Building the moon base 3 meters underground to prevent radiation exposure.

A base below the surface of the moon may be needed to protect moon residents from radiation.

Shutterstock/Shiva Shankara

To protect astronauts on the Moon from harmful radiation, a long-term lunar base would need to be protected by 2-3 metres of regolith – the layer of rock and dust on the Moon’s surface.

Guo Jingnan and Mikhail Dbinde Researchers at the Hefei University of Science and Technology in China analyzed how the thickness of shielding for a lunar base would affect radiation doses for people living on the Moon. Their study included using lunar soil as shielding as well as additional artificial shielding.

According to Guo, there are two main types of radiation that are dangerous to astronauts: the ubiquitous background levels of galactic cosmic rays, which pose a long-term cancer risk, and solar energetic particles (SEPs) from sporadic solar activity. These SEPs can cause more serious symptoms of radiation exposure, such as skin damage and damage to bone marrow and lymphatic tissue, which are involved in the production of blood cells and platelets. In severe cases, exposure to SEPs can lead to death.

“The amount of radiation on the lunar surface is not constant,” Guo said. “For a short lunar stay that does not encounter a strong SEP, the radiation impact should be small.”

But if a solar explosion were to occur, the danger could be enormous. For example, at the end of the Apollo program, Apollo 16 landed astronauts on the Moon for a few days in April 1972. It was followed by Apollo 17 in December of the same year. During that time, there was a massive radiation storm.

“A very large SEP event could have occurred during September, potentially killing any unprotected astronauts on the lunar surface,” Guo said.

The study also found that too little regolith shielding could be worse than no shielding at all, because lunar soil scatters radiation and produces various types of secondary particles, including neutrons. This secondary radiation peaks about 50 centimetres deep on the lunar surface but drops off rapidly beyond that.

“Neutrons have a large biological impact because they interact efficiently with the human body and induce radiation effects in internal organs,” Guo said. “With about 50 centimeters of shielding, neutrons can account for more than 90 percent of the total effective radiation dose.”

The study found that a three-metre deep base could safely house the same crew for more than 20 years without exceeding lifetime and annual radiation limits set by the space agency.

NASA and the Russian Space Agency impose different occupational radiation dose limits for astronauts, at 600 millisieverts and 1000 mSv, respectively. Both agencies also impose annual radiation exposure limits. The annual natural radiation exposure on Earth is approximately 2.4 mSv..

Guo says two metres of shielding would be enough for a single crew member to stay on the moon for no more than a few months, and that crew members could return to Earth frequently enough to avoid exceeding lifetime and annual radiation health limits, she says.

The most practical way to reduce radiation exposure would be to give the base natural shielding, by building it in an existing cave or lava tube, or by constructing habitats below the surface, Guo said.

Better prediction of solar storms is also important to keep astronauts safe when they leave base and conduct surface activities, she said.

topic:

  • Moon/
  • Space Exploration

Source: www.newscientist.com

Neopets’ Nostalgic Revival Leads to Tripled User Base in Just 6 Months | Technology

I
In the early 2000s, Olivia Packenham came home from school, heard the familiar dial-up tone of her family’s computer connecting to the Internet, and was transported to the virtual game world of Neopets in her AOL browser.

Packenham, who started playing at the age of 8, played for many years before losing interest in high school. But in December 2023, after almost her 15-year hiatus, she logged back into her neopets.com. Then she realized that her childhood pets were waiting for her. Her favorite “Bruce” (the Neopets version of Penguin) is now over 21 years old.

Packenham says that when she opens Neopets today, it’s like going back to that time in her life. This time, my mother didn’t yell at me because the family’s phone line was clogged.

“It was like walking into a museum of the early 2000s Internet,” said Packenham, 32. And he is one of the thousands of players who have returned to Neopets over the past year.

Packenham’s return was no coincidence. His Neopets, which announced a bold rebrand in 2023, is consciously courting former fans with the promise of reuniting with old digital friends who have remained largely unchanged.

Returning Neopians (user community name) cites several reasons for returning. A woman who went by the username Solabee said she started playing the game at age 9 and began playing almost every day after her return. The resurgence of Neopets felt very special to millennials, she said. In fact, 40% of her users are between the ages of 25 and 34, and 26% of her users are between the ages of 18 and 24, the next largest demographic. Revisiting this site reminds me of a hopeful time in Internet history, when logging online was still new and exciting. Many of the Neopians interviewed for this article prefer to keep their online personas separate from their real lives and asked to be quoted by their usernames.

“We are the most nostalgic generation, so when major global events or crises occur, we all want to go back to the safest time in our lives, which is our childhood,” Soraby said.




Olivia Packenham's Neopets, the penguin-like "Bruce" variety. Photo: Courtesy of Olivia Packenham.

Neopets' strong start and long decline

Neopets started in 1999 as an early internet universe where users could care for a variety of virtual pets and play mini-games. A crude social network that predates Facebook, the site allowed users to add friends, send each other messages, exchange resources and virtual currency, and battle. It peaked in the mid-2000s with more than 25 million active users, but its popularity quickly declined as competing gaming and social sites exploded on the Internet.

The platform has changed hands multiple times since its founding, slumped amid acquisitions, and had just 100,000 users when it was acquired by Chinese company NetDragon in 2017. Further deepening the decline was the decline of Adobe's Flash Player (software). Powered most of the site – Browsers began to be phased out Neopets started around 2017 and was officially discontinued in 2020. Neopets received little attention and the interface was not updated.

That's because entrepreneur and investment consultant Dominic Lo, who joined NetDragon as new markets director in 2020, launched an internal campaign to revive the Neopets brand, calling it a "giant leap of faith." ” until he called it. Ms Lo, 36, recalled that after she immigrated to Hong Kong as a child, she used Neopets to keep in touch with friends in Canada. He realized that his Neopets was at risk because NetDragon had shut down several underperforming sites it had acquired.

“Despite its decline over the past decade, when lack of updates and flash outages made half the site unplayable, a quarter of the remaining users log on every day,” he said. “Seeing how close-knit the rest of the community is, and as a player myself, I resonated with the emotional attachment that drove these core users to support Neopets. Perhaps this is why We’ve found that we have probably the most sticky customer base.”


Law persuaded NetDragon's upper management to give Neopets a "final blow" to save it, spinning Neopets into an independently owned company with a management team of which he is now CEO. We finalized the acquisition agreement. The move was backed by undisclosed external investment. Under a group known as Neopets Team (TNT), the company began restoring the site's functionality, updating its design, and improving its most famous classic games. Next, TNT wants to enable more mobile capabilities. Although much of the site is still bogged down with some glitches, Roe said that its failure to change with the times has ironically been an asset.

“With no updates, we basically preserved early internet culture in its purest form,” he said. “When a user logs on, the game looks 99% the way he did, and his pet is there. It's like reuniting with an old friend. There aren't many experiences in life that allow you to relive your childhood. there is no.”

Difficulties in reviving Neopia

Efforts to revive Neopets have intensified, with monthly user numbers nearly tripling to 300,000 in the past six months, and the company on track to be profitable by the end of 2024, Lo said. .

“We believe this is the beginning of recovery. But there is still much work to be done,” Lo said.

In addition to prioritizing bringing lapsed users back to the site, Neopets is seeking to license the intellectual property for its trading card game and branded Monopoly board.

“We're already on track to be profitable, but we want to make sure it's sustainable and future-proof our intellectual property so we can survive for years to come.” Mr Law said.

As pressure continues to make Neopets financially viable in the real world, the company's new leadership will also have to contend with the digital financial component of the site, which operates on the Neopoints cryptocurrency. With few updates to the site over the years, a huge black market has emerged for specific pets, and the site's virtual economy has suffered from hyperinflation.




Neopets' original logo and creatures. Photo: Neopets

Neopets runs on a complex economy consisting of two main components: items and Neopoints. Throughout the years

Source: www.theguardian.com

First CLOB Perp Exchange debuts on base layer 2 blockchain – News, views, and opportunities in the world of blockchain

Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands, April 1, 2024, Chainwire

quick take

  • BSXBacked by the Base Ecosystem Fund, the company raises the bar as one of the world’s leading high-performance decentralized exchanges, combining the benefits of centralized exchange and self-custody with an enhanced platform that offers the best of both worlds. We aim to provide a unique DeFi trading experience. Characteristics of decentralized exchanges.
  • BSX will begin trading on Base L2 Mainnet Alpha on April 1, 2024.

After the conclusion of the public testnet trading phase in Q1, BSX, the new standard for premier high-performance decentralized exchanges (DEX), is scheduled to begin trading on Base L2 Mainnet Alpha on April 1, 2024 is.

BSX is backed by a number of prominent investors including Base Ecosystem Fund, Bankless Ventures, CMS Holdings, No Limit Holdings, Saison Capital, Kyros Ventures, WW Ventures and others. BSX is also advised by Arthur Hayes, founder and CIO of Maelstrom and co-founder of BitMEX.

BSX aims to provide the ultimate DeFi trading experience, combining the liquidity, premium UX, and user-friendly features of a centralized exchange (CEX) with the pricing and self-custody features of a (DEX). By leveraging the Base network, BSX offers ultra-fast trading and low trading fees while ensuring transparency and accuracy through on-chain payments.

BSX also streamlines the interface and flow for retail traders, allowing them to easily connect to existing wallets, enable one-click trading, and execute transactions securely on-chain. BSX users will have access to a wide range of crypto products including permanent, spot and more all in one place.

Main product contents:

  • Low gas trading: Base transaction costs are minimal and highly optimized, allowing for near gas-free settlements. This makes the total transaction cost comparable to CEX.
  • unparalleled performance: Our high-performance trading engine provides extremely low latency and instant guaranteed execution. Combined with the one-click instant trading feature, it provides an experience that is equal to or better than CEX trading.
  • Self-management and transparency: BSX gives you full control of your funds without hidden counterparty risks by settling all trades on-chain. your keys, your coins.
  • API integration: BSX’s delegated key feature simplifies the use of external trading terminals without exposing your private keys or relinquishing control of your funds.

BSX launched its private testnet in November 2023, welcoming early adopters from an extensive waiting list of 80,000 members. His public testnet in January 2024 saw 5,000 traders participate, contributing to his solid $5 billion in total trading volume during the period.

BSX is positioned to compete with major centralized exchanges such as Binance and OKX, with crypto perpetual trading to begin in April, followed by other products later this year.visit bsx.exchange Trade and join our upcoming exciting rewards program for new traders or visit:

Discord community: https://discord.gg/FWdPe5Vgjr

twitter: https://twitter.com/bsx_labs

Public documentation: https://docs.bsx.exchange/bsx-docs

contact

core contributor
Henry N.
BSX Protocol Foundation
team@bsx.exchange

Source: the-blockchain.com

SpaceX launches its Starship mega rocket from its Texas base

SpaceX’s next-generation mega-rocket launched Thursday morning, roaring into orbit on an important test flight to demonstrate new technologies and techniques that will be important for future missions to the moon and beyond.

SpaceX said the flight was the rocket’s third and most ambitious test. The event was closely watched because the 400-foot-tall booster, known as Starship, is expected to play a key role in NASA’s plans to return to the moon.

The rocket lifted off at 9:25 a.m. ET from SpaceX’s Starbase Test Range in Boca Chica, Texas.

Approximately three minutes into the flight, the first stage booster, known as the Super Heavy, successfully separated from the Starship spacecraft above.

SpaceX plans to eventually make Starship a fully reusable vehicle, but that’s not the case with this test flight. Super Heavy is expected to fall to Earth and splash down in the Gulf of Mexico.

With this flight, SpaceX hopes to demonstrate that Starship can make a controlled re-entry into Earth’s atmosphere before splashdown in the Indian Ocean. Before its finale, the test also includes several different objectives from the rocket’s previous two flights. SpaceX will attempt to ignite one of Starship’s Raptor engines while in space, open and close the vehicle’s payload door, and transfer propellant between Starship’s two tanks in orbit.

Many of these technologies could help SpaceX run future missions to deploy satellites or prepare for lunar missions as part of NASA’s Artemis program.

Starship was selected by NASA to carry astronauts to the moon’s surface on the Artemis III mission, scheduled to launch in 2026.

Starship’s debut flight last April was a destructive one, ending with the rocket exploding minutes after liftoff. The second Starship launch in November achieved several milestones, including the separation of the first stage booster and upper spacecraft, but the company ultimately lost contact with the spacecraft.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

An undisclosed ice base uncovers ethereal cosmic particles in Antarctica

Scientists have faced a challenge for nearly a century: How do you detect the undetectable, like the elusive neutrino? But now, in a groundbreaking discovery, neutrinos from elsewhere in the Milky Way have been detected for the first time, shedding light on a new era of neutrino astronomy.

The discovery of neutrinos has opened up new possibilities, and researchers like Steve Sclafani from the University of Maryland are excited about this new frontier. Neutrinos, the second most abundant elementary particles in the universe, are notoriously difficult to detect due to their elusive nature. When Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli proposed their existence in the 1930s, he thought they could never be detected, but he was proven wrong in 1956.

The discovery of neutrinos from outside the Milky Way was made possible by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, a massive telescope located near the South Pole. By detecting high-energy neutrinos from distant galaxies, scientists are uncovering the mysteries of cosmic particle accelerators. These accelerators, like supermassive black holes, can provide clues about the origins of cosmic rays and other cosmic phenomena.

Small particles, huge targets

The IceCube detector, operated by a collaboration of scientists from around the world, works by detecting Cherenkov radiation emitted when high-energy neutrinos interact with the ice. This innovative approach allowed researchers to distinguish Milky Way neutrinos from other background signals, leading to the detection of hundreds of neutrinos over a 10-year period.

By studying the distribution of these neutrinos, scientists hope to learn more about the origins of cosmic rays and other high-energy phenomena in our galaxy. With plans to expand the IceCube observatory and improve detection methods, the future of neutrino astronomy looks promising.

Birth of neutrino astronomy

The detection of high-energy neutrinos from the Milky Way marks a new era in astronomy, providing researchers with a unique tool to study cosmic phenomena. By tracking these neutrinos back to their sources, scientists hope to uncover the mechanisms behind cosmic particle accelerators and other cosmic mysteries.

Neutrino astronomy offers a new perspective on the universe, allowing researchers to peer into the heart of energetic and turbulent environments near supermassive black holes. This discovery opens up a whole new window on the universe, providing invaluable insights into the workings of the cosmos.

New perspective

Neutrino astronomy has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of the universe, offering a rare glimpse into the inner workings of cosmic particle accelerators and other energetic phenomena. By studying the origins of high-energy neutrinos, researchers can uncover the mysteries of the cosmos and explore new frontiers in astrophysics. Exciting times lie ahead for neutrino astronomy, with new discoveries and advancements on the horizon.

read more:


About our experts

Mirko Hünefeld from Dortmund University of Technology and Steve Sclafani from the University of Maryland are leading scientists in the field of neutrino astronomy. Their contributions to the IceCube observatory have helped advance our understanding of the universe and unlock new insights into cosmic phenomena.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

The Giant of San Abbas Served as a Gathering Base for the West Saxon Army, According to Archaeologists

A giant naked figure called Sarn Giant It was carved into the Dorset hillside not in prehistory or early modern times, as many think, but in the early Middle Ages, particularly in the 9th or 10th century, when there was much interest in the classical hero Hercules. It is said that it was at the beginning.to new paper in diary Speculum. He was probably created to mark the meeting place for West Saxon military meetings on the lands of the chieftains of the western provinces. By the mid-11th century, he was repurposed by monasteries founded or re-founded at his feet. St. Eadwolda convenient way to erase Hercules and declare the monastery's rights to the saint's relics.



Sarn Abbas Giant, Sarn Abbas, Dorset, England. Image credit: Ray Gaffney.

The Sarne Giant is a gigantic statue of a naked man carved into chalk rock on a hillside above the village of Sarne Abbas in Dorset, England.

He is approximately 55 meters (180 feet) tall, wielding a club in his right hand and extending his left arm.

The feet are turned to the right as if walking. His bald head is teardrop shaped with his eyes, eyebrows, nose, and mouth.

His naked torso shows an erect penis, nipples, ribs, belt, and belly button. The latter appears to have been incorporated into his phallus in 1908, and is now more prominent than originally.

When the Cerne Giant was first carved has been debated for centuries.

Dr Helen Gittos, a researcher at the University of Oxford, said: “It turns out that the Sarne Giant is just the most prominent of a whole group of early medieval features in the landscape.”

“While Hercules was well known in the Middle Ages as a flawed hero who was both admired and criticized, interest in Hercules in particular increased in the 9th century.”

“By at least the 10th century, Cern was in the hands of the elders of the western provinces, the leading lords of the kings of the south-west.”

“The Tern Giant's topographical location, on a spur projecting from a ridge, makes it a unique type of Anglo-Saxon meeting place in that it has spectacular views and is close to major highways.”

“Nearby Viking attacks, access to abundant fresh water, and local land supplies made this an ideal location to muster a West Saxon army against the backdrop of Hercules.”

In the 11th century, the monks worshiping at the monastery at the foot of Giant Hill reimagined the Giant of Sarne as a statue of their saint Eadwald, implicit in the lessons they read on that feast day. I mentioned this person.

This is one of the many ways the Cologne giants have been reinterpreted over the centuries, from Hercules to the Hermit.

“The identity of the Cern giant was already open to reinterpretation,” said Dr. Tom Morkom, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oslo.

“The monks of Cern would not have depicted their patron saint as a naked saint if they had carved their patron saint from scratch, but they gladly adopted him as a statue of Eadwald for their own purposes. .”

“Giant has long been loved and cherished, and that rediscovery continues today.”

_____

Thomas Morcombe and Helen Gittos. 2024. Giant of Cologne in the early Middle Ages. Speculum 99 (1): 1-38; doi: 10.1086/727992

Source: www.sci.news