</p>
<p>The results indicated a clustering of ancestral profiles, establishing a population labeled as early medieval Britain I. From the 8th to 10th century, this genetic lineage saw a decline, with increased presence from central and southern European ancestries.</p>
<p>The genetic influence of the Viking population was shown to be limited, despite the establishment of the Danelaw region, which was under Viking control from the 9th to 11th centuries. During this period, only 4% of Britons could trace their ancestry back to Iron Age Scandinavia.</p>
<p>This trend can be accounted for through two stages of Viking incursions, Thayer affirms. In earlier raids, genetics were predominantly Scandinavian, as Vikings captured individuals from Ireland and England. Conversely, later invasions resulted in a diverse genetic mix due to existing populations in Britain.</p>
<p>Silva's team analyzed 69 genomes from the post-Norman Conquest period, discovering similar evidence of genetic stagnation post-invasion, although most genomes were from a singular site in Leicester, limiting generalizability across the country.</p>
<p>Pope concludes that these findings illustrate the dynamic genetic influx into the UK from diverse populations across Europe. "What does it mean to be English?"</p>
<p>Thayer suggests, "Perhaps we are imposing modern concepts of ethnicity that held different significances in the past."</p>
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<h3 class="SpecialArticleUnit__Heading">Discovering Hadrian's Wall: An Insight into Roman Innovations</h3>
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<p>Experience history firsthand on an immersive walking tour along Hadrian's Wall, one of Britain's most iconic ancient monuments and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.</p>
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Groundbreaking research into the odor-sensing neurons of mice reveals intricate stripes within the nasal structure, challenging longstanding beliefs about the wiring of the sense of smell.
Cross-sectional view of a rat’s nose. Image credit: Datta Lab, Harvard Medical School.
“The sense of smell is vital for our daily experiences,” says Sandeep (Robert) Dutta, a Harvard Medical School professor.
“It informs us about our environment, alerts us to danger, enhances taste, and triggers emotions and memories.”
“However, from a scientific standpoint, the mechanics of smell remain shrouded in mystery.”
In a pioneering study utilizing mice, Dutta and his team found that the neurons responsible for odor receptors exhibit remarkable spatial organization, forming horizontal stripes that extend from the top to the bottom of the nose based on receptor type.
Their findings indicate that the receptor map in the nose is mirrored by an odor map in the brain’s olfactory bulb, shedding light on how scent information is transmitted from the nose to the brain.
“While the discovery of the odor map is groundbreaking, it also lays essential groundwork for developing treatments for olfactory loss, which currently lack effective solutions,” Professor Dutta explains.
“Understanding the fundamental workings of smell is crucial for any modifications to this sense.”
Maps detailing the organization of receptors in the eyes, ears, and skin have been established for a long time, showing how these correspond to maps in the brain.
“The sense of smell, however, has remained a largely unexplored territory,” he notes.
In their comprehensive study, researchers employed advanced techniques like single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptomics to analyze approximately 5.5 million neurons across over 300 individual mice.
The first technique helped identify the odor receptors expressed by neurons in the nose, while the second enabled localization of these receptors.
“This is likely the most extensively sequenced neural tissue to date, but we required this extensive data to understand the system,” Professor Dutta elaborates.
The team discovered that neurons are structured into dense, overlapping horizontal stripes from the top to the base of the nose, aligned by the type of olfactory receptors expressed.
This well-organized receptor map was consistently observed across different mice, mirroring the olfactory maps in the brain akin to those noted in visual, auditory, and tactile systems.
The researchers further examined how the nose’s odor map is formed, identifying retinoic acid—a molecule crucial for regulating gene activity—as a key player.
The findings revealed that a gradient of retinoic acid in the nose directs each neuron to express the appropriate type of odor receptor based on its spatial positioning.
Altering retinoic acid levels effectively shifts the receptor map vertically.
“We’ve demonstrated that during development, it’s feasible to organize over a thousand distinct odorant receptors into a remarkably precise map that is consistent across various species,” Professor Dutta points out.
A comprehensive paper detailing these findings has been published in Cell.
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David H. Brann et al. Spatial codes control olfactory receptor selection and coordinate sensory maps in the nose and brain. Cell, published online April 28, 2026. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2026.03.051
Space debris, including defunct satellites and leftover rocket stages, poses an increasing risk to operational spacecraft and human space missions. Recent research indicates that heightened solar activity may accelerate the descent of space debris, influencing how scientists estimate satellite lifespans and collision probabilities.
When solar activity reaches approximately 67% of its peak, space debris descends more rapidly.
Low Earth Orbit (LEO), ranging from 400 to 2,000 km, serves as a prime location for image surveillance satellites, including Starlink and large-scale internet “megaconstellations.”
However, this region is cluttered with “space junk,” like retired satellites and rocket stages, posing risks to new launches. A single collision can trigger a chain reaction of extensive damage.
Efforts to use robotic systems for capturing space debris are still in their infancy. Researchers are currently focused on accurately tracking debris and identifying the most hazardous objects for future removal.
“We demonstrate that heightened solar activity accelerates the altitude loss of space debris surrounding Earth,” explained Dr. Aisha Ashraf, a researcher at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Center.
“For the first time, we reveal that this altitude reduction occurs significantly faster once solar activity surpasses a specific threshold.”
“This finding is expected to play a crucial role in planning sustainable future space operations.”
The sun operates on an 11-year cycle, alternating between active and quiet phases, which correlates with sunspot numbers and affects the intensity of solar radiation.
UV radiation and charged particles (such as helium nuclei and heavy ions) increase during active periods.
When this solar outburst peaks, as observed in 2024, it heats Earth’s thermosphere, located at altitudes of 100 to 1,000 km, with temperatures ranging from 500 to 2,500 degrees Celsius.
This elevation in atmospheric density around orbiting objects (350-36,000 km altitude) increases atmospheric resistance or “drag,” accelerating their descent.
In their study, Dr. Ashraf and colleagues analyzed the historical trajectories of 17 LEO space debris objects over a 36-year timeline beginning in the 1960s, encompassing the 22nd to 24th solar cycles.
These objects orbit the Earth every 90 to 120 minutes at altitudes of 600 to 800 km and have yet to reenter the atmosphere; eventually, they will combust upon reentry.
Since space debris does not engage in active station-keeping like artificial satellites, its descent rates are influenced solely by variations in thermosphere density.
“This characteristic makes space junk an excellent indicator for assessing the long-term impacts of solar activity on atmospheric drag,” stated the researchers.
They correlated these orbits with extensive data from the German Geoscience Research Center, which monitors sunspot activity alongside daily shifts in solar radio and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation.
The findings indicated that when sunspot numbers exceed two-thirds of their peak, space debris crosses a “transition boundary,” prompting faster descent.
“This threshold appears unrelated to a specific solar radiation value but rather hinges on the sun’s proximity to its peak activity,” remarked Dr. Ashraf.
“At this juncture, the sun emits more intense EUV radiation, potentially due to amplified solar activities near the peak.”
The researchers emphasized that their discoveries will assist space scientists in optimizing satellite trajectories and mitigating collision risks with debris.
“Our findings suggest that when solar activity heightens beyond a particular level, satellites decline in altitude more rapidly, akin to space debris, necessitating more frequent orbital adjustments,” Dr. Ashraf noted.
“This directly impacts a satellite’s operational duration in orbit and its fuel requirements, particularly for missions launched close to solar maximum.”
“Remarkably, all this valuable information derives from objects launched in the 1960s.”
“They continue to contribute to our understanding and act as vital instruments for investigating the long-term effects of solar activity on the thermosphere.”
The team’s study has been published in the latest issue of Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Science.
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Aisha M. Ashraf et al. 2026. Characterizing the influence of solar cycles on long-term orbital degradation of Low-Earth Orbit space debris. Front. Astron. Space Sci. 13; doi: 10.3389/fspas.2026.1797886
A groundbreaking study examining various South American butterfly lineages and diurnal moths reveals that convergent evolution—where unrelated species develop similar traits—follows a consistent genetic pattern. This discovery has significant implications for understanding how species may adapt to climate change.
Ben Chehida and others. A flight study of Itomini, Isomini, and Heliconius butterflies, along with the Ketonga moth. Image credit: Ben Chehida et al., doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003742.
“Convergent or parallel evolution serves as a natural experiment where unrelated species independently evolve similar traits in response to equivalent selective pressures,” states Kanchon Dasmahapatra, a professor at the University of York.
“This indicates how reproducible—and thus predictable—evolution can be.”
“Highly divergent lineages often display significant trait convergence, such as repeated colonization of habitats like land, water, and air, or the evolution of resistance against threats like pesticides, drought, and heat stress.”
According to the researchers, “Convergence in traits across different species can stem from genetic changes occurring in different genes or in the same gene (gene reuse).”
“Gene reuse is expected to be more prevalent among closely related lineages or when developmental pathways towards optimal fitness are limited.”
“Convergence may happen when the same allele is reused (allele sharing), either through independent mutations in one gene or through ancestral variation and introgression between species.”
In this study, the authors investigated various species of distantly related South American rainforest butterflies and moths that share similar wing color patterns for predator deterrence, a phenomenon known as mimicry.
The study aims to identify the genes responsible for these similar mimic color patterns among seven distantly related species.
Remarkably, researchers found that distinct butterfly and moth species reuse the same two genes—ivory and optics—which evolve into similar color patterns, despite being very distant relatives.
Genetic alterations in several butterfly species did not occur in the genes themselves but rather in similar “switches” that control gene expression.
Interestingly, one moth species utilizes an inversion mechanism where substantial DNA sequences flip directions, mirroring a genetic strategy used by a butterfly.
“Convergent evolution, where numerous unrelated species independently develop the same trait, is a widespread phenomenon across the tree of life,” says Professor Dasmahapatra.
“However, there is limited opportunity to explore the genetic foundation of this phenomenon.”
“By studying seven butterfly lineages along with diurnal moths, we demonstrate that evolution is surprisingly predictable and that both butterflies and moths have repeatedly employed the same genetic tricks to develop similar color patterns since the time of dinosaurs.”
The findings from this study reveal that evolution may not always be random and could be more predictable than previously believed.
Professor Joanna Meyer from the Wellcome Sanger Institute remarked: “All these distantly related butterflies and moths are toxic and unpalatable to birds that attempt to consume them.”
“Their similarities are advantageous; if birds recognize a specific color pattern as indicating ‘don’t eat us, we are poisonous’, it benefits other species to exhibit the same warning colors.”
“Our research illustrates that these warning colors are remarkably optimal. With a highly conserved genetic basis over 120 million years, evolving these similar color patterns could be quite straightforward.”
The results are published in the journal PLoS Biology.
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Y. Ben Chehida et al. 2026. Convergent mimic coloration in lepidopterans over 120 million years of evolution is underpinned by genetic parallelism. PLoS Biol 24 (4): e3003742; doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003742
Research involving numerous European bird species—including great tits, house sparrows, and blackbirds—indicates that these birds can differentiate between male and female humans, responding accordingly. However, the underlying reasons for this behavior remain elusive.
Western Wagtail (Motacilla flava), small birds from the order Passeriformes and the family Motacilidae. Image credit: Sci.News.
“When facing potential predators, flight is the primary response across various animal species,” stated Daniel Blumstein, a professor at the University of California, Los Angeles.
“Evaluating the costs and benefits of escape is vital for managing predation risks.”
“Flight Initiation Distance (FID) is often utilized to explore the cost-benefit dynamics associated with these risks.”
“FID serves as a reliable measure of fear, reflected in the distance between the observer and the target animal when it decides to flee.”
“In urban birds, FID can effectively gauge predator-related apprehension, even in situations where humans approach without aggressive intent.”
In a recent study across five European nations (the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, and Spain), participants—both male and female—walked directly towards birds located in urban parks and green spaces.
The study revealed that male observers could approach birds an average of 1 meter closer before the birds took flight compared to female observers.
These findings were consistent among the 37 bird species examined in all participating countries, ranging from fast-fleeing species like magpies to slower species like pigeons.
“Adjusting for other variables influencing FID, our research indicates that birds generally flee from a distance roughly 1 meter farther when approached by females compared to males,” the researchers stated.
“This suggests a lower tolerance among birds for female approaches, a trend observed consistently across diverse geographical locations.”
This leads to the conclusion that urban birds can perceive the gender of approaching humans.
However, the specific traits that prompt this detection and the reasons behind the heightened aversion to women remain unclear.
“We firmly stand by our findings that urban birds react distinctively to the gender of human observers, yet we currently lack a definitive explanation,” noted Professor Blumstein.
“Utilizing advanced comparative analysis techniques, we confirmed consistent results across various cities and species, leaving us puzzled regarding the underlying factors.”
Dr. Janina Benedetti from the Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague remarked, “As a female researcher in the field, it was surprising to see differing reactions from the birds.”
“This study sheds light on how urban wildlife perceives humans, which holds significant implications for urban ecology and the representation of diversity in scientific research.”
“Many behavioral studies presume human observers are neutral; our study illustrates this assumption doesn’t hold true for urban birds.”
The research team has proposed several hypotheses regarding potential factors, such as pheromones, body shape, and gait.
“This aspect of our study is particularly intriguing,” commented Dr. Federico Morelli, a researcher at the University of Turin.
“We’ve identified an interesting phenomenon, yet the reasons remain unclear.”
“Our findings highlight the birds’ advanced capabilities in environmental assessment.”
“Urban birds evidently react to subtle cues that often go unnoticed by humans,” concluded Benedetti.
Future studies could focus on individual aspects such as behavior patterns, olfactory signals, and physical traits, allowing for a more targeted investigation into the specific cues that birds may recognize.
For further information, refer to the findings published in the February 2026 issue of the journal People and Nature.
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Federico Morelli et al. 2026. Sex matters: European urban birds flee faster when approached by females than when approached by males. People and Nature 8 (2): 316-326; doi: 10.1002/pan3.70226
A major ocean current system, crucial for regulating the climate across the Northern Hemisphere, is expected to weaken far more severely by the end of this century than previously estimated, according to a new study published in Scientific Progress.
The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a vast ocean current system that transports warm water north from the tropics, releasing heat into the atmosphere, then sinking and returning south.
Dr. Valentin Portman, lead author from Bordeaux Southwest Research Center in France, explains, “This loop transports heat from the equator to the North Atlantic Ocean,” as reported by BBC Science Focus.
The warm, salty water moves north, releases heat, thickens, sinks, and subsequently flows south through deep ocean currents.
Research predicts a 51% slowdown of AMOC by 2100, approximately 60% higher than average projections from standard climate models and with considerably lower uncertainty.
The implications of a weakened AMOC could be dire. Sea levels along the Northeast Coast of the United States are already rising faster than the global average, partly due to AMOC’s decline.
Globally, the tropical rain belt is anticipated to weaken and shift south, endangering the monsoon systems vital for agriculture in West Africa and South Asia.
In Europe, these changes could result in colder, harsher winters as the warm water conveyor belt slows down.
Every further weakening brings the AMOC closer to a tipping point, increasing the chances of complete collapse with potentially catastrophic outcomes.
The AMOC stretches the length of the Atlantic Ocean, forming part of a vast network of ocean currents – Photo credit: Getty
The Importance of AMOC
Predicting the future of AMOC as global temperatures rise is notoriously challenging. Its vast, complex nature is influenced by both local and global factors.
Previous assessments of AMOC’s future varied widely between climate models. While most agree on its weakening, estimates of its collapse range from minimal to catastrophic.
The latest study identified systematic errors in some of the best existing models: underestimating salinity in the South Atlantic and overestimating temperature in the North Atlantic.
These biases lead to an underestimation of the critical process that allows dense, saline water to sink, maintaining current flow within the system.
After correcting these discrepancies using ridge-normalized linear regression — a rarely applied technique in climate science — researchers found the expected weakening of AMOC increased to 51%, considerably lowering result uncertainty.
“Typically, models use one variable as input, like past AMOC strength,” Portman noted.
“Our goal was to utilize more comprehensive data by analyzing multiple variables concurrently, considering the complexity of AMOC.”
The current AMOC is already showing signs of weakness, as evidenced by observational data revealing a 10% to 20% intensity decline since the mid-2000s — equivalent to significant volumes of water no longer flowing north each second.
According to a 2025 study, recent AMOC weakening has contributed up to 50% of flooding along the U.S. Northeast coast since 2005.
However, researchers caution that linking this decline directly to anthropogenic climate change, rather than natural fluctuations, remains uncertain until at least 2033, when sufficient data will be available.
Understanding the Risks
While the findings of this study are concerning, researchers clarify what they do and don’t imply.
The 6th Assessment Report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) expressed confidence that AMOC will weaken throughout this century but reported “moderate confidence” that it would avoid total collapse by the year 2100.
However, these reassurances may offer little comfort given the impact of such a collapse, whether it occurs before or after 2100.
Moreover, a 2025 study published in Geophysical Research Letters indicated that under serious collapse scenarios, severe cold temperatures could drop to -20°C (-4°F) in London and -48°C (-54°F) in Oslo, despite global warming trends.
As human-induced climate change melts polar ice, ocean salinity decreases, hindering processes driving the AMOC.
A weakening AMOC also raises the risk of breaching an unknown tipping point. According to a study, AMOC may exist in two stable states, and once reversed, it could take thousands of years to revert.
The exact location of this threshold is uncertain. A 2025 study in Environmental Research Letters revealed that under high emissions, AMOC shutdowns could occur in 67% of operations, and 30% under moderate emissions.
“The threshold remains elusive,” Portman stated, “but this accelerated decline we observe may be approaching a tipping point.”
Future Projections
Portman’s team assessed four different emissions scenarios, three of which (from moderate to very high) indicate similar 50% weakening results, suggesting that beyond a certain emissions level, many consequences of climate change become inevitable.
“We’ve introduced significant heat into the ocean, and its chilling effects will last for centuries,” Portman warned.
The most optimistic scenario, emphasizing strong and sustained emissions reductions, resulted in only a 20% weakening of AMOC.
“We can frame it two ways: it’s late, given our high CO2 emissions and their long-term impacts,” Portman said, “but we can also assert that significant reductions before reaching a tipping point can avert a serious decline.”
Currently, Portman believes his research offers a clearer view of the AMOC’s future, though he acknowledges ongoing uncertainties and the potential for additional undiscovered processes.
“That’s why it’s critical to approach these findings cautiously,” he emphasized. “Addressing uncertainty in climate models is essential for understanding AMOC’s fate.”
Extensive genome-wide analysis of the Amazonian two-toed sloth (genus Choloepus) reveals that these remarkable creatures possess greater genetic diversity than previously understood, suggesting the potential existence of undiscovered species.
The two-toed sloth is a slow-moving, tree-dwelling mammal that inhabits the lush rainforests of Central and South America.
Interestingly, although named for their two clawed digits on the front legs, these animals do not literally have “two digits.” This characteristic differentiates them from their three-toed counterparts.
Belonging to the genus Choloepus, the three-toed sloth is classified within the monophyletic family Choloepodidae.
Dr. Camila Mazzoni of the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research highlights that Choloepus didactylus is monotypic with a wide distribution throughout the Amazon, while Choloepus hoffmanni comprises five recognized subspecies in Central America, as well as northwestern parts of Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador.
Both species are believed to coexist in the western Amazon, a region known for its rich concentration of terrestrial mammals, exhibiting distinct morphological traits such as fur coloration and skeletal characteristics.
However, significant overlaps in body size and coat color present challenges for accurate taxonomic classification.
To investigate the phylogenetic and biogeographical history of this genus in the Amazon, the researchers compiled existing mitochondrial data and generated new genomic datasets, including mitochondrial and whole-genome sequences from Choloepus individuals sampled across three remote Amazonian regions.
This comprehensive analysis allowed them to assess population structure, lineage relationships, demographic history, and genomic diversity patterns among sampled lineages.
The findings revealed that Choloepus hoffmanni is not a singular, cohesive lineage as previously thought.
Instead, populations east of the Andes share closer genetic relationships with Choloepus didactylus than with their western counterparts, indicating a “paraphyletic” classification that fails to capture the species’ true evolutionary history.
Even more remarkably, the research uncovered at least three deeply divergent genetic lineages among Amazonian sloths, suggesting that many others may yet be identified.
This hidden diversity dates back millions of years. By comparing nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, they reconstructed the sloth evolutionary timeline, revealing significant divergences linked to historical environmental changes.
The separation of sloths on opposite sides of the Andes likely occurred around 4.6 million years ago during the final uplift of the mountains that reshaped South America’s landscape.
Then, approximately 2.6 million years ago, the Quaternary Ice Age began, fragmenting the Amazon rainforest into isolated habitats, which would have introduced barriers to migration for these arboreal creatures, setting them on separate evolutionary paths.
Genetic analyses also indicated that sloth populations have experienced expansions and contractions in response to glacial cycles throughout history.
Dr. Mazzoni emphasized, “The Amazon sloth represents both an ancient evolutionary relic and a critical indicator of current deforestation trends.” She asserted, “The discovery of cryptic lineages and potentially new species underscores the urgency of advancing sloth research, which our team actively pursues.”
“This collaborative research lays a crucial foundation for sloth conservation efforts.”
“Our findings demonstrate the pivotal role of genomic research in revealing the hidden biodiversity of the Amazon, directly informing conservation strategies to protect unique evolutionary units before they are threatened by human activities.”
For further details, refer to the published study in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.
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Larissa S. Arantes et al. 2026. Genomic insights into the evolutionary history and puzzling diversity of the three-toed sloth (Choloepus) in the Amazon. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 221: 108620; doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2026.108620
A recent study reveals that infrasound (very low frequency sounds below 20 Hz) can elevate cortisol levels and increase irritability, providing a scientific rationale for why certain “haunted” locations may evoke feelings of discomfort.
Research by Scatterati et al. has shown that infrasound can evoke irritation and aversion in humans through a combination of self-reports and biological measures, also suggesting a link to increased negative emotional assessments.
Infrasound is defined as sound waves with frequencies below 20 Hz, which can manifest naturally from sources such as tectonic shifts, volcanic eruptions, convective storms, and air-water interactions during upstream water discharge.
Additionally, infrasound is commonly found in urban settings, particularly near ventilation systems, air conditioning units, low-noise piping, traffic, and various mechanical systems.
Exploratory field recordings have detected infrasound energy linked to urban sound environments and live music events.
Professor Rodney Schmaltz from MacEwan University states, “Infrasound is widespread in everyday surroundings, frequently emanating from ventilation apparatus, transit systems, and industrial machinery.”
“Many individuals are unknowingly subjected to these sounds. Our research indicates that even brief exposure can modify mood and elevate cortisol levels. Understanding the effects of infrasound in real-world contexts is crucial.”
The study involved 36 participants who sat alone in a room while either soothing or anxiety-inducing music played.
For half the participants, an inconspicuous subwoofer emitted infrasound at 18 Hz. Afterward, they were asked to report their feelings, emotional evaluations of the music, and whether they suspected infrasound was present. Saliva samples were collected before and after the listening session.
Results showed that cortisol levels in saliva were elevated in participants exposed to infrasound.
These individuals also reported increased irritability, reduced interest, and a perception of the music as sadder, despite not being aware of the infrasound presence.
“This study indicates that the body can react to infrasound even when it goes consciously unheard,” Schmalz explains.
“Participants struggled to accurately identify the presence of infrasound, and their beliefs regarding it had no discernible impact on cortisol levels or mood.”
“When feeling irritable or stressed, cortisol levels naturally rise as a part of the body’s stress response, establishing a connection between increased irritability and elevated cortisol,” notes Dr. Kale Scatterati, a student at the University of Alberta.
“However, exposure to infrasound influenced both outcomes beyond their normal correlation.”
These findings suggest humans can detect infrasound, yet often fail to recognize it, though the underlying mechanism remains unclear.
Furthermore, this research points to the need for further exploration into whether long-term infrasound exposure could affect health due to consistently heightened cortisol levels and mood disturbances associated with increased irritability.
Professor Trevor Hamilton from MacEwan University commented, “Increased cortisol levels trigger alertness and help the body respond to potential stressors.”
“This is an evolutionarily beneficial response but chronic cortisol release can lead to various physiological issues and adversely impact mental health.”
The findings of this research are published in the journal Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience.
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Kale R. Scatterati et al. 2026. Exposure to infrasound is associated with aversion, negative evaluation, and elevated salivary cortisol in humans. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 20; doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2026.1729876
A recent study on bee vision reveals that their capacity to differentiate quantities goes beyond simple visual patterns, indicating authentic numerical cognition influenced by their distinct brain perceptions.
To understand the mechanisms behind animal cognition, it is essential to adopt experimental designs that respect the biological and perceptual limitations of the species being studied. Zanon et al. addressed the ongoing debate around visuospatial frequency in numerical cognition research using honeybees (Apis mellifera) as a model system. Image credit: PollyDot.
In this study, researchers from Monash University, including Scarlett Howard, revisited previous critiques of bee intelligence, considering the unique sensory and perceptual limitations bees possess.
By evaluating experimental stimuli from a biologically relevant standpoint, the researchers demonstrated that previous critiques suggesting bees are merely sensitive to visual cues like spatial frequency are unfounded.
“These findings emphasize the necessity to eliminate anthropocentric biases in animal research,” stated Dr. Howard.
“In evaluating an animal’s cognitive capabilities, it is crucial to prioritize the animal’s perspective; otherwise, we may miscalculate their abilities.”
“Given that humans perceive the world quite differently from animals, we must refrain from centering human perspectives when researching animal intelligence.”
As the researchers conclude, properly assessing cognitive abilities demands experimental designs that align with the natural sensory capabilities of the target species.
“Neglecting how animals perceive their environment can lead scientists to erroneous conclusions,” remarked Dr. Mirko Zanon from the University of Trento.
“There is an ongoing debate regarding whether bees are genuinely ‘counting’ or merely responding to visual patterns.”
“Our findings indicate that this critique is invalid when considered within the ecological context of the animals.”
“Analyzing stimuli through the lens of how bees perceive their world reveals a genuine sensitivity to numerical concepts.”
“While it may be challenging to envision the world from a bee’s perspective, understanding animal perception is vital for our research,” Dr. Howard stated.
“Bees consistently astonish us with their navigation, their responses to our inquiries, and their decision-making processes.”
For further details, refer to the study published in the April 22 issue of Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.
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Zanon et al. 2026. Matching stimuli: A biology-aligned approach to numerical cognition research. Proc Biol Sci 293 (2069): 20253057; doi: 10.1098/rspb.2025.3057
Tufts University researcher Beth Dawson-Hughes and her team discovered through a large-scale clinical trial that vitamin D supplements can reduce diabetes risk, but only in individuals with specific genetic variations. This indicates the need for a more personalized approach to diabetes prevention.
Dawson-Hughes and colleagues found that adults with prediabetes carrying a unique mutation in the vitamin D receptor gene had a 19% lower risk of developing diabetes when taking high doses of vitamin D daily.
Dr. Dawson-Hughes and her co-authors analyzed data from the D2d study, a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted from October 1, 2013, to November 28, 2018.
The initial trial investigated the effects of 4,000 units of vitamin D per day versus a placebo on more than 2,000 U.S. adults diagnosed with prediabetes, aiming to assess whether high daily doses of vitamin D could reduce diabetes onset in this high-risk group.
However, no significant decrease in diabetes risk was identified across all participants.
“The D2d results prompt an essential question: Can vitamin D still offer benefits for certain individuals?” explained Dr. Dawson-Hughes.
“Diabetes presents numerous severe complications that develop gradually over many years.”
“If we can delay the duration that an individual lives with diabetes, we can mitigate some of its detrimental effects or lessen their severity.”
Previous analyses by the D2d research team indicated that blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D at 40-50 ng/mL or higher were linked to a significant and steady decrease in the risk of developing diabetes among participants.
Circulating vitamin D is converted into its active form in the body before it interacts with vitamin D receptors, proteins that facilitate cellular responses to the vitamin.
Researchers speculated that genetic variations in the vitamin D receptor could explain why some individuals respond positively to vitamin D supplementation while others do not.
Insulin-producing cells within the pancreas possess vitamin D receptors, leading to hypotheses that vitamin D may influence insulin secretion and blood glucose regulation.
For this latest study, scientists examined genetic data from 2,098 trial participants who consented to DNA testing, categorizing them into two groups: those likely to benefit from vitamin D supplementation and those unlikely to see benefits.
They compared response rates among subgroups based on three common mutations in the vitamin D receptor gene.
The analysis indicated that adults with the AA mutation in the ApaI vitamin D receptor gene (about 30% of the study cohort) showed no response to high daily doses of vitamin D compared to those given a placebo.
Conversely, adults with AC or CC mutations in the vitamin D receptor gene who received the same treatment exhibited a significantly lower risk of developing diabetes compared to those on a placebo.
Anastasios Pittas, a professor at Tufts University School of Medicine, remarked, “These findings could represent a key advancement in creating personalized strategies to lower the risk of type 2 diabetes in high-risk adults.”
“The appeal of vitamin D as a preventive tool stems from its affordability, widespread availability, and ease of use.”
The authors caution that their study’s results do not imply individuals should initiate high doses of vitamin D independently to prevent diabetes.
Current guidelines recommend 600 IU per day for individuals aged 1-70 and 800 IU per day for those over 70.
Excessive vitamin D intake can be detrimental and is associated with an increased risk of falls and fractures in older adults.
Further research is essential to identify who may benefit from augmented daily doses.
“Our findings indicate that we may eventually pinpoint which prediabetic patients are most likely to benefit from additional vitamin D supplementation,” stated Dr. Dawson-Hughes.
“In principle, this could involve a single, relatively inexpensive genetic test.”
Findings are published in the journalJAMA Network Open.
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Beth Dawson-Hughes et al. 2026. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and diabetes risk in prediabetic adults. JAMA Net Open 9 (4): e267332; doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.7332
Most people get infected with the Epstein-Barr virus, but only a minority become seriously ill.
Katerina Conn/Shutterstock
Recent studies present compelling evidence linking the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to the onset of multiple sclerosis (MS). A comprehensive analysis involving over 600,000 individuals indicates that EBV effectively commandeers immune cells, disrupting their function and activating specific genes that heighten the risk of developing MS.
This widespread virus infects most individuals during their lifetime, but severe complications are rare. Notably, it impacts a specific immune cell type called B cells, which are instrumental in producing antibodies. Dr. Kate Attfield from the University of Oxford states, “It’s evident that this virus resides within B cells, manipulating them for its advantage.”
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the immune system erroneously attacking healthy tissue. This involves another immune cell type, T cells, infiltrating the brain, generating significant damage, particularly to the fatty myelin sheaths surrounding neurons. MS currently affects approximately 2 million individuals worldwide, leading to diverse symptoms ranging from vision impairments to motor tremors.
For decades, scientists have suspected EBV’s involvement in MS; however, proving this link has been challenging, especially considering that over 90% of adults have experienced EBV infection, often causing infectious mononucleosis. A groundbreaking study conducted in 2022 with 10 million participants confirmed that individuals with a history of EBV infections face significantly higher risks of developing MS compared to those unexposed to the virus.
The pressing question remains: why do some people progress to MS? A January study illuminated potential genetic components, revealing that about 10% of individuals carry variations that predispose them to harbor greater amounts of EBV post-infection. These variants are associated with increased susceptibility to MS and other autoimmune disorders.
Research led by Yoshiaki Yasumi and his team at Yale University School of Medicine delved deeper into EBV’s effects. Analyzing data from 617,186 individuals from the UK Biobank and the US-based All of Us study, the researchers sequenced genomes from blood or saliva samples to detect EBV DNA, which often persists indefinitely in infected hosts.
In alignment with prior studies, it was found that a small percentage of individuals had substantially higher levels of EBV DNA. Alarmingly, just 1% of the participants accounted for 64% of the total EBV DNA detected.
Following this, genome-wide association studies identified 39 genomic regions linked to higher EBV DNA levels. Notably, approximately one-third of these variants were also associated with a heightened risk of developing MS and other severe conditions.
Focusing on B cells specifically, the researchers isolated approximately 471,000 B cells from 38 participants, discovering that 1,069 were infected with EBV. These infected B cells exhibited abnormal behavior, exhibiting high expression of genes linked to both EBV presence and MS risk, alongside activating immune signaling pathways that stimulate T cells, the very cells that contribute to MS’s neurodegenerative effects.
Dr. Ingrid Kockum of the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm highlighted the importance of understanding the functions of these genetic variants linked to EBV and MS. The variation in outcomes suggests that the immune response might fluctuate the risk of MS. Dr. Kockum elaborates, “A robust antibody response may suppress viral load, which could consequently lower MS risk. Therefore, variants that undermine early antibody responses might correlate with both elevated EBV levels and MS susceptibility.”
Certain genetic alterations can potentially exacerbate immune responses, propelling individuals toward MS. Professor Attfield emphasizes that some patients’ immune systems may be less effective at managing EBV, leading not only to higher viral loads but also increasing MS risks. “Distinguishing between these factors remains complex,” she concludes.
Long-term, various research teams aspire to develop treatments for MS. There’s emerging promise in targeting immune cells that combat EBV, and preventative vaccines against EBV are also in the pipeline. However, Attfield advises caution, noting that a true understanding of MS progression is essential. Interventions aimed at EBV might prevent MS but the benefits when the disease is already advanced are less clear. “At that stage, EBV may no longer be a factor or could be critical to the condition,” she adds.
Recent research from the Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology and the University of Cambridge reveals that malaria significantly impacted early humans, not just as a disease, but as a factor that influenced habitat selection, population fragmentation, and the genetic evolution of our species.
Colucci et al. investigated how Plasmodium falciparum-induced malaria influenced habitat selection among early human societies from 74,000 to 5,000 years ago.
“Malaria, a significant global health issue caused by the Plasmodium parasite, affects approximately 263 million people annually,” stated lead author Dr. Margherita Colucci and her team.
“Genetic evidence indicates that malaria posed a serious challenge during both recent prehistory and the Pleistocene epoch, with sickle cell anemia mutations linked to malaria emerging in Africa between 25,000 and 22,000 years ago.”
Archaeological findings also suggest that early humans developed tactics to minimize exposure to mosquitoes, such as using aromatic leaves with insecticidal properties in their surroundings.
The new study highlights how Plasmodium falciparum malaria played a crucial role in shaping human history in sub-Saharan Africa from 74,000 to 5,000 years ago.
Researchers discovered that malaria affected where early human populations settled, pushing them away from high-risk areas and leading to increased dispersal across various landscapes.
Over thousands of years, this demographic fragmentation influenced how groups intermingled and exchanged genetic material, ultimately shaping the genetic landscape of modern humans.
These findings suggest that malaria was more than just a health threat; it was a key factor in shaping human history.
“We utilized species distribution models for major mosquito groups alongside paleoclimate data,” explained Dr. Colucci.
“By integrating these findings with epidemiological insights, we estimated malaria transmission risks throughout sub-Saharan Africa.”
The researchers then compared these risk estimates with independent reconstructions of human ecological niches in the same regions during that time frame.
The results indicated that humans actively avoided high-risk malaria areas or could not survive in them.
Professor Andrea Manica remarked, “These decisions have significantly influenced human demographics over the past 74,000 years—and possibly beyond.”
“Malaria has played a pivotal role in shaping the structure of human societies.”
“Factors like climate and geographical barriers were not the only determinants of human habitation,” he added.
Professor Eleanor Seri noted, “This study opens new avenues in the exploration of human evolution, as disease has rarely been considered a driving force in our ancestry. Without ancient DNA from this period, verification would have been challenging.”
“Our research redefines this narrative and provides a new perspective on the role of disease in early human history.”
The findings are published in today’s edition of Scientific Advances.
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Margherita Colucci et al. 2026. Malaria’s impact on human spatial organization over 74,000 years. Scientific Advances 12(17); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aea2316
A comprehensive study involving nearly 900 parrots living alongside humans has unveiled groundbreaking insights. Researchers from the University of Northern Colorado, the University of Vienna, the Acoustical Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and the University of Pittsburgh Johnstown discovered evidence that certain parrots don’t just imitate human speech but may also create and utilize names to identify specific individuals.
Gray parrot (Psittacus erithacus) named John munching on a cucumber. Image credit: Papuga.
The question of whether animals can employ proper names for themselves and others has intrigued both scientists and the general public for years.
Significant evidence indicates that numerous animals can recognize and respond to names assigned by humans, and some can even invent and utilize unique vocal traits.
Despite this, previous research has failed to demonstrate that a variety of animal species can create and use names that conform to human language conventions.
“While many animals respond to human language cues, only a select few are capable of learning language-like sounds and using them correctly,” stated Professor Lauryn Benedict of the University of Northern Colorado and her team.
“Parrots excel in vocal learning, including human words, and can accurately apply those words as labels for individuals.”
“This capacity for vocal production learning allows researchers to delve into whether and how animals employ vocal labels, rather than merely responding to them. This enriches our understanding of the cognitive processes behind word usage and labeling.”
In this study, the authors scrutinized data from over 889 captive parrots as part of the ManyParrots project, designed to explore vocal learning and cognition in parrots through survey responses and vocal recordings.
Moreover, many survey participants shared additional details that assisted researchers in comprehending how these birds utilize their names.
Nearly half of the respondents provided examples of parrots using names creatively.
Of the 413 audio clips analyzed, 88 instances demonstrated birds using their names as labels for humans or other animals.
The findings also revealed strong evidence that some parrots refer to specific individuals rather than general categories like ‘human.’
Interestingly, many parrots employed these labels in ways typically unrecognized by humans. For example, parrots might vocalize their names to attract attention.
This study suggests that parrots possess the cognitive and vocal abilities to use names flexibly, ranging from social communication with humans to conversing about individuals who are not present.
Nonetheless, due to variations among species and individual birds, numerous questions persist regarding when, why, and how animals utilize these skills to call out the names of other beings.
“Our research indicates that parrots frequently learn names from humans and apply them in diverse contexts, aligning with their cognitive ability to associate names with specific individuals,” the researchers asserted.
“Although the parrots in our study primarily used human-given names, unanswered questions linger about their capacity for self-naming.”
“Nonetheless, our findings clearly illustrate that animals can learn and employ unique names in appropriate social contexts.”
“Future studies need to investigate this behavior in controlled settings to comprehend the cognitive foundations behind it in parrots and other animal species.”
“The capability to label individuals is expected not only in captive animals but also extends to those in the wild.”
“We anticipate that forthcoming research will unveil effective methods to identify animal names independent of human language.”
For more details, refer to the study published this month in the online journal PLoS ONE.
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L. Benedict et al. 2026. Name use by companion parrots. PLoS One 21 (4): e0346830; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0346830
The Western honey bee is a crucial ecological and agricultural pollinator. In the U.S., beekeepers face annual colony losses primarily due to parasites such as Varroa destructor. A recent study explored a hybrid population of honey bees in Southern California, comprising a genetic mix of Western European, Eastern European, Middle Eastern, and African lineages. Researchers discovered that these hybrid bees can effectively suppress Varroa levels without chemical intervention, paving the way for innovative strategies to safeguard pollinators against global stressors.
Electron micrograph of Varroa destructor (arrow) nestled between the honey bee’s exoskeleton plates. Image credit: UMD/USDA/PNAS.
The Varroa mites feed on the fatty tissues of bees, compromising their immune systems, causing weight loss, and shortening their lifespans.
The fat body in honey bees operates similarly to the liver, pancreas, and immune system in humans.
Moreover, these mites serve as vectors for severe viruses like the deformed wing virus and acute bee paralysis virus, which they introduce directly into the bee’s bloodstream.
Early studies relied on chemical treatments for control, yet these approaches often lose effectiveness over time.
“We frequently heard accounts of honey bees in California thriving with minimal chemical treatments,” stated Genesis Chong Echavez, a graduate student at the University of California.
“I aimed to rigorously test these claims and uncover the factors influencing beekeepers’ observations.”
During their research from 2019 to 2022, Chong Echavez and UC professor Boris Baer monitored 236 honey bee colonies in Southern California.
Although California bees are not entirely immune to mites, a colony led by a locally bred California hybrid honey bee queen saw a roughly 68% decline in Varroa levels. In contrast, commercial honey bee colonies had higher mite counts.
Additionally, colonies with these queens were more than one-fifth less likely to exceed mite levels that would necessitate chemical treatment.
To further investigate honey bee resistance to mites, the researchers also performed lab experiments on developing honey bee larvae.
Since Varroa mites must invade reproductive cells to breed, the scientists assessed whether they were equally attracted to larvae from commercial and hybrid honey bee colonies. The results showed a stark difference.
California hybrid honey bee larvae attracted fewer mites during their seventh day of life, which is typically when mites are most vulnerable.
This finding indicates that the key to honey bees’ ability to resist mites may lie in their early development stages, prior to adult exposure.
“What surprised me the most was the differences observed even in the larval stage,” Chong-Echavez remarked.
“This hints that the resistance mechanism may be deeply embedded in the genetic makeup of the bees.”
The full results are published in the journal Scientific Reports.
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G. Chong-Echavez & B. Baer. 2026. Varroa Mite resistance in hybrid honey bee (Western honey bee) populations of Southern California. Scientific Reports 16, 10952; doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-45759-9
Recent research from Osaka Metropolitan University has unveiled a groundbreaking visual protein, enabling dragonflies to perceive deep red and near-infrared light. This discovery showcases an evolutionary parallel to human vision, hinting at exciting medical applications.
Asiagomphus melaenopus Female from Miroku Forest, Kasugai City, Aichi Prefecture. Image credit: Alpsdake / CC BY-SA 4.0.
Humans perceive colors through a specific protein called opsin found in our eyes.
In humans, there are three distinct opsins responsible for color perception: blue, green, and red light.
Dragonflies possess notably enhanced red vision compared to most insects.
A recent study led by Professor Mitsumasa Koyanagi at Osaka Metropolitan University identified a unique dragonfly opsin that detects light wavelengths around 720 nm, extending beyond the visible spectrum’s deep red range.
“This is one of the most red-sensitive visual pigments ever found,” stated Professor Akihisa Terakita from Osaka Metropolitan University.
“Dragonflies likely see red light more profoundly than many other insects.”
The researchers posited that this heightened sensitivity assists dragonflies in identifying ideal mates.
To support this hypothesis, they measured the reflectance properties of surfaces, indicating how dragonflies visually perceive one another.
Findings reveal significant differences between male and female Asiatic gomphus melaenopus dragonflies, displaying reflectance from red to near-infrared light. This ability may promote quick differentiation between sexes during flight.
“Interestingly, the mechanism by which dragonfly red opsin detects red light mirrors that of mammals, including humans,” explained Ryu Sato, a graduate student at Osaka Metropolitan University.
“This surprises us and indicates an independent evolutionary development in vastly different species.”
The research team also identified a critical position within the protein that regulates light sensitivity.
By altering this position, they were able to enhance the sensitivity further, enabling the opsin to respond to light approaching the infrared spectrum.
They engineered a protein variant that reacts to even longer wavelengths, demonstrating activation of cells by near-infrared light.
These discoveries hold promise for the field of optogenetics, leveraging light-sensitive proteins to investigate various disease states.
Given that dragonfly opsins are responsive to longer light wavelengths, they could operate effectively in deeper tissue applications.
“In this research, we’ve successfully shifted the sensitivity of the modified near-infrared opsin found in the Odonata family to longer wavelengths, confirming that this opsin triggers cellular responses via near-infrared light,” noted Professor Koyanagi.
“This illustrates the potential of this opsin as an innovative optogenetic tool for deep tissue light detection.”
For further detailed insights, refer to the study published in January 2026 in the journal Cell and Molecular Life Sciences.
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Takashi Sato et al. 2026. Dragonfly red opsin shares a common regulatory mechanism with mammalian red opsin, further enhancing near-infrared sensitivity. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 83, 66; doi: 10.1007/s00018-025-06017-9
A groundbreaking statistical analysis of archived sky surveys from the early Cold War reveals that enigmatic, short-lived bursts of light in the night sky are likely to coincide with ground-based nuclear weapons tests and rise in correlation with reports of Unexplained Aerial Phenomena (UAPs).
Four exposures of a 3 x 3 arc minute area of the sky centered on a triple transient identified in July 1952. Top left: POSS I red image from July 19, 1952 at 8:52 (UT) showing a triple transient just above center. Top right: 10 m exposed POSS I blue image taken immediately after. No evidence of a triple transient is present. Bottom left and right: POSS I red (left) and blue (right) images captured two months later (September 14, 1952), with transients still visible. Image credit: Solano et al., doi: 10.1093/mnras/stad3422.
“Sky surveys conducted prior to the launch of the first artificial satellite on October 4, 1957 identified transient star-like objects,” stated Dr. Beatriz Villarroel from the Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics (Nordita) and Dr. Stephen Brühl of Vanderbilt University Medical Center.
“These short-lived transients (lasting less than 50 minutes) display a point spread function that is absent in preceding images and all subsequent surveys.”
“In several instances, multiple transients are observed in a single image, featuring characteristics that defy conventional explanations such as gravitational lensing, gamma-ray bursts, fragmenting asteroids, and plate defects.”
As part of the VASCO (Sources of Vanishing and Appearing Over a Century of Observations) project, Dr. Villarroel and Dr. Brühl identified over 100,000 short-lived star-like “transients” on photographic plates from the initial Palomar Observatory sky surveys conducted from 1949 to 1957.
They then correlated the timing of these flashes with a record of 124 ground-based nuclear tests and thousands of reported UAP sightings.
“Across 2,718 days during this period, transient phenomena were observed on 310 days (11.4%),” they reported.
“The count of transients per date varied from 0 to 4,528 across multiple locations and plates.”
“Terrestrial nuclear weapons tests (conducted by the US, USSR, and UK) occurred on 124 days (4.6%) during the study period.”
“UAP reports were logged in the UFOCAT database for 2,428 days during the study period (89.3%).”
The researchers noted that transients were approximately 45% more likely to occur on days within one day of a nuclear test compared to other days.
This effect peaked the day after nuclear testing, increasing the likelihood of witnessing a transient by about 68%.
The study also indicated a moderate correlation between the frequency of transients and the number of UAP sightings recorded on the same day.
For each additional reported sighting, the incidence of transient phenomena rose by about 8.5% on average.
While the researchers’ findings do not confirm what the transient phenomenon is or prove a causal link, they challenge several conventional explanations.
Scientists assert that the transient phenomenon differs from defects caused by dust or radioactive contamination on photographic plates. Additionally, its timing, notably its peak on the day post-nuclear tests, doesn’t align with simpler scenarios like debris from an explosion.
Consequently, the authors propose two major possibilities:
One possibility is that nuclear explosions may trigger previously unidentified atmospheric phenomena that create brief, point-like bursts of light.
The other, more speculative idea suggests that some transients may reflect high-altitude or orbital objects, possibly related to the same event that led to UAP sightings.
The researchers emphasize that neither hypothesis is currently proven.
“Our findings lend further empirical support to the legitimacy of the UAP phenomenon and its possible connections with nuclear weapons activity, augmenting data beyond mere sighting reports,” they concluded.
“We cannot dismiss the likelihood that some transients represent on-orbit UAP events captured on photographic plates prior to the first satellite launch.”
“This study enriches the limited peer-reviewed literature striving to employ systematic scientific methods in analyzing UAP-related data.”
“The ultimate implications of the associations discussed in this study for enhancing our understanding of transient phenomena and UAPs still require further investigation.”
A research paper detailing these findings was published in the journal on October 20, 2025. Scientific Reports.
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S. Brühl & B. Villarroel. 2025. Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS-I) transients may relate to nuclear tests or reports of unidentified anomalous phenomena. Science Officer 15, 34125; doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-21620-3
Recent nanoscale analysis of Bennu sample OREX-800066-3, obtained from NASA’s groundbreaking OSIRIS-REx mission, reveals organic compounds and minerals are strategically clustered in distinct regions. This indicates that water once altered the asteroid in a heterogeneous and localized manner.
Mosaic image of asteroid Bennu captured by OSIRIS-REx’s PolyCam instrument on December 2, 2018, from a distance of 15 miles (24 km). Image credit: NASA / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center / University of Arizona.
Classification of Bennu as a primitive carbonaceous asteroid marks it as one of the best-preserved remnants from the early Solar System.
While meteorites are typically viewed as a source of primitive asteroid material, they face risks of alteration during atmospheric entry and potential contamination on Earth.
In contrast, the samples returned by Bennu are regarded as truly pristine, significantly enhancing the reliability of the findings derived from them.
In a recent study, scientists at Stony Brook University employed nanoscale infrared and Raman spectroscopy to analyze the chemical composition of OREX-800066-3 samples, achieving a spatial resolution ranging from 20 to 500 nanometers per pixel.
All analyses were conducted without exposing the samples to air, preserving sensitive chemical bonds and organic functional groups crucial for accurate detection.
Furthermore, both techniques utilized are non-destructive, which is vital considering the irreplaceable nature of these samples.
At the nanoscale, the fundamental building blocks of asteroid mineralogy and organic chemistry can be investigated within these precious specimens.
The new analysis pinpointed distinct chemical domains, including regions rich in aliphatic compounds, carbonate materials, and nitrogen-containing organic substances.
This finding indicates that water-induced alterations on Bennu are chemically heterogeneous.
Interestingly, nitrogen-rich organic functional groups are preserved despite extensive water-mediated changes.
“These findings have extensive implications for planetary science and astrobiology,” stated Mehmet Yeşiltas, a professor at Stony Brook University.
“They illustrate the survival of chemically sensitive nitrogen-containing organic matter through water alterations in small solar system bodies, impacting fundamental questions about the formation and preservation of organic complexity within primitive planetary material.”
“This may shed light on how organic compounds linked to prebiotic chemistry were delivered to early Earth via carbonaceous asteroids, potentially influencing the chemical processes that led to the origin of life.”
The full study result will be published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
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Mehmet Yesiltas et al. 2026. Nanoscale infrared spectroscopy reveals the complex organo-mineral assemblage of asteroid Bennu. PNAS 123 (14): e2601891123; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2601891123
For many years, scientists believed that the size of prehistoric insects, such as the griffin fly, was linked to elevated oxygen levels in the atmosphere. However, a groundbreaking study led by paleontologist Edward Snelling from the University of Pretoria suggests that the impressive size of these Carboniferous insects may have other underlying causes.
A giant griffin fly that thrived in Carboniferous forests.
In the 1990s, researchers suggested that the high oxygen concentrations of the Carboniferous period, around 300 million years ago, coincided with the emergence of these giant insects.
They theorized that the increased oxygen demand due to the larger body sizes of these insects necessitated higher atmospheric oxygen levels.
This hypothesis is logical, given that insects rely on a specialized tracheal system for oxygen intake, a network of branching airways that culminate in trachea.
Insects require oxygen to travel by diffusion through this system, fueling their flight muscle cells.
Prior researchers posited that such giant flying insects could not exist today due to current atmospheric oxygen levels being insufficient to meet the high oxygen needs of their flight muscles.
In the latest study, Dr. Snelling and his team employed high-magnification electron microscopy to examine the relationship between body size and the number of tracheae within flight muscles.
They discovered that trachea typically occupy only about 1% or less of the flight muscles’ space in most species, a trend that holds true for the griffin fly as well.
This finding indicates that insect flight muscles are not limited by atmospheric oxygen levels; they can easily accommodate additional trachea within the muscle itself.
“If atmospheric oxygen truly restricts the maximum body size in insects, we should observe compensatory adaptations at the tracheal level,” remarked Dr. Snelling.
“There is some cost associated with larger insects, but overall it is minor.”
Professor Roger Seymour from the University of Adelaide pointed out, “In contrast, capillaries in bird and mammal heart muscles occupy approximately ten times more relative space than trachea in insect flight muscles. Thus, if oxygen transport is indeed a limiting factor for body size, significant evolutionary potential exists to enhance tracheal investment.”
Some researchers argue that oxygen flow to trachea and other body parts may still impose limits on insect size, leaving the theory of maximum size due to oxygen constraints open for debate.
“Regardless, these new findings clearly demonstrate that diffusion within the flight muscle trachea does not pose a constraint. Scientists need to investigate other factors that may explain the existence of these giant insects,” Dr. Snelling concluded.
If oxygen is not the limiting factor for insect size, alternative explanations like predation from vertebrates or limitations in the biomechanical support of the exoskeleton may be at play.
A detailed paper outlining this research was published in the latest issue of Nature.
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EP Snelling et al. Oxygen supply via the tracheal musculature does not suppress insect gigantism. Nature published online March 25, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41586-026-10291-3
Anatomy Textbooks May Need Revision: Discovering the Penis’s Primary Erogenous Zones
SOPA Images Limited/Alamy
The latest neuroanatomical research reveals that the primary erogenous zone of the penis is the zonula delta, an area that has been overlooked in anatomy textbooks and surgical training. This triangular zone, found on the ventral side of the penis, where the head meets the shaft, is particularly vulnerable during circumcision.
“While this may seem obvious to those familiar with male sexual sensations, our study scientifically validates the existence of this region of the ventral penis as the epicenter of sexual sensation,” stated Alfonso Cepeda-Emiliani from the University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Given this scientific insight, the delta frenulum could be considered the “male G-spot.” Eric Chan, president-elect of the International Society of Sexual Medicine, noted, “It’s one of the most pleasurable sites for male sexual stimulation.”
Cepeda-Emiliani and his team conducted an exhaustive mapping of the sensory nerves in 14 cadaveric penises from donors aged between 45 and 96. They meticulously sliced the penises into fine sections and stained them to highlight nerve structures for microscopic examination.
Traditional anatomy textbooks suggest that male genital sensitivity is primarily concentrated in the glans, the bulbous head of the penis. However, findings from Cepeda-Emiliani’s research indicate that the zonula delta boasts a denser concentration of nerve endings, making it significantly more sensitive.
The delta zonula also exhibited the highest density of sensory corpuscles, specialized touch receptors that consist of clusters of nerve endings. Up to 17 corpuscles were found grouped together in the zonular delta, while in the glans, they were more dispersed. Notably, sensory corpuscles within the delta include Krause’s corpuscles, which detect minute vibrations that contribute to sexual arousal and pleasure.
The frenulum delta was first identified by Ken McGrath of Auckland University of Technology in 2001, named for its triangular shape located between the V-shaped wings of the glans on the penis’s underside. Although McGrath dubbed it the male G-spot due to its potential for sexual pleasure, the term did not gain widespread acceptance.
Recent research corroborates the subjective experiences of individuals who report that stimulation of this “G-spot” induces intense pleasure and uniquely specialized sensations, highlighting gaps in sexual medicine and urology training, as noted by Cepeda-Emiliani and colleagues.
Surgeons performing circumcisions must be aware of the nerve-rich delta frenulum. When making an incision to remove the foreskin, the impact on this delicate neural network is profound, necessitating careful consideration to avoid unnecessarily deep or wide incisions that could lead to the complete removal of the frenulum. Retaining some or all of it is crucial for preserving sensitivity.
Dr. Kesley Pedler from Port Macquarie Base Hospital in Australia stated she did not learn about the zonular delta or its significant nerves during her surgical education. “Most respected urological surgical anatomy textbooks fail to mention the zonular delta, even in their latest editions,” she asserted. Dr. Pedler now performs circumcisions only when clinically necessary, emphasizing the importance of preserving nerve structure in this area.
Circumcision rates vary, with only a small proportion of boys in the UK and Australia undergoing the procedure, while approximately half of newborn boys in the US are circumcised. Whether such surgeries affect sexual sensation remains a topic of debate.
A large study in Belgium discovered that uncircumcised men reported experiencing greater sexual pleasure, attributed to stimulation of the zonular delta compared to circumcised men. Conversely, a US survey indicated that there was no discernible difference in orgasm quality, suggesting that circumcised individuals might compensate for any sensitivity loss in the zonular delta region.
The existence of the female G-spot, similarly, has faced skepticism in the medical community, with some practitioners denying its occurrence altogether. This skepticism stems from the lack of distinct nerve structures found in expected vaginal locations. However, studies show that many women identify an erogenous zone several centimeters along the vagina’s front wall, and ultrasound research reveals that the clitoris becomes engorged with blood during sexual arousal, leading to heightened sensitivity in the vaginal walls.
Cepeda-Emiliani and his team are now embarking on similar detailed studies focused on cadaveric vaginas and clitorises to further explore sexual anatomy.
Recent research analyzed 31 ancient societies from Europe, Asia, and the Americas, revealing that democratic institutions were more prevalent than previously thought and not solely dependent on factors like population size or geography.
Acropolis of Athens by Leo von Klenze.
The term “democracy” originated in ancient Greece, where it was defined as the power of the people (demo = people, kratos = power).
This definition transcends specific institutional frameworks, framing democracy as an overarching goal.
Traditionally, scholars rooted in Western social science have viewed the core elements of democratic governance—such as power centralization and national inclusiveness—as products of the classical Mediterranean world, which lay dormant for over a millennium until the Renaissance reinvigorated these ideals in Europe and its colonies.
Yet, this prevalent perspective that democratic governance emerged exclusively in the West has rarely undergone systematic scrutiny.
“Many believe that democracy first flourished in Greece and Rome,” says Dr. Gary Fineman, MacArthur Curator of Mesoamerican and Central American Anthropology at the Field Museum’s Negaunee Center for Integrative Research.
“However, our research indicates that numerous societies around the globe devised methods to limit the authority of rulers and empower ordinary citizens.”
In contrast to democracies, dictatorships centralize power in a single individual or a small group, examples of which include absolute monarchies and authoritarian regimes.
In a democracy, decision-making is a collective process among the populace. While elections often correlate with democratic practices, this association is not always accurate; many dictators are elected through popular votes.
“Elections alone do not serve as the best indicators of democratic value, thus our study emphasized historical instances of political organization,” Dr. Fineman noted.
“We identified two critical governance aspects: the concentration of power within individuals or institutions, and the degree of inclusiveness, reflecting how accessible power is to significant segments of the population.”
The current study evaluated 40 cases from 31 distinct political entities across Europe, North America, and Asia over numerous millennia.
Due to varying record-keeping methods, not all societies maintained written archives, necessitating innovative approaches to infer their governance structures.
“The spatial arrangement of societies is particularly revealing,” Dr. Fineman remarked.
“Urban areas featuring open spaces and public structures that facilitate community gatherings tend to exhibit more democratic tendencies.”
Conversely, architectural remnants suggesting concentrated power—such as pyramids with limited upper space or urban designs funneling into a ruler’s residence—signal more authoritarian regimes.
The researchers developed an “authoritarianism index” to classify each society along a continuum from highly authoritarian to highly democratic.
“Many archaeologists maintain that Athens and the Roman Republic represent the only democracies of the ancient era, while governance in Asia and the Americas was predominantly autocratic,” stated Dr. Fineman.
“Our analysis reveals that various regions possessed democratic structures comparable to those of Athens and Rome.”
“These results indicate that both democratic and authoritarian governance existed widely in the ancient world,” commented David Stasavage, a professor at New York University.
“Societies innovated ways to democratize power and enhance inclusivity, suggesting that democratic principles have profound and unexpected historical roots,” added Dr. Linda Nicholas of the Field Museum.
The study also challenges the notion that population size and political complexity inherently lead to authoritarian rule, highlighting how funding mechanisms shaped authority.
“Societies reliant on income controlled by leaders—such as mines, trade routes, or warfare gains—tended to be more authoritarian,” Dr. Fineman explained.
“On the contrary, societies that primarily derived funds from community labor or domestic taxes were more likely to decentralize power and uphold shared governance.”
Furthermore, the research found that societies with more inclusive political frameworks generally exhibited lower economic inequality.
“These insights contradict the belief that dictatorship and high inequality are inevitable outcomes of socio-economic complexity and growth,” Dr. Fineman stated.
“Historical evidence shows that people globally have developed inclusive political systems, even under challenging conditions.”
For more information, check out the research paper, recently published in Scientific Progress.
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Gary M. Feynman et al. 2026. Distribution of power and inclusiveness over deep time. Scientific Progress 12(12); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aec1426
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