Tag Archives: produced

Researchers claim that Google Scholar is inundated with scientific papers produced by GPT through fabrication.

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In new research Published in Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, researchers from Borås University, Lund University, and the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences found a total of 139 papers suspected of exploiting ChatGPT or similar large-scale language modeling applications. Of these, 19 were published in indexed journals, 89 were published in non-indexed journals, 19 were student papers in university databases, and 12 were research papers (mostly in preprint databases). Health and environment papers accounted for approximately 34% of the sample, with 66% of them published in unindexed journals.

A rain of words in dubious full-text papers fabricated by environment and health-related GPTs. Image credit: Haider others., doi: 10.37016/mr-2020-156.

Using ChatGPT to generate text for academic papers has raised concerns about research integrity.

Discussion about this phenomenon is ongoing in editorials, commentaries, opinion pieces, and social media.

There are currently several lists of papers suspected of exploiting GPT, and new papers are being added all the time.

Although there are many legitimate uses of GPT for research and academic writing, its undeclared uses beyond proofreading may have far-reaching implications for both science and society, especially the relationship between the two.

“One of the main concerns about AI-generated research is the increased risk of evidence hacking, meaning that fake research could be used for strategic manipulation,” said Björn Ekström, a researcher at the University of Boras.

“This could have a tangible impact, as erroneous results could penetrate further into society and into more areas.”

In their research, Dr. Ekström and his colleagues searched and scraped Google Scholar for papers containing specific phrases known as common responses from ChatGPT and similar applications with the same underlying model. Unable to access real-time data.

This facilitated the identification of papers whose text may have been generated using generative AI, resulting in a search of 227 papers.

Of these papers, 88 papers were written with legal and/or declared uses of GPT, and 139 papers were written with undeclared and/or fraudulent uses.

The majority of problematic papers (57%) dealt with policy-relevant subjects that are likely to impact operations (i.e., environment, health, computing).

Most were available in multiple copies on different domains (social media, archives, repositories, etc.).

Professor Jutta Haider from Borås University said: “If we cannot trust that the studies we read are genuine, we run the risk of making decisions based on misinformation.”

“But this is as much a media and information literacy issue as it is a scientific misconduct issue.”

“Google Scholar is not an academic database,” she pointed out.

“Search engines are easy to use and fast, but they lack quality assurance procedures.”

“This is already a problem with regular Google search results, but it becomes even more of a problem when making science more accessible.”

“People's ability to decide which journals and publishers publish high-quality, reviewed research is critical to finding and determining what is trustworthy research, and is important for decision-making and opinion. It is very important for formation.”

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Jutta Haider others. 2024. GPT Fabricated Scientific Papers on Google Scholar: Key Features, Pervasiveness, and Impact on Preemptive Attacks of Evidence Manipulation. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review 5(5);doi: 10.37016/mr-2020-156

Source: www.sci.news

LIGO hunts for gravitational waves produced by mountains on neutron stars

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While the solar system’s moons such as Europa and Enceladus have thin crusts over deep oceans, Mercury has a thin crust over a large metallic core. Thin sheets are generally likely to wrinkle. Europa has linear features, Enceladus has “tiger stripes” and Mercury has foliated cliffs. Neutron stars may have similar characteristics. These neutron star mountains can generate detectable oscillations in space and time known as gravitational waves, according to a new study.

Artist’s impression of a neutron star. Image credit: Sci.News.

Neutron stars are a trillion times denser than lead, and their surface features are largely unknown.

Nuclear theorists investigated the mountain-building mechanisms active on the moons and planets of the solar system.

Some of these mechanisms suggest that neutron stars likely have mountains.

A mountain in a neutron star would be much more massive than any mountain on Earth. They are so huge that the gravitational pull from these mountains alone can generate gravitational waves.

of Laser interferometer Gravitational wave observatory (LIGO) is currently looking for these signals.

“These waves are so weak that they require highly detailed and sensitive techniques carefully tuned to the expected frequencies and other signal characteristics,” said nuclear astrophysicist Jorge Morales and professor Charles Horowitz at Indiana University. It can only be discovered through search.”

“The first detection of continuous gravitational waves opens a new window on the universe and will provide unique information about neutron stars, the densest objects after black holes.”

“These signals may also provide sensitive tests of fundamental laws of nature.”

The authors investigated the similarities between neutron star mountains and surface features of solar system objects.

“While both neutron stars and certain moons, such as Jupiter’s moon Europa and Saturn’s moon Enceladus, have a thin crust over a deep ocean, Mercury has a thin crust over a large metallic core. The thin sheet Wrinkles are universally possible,” they said.

“Europa has linear features, Enceladus has tiger-like stripes, and Mercury has curved, step-like structures.”

“Mountained neutron stars may have similar types of surface features that can be discovered by observing continuous gravitational wave signals.”

“Earth’s innermost core is anisotropic, and its shear modulus is direction-dependent.”

“If the material in the neutron star’s crust is also anisotropic, a mountain-like deformation will occur, and its height will increase as the star rotates faster.”

“Such surface features could explain the maximum spin observed in neutron stars and the minimum possible deformation of radio-emitting neutron stars known as millisecond pulsars.”

team’s paper Published in a magazine Physical Review D.

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JA Morales and CJ Horowitz. 2024. The anisotropic neutron star crust, the mountains of the solar system, and gravitational waves. Physics. Rev.D 110, 044016; doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.110.044016

Source: www.sci.news

Medicines of the future may be produced in space: Here’s why

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On February 21, a meter-wide space capsule landed in the Utah desert after eight months in orbit. The cargo is a batch of ritonavir, an antiviral drug used to treat HIV and COVID-19.

Carried out by a California startup Varda Space Industries, the mission aims to showcase the potential of automated drug manufacturing in space, potentially opening doors for more efficient ways to develop medications.

Varda’s W-1 mission was launched on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket in June 2023. The capsule itself weighs about 90 kg, capable of producing nearly 100 kg of product during several months in orbit.

However, the initial mission produced only a small amount of ritonavir during a 27-hour test run.

In-flight analysis indicates that the manufacturing process was executed as planned, and while final results are pending, Varda is gearing up for its second mission carrying its first commercial payload.

read more:

But why the focus on space?

Experiments in microgravity have shown that it’s possible to produce pharmaceuticals more efficiently in space compared to on Earth. The unique conditions in space enable the growth of crystals used in medications to be more perfect and uniform.

Pharmaceutical companies are leveraging insights from space experiments to enhance manufacturing processes on Earth. Crystals grown in space demonstrate exceptional properties that could lead to more effective drugs than those produced on Earth.

Varda and other companies are exploring the potential of harnessing microgravity to develop new drugs, ushering in a new era of pharmaceutical innovation.

Economics present a challenge in producing materials in space for Earth use, but advancements in reusable spacecraft and versatile space labs are driving costs down and opening up new possibilities for scientific discovery.

Experts like Dr. Ann Wilson and Dr. Katie King are at the forefront of research in crystal growth and pharmaceutical development in microgravity, shaping the future of space-based manufacturing.

About our experts

Dr. Ann Wilson, a professor at Butler University, has conducted groundbreaking research on crystal growth in microgravity, published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.

Dr. Katie King, with expertise in nanomedicine, is leading research on pharmaceutical development in microgravity and is a key figure in advancing medical science through space-based experiments.

read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Australia’s ‘Contemporary’ Portrait Award permits art entirely produced by Artificial Intelligence (AI)

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A prestigious portrait competition has defended its ability to allow entrants to submit works generated by artificial intelligence, arguing that art should reflect social change rather than being stagnant.

of Brisbane Portrait Award The work, which is worth a top prize of $50,000, is being described as Queensland’s answer to the Archibalds, and selected works will be exhibited at the Brisbane Powerhouse later this year.


This year, the Brisbane Portrait Prize has announced in its entry terms and conditions that as long as the artwork is original and “fully completed and fully owned” by the entrant, it is “completed in whole or in part by generative artificial intelligence.” It states that it will accept submissions that have been submitted. .

A spokesperson for the awards told Guardian Australia that allowing AI submissions acknowledged that the definition of art is not stagnant and is always growing.

“The BPP prides itself on being a contemporary prize, fostering the continued evolution of the art and participating in the conversation around it, while always being interested in what ‘contemporary’ portraiture is.” ” they said.

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A spokesperson said that in the past, more traditional artists objected to allowing digital and photographic submissions, but it is now generally accepted in the art world.

“As technology continues to adapt and integrate into our society, the use of assistive technology is already paving the way for inclusion for artists with disabilities, and we believe that the use of AI tools and methodologies will continue to grow in this field. “We believe this is the next step,” the spokesperson said.

The previous winner, painter Stephen Tiernan, said: told ABC The creation of AI-generated works still involves an artistic process, and the rule changes ultimately kept the awards modern.

A spokesperson said the contest will determine ownership of works based on the terms of the process used and the AI program behind it. At the time of submission, artists must declare that they have full copyright to their submitted work.

Dr Rita Maturionite, a senior lecturer in law at Macquarie University, said that under Australian copyright law, AIs themselves cannot be authors, but how much of an AI-assisted work of art can humans own in order to claim ownership. He said whether the information would have to be entered remains an open question.

“What is unclear is [is] “How much human contribution is enough for a person to become a writer?” she said. “Is one prompt enough for her, or does she need to create 100 prompts?”

A spokesperson for the Brisbane Portrait Prize said if the artist contributed “sufficient independent intellectual effort” to the creation of the work, it was likely to be protected by copyright.

“An example of someone determining full ownership of content is when an artist uses an AI tool to use elements of some of their own original work, and all original designs belong solely to the artist. This could be the case if we create new artwork,” the spokesperson said.

“We recognize that AI is an evolving field and that our laws often keep pace with technological advances.”

Dr TJ Thomson, Senior Lecturer in RMIT's School of Media and Communication, said: 'Creating an image through a camera and imagining an image through a keyword prompt are completely different experiences that require very different skills. There is,” he said.

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“If you have some knowledge of photography principles and equipment, you can understand the intent of the photo, but it’s not fair to pit camera-generated images against AI-generated images.”

This is not the first contest to tackle AI entries since the explosion of widely available generative AI applications over the past year.

The National Portrait Gallery’s 2024 National Photographic Portrait Awards allows the use of generative AI tools in the development of submitted photographic works, but does not allow images that are entirely AI-generated.

However, there are strict conditions, such as requiring details of which tools were used and how. If your prompts to AI include someone else’s name, image, work, or creative style, you must obtain their explicit consent.

Thomson said the competition was a messy space with many unanswered questions, but other competitions in the meantime are likely to have similar results.

In November, the World Press Photo Contest announced it would exclude AI-generated entries from its public format after receiving “honest and thoughtful feedback,” and said the ban was “in line with our long-standing values ​​of accuracy and authenticity.” He said that it was something that

German artist Boris Eldagsen said he submitted an AI-generated photo of two women “as cheeky monkeys” to see if there would be a competition for AI images, and he won a prize at Sony last year. He declined the award in the Creative Open category of the World Photography Awards.

“They’re not,” he said last April.

In Sydney last year, a woman claimed to have taken a photo of her son with a mobile phone but lost out in a competition after judges suspected it was generated by AI.

At the NGV Triennial Exhibition to be held in Melbourne this year, Works by Irish artist Kevin Abosch They created “deepfakes of scenes depicting social unrest around the world,” including in Melbourne, and investigated how manipulated information fuels social unrest.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Astronomers believe at least two supernova explosions produced supernova remnant 30 Doradas B

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30 Doradas BThis galaxy, also cataloged as NGC 2060, is discovered in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a small satellite galaxy of the Milky Way.


At the center of this complex landscape of bright, colorful gas clouds is the supernova remnant 30 Doradas B. Image credit: NASA / CXC / Pennsylvania State University / Townsley other. / STScI / HST / JPL / CalTech / SST / SAO / J. Schmidt / N. Wolk / K. Arcand.

30 Doradus B is part of a large star-forming region where stars have been forming continuously over the past 8 to 10 million years.

It is located 160,000 light-years from Earth in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a complex landscape of dark clouds of gas, young stars, high-energy shocks, and superheated gas.

In a new study, astronomer Weian Chen of National Taiwan University and his colleagues used 30 high-resolution images of the Doradas B type from several telescopes on the ground and in space, including NASA/ESA's Hubble Space Telescope and the Australian Square Kilometer Array Pathfinder. The resolution multi-wavelength images were analyzed. , NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope and Chandra X-ray Observatory.

Researchers detected a faint X-ray shell about 130 light-years in diameter.

Chandra's data also revealed that 30 Doradas B contains a wind of particles blown away from the pulsar, forming what is known as a pulsar wind nebula.

Combining data from Hubble and other telescopes, researchers determined that a single supernova explosion could not explain what they were seeing.

Both the pulsar and the bright X-rays seen at the center of Doradas 30 B may have resulted from a supernova explosion after the collapse of a massive star about 5,000 years ago.

But the larger, dimmer X-ray shell is too large to have come from the same supernova.

“Rather, we believe that at least two supernova explosions occurred in Doradas 30 B, using X-ray shells produced by another supernova more than 5,000 years ago,” the scientists said.

“It's quite possible that more has happened in the past.”

“These results will help us learn more about the lives of massive stars and the effects of supernova explosions.”

a paper Regarding the survey results, astronomy magazine.

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Chen Weian other. 2023. New insights about 30 Dor B revealed by high-quality multiwavelength observations. A.J. 166, 204; doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/acff72

Source: www.sci.news

The process of how ancient stars produced elements unattainable by Earth

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Researchers have discovered that ancient stars can produce elements with atomic masses of more than 260, heavier than those found naturally on Earth. This discovery improves our understanding of element formation in stars, particularly through the rapid neutron capture processes (r-processes) that occur in neutron stars. . Credit: SciTechDaily.com

A new study reveals that ancient stars can produce elements heavier than Earth, with atomic masses of more than 260, advancing our understanding of cosmic element formation.

How much do elements weigh? An international team of researchers has found that ancient stars had the ability to produce elements with an atomic mass of more than 260, heavier than any element on the periodic table that occurs naturally on Earth. I discovered that. This discovery deepens our understanding of element formation in stars.

space element factory

We are literally made of star stuff. Stars are elemental factories, where elements are constantly merging or breaking down to create other lighter or heavier elements. When we refer to light or heavy elements, we are talking about their atomic mass. Roughly speaking, atomic mass is based on the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. atom of its elements.

The heaviest elements are only known to be produced in neutron stars by rapid neutron capture processes, or r processes. Imagine a single atomic nucleus floating in a soup of neutrons. Suddenly, a bunch of these neutrons attach themselves to the nucleus in a very short time (usually less than a second), causing a change from neutrons to protons inside, and voila! Heavy elements such as gold, platinum, and uranium are formed.

Instability of heavy elements

The heaviest elements are unstable or radioactive and decay over time. One way to do this is through a split called fission.

“If you want to make heavier elements, such as lead or bismuth, you need the R process,” says Ian Roederer, associate professor of physics. north carolina state university and lead author of the study. Mr. Roederer previously attended the University of Michigan.

“We need to add a lot of neutrons very quickly, and the problem is that we need a lot of energy and a lot of neutrons to do that,” Roederer says. “And the best place to find both is at the moment of a person’s birth or death. neutron staror when neutron stars collide and the raw materials for the process are produced.

“We have a general understanding of how the r process works, but the conditions of the process are very extreme,” Roederer says. “We don’t really know how many different sites in the universe generate r-processes, and we don’t know how r-processes end. We also don’t know how many neutrons there are Can you add more? Or how heavy can the elements be? So we looked at the elements produced by nuclear fission in well-studied old stars to find out how heavy these elements are. We decided to see if we could answer some of the questions.”

Identify previously unrecognized patterns

The research team newly investigated the abundance of heavy elements in 42 well-studied stars. milky way. These stars were known to contain heavy elements formed by the r process in earlier generations of stars. By looking more broadly at the amounts of each heavy element found in these stars, rather than individually, as is more common, they identified previously unrecognized patterns.

These patterns indicated that some elements listed near the middle of the periodic table, such as silver and rhodium, were likely remnants of nuclear fission of heavy elements. The research team was able to confirm that the r process can produce atoms with an atomic mass of at least 260 before fission.

“That 260 is interesting because, even in nuclear weapons tests, nothing that heavy has ever been detected in space or in nature on Earth,” Roederer said. “But observing them in space gives us guidance on how to think about models and fission. It also gives us insight into how the rich diversity of elements came about.” may be given.”

For more information on this research, see ‘Incredibly profound’ evidence for nuclear fission throughout the universe.’

Reference: “Elemental abundance patterns in stars show splitting of nuclei heavier than uranium” Ian U. Roederer, Nicole Vassh, Erika M. Holmbeck, Matthew R. Mumpower, Rebecca Surman, John J. Cowan, Timothy C. Beers, Rana Ezzeddine, Anna Froebel, Therese T. Hansen, Vinicius M. Placko, Charlie M. Sakari, December 7, 2023. science.
DOI: 10.1126/science.adf1341

The research was published in the journal Science and was supported in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Source: scitechdaily.com

Insights from AI: How Oxygen is Produced on Mars

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Recent breakthroughs in using robotic AI chemists to synthesize oxygen on Mars and create OER catalysts from Martian meteorites mark an important step towards realizing the dream of colonizing Mars. This technology promises to establish oxygen factories on Mars and bring human habitation on Earth closer to reality.Credit: AI Chemistry Group, University of Science and Technology of China

AI chemists have successfully created a catalyst that produces oxygen from a Martian meteorite.

continue to live with immigration to Mars It has often been used as a theme in science fiction. Before these dreams become a reality, humanity faces significant challenges, including a lack of critical resources such as oxygen needed for long-term survival on Mars. However, recent discoveries about water activity on Mars offer new hope for overcoming these obstacles.

Scientists are currently investigating the possibility of splitting water to produce oxygen through electrochemical water oxidation driven by solar energy with the help of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts. . The challenge is to find a way to synthesize these catalysts in situ using Martian materials, rather than having to transport them from Earth, which is costly.

Advances in AI and Mars chemistry

To address this problem, a team led by Professor Luo Yi, Professor Jiang Jun, and Professor Shang Weiwei from the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) at the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) recently made it possible to: Use a robotic artificial intelligence (AI) chemist to automatically synthesize and optimize his OER catalyst from Martian meteorites.

Their research, in collaboration with the Deep Space Exploration Institute, was recently published in the journal. Natural synthesis.

“AI chemists will innovatively synthesize OER catalysts using Martian materials based on interdisciplinary collaboration,” said Professor Luo Yi, the team’s lead scientist.

In each experimental cycle, AI chemists first use laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as an eye to analyze the elemental composition of Martian ores. The ore is then subjected to a series of pretreatments, including weighing in a solids distribution workstation, preparing a feed solution in a liquid distribution workstation, separating it from the liquid in a centrifugation workstation, and solidifying it in a drying workstation. Masu.

A robotic AI chemist uses a Martian meteorite to create a useful oxygen-producing catalyst.Credit: AI Chemistry Group, University of Science and Technology of China

The resulting metal hydroxide is treated with Nafion adhesive to prepare a working electrode for OER testing in an electrochemical workstation. Test data is sent in real time to the AI ​​chemist’s computational “brain”, machine learning (ML) Processing.

The AI ​​chemist’s “brain” employs quantum chemistry and molecular dynamics simulations on 30,000 high-entropy hydroxides with different elemental ratios and calculates their OER catalytic activity via density functional theory. The simulation data is used to train a neural network model to rapidly predict the activity of catalysts at different elemental compositions.

Finally, through Bayesian optimization, the “brain” predicts the combination of available Martian ores needed to synthesize the optimal OER catalyst.

Achieving breakthrough advances in oxygen production

So far, AI chemists have used five types of Martian meteorites to create successful catalysts under unmanned conditions. This catalyst operates stably for more than 550,000 s at a current density of 10 mA cm.-2 Overvoltage is 445.1 mV. Further tests at -37 degrees Celsius, the temperature of Mars, confirmed that the catalyst could stably produce oxygen without any obvious degradation.

In less than two months, AI chemists completed a complex optimization of a catalyst that would have taken a human chemist 2000 years.

The team is working on turning AI chemist into a common experimental platform for performing various chemical syntheses without human intervention. The paper’s reviewers praised the paper, saying, “This type of research is of widespread interest and is rapidly progressing in the synthesis and discovery of organic/inorganic materials.”

“In the future, humans will be able to establish oxygen factories on Mars with the help of AI chemists,” Zhang said. It takes just 15 hours of sunlight to produce sufficient oxygen concentrations for human survival. “This breakthrough technology brings us one step closer to realizing our dream of living on Mars,” he said.

Reference: “Automatic synthesis of oxygen production catalyst from Martian meteorite by robot AI chemist” Qing Zhu, Yan Huang, Donglai Zhou, Lyuan Zhao, Lulu Guo, Ruyu Yang, Zixu Sun, Man Luo, Fei Zhang, Hengyu Xiao , Xinsheng Tang, Xchun Zhang, Tao Song, Xiang Li, Baochen Chong, Junyi Zhang, Yihan Zhang, Baicheng Zhang, Jiaqi Cao, Guozhen Zhang, Song Wang, Guilin Ye, Wanjun Zhang, Haitao Zhao, Shuang Cong, Huiron Li, Li – Li Ling, Zhe Zhang, Weiwei Shang, Jun Jiang, Yi Luo, November 13, 2023, natural synthesis.
DOI: 10.1038/s44160-023-00424-1

Source: scitechdaily.com