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Why Humans Are the Only Primates with Jaws: New Insights Revealed

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The Human Jaw: An Evolutionary Enigma

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Humans possess a distinctive jaw structure, setting them apart from other primates. Recent analyses reveal that this anatomical feature likely emerged not for a specific purpose but as an incidental outcome of various evolutionary adaptations driven by natural selection.

According to Noreen von Cramon-Taubadel from the University at Buffalo, New York, “It’s a misconception that every significant trait between species has been shaped by natural selection with a specific intent. Evolution is frequently more complex and directionless than anticipated.”

The chin, a prominent bony projection of the lower jaw, significantly differentiates humans from other species. Among primates, particularly Homo sapiens, its evolutionary purpose remains a subject of intrigue.

Some researchers posit that the chin might alleviate stress during chewing or play a role in speech formation, while others suggest it may have evolved through sexual selection, with individuals preferring partners showcasing this unique facial attribute.

Conversely, some scientists challenge the idea of any practical function for the chin, contemplating whether its emergence was simply a byproduct of cranial and jaw evolution.

Von Cramon-Taubadel and her team hypothesize that the development of the human chin might actually be attributable to genetic drift, a random evolutionary process.

In their investigation, they studied 532 museum skulls belonging to humans and 14 other modern ape species, including chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans, and gibbons.

Measurements were taken at 46 anatomical landmarks on the skull and jaw, including nine points defining the human jaw, forming a comprehensive evolutionary map.

Utilizing these data, they estimated the head and jaw characteristics of the last common ancestor of all great apes, and applied a standard quantitative genetic model to evaluate genetic drift across family branches.

The findings indicated that three traits associated with the human jaw likely underwent direct selection, while six others appeared to be either neutral or byproducts of other evolutionary changes unrelated to jaw development.

As early human ancestors became more bipedal, the base of their skulls shifted, allowing for a more supportive facial structure. This transformation led to an evolution from pronounced front teeth and strong jaw muscles to diminished traits, ultimately producing a pronounced lower jaw that extends beyond the teeth, marking the emergence of the jaw as we know it.

This unique jaw structure is likely a byproduct of adapting to upright walking, having larger brains, and smaller teeth. According to von Cramon-Taubadel, this illustrates how changes in one area can inadvertently impact others in the evolutionary process.

As noted by Alessio Veneziano from the French National Museum of Natural History in Paris, this jaw structure is a “textbook example” of maladaptation—a characteristic that arises without the direct influence of natural selection. “It’s intriguing to confirm significant evolutionary trends that occur without adaptability,” he remarks.

This evolutionary byproduct is often termed a spandrel, a concept derived from architecture describing a space created by the shape of another structure. Other examples include the human navel or features of the small tyrannosaurus rex.

The study reveals the intricate connections between skull and jaw as a cohesive unit. As highlighted by James DiFrisco at the Francis Crick Institute in London, “Observable features like the jaw may appear as separate entities, but that doesn’t imply they evolved independently.”

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Why Exercise Alone May Not Be Effective for Weight Loss: Key Insights

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Benefits of Exercise vs Weight Loss

Exercise has numerous benefits, but weight loss might not be one of them.

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Engaging in regular exercise is extremely beneficial for overall health; however, it may not effectively lead to weight loss. Recent studies provide compelling evidence explaining this phenomenon.

While individuals who up their exercise routine often burn extra calories, weight loss usually doesn’t align with the caloric expenditure expected. A meta-analysis of 14 trials indicates that our bodies often compensate by reducing energy expenditure in other activities.

Notably, the compensatory effects are pronounced when one combines reduced caloric intake with increased exercise, effectively negating the hoped-for weight loss benefits of physical activity. In simpler terms, while dietary restrictions can lead to weight loss, increasing exercise alongside dieting may yield minimal additional benefits.

“The real challenge here is that when you combine exercise and dieting, the body compensates more aggressively,” explains Herman Pontzer of Duke University, North Carolina. “Exercise is still beneficial, but weight loss isn’t guaranteed.”

In his research on the Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania, Pontzer found that despite their high activity levels, they did not expend more energy than sedentary individuals. This led him to propose, back in 2015, that our bodies may have evolved to conserve energy through reduced expenditure when faced with increased physical activity.

Although some studies support this compensation theory, not all experts agree. Pontzer and fellow researcher Eric Trexler at Duke have examined existing studies that were designed for other purposes, ensuring their analysis was unbiased. They analyzed 14 trials involving around 450 participants—small due to the rigorous methods needed to monitor total energy expenditure.

Their findings revealed an average energy expenditure increase of only one-third of expectations based on increased physical activity levels. For instance, if a person’s workout routine burns an additional 200 calories daily, these trials reported an overall increase of only about 60 kilocalories.

Interestingly, the results varied significantly. Those who maintained their caloric intake saw about half of the expected increase in total energy expenditure, while individuals who increased their physical activity while reducing their caloric intake often did not observe any significant changes. “They’re exercising 200 calories a day but seeing no tangible results,” Pontzer noted.

The type of exercise also plays a crucial role; compensation predominantly occurs during aerobic activities like running. In contrast, strength training appears to result in greater-than-expected energy expenditure. For example, individuals who burn an extra 200 calories from weightlifting tend to increase their total energy expenditure by approximately 250 calories per day.

However, Pontzer advises caution in interpreting these findings, as energy expenditure measurement during weight training can be challenging. He hypothesizes that weightlifters may deplete energy while repairing and building muscle tissue.

Initially, Pontzer believed the type of exercise might be negligible, but he now finds the insights exciting as they reveal unrecognized aspects of energy compensation. Despite the gains in muscle, weightlifting participants exhibited minimal fat loss, indicating it may not be a practical approach for weight loss.

So, why does an increase in aerobic exercise not lead to expected increases in energy expenditure? This analysis suggests that the body compensates by reallocating energy expenditures across various systems. For instance, the resting metabolic rate, particularly during sleep, can decrease with increased aerobic activity.

“Our body adjusts how different organ systems function post-exercise,” Pontzer says. “Understanding these changes could provide insights into how exercise benefits different individuals unequally.”

While Pontzer’s findings provide support for energy compensation, skeptics remain. Researcher Dylan Thompson from the University of Bath emphasizes the results of a meta-analysis suggesting aerobic exercise does not significantly affect resting metabolic rates.

Additionally, there might be critical research limitations, as pointed out by Javier Gonzalez, also at the University of Bath. For example, additional exercise might replace other daily activities like gardening, which could account for the lack of increased energy expenditure.

Nevertheless, Pontzer asserts that some studies effectively rule out this possibility, as compensation effects have also been documented in animal studies, corroborating human findings. Nonetheless, Thompson and Gonzalez argue for the necessity of more rigorous studies. “We require meticulously designed randomized controlled trials involving humans,” Thompson concludes.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Can Gene Editing Cure Prion Diseases? | Insights from Cyworthy

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DNA molecules are essential carriers of genetic information, including partner molecules. RNA encodes the building blocks of life, specifically amino acids. Together, DNA, RNA, and amino acids form larger structures known as genes, which make up the genetic code for proteins that perform vital functions or contribute to other significant biomolecules.

Occasionally, the RNA within a gene may contain defects that can severely impact protein functionality. Such misfolded proteins, which can lead to fatal diseases, are known as prions. Researchers are optimistic that advancements in RNA editing technology, such as CRISPR, could provide treatment for prion diseases.

The possibility of this treatment has been known since scientists first identified bacteria using natural gene editing methods to combat viruses. Recently, medical researchers from institutions such as Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Case Western University conducted a pilot study to explore CRISPR’s effectiveness against prion diseases. The research team aimed to identify defective RNA regions within the genome and modify the corresponding genes. This process involved pinpointing the start and stop codons crucial for gene expression.

In laboratory experiments, scientists collected RNA from mice infected with human prion diseases. Utilizing CRISPR technology, they modified the defective RNA at the molecular level by inserting new start and stop codons to prevent replication. They employed sgRNA designed to produce non-functional proteins. Three versions of the sgRNA were tested: sgRNA, F-sgRNA, and F+E-sgRNA.

The researchers administered a medically approved vector, specifically an adeno-associated virus loaded with modified sgRNA, into mice infected with prion disease. They hypothesized that successful intervention would halt prion replication and prevent related disorders.

To evaluate this, scientists used two groups of mice, one experimental group receiving the modified sgRNAs and a control group receiving none. At ages 6 to 9 weeks, both groups were injected with various strains of human prion disease. Subsequently, only the experimental group was treated with sgRNA between 7 to 10 weeks old.

The mice were monitored for 92 to 95 weeks, recording behavioral changes, weight fluctuation, and lifespan. Post-experiment, researchers compared the health outcomes of both groups to determine the efficacy of the treatment. The findings were promising: treated mice exhibited nearly a 60% increase in lifespan compared to their control counterparts.

To assess the experiment’s success, researchers euthanized the mice post-study and analyzed their brains. They were particularly concerned with ensuring that the edited RNA targeted the proper genes, avoiding off-target editing that could lead to unpredictable outcomes. A thorough examination for possible side effects and abnormalities not linked to prion activity was conducted.

Additionally, they assessed the prion activity to confirm the impact of CRISPR on the targeted RNA strand, focusing on prion protein levels in mice. They observed that treated mice had prion protein levels 4% to 40% lower than those in the control group, with the F+E-sgRNA treatment yielding a 43% reduction in prion levels.

The research team concluded that CRISPR gene editing holds potential for combating prion diseases in mice. However, the significant off-target editing observed could present risks in human applications due to possible adverse effects. The researchers recommend future investigations continue using rodent models until more precise editing techniques are developed. Nevertheless, these results symbolize a meaningful advance toward potential treatments for prion ailments in humans.

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Why SpaceX Seeks Approval to Launch 1 Million Satellites: Key Insights

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SpaceX satellite launch at Kennedy Space Center

SpaceX Satellite Launch at Kennedy Space Center, Florida

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As 2026 approaches, one of the year’s most significant space stories is already emerging: the rise of mega-constellations and ambitious plans to launch thousands of satellites into Earth’s orbit.

Recently, SpaceX made headlines by requesting approval from the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to deploy 1 million orbital data center satellites. This unprecedented move follows SpaceX’s previous filing in 2019 for 42,000 Starlink satellites.

“This is an unprecedented scale for any satellite constellation,” says Victoria Samson, an expert at the Secure World Foundation in the United States.

Currently, SpaceX operates the largest satellite constellation, the Starlink Internet service, with approximately 9,500 satellites in orbit of the total 14,500 satellites. However, this current setup represents just 1% of SpaceX’s planned satellite network. Furthermore, these Starlink satellites are already navigating a risky orbit, as the company anticipates needing to prevent 300,000 collision scenarios by 2025.

The latest information released on January 30 reveals CEO Elon Musk’s vision for these data centers. Musk states that the launch of a million satellites is a fundamental step towards evolving into a Kardashev II civilization. The Kardashev Scale, developed by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Kardashev in 1964, quantifies the technological advancement of civilizations.

With AI’s energy requirements rising, the concept of space-based data centers has gained traction. In November 2025, the American company StarCloud successfully launched a demonstration data center powered by advanced Nvidia chips. The European Commission has also conducted studies indicating the feasibility of such orbital data centers.

Musk suggests that the reusability of SpaceX’s Starship rocket, the most powerful rocket ever built, enables this ambitious satellite deployment. He claims, “With hourly launches and 200 tons per flight, Starship will transport millions of tons yearly into orbit and beyond, ushering in a new era of human exploration.”

This filing coincides with SpaceX’s announcement on February 2 about acquiring xAI, a company that operates the social media platform X and the intriguing Grok chatbot. “If you want AI in an orbital data center, it’s a bundled package,” says Ruth Pritchard-Kelly, a US satellite regulation expert.

SpaceX is not the only entity aiming to launch more satellites. On December 29, China requested to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) to deploy 200,000 satellites into space. While there are no explicit restrictions on the number of satellites that can be safely deployed, prior research has suggested that managing over 100,000 satellites could become exceedingly challenging.

The FCC will take several months to decide on SpaceX’s application, during which public comments are welcome, and a separate submission to the ITU is required. Once approval is granted, SpaceX typically has six years to deploy half of the constellations but is requesting a waiver, arguing that their satellites communicate via optical links and do not cause radio interference.

SpaceX has stated that it will place its satellites in slightly polar orbits, ranging from 500 kilometers to 2,000 kilometers in altitude, primarily above the current Starlink operational altitudes. While the dimensions of the proposed satellites remain unspecified, it’s estimated that if they are similar to existing Starlink satellites, approximately 10,000 Starship launches will be needed to complete the constellation.

If Musk’s plan for hourly launches is realized, it would take just over a year to deploy the entire million satellite network. SpaceX assures safe disposal of satellites at the end of their operational lifespan by relocating them to decommissioned orbits or placing them in solar orbit.

The extensive proposed constellation could significantly impact astronomical research. SpaceX highlighted its ongoing collaboration with the scientific community in its application. However, in December, researcher Alejandro Borlaf from NASA Ames Research Center warned that adding 500,000 satellites could render “nearly all telescope images from the ground and space contaminated by satellites,” hampering scientific discovery.

These orbital data centers might be brighter than many existing satellites due to their need for large solar panels and radiators similar to those found on the International Space Station, designed to expel heat into space.

Whether or not SpaceX is genuinely prepared to deploy 1 million satellites remains uncertain. Given the staggering nature of this number, Pritchard-Kelly suggested this could be an instance of Musk’s “shock and awe” tactics, implying that the actual satellite count may be significantly lower. SpaceX and the FCC have not responded to requests for comments.

History and Future of Space Exploration: United States

Embark on an extraordinary journey through America’s space and astronomy landmarks, designed for curious minds and lifelong learners.

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Scientific Insights on How to Live a Meaningful Life

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A meaningful life can be filled with small acts of kindness.

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The Dalai Lama has long stated that our primary purpose in life is to help others. Research indicates that making a positive impact on others significantly contributes to a sense of meaningful existence.

While some skeptics argue that human life lacks intrinsic meaning, this question has captivated philosophers for centuries. Researchers at the University of Eastern Finland highlight the importance of identifying activities and thoughts that foster a sense of meaning, which can assist therapists in guiding their clients.

In their quest to unravel this complex question, researcher Florian Koba and his team conducted extensive studies, including an online survey targeting hundreds of U.S. residents.

During several experiments, participants evaluated fictional characters, determining the meaningfulness, happiness, and desirability of their lives. For example, respondents admired Amelia, a lottery winner who generously donates to charities combating poverty and hunger, while also traveling to support these initiatives.

In subsequent studies, participants ranked various definitions of a meaningful life, assessing how they perceived their own existence on scales of meaning and fulfillment.


“Our findings revealed four dimensions,” says Führer. Three consist of coherence, purpose, and a sense of meaning—key elements that have been noted in previous studies. However, Führer and Cova emphasize the discovery of a fourth dimension: the positive impact of our actions on others.

Other psychologists suggest that understanding, purpose, and significance are fundamental to a meaningful life—feeling that one’s existence carries weight and enduring value. Nonetheless, the latest research argues that the ‘significance’ many refer to is inherently tied to the positive effects of our actions, contributing to an overall sense of fulfillment. “I completely agree that such concepts are core to experiencing meaning,” remarks Tatiana Schnell from the MF Norwegian School of Theology in Oslo. “However, the terms ‘influence’ and ‘significance’ are fundamentally interchangeable.”

Schnell’s studies suggest four aspects encompassing meaning, including existential belonging, which denotes having a place in the world, coupled with significance, coherence, and purpose. Furthermore, recent papers indicate that social support can provide individuals with a sense of meaning.

Ultimately, Schnell asserts that achieving a sense of meaning does not imply that every dimension of meaning is addressed. “The critical factor is to avoid areas in life that feel inconsistent, insignificant, or devoid of belonging,” she explains.

According to Frank Martela from Aalto University in Finland, many individuals express that their work feels meaningless. “They might receive a paycheck but feel unfulfilled,” warns Martela. In such cases, individuals may experience a lack of purpose, leading to feelings of hopelessness or depression.

Fuhrer and Schnell propose that to create a more profound impact, we must transcend self-centered pursuits and invest time in endeavors that benefit others. “Reflect on your identity, aspirations, and your potential contributions to the world, and find ways to sustainably support others,” suggests Schnell. Even small daily gestures, such as bringing coffee to a colleague, can imbue your life with meaning and purpose.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Experts Warn of Rising Vitamin B6 Toxicity in Electrolyte Drinks and Supplements: Essential Insights You Need

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Awareness is increasing about the rare but serious side effects associated with high doses of vitamin B6, a nutrient commonly found in various dietary supplements, electrolyte drinks, and fortified foods.

Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, plays a crucial role in multiple bodily functions, such as nerve health, protein metabolism, and blood sugar regulation. This nutrient is vital for brain development, making it especially important during pregnancy and infancy. It is often marketed for its energy-boosting and stress-reducing properties.

Vitamin B6 is naturally present in many foods and is frequently added to instant products, particularly cereals. As indicated by the Office of Dietary Supplements, most multivitamins are formulated with B6.

Jamie Allan, an associate professor of pharmacology and toxicology at Michigan State University, noted that some energy drinks utilize B6 as a caffeine substitute.

“People may be surprised at how prevalent B vitamins are in their diets,” she explains.

This widespread availability contributes to the issue.

Dr. Norman Latoff, a neurologist and director of the Peripheral Neuropathy Clinical Research Center at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York, cautioned that excessive B6 can accumulate in body tissues and lead to nerve damage.

In November, concerns about vitamin B6 poisoning led the Australian Government to impose restrictions on supplements with high levels of this nutrient. By mid-2027, over-the-counter products will be limited to a daily dose of 50 milligrams, with anything above 200mg requiring a prescription.

Despite growing concerns, the popularity of vitamin B6 continues to rise. According to research firm IndustrieArk, the market for this vitamin is projected to surpass $712 million globally by 2030, reflecting a compound annual growth rate of 5.8% from 2024 to 2030.

While cases of poisoning remain rare, the number is on the rise. In 2024 alone, 439 cases of vitamin B6 exposure were reported, compared to 369 in 2023, according to the National Toxic Substance Data System.

Joanne Slavin, a registered dietitian and professor of food science and nutrition at the University of Minnesota, expressed that many individuals assume water-soluble vitamins like B6 to be harmless. Unlike fat-soluble vitamins, which are stored in the liver and fatty tissues, water-soluble vitamins are released through urine and need to be consumed regularly.

“It’s essential to understand that vitamins are not inert; they are chemicals,” explains Slavin. “There’s no need to overload your system.”

B6 toxicity might go underreported since symptoms develop gradually, with many consumers unaware of their excessive intake. “It sneaks up on you,” said Latoff, who estimates that 5% to 10% of neuropathy patients at Weill Cornell Center present with elevated B6 levels.

Early symptoms can include occasional numbness in the toes, which might be dismissed, followed by sensations of heat, cold, stinging, or tingling that begin in the feet and may extend upward.

Additional symptoms of B6 toxicity include nerve pain, numbness, imbalance, muscle weakness, fluctuations in blood pressure, fatigue, heartburn, and nausea.

A simple blood test can confirm if your B6 levels exceed safe limits.

“B6 has a wide margin of safety, allowing for significant amounts above the recommended dose,” remarked Allan. “However, excessive consumption of even water can lead to adverse effects.”

Colorado Woman Shares Her ‘Horrifying’ Vitamin B6 Poisoning Experience

Blair Huddy relocated to Colorado from California in 2024 and began using electrolyte drink mixes on advice from others to combat altitude sickness.

Hadi, now 36, took the drink daily, following the instructions to mix one sachet with 16 ounces of water. Each packet contained 1.93 mg of vitamin B6, which is about 110% of the recommended daily value.

She soon began experiencing bewildering symptoms like dizziness, heart palpitations, and adrenaline rushes while continuing her electrolyte routine, clueless about the correlation. By January 2025, she also suffered from allergy-like symptoms and sleep disturbances. It wasn’t until March, after consuming chicken liver for the first time (which is rich in vitamin B6), that she was hospitalized with anaphylaxis and suspected heart complications.

Without prior allergic reactions, the situation baffled doctors.

“It was terrifying. I didn’t understand what was happening to me,” she recounted. “I continued taking the drink mix thinking I was just staying hydrated.”

Following her hospital discharge, Hadi developed peripheral neuropathy and tinnitus.

“I visited the doctor repeatedly, convinced something was seriously wrong,” Hadi explained, expressing feelings of exhaustion and anxiety triggered by these health issues. “I lost jobs and faced challenges at work.”

In May, she urged her doctor to conduct a blood test.

The clinic nurse informed her, “Your vitamin B6 levels are over twice the upper limit. You need to stop all B6 intake immediately.”

What is a Safe Amount of Vitamin B6?

The recommended daily intake for vitamin B6 is 1.3 mg for young adults, 1.5 mg for women over 50, and 1.7 mg for older men.

Foods rich in vitamin B6 include poultry, fish, beef liver, starchy vegetables, and non-citrus fruits. Most individuals receive sufficient B6 from their diet.

In the U.S., the established upper limit for adults is 100 mg. In contrast, the European Food Safety Authority caps it at 12 mg, while Australia sets the limit at 50 mg.

The Council for Responsible Nutrition, which represents supplement manufacturers, regards 100 mg per day as a safe limit for the average healthy individual. However, specific health conditions may necessitate adjusted intake levels.

“The individual’s metabolism and ability to process vitamins influences their needs,” says Wong. “Various other factors can also contribute to the effects you’re experiencing.”

A 2020 study published in Pharmaceutical Nutrition noted that factors such as diet, genetics, and medication use can affect vitamin B6 toxicity, even at recommended levels.

Vitamin B6 may appear on labels as pyridoxine, pyridoxal, or pyridoxamine, indicating its various chemical forms.

“Be sure to monitor the cumulative intake from all sources to ensure you meet your personal needs,” advises Wong.

Vitamin B6 remains in the body for 30 to 40 days. Latoff noted that symptoms should improve once B6 intake ceases, though complete nerve regeneration may not be possible based on the extent of damage.

Hadi attributes her symptoms to the electrolyte drink mix she consumed daily for six months, suspecting her diet also contributed, as she did not take other supplements.

While she is recovering, Hadi still experiences some ringing in her ears and is undergoing physical therapy. She has resumed work and is providing support for individuals dealing with vitamin B6 toxicity.

“I wish I had someone to share that suffering with, and now I can support others experiencing it,” Hadi expressed.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Exploring the Science Behind Card Selection: Any Card, Any Insights

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Explore groundbreaking insights on science, technology, health, and the environment with New Scientist’s latest updates.

Feedback on New Scientist is welcomed! If you have insights or articles that would interest our readers, please contact us at feedback@newscientist.com.

Online Psychic Insights

When exploring pseudoscience, providing feedback on press releases can be tricky. It’s advisable to approach this with care, especially since those engaged in pseudoscience often lack self-awareness about their practices. This ongoing conversation inevitably leads to fascinating insights.

We are thrilled to present groundbreaking research on telepathy. If you haven’t encountered the concept of telepathy, this “crowd-scale ESP test” aims to showcase extrasensory perception globally.

According to TrueESP.com, “This innovative study utilizes the free True ESP app to synchronize participants’ brainwaves worldwide through multisensory stimulation during interactive telepathy tests.” Once the app is downloaded, you can participate in a 4-minute telepathy challenge.

Participants will alternately transmit and receive images from a selection of nine cards. “A new test initiates every 10 minutes, allowing users to engage repeatedly,” the website reports, brimming with enthusiasm.

Previous research by Joseph Rhine in the 20th century laid the foundation for telepathy studies using Zener cards, which featured five unique images for transmission. Mr. Rhine proposed that results often surpass random chance, though continued testing frequently reverts to randomness. The latest global telepathy research effectively replicates Rhine’s experiment using a modern application.

The study is led by Mark Freeman, an advertising innovator, along with a team of scientists, including Dean Radin, who was part of the CIA’s covert Stargate program, training para-spy operatives in the 1980s and 1990s. It’s important to note that the Stargate project did indeed exist, as recently revealed by Popular Mechanics.

For those curious about the role of “quantum” in this context, fret not. A section on the website discusses quantum psychic research, stating that “Recent experiments suggest brain neurons generate consciousness through quantum entanglement.”

We will keep you updated on this research until there is a decisive conclusion or until Freeman determines it’s time to cease communications—whichever comes first.

Political Health Insights

Reader Peter Slessenger recently encountered an article discussing President Donald Trump’s health on HuffPost: You can read it here.

CNN health analyst Jonathan Reiner noted that President Trump has frequently dozed off during important meetings and has requested a medical reassessment.

To affirm Mr. Reiner’s credentials, the article referenced his past role as the cardiologist for the late Vice President Cheney. It appears that referring to “Dick” has become taboo in some circles.

Interestingly, HuffPost didn’t shy away from using the name “Dick Cheney,” suggesting that Yahoo News may avoid it for reasons unknown.

Honorary Recognition in Academia

Universities seem to hand out honorary degrees to almost anyone with notable acclaim on social media. Recently, feedback noted a truly surprising announcement from Griffith University, Australia: “Griffith University is thrilled to offer a professorship to Dr. Bandit Healer, a renowned archaeologist and 2019 Father of the Year.”

This announcement surprised many since Bandit is a fictional animated dog from children’s TV show Bluey. The university described him as “a Brisbane-based blue heeler of international renown,” citing numerous fictional achievements, including groundbreaking anthropological discoveries. This raises questions about how a cartoon dog can garner such acclaim while engaging in child’s play with Bluey and Bingo.

Digging further reveals that a genuine honorary doctorate was conferred. Bluey‘s parent, Joe Blum, happens to be a university paleoanthropologist. This oversight leaves us wondering if we’re doing enough in our family.

Trends in Cultured Meat

Recently, several cultured meat companies have folded, including Believer Meats.

Reader Hugh White speculated that the CEO’s decisions may have contributed to Believer Meats’ downfall. “They should have seen the signs in his name, Gustavo Berger,” Hugh suggested, highlighting the significance of management in startups.

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Send your articles to Feedback at feedback@newscientist.com. Make sure to include your home address. You can find this week’s and past feedback on our website.

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Explore the Rare Space Lineup: A Deep Dive into Hubble 3I/ATLAS Insights

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On January 22, 2026, the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope captured stunning images of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS, showing it in near-perfect alignment with the Sun-Earth axis. This observation unveiled an unprecedented jet structure and an elongated tail.

This image of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS was captured by Hubble’s WFC3 instrument on January 22, 2026, at 13:10 UTC. Image credit: NASA / ESA / Hubble / Man Tu Hui, Shanghai Observatory.

According to researchers Professor Abraham Loeb from Harvard University and Dr. Mauro Barbieri from the INAF Padua Observatory, interstellar objects like 3I/ATLAS provide a rare opportunity to study materials from distant star systems. They detailed their findings in recent papers published in American Astronomical Society Research Notes.

Previous interstellar visitors such as 1I/Oumuamua lacked evidence of gas or dust, while 2I/Borisov was only observed at angles greater than 16 degrees from the Sun-Earth alignment, missing the chance for detailed study.

On January 22, 2026, comet 3I/ATLAS was positioned at an astonishingly small angle of just 0.69 degrees relative to the Earth-Sun axis, allowing for an optimal view as our planet passed nearly directly between the Sun and the comet.

This rare alignment caused a significant brightness spike, influenced by the composition and structure of the particles emitted from the 3I/ATLAS jet, as noted by Professor Loeb in the statement.

This image of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS was taken by Hubble’s WFC3 instrument on January 22, 2026, at 13:40 UTC. Image credit: NASA / ESA / Hubble / Man Tu Hui, Shanghai Observatory.

Astrophysicist Mang To Hui from the Shanghai Observatory utilized Hubble’s capabilities to observe 3I/ATLAS during conditions that may not occur again for decades.

The interstellar object images were gathered using Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) instrument, providing valuable data for ongoing research.

Professor Loeb elaborated on the findings, stating, “When the Hubble images from the January 22, 2026, alignment were processed by my collaborator Toni Scarmato, they revealed a system of four jets, including a prominent tail directed toward the Sun and Earth, along with three smaller ‘minijets.’”

“These minijets are spaced evenly apart at 120-degree angles, with one possibly hidden from view due to its unfavorable orientation relative to Earth, rendering it dark.”

Source: www.sci.news

How Menstrual Pads Can Provide Women with Insights into Fertility Changes

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Menstrual Pads: A Revolutionary Tool for Tracking Women’s Fertility

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Innovative home tests integrated into menstrual pads are empowering women to monitor their fertility through menstrual blood. This non-invasive method eliminates the need for frequent blood tests or clinic visits.

For many women, understanding their fertility journey often remains elusive until they attempt to conceive. In case of any complications, clinical tests can offer vital information.

These tests are instrumental in assessing the levels of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), a key indicator of “ovarian reserve,” which reflects the quantity of eggs remaining in a woman’s ovaries. In adults, AMH levels naturally decrease with age, indicating that higher levels signify a robust supply of eggs, whereas lower levels may signal reduced reserves or early onset of menopause.

Traditionally, AMH measurement has involved either clinic-based blood tests or at-home finger-prick tests, both requiring lab analysis before results are available.

Recently, Lucas Dosnon from ETH Zurich and his team in Switzerland have created a user-friendly test utilizing menstrual blood for immediate results.

The test functions as a lateral flow assay—similar to a COVID-19 test—utilizing small gold-coated particles with antibodies that selectively bind to AMH. When the test strip is exposed to menstrual blood, the hormonal interactions create a visible line, where the darkness of this line correlates with AMH levels.

While visual assessments can estimate results, researchers have developed a smartphone app that accurately analyzes test strip images. When tested against menstrual blood samples with known AMH concentrations, results aligned closely with clinical evaluations.

Moreover, the research team has seamlessly integrated this test into menstrual pads, enabling passive AMH level monitoring throughout menstruation. Over time, this approach may reveal trends in ovarian reserves that single tests could miss.

“We believe this research could be a game-changer for women’s health,” stated Dosnon, highlighting the potential for regular ovarian health screenings useful for various purposes, including during IVF and for diagnosing conditions outside of reduced ovarian reserve. Elevated AMH levels, for instance, can indicate polycystic ovarian syndrome and, in rare cases, granulosa cell tumors affecting the ovaries. “Menstrual blood is an underutilized resource with great potential in monitoring overall health,” Dosnon added.

Richard Anderson from the University of Edinburgh emphasizes the interpretation challenges all family medicine tests face, noting that understanding results can be complex, as no AMH test assesses egg quality. He questions whether women will prefer this test over traditional methods: “Is obtaining a reliable blood test that much of a burden?”

In response, Dosnon clarified that the test isn’t designed to replace clinical evaluations but rather offers an alternative that addresses the challenges in women’s health monitoring and research, praised for its non-invasive nature, user-friendliness, and affordability.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Can You Get Infected with Another Virus Alongside COVID-19? A Doctor’s Insights

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As a healthcare professional, I often encounter concerns from patients about COVID-19, particularly those suffering from long-term effects. A common inquiry I receive is, “Can I get reinfected with COVID-19 while experiencing long-term symptoms from a previous infection?“

Many individuals believe that enduring the virus for an extended period grants them some level of immunity against future infections. Unfortunately, this assumption is not accurate.

Long-lasting COVID-19 symptoms, including fatigue, breathing difficulties, and cognitive issues, can persist for months after initial infection. Regrettably, even prolonged exposure to COVID-19 does not shield you from reinfection.

The protective effects from previous infections and vaccinations fade over time. New variants of the virus, such as Omicron KP.3 and XEC in 2025, can evade the immune response.

This means that even if you’re grappling with persistent COVID-19 symptoms, it’s possible to contract the virus again, which may exacerbate symptoms or prolong recovery.

A positive COVID-19 test may indicate a reinfection with the same variant or a new one, but either way, it remains a manifestation of the coronavirus. Vaccines, particularly the 2025 booster shot, can significantly reduce the risk of severe illness. If you’re experiencing long-term COVID-19 and test positive, ensure you rest, stay hydrated, and consult your physician if symptoms worsen.

The coronavirus is still prevalent and continues to mutate, necessitating the practice of protective measures. It’s essential to get tested if you feel unwell, wear masks in crowded indoor settings, and keep up with vaccinations.

These proactive steps help mitigate exposure and safeguard those around you, especially as we navigate the lingering effects of this virus.

This article addresses the question from Yorkshire’s Terence Caldwell: “Can I be infected with COVID-19 along with the new variants?“

If you have any questions, reach out to us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or connect with us on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (don’t forget to include your name and location).

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Why Your Body Clock Miscalculates Your True Age: How AI Can Provide Accurate Insights

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Biological Age Representation

You May Be Historically Older Than Your “Real Age”

Reuters/Toru Hanai

Years ago, when I began discussing the concept of aging, the “biological clock” emerged as a key topic. This term, synonymous with the aging clock and “true age” measurement, highlights the difference between chronological age—the number of years since birth—and biological age, which indicates the actual aging process within our bodies.

Generally, biological aging follows a predictable pattern: a gradual decline in physical and mental functions throughout adulthood. Our intuitive judgments of age often incorporate visible signs like wrinkles, gray hair, and variations in posture, gait, mental sharpness, and voice.

The goal of determining biological age is to encapsulate this aging process into a single measurable figure. This provides insight into an individual’s health trajectory, emphasizing that some people age significantly faster than others.

Most individuals find their biological age within a few years of their chronological age. However, discrepancies can be stark: one 56-year-old may exhibit a biological age akin to someone in their 30s, while another may resemble a person in their 70s. Notably, biological age can increase or decrease at a different rate than chronological age.

Understanding biological age serves as a valuable tool, offering individuals clear, understandable insights into their health. This information can motivate lifestyle modifications and help assess the effectiveness of interventions like diet and exercise. The demand for biological age assessments is evident, as numerous companies now offer testing services, albeit often at a premium.

For scientists investigating anti-aging strategies, biological age measurements serve as immediate indicators of intervention success, eliminating the need for long-term studies involving human or animal subjects. Furthermore, tracking biological age enables us to comprehend the inner workings of our bodies as they age.

Despite its advantages, the concept of biological age requires refinement. The initial biological clocks were based on epigenetic markers—molecular indicators that alter gene expression. Innovators like Steve Horvath from UCLA discovered that these markers change predictably throughout life, allowing for the estimation of biological age through complex algorithms.

Yet, epigenetics isn’t the sole estimation approach. Various other biological markers—such as blood proteins, telomeres, urine metabolites, facial imagery, and even X-rays—can also inform biological age assessments. However, the inconsistency between these different measurement methods raises concerns about their reliability.

For instance, according to a recent analysis of the CALERIE trial, which examined caloric restriction as an anti-aging intervention, five different aging clocks were applied to a cohort of 220 adults. Only two showed a significant decline in biological age among calorie-restricted participants, leaving questions about which clock to trust—a dilemma faced by both individuals and researchers utilizing aging assessments.

Another challenge is the misleading perception of accuracy. Most companies report a single biological age figure without indicating a margin of error, leading to potential misinterpretations. A recent study published in npj Aging pointed out that many existing biological clocks do not perform as anticipated, which could lead to unnecessary anxiety regarding health outcomes.

But does this imply that biological clocks are without value? Not entirely. Research indicates that many limitations associated with these methods could be addressed. According to Dmitri Kulikov and fellow researchers from the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, overcoming these challenges is feasible, although determining whether it is worth pursuing these improvements remains an open question.

Meanwhile, innovative solutions are on the horizon. Emerging methodologies that utilize artificial intelligence, particularly large-scale health models (LHM), hold promise. These AI-driven models, akin to those powering systems like ChatGPT, analyze vast datasets to assess individual risks related to mortality and the development of age-related conditions. A recent study in Natural Medicine suggests these modern methods may outperform traditional biological clocks.

As LHM continues to evolve, it may address many current limitations of biological age assessments. Thus, if you are contemplating determining your biological age, proceed with caution. If you’ve already done so, take the outcomes with a degree of skepticism. In future reflections on aging, I promise to approach this subject with a more critical perspective, blending newfound knowledge with experience.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Score Review: Can We Combat the Challenges of a Rules-Based World? Insights from a New Book

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Chef skillfully slicing tomatoes from an overhead perspective

Rules-based cooking is enticing due to its capacity to yield highly reproducible outcomes.

FG Trade/Getty Images

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C. Thi Nguyen
Allen Lane

Last year, I penned an article for New Scientist detailing how a physicist unveiled the precise method to flawlessly cook the Italian classic, cacio e pepe. The emulsion of black pepper, pecorino cheese, and water can often turn clumpy. Ivan di Terlizzi and his team at the Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems experimented with cacio e pepe numerous times to perfect a method that guarantees consistent results.

This topic resonated with many readers. When I recently caught up with one of the scientists involved, he suggested the draw might stem from their research’s ability to unveil order in what can otherwise appear chaotic, especially when examined through the lens of mathematics and precision.

While this perspective is captivating, it also carries risks, as C. Thi Nguyen discusses in his book, Score: How to Stop Playing Someone Else’s Game. Formerly a food critic, Nguyen is now a philosophy professor at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. He cautions that recipes promising flawless results can obscure the essential values of food as “an exercise of taste and preference.”

By employing scientific rigor—exact measurements and meticulous procedures—the outcomes might be repeatable, but this approach diminishes the diversity of culinary experiences and the delightful chaos that food can represent.

Cooking serves as merely one instance illustrating how modern tendencies to systematize and impose order on chaotic realities—often driven by state bureaucracies—can result in less-than-ideal outcomes. Nguyen constructs a vivid image of a world rife with such consequences.

Using his own academic journey as a reference, Nguyen contends with the rankings that universities and magazines impose. In philosophy, these ratings often derive from websites evaluating departments based on criteria like publishing prestige or scholars’ ability to address specialized queries, contrasting sharply with the “wild, unruly questions” that initially piqued his interest in philosophy. He began to sense a phenomenon he labeled “value capture,” where metrics intended to guide us begin to dictate our actions.

Nguyen argues for embracing these intricate rule-based systems by engaging in games as a means to explore and remain open to life’s experiences. This book encompasses a diverse array of his recreational pursuits, from Dungeons & Dragons to rock climbing, yoga, and yo-yo.

He effectively illustrates why choosing to abide by the rules within a game serves as a “spiritual vaccine” against societal pressures to conform to institutional scoring systems, like those found in educational assessments. While the notion that games can save us may seem optimistic, Nguyen compellingly presents it as a refreshing perspective.

Many of Nguyen’s concepts aren’t groundbreaking, drawing from numerous influential philosophers and scholars shaping his thought process—including Tim Marshall’s Prisoners of Geography, which explains the influence of geography on geopolitics, and James C. Scott’s Seeing Like a State, which scrutinizes the shortcomings of scientifically planned societies.

However, Nguyen’s imaginative approach to discussing the core themes of his book ensures the conversation remains engaging and thought-provoking. This work provides a compelling starting point for further exploration.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Impact of Abnormal Oral Microbiome on Obesity: Key Characteristics and Insights

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Bacteria in the oral cavity

Oral Bacteria (Blue) on Human Cheek Cells (Yellow) in Scanning Electron Micrograph

Steve Gschmeisner/Science Photo Library

Recent research has revealed that individuals with obesity exhibit unique oral microbiome characteristics. This finding could pave the way for early detection and prevention strategies for obesity.

The diverse community of microorganisms in our gut significantly impacts weight gain, being commonly linked to obesity and various metabolic conditions. Notably, up to 700 species of bacteria have been implicated in obesity and overall health.

“Given that the oral microbiome is the second largest microbial ecosystem in the human body, we aimed to investigate its association with systemic diseases,” says Ashish Jha, from New York University, Abu Dhabi.

Jha and his team analyzed saliva samples from 628 adults in the United Arab Emirates, 97 of whom were classified as obese. They compared these samples with a control group of 95 individuals of healthy weight, similar in age, gender, lifestyle, oral health, and tooth brushing habits.

The analysis showed that the oral microbiome of obese individuals has a higher abundance of inflammation-causing bacteria, such as Streptococcus parasanguinis and Actinobacterium oris. Additionally, Oribacterium sinus produces lactic acid, which is linked to poor metabolic health.

Jha and his colleagues identified 94 distinct differences in metabolic pathways between the two groups. Obese participants demonstrated enhanced mechanisms for carbohydrate metabolism and the breakdown of histidine, while their capability to produce B vitamins and heme—crucial for oxygen transport—was reduced.

Metabolites notably generated in obese individuals include lactate, histidine derivatives, choline, uridine, and uracil, which are associated with metabolic dysfunction indicators such as elevated triglycerides, liver enzymes, and blood glucose levels.

“When we analyze these findings collectively, a metabolic pattern surfaces. Our data indicates that the oral environment in obesity is characterized by low pH, high carbohydrate levels, and pro-inflammatory conditions,” notes Lindsey Edwards from King’s College London. “This study offers compelling evidence that the oral microbiome may reflect and contribute to the metabolic changes associated with obesity.”

Currently, these findings suggest a correlation rather than causation. “While some associations are surprising, we cannot determine cause and effect as of now, which remains our next focus,” Jha states.

To explore whether the oral microbiome contributes to obesity or is modified by it, Jha and his team plan further experiments analyzing both saliva and gut microbiomes to investigate potential microbial and metabolic transfers.

Professor Jha believes this is plausible, as the mouth’s extensive blood vessel network facilitates nutrient absorption and taste sensing, potentially allowing metabolites direct access to the bloodstream, influencing other bodily systems.

Establishing a causal connection will also necessitate randomized controlled trials and detailed metabolic pathway analyses, according to Edwards.

As dietary patterns evolve, specific food components may become more readily metabolized by certain bacteria, leading to increased microbial activity that can influence cravings and potentially lead to obesity, Jha explains. For instance, uridine has been shown to promote higher calorie intake.

If oral bacteria are demonstrated to influence obesity, Edwards suggests it could lead to innovative interventions, such as introducing beneficial oral microbes through gels, using prebiotics to foster specific bacterial growth, or employing targeted antimicrobials. “Behavioral strategies, like reducing sugar intake, can also significantly contribute to obesity prevention,” she adds.

Even if the oral microbiome acts as a consequence rather than a cause of obesity, its assessment can still provide valuable insights. Saliva tests can easily detect distinct microbial changes, which Jha believes could be useful for early obesity detection and prevention strategies.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Bacteria and Viruses Collaborate to Combat Cancer: Insights from Sciworthy

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The history of cancer can be traced back to ancient Egyptian civilizations, where it was thought to be a divine affliction. Over the years, great strides have been made in understanding cancer’s causes and exploring diverse treatment options, although none have proven to be foolproof. Recently, a research team at Columbia University has pioneered a novel method for combating cancerous tumors by utilizing a combination of bacteria and viruses.

The researchers engineered this innovative strategy by infecting bacterial cells with Typhimurium that were modified to carry the Seneca virus A. The theory posited that when tumor cells engulf these bacteria, they would also take in the virus, which would then replicate within the cells, leading to their death and the subsequent distribution of the virus to surrounding cells. This technique has been termed Coordinated Activities of Prokaryotes and Picornaviruses for Safe Intracellular Delivery (CAPPSID).

Initially, the research team verified that Typhimurium was a suitable host for Seneca virus A. They infected a limited number of these bacteria with a modified variant of the virus that emitted fluorescent RNA. Subsequently, they applied a solution that facilitated viral entry into the bacteria. Using fluorescence microscopy, they confirmed the presence of viral RNA inside the bacterial cells, validating the infection. To further assist the viral RNA in escaping the bacteria and reaching cancer cells, the researchers added two proteins, ensuring that viral spread was contained to prevent infection of healthy cells.

After optimizing the bacteria and virus, the team tested the viral delivery system on cervical cancer samples. They found that viral RNA could replicate both outside of bacterial cells and inside cancer cells. Notably, newly synthesized RNA strands were identified within tumor cells, confirming the successful delivery and replication of the virus through the CAPPSID method.

Next, the researchers examined CAPPSID’s impact on a type of lung cancer known as small cell lung cancer (SCLC). By tracking fluorescent viral RNA within SCLC cells, they assessed the rate of viral dissemination post-infection. Remarkably, the virus continued to propagate at a consistent rate for up to 24 hours following the initial infection, demonstrating effective spread through cancerous tissue without losing vigor.

In a follow-up experiment, the researchers evaluated the CAPPSID method on two groups of five mice, implanting SCLC tumors on both sides of their backs. They engineered the Seneca virus A to generate a bioluminescent enzyme for tracking purposes and injected the CAPPSID bacteria into the tumors on the right side. Two days post-injection, the right-side tumor glowed, indicating active viral presence. After four days, the left-side tumor also illuminated, suggesting that the virus had successfully navigated throughout the mice’s bodies while sparing healthy tissues.

The treatment continued for 40 days, leading to complete tumor regression within just two weeks. Remarkably, upon observation over a subsequent 40-day period, the mice demonstrated a 100% survival rate, with no recurrence of cancer or significant side effects. The research team observed that the CAPPSID virus, being encapsulated by bacteria, could circumvent the immune response, thus preventing cancer cells from building immunity against it.

Finally, to prevent uncontrolled replication of Seneca virus A, the researchers isolated a gene from a tobacco virus responsible for producing an enzyme that activates a crucial protein in Seneca virus A. By incorporating this gene into the Typhimurium bacteria, they were able to independently produce this enzyme, ensuring the virus could not replicate or spread without the bacteria’s presence. Follow-up tests confirmed that this modified CAPPSID method improved viral spread while maintaining confinement within cancer-affected areas.

The research findings hold promising potential for the development of advanced cancer therapies. The remarkable regression of tumors in mice and the targeted delivery system of CAPPSID—without adverse effects—could lead to safer cancer treatments for human patients, eliminating the need for radiation or harmful chemicals. However, the researchers also cautioned about the risk of viral and bacterial mutations that may limit the effectiveness of CAPPSID and cause unforeseen side effects. They suggested that enhancing the system with additional tobacco virus-derived enzymes could help mitigate these challenges, paving the way for future research into innovative cancer therapies.

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Source: sciworthy.com

Fossil Shorebirds Unveil New Insights Into Australia’s Climate Change History

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Shorebirds serve as important indicators of coastal and wetland ecosystems, and their widespread distribution highlights their ecological significance. Although wading shorebirds are infrequently found in the fossil record, a remarkable collection of shorebird fossils has emerged from Pleistocene deposits at the Naracoorte Caves World Heritage Site in South Australia. Recent studies on these fossils provide insights into the evolution of wetland environments, revealing that flourishing habitats vanished with climate shifts as far back as 60,000 years ago. The research links a drying phase around 17,000 years ago to the decline of many of the nine or more shorebird species discovered in one of the Naracoorte Caves.

Red knot (Calidris canutus), near Grinet, Brittany, France. Image credit: Stephan Sprinz / CC BY 4.0.

“Shorebirds are rare in the fossil record, making the discovery of numerous shorebird fossils in Blanche Cave surprising,” stated PhD candidate Karl Lenser from Flinders University.

“This finding suggests that wetlands and tidal flats—vital feeding grounds for plovers, sandpipers, and other shorebirds—were more prevalent during the last Ice Age.”

Currently, climate change and habitat loss are contributing to the decline of Australia’s shorebird populations.

Gaining insights into how these species adapted to historical climate changes may be essential for forecasting their future.

Lenser and his team were particularly intrigued by the remains of the Plains Wanderer, an endangered bird found mostly in Victoria and New South Wales, which was among the most common fossils identified in this study.

Out of approximately 300 examined bones, more than half were identified as those of Plains Wanderers.

“Today’s Plains Wanderers are selective about their habitats; however, other fossils from Naracoorte indicate that the area once featured wooded environments—starkly different from the treeless grassland they inhabit today,” Lenser explained.

Naracoorte represents the only fossil site in Australia with such a substantial population of Plains Wanderers, indicating a significant decline in their numbers over the last 14,000 years due to habitat restriction.

Dr. Trevor Worthy from Flinders University highlighted the uniqueness of this sandpiper fossil sample, noting its representation of migratory species that travel from the Northern Hemisphere to spend winters in Australia.

“This includes three species from the Calidris genus and the Latham Sandpiper (Galinago hardwickii),” he added.

“Fossil assemblages also include blue-bellied plovers that migrate from Australia to New Zealand for breeding.”

“Fossil evidence shows that two young birds flew approximately 2,000 km from New Zealand and were captured by owls near Blanche Cave in Naracoorte,” Dr. Worthy explained.

“There remains much to uncover about Australia’s bird species from the last Ice Age, and fossils from sites like Naracoorte are crucial for filling in these knowledge gaps,” Lenser noted.

“Naracoorte Caves holds a 500,000-year record of biodiversity in Southeast South Australia,” stated Dr. Liz Reid from the University of Adelaide.

“As this study clearly demonstrates, caves offer a glimpse into pre-European landscapes, providing valuable information for the conservation of endangered species today.”

Visitors to Naracoorte Caves can explore the excavation site and delve into the science behind South Australia’s only World Heritage Site.

Findings have been published in the online journal Old Trogia Electronica about the study.

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Karl M. Lenser et al. 2026. Fossil shorebirds (order: Charadriidae) revealing a Pleistocene wetland trend at Naracoorte Caves, South Australia. Old Trogia Electronica 29 (1): a2; doi: 10.26879/1608

Source: www.sci.news

Octopus Insights: Rethinking the Evolution of Large Animal Brains

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Common Octopus

Octopuses in shallow waters, such as the common octopus, typically possess larger brains.

Image Credit: Shutterstock

Research suggests that the large brains of octopuses are influenced more by environmental conditions than by social interactions.

It is widely accepted that larger mammalian brains correlate with social behavior, a theory known as the social brain hypothesis. The premise is that the more social connections a species has, the larger their brains must be to handle those interactions. This trend is evident among primates, dolphins, and camelids.

In contrast, cephalopods—like octopuses, cuttlefish, and nautiluses—exhibit significant intelligence despite mostly living solitary lives, with limited parental care and minimal social learning.

To delve deeper into the reasons behind the substantial brain size of these creatures, Michael Muthukrishna and researchers from the London School of Economics analyzed data from 79 cephalopod species with available brain information. They quantified brain size based on the total volume of an animal’s central nervous system, considering that octopuses actually possess nine brains: one central brain and semi-independent brains in each of their eight arms.

“This species is a stark contrast to humans, showcasing unique appendages and behaviors,” Muthukrishna notes.

The findings revealed no direct correlation between brain size and sociability. However, they did uncover that cephalopods generally have larger brains when inhabiting shallow waters, where they encounter a wide array of objects to manipulate and use as tools, along with rich calorie availability. Conversely, species dwelling in featureless deep-sea environments tend to have smaller brains.

“The correlation is quite strong,” Muthukrishna states, “but it’s imperative to approach these findings cautiously,” as only about 10 percent of the existing 800 cephalopod species have brain data accessible.

“The absence of a social brain effect in octopuses is intriguing yet expected,” explains Robin Dunbar from Oxford University, who proposed the social brain hypothesis around three decades ago. He argues that because octopuses do not inhabit cohesive social groups, their brains lack the necessity to manage complex social dynamics.

Professor Paul Katz from the University of Massachusetts articulates the possibility that evolution may have led to smaller brain sizes each time cephalopods adapted to deep-sea environments. “It’s reminiscent of species dimensions reducing on isolated islands; the same could apply to species in the deep ocean,” he mentions.

Muthukrishna’s previous research proposed that brain size not only predicts the extent of social and cultural behaviors but also reflects ecological factors such as prey diversity. Thus, the parallel patterns between cephalopods, having diverged from vertebrates over 500 million years ago, and humans bolster the cultural brain hypothesis. According to Muthukrishna and colleagues, this hypothesis illustrates how ecological pressures and information acquisition lead to the development of larger, more complex brains.

“It’s not solely about social instincts when it comes to large brains,” Muthukrishna asserts.

“I wholeheartedly agree that exploring why humans possess large brains must be informed by our understanding of current species. However, unraveling the evolutionary history of large brains, particularly with cephalopods, is challenging, especially given the radically different predator-prey dynamics when their brains began evolving,” Katz explains.

Additionally, various studies indicate that competitiveness with fish may have spurred cephalopod brain growth, Katz asserts.

Dunbar emphasizes that octopuses may require substantial brainpower for their independent-use of eight arms. “Understanding an octopus’s brain is complex due to its unique structure, but a significant part of its brain’s function is to manage its intricate body mechanics necessary for survival,” he states.

Furthermore, Dunbar notes that it is logical for larger brains to evolve in environments abundant in calories. “You can’t increase brain size without addressing energy consumption. Once you have a more substantial brain, its applications become vast, which is why humans can engage in writing, reading, and complex mathematics—skills not inherently present within our evolutionary contexts.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

The Mysterious Disappearance of a Star: Insights into a Failed Supernova Explosion

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Illustration of a failed supernova creating a black hole

Illustration of a Failed Supernova Explosion Forming a Black Hole

NASA, ESA, and P. Jeffries (STScI)

A massive star in the Andromeda galaxy has seemingly vanished instead of exploding, resulting in the formation of a black hole in a peculiar manner.

Typically, black holes originate from stars that explode as supernovas. However, they can also emerge from stars that collapse due to their own gravity, directly creating black holes without the explosive phase.

In 2024, Kisharai De from Columbia University, along with his team, investigated the case of M31-2014-DS1, an exceptionally bright star located in the Andromeda galaxy, approximately 20 times the mass of our Sun. The star exhibited an initial brightening in 2014, followed by a significant dimming from 2017 to 2020. This behavior aligned with predictions for a supernova that would fail to result in a black hole, yet no direct evidence of the black hole was observed, such as X-ray emissions.

Currently, De and his colleagues are utilizing the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Chandra X-ray Observatory to study M31-2014-DS1. They have detected a faint red object at the star’s previous location, which is only about 8% brighter than the original star and enveloped in rapidly expanding dust. This finding aligns with the expected characteristics of a supernova that fails to produce a black hole. However, De and his team have refrained from commenting further, as their research has not yet undergone peer review.

Another group studying the same JWST data, including Emma Beasor from Liverpool John Moores University, UK, suggested that the case for M31-2014-DS1 failing to explode may also indicate a stellar merger, which could result in small explosions followed by dimming and dust formation.

“Predictions for the appearance of a failed supernova significantly overlap with what we might expect from a collision of two stars creating vast amounts of dust,” Beasor explained.

However, both scenarios are rare, she noted, as it is uncommon to observe such drastic color changes in a star.

“No matter the explanation, it’s fascinating that the visible star has essentially vanished,” stated Gerald Gilmore from Cambridge University. “For years, the search for extinct massive stars has produced ambiguous outcomes, but now, advancements in multi-wavelength time-domain astronomy are paving the way for clarity.”

The definitive method for confirming black hole formation is through the identification of X-ray emissions, Gilmore noted, which are currently absent at the M31-2014-DS1 location. Nevertheless, if advanced telescopes like JWST can analyze the remnants of dimmed stars, we could soon uncover what occurred. “We are on the verge of discovering at least one of the ultimate fates of a massive star, which is intriguingly akin to the Cheshire Cat’s disappearance,” he remarked.

References: arXiv, DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2601.05774 and DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2601.05317

World Capital of Astronomy: Chile

Explore Chile’s astronomical wonders. Visit the globe’s most advanced observatory and gaze at the night sky under the clearest conditions on Earth.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

2-Million-Year-Old Skeleton Offers Unprecedented Insights into Homo habilis

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A recently unearthed partial skeleton from the Koobifora Formation in northern Kenya provides paleoanthropologists with the most comprehensive insight into Homo habilis—one of the earliest human ancestors. This specimen highlights the significant physical differences between Homo habilis and later humans like Homo erectus.

Facial reconstruction of Homo habilis. Image credit: Cicero Moraes.

This newly discovered partial skeleton, cataloged as KNM-ER 64061, represents the most complete remains of Homo habilis to date.

Dating back approximately 2 million years, this fossil was found in the Upper Burgi Formation of the Koobi Formation near Illeret, Kenya.

The specimen was discovered alongside KNM-ER 64060, which consists of a nearly complete set of teeth and jaw fragments attributed to Homo habilis.

Geological, taphonomic, and geochemical analyses suggest that the teeth and postcranial bones likely belonged to the same individual.

Researchers refer to these finds as a “possible fourth individual” of Homo habilis, marking a rare combination of diagnostic tooth remains and associated postcranial bones preserved in the early Pleistocene fossil record.

“Currently, there are only three other fragmentary and incomplete skeletons known of this significant species,” stated Professor Fred Grein from Stony Brook University.

The KNM-ER 64061 skeleton includes the humerus, both the radius and ulna, parts of the shoulder girdle, and pelvic and sacral fragments, among other elements.

Although no leg bones were recovered, the pelvic characteristics suggest that the mechanics of the lower limbs are more akin to later members of Homo than to earlier australopiths.

Interestingly, the upper limbs indicate a more primitive adaptation. The forearm is relatively long compared to the upper arm, a pattern identified as high brachial index, suggesting that Homo habilis is closer to early humans than to Homo erectus.

The arm bones exhibit unusually thick cortical bones, a trait reminiscent of australopiths and other early Homo fossils.

Based on the length of the humerus, scientists estimate that this individual stood around 1.6 meters tall.

The estimated weight ranges from 30.7 to 32.7 kg, significantly lighter than other known Homo habilis specimens and smaller in comparison to estimates for Homo erectus.

“The upper limbs of Homo habilis are notably more pronounced, indicating that KNM-ER 64061 possessed longer and stronger arms,” remarked Dr. Ashley Hammond from the American Museum of Natural History, the Miquel Crusafont Catalan Institute of Paleontology, and the Avanta Catalunya de Recerca Institute.

“However, the dimensions and proportions of the lower limbs remain elusive.”

“Further discoveries of lower limb fossils from Homo habilis may reshape our understanding of this important species.”

These findings reinforce the view that Homo habilis displayed a mosaic of ancestral and derived traits.

While skeletal features suggest a locomotion style resembling modern humans, the overall body proportions and smaller size imply that this early species had not yet developed the larger, heavier body types seen in later humans.

Between approximately 2.2 million and 1.8 million years ago, multiple hominid species existed in eastern Africa, including Paranthropus boisei, Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis, and possibly early Homo erectus.

This new skeleton underscores that Homo habilis occupied a distinct evolutionary niche among these species, both physically and genetically.

“To our knowledge, the Homo habilis partial skeleton exhibits a postcranial anatomy that diverges from other members of our genus, such as Homo rudolfensis, whose characteristics remain largely unidentified,” the authors stated.

Their research paper was published online on January 13, 2026, in Anatomical Records.

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Frederick E. Gline et al. discovered a new partial skeleton of Homo habilis from the Upper Burgi Formation of the Koobi Fora Formation in Illeret, Kenya. Anatomical Records published online on January 13, 2026. doi: 10.1002/ar.70100

Source: www.sci.news

Exploring the Fascinating Heart of the Circus Galaxy: Insights from Webb Telescope

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Astronomers utilizing NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope have captured the most detailed infrared images of the Circus Galaxy’s core, making it one of the closest known active galaxies to the Milky Way. Webb’s observations indicate that much of the hot dust surrounding supermassive black holes in galaxies is being drawn into the black holes themselves, contrary to previous models that suggested powerful outward streams.

The Hubble image showcases the Circinus Galaxy, a spiral galaxy located approximately 13 million light-years away in the southern constellation Circinus. A close-up from Webb reveals the core’s glow in infrared light, highlighting the intricate features obscured by dust. Image credits: NASA / ESA / CSA / Webb / Hubble / Enrique Lopez-Rodriguez, University of South Carolina / Deepashri Thatte, STScI / Alyssa Pagan, NOIRLab / CTIO at STScI / NSF.

The Circus Galaxy, also known as ESO 97-G13 or LEDA 50779, is situated about 13 million light-years from Earth, nestled south of the constellation Circinus. This galaxy has fascinated astronomers due to its center being enveloped in a dense cloud of gas and dust.

Traditional ground-based telescopes have faced challenges in isolating regions near the central black hole, where matter spirals inwards and emanates intense infrared light. However, Webb’s state-of-the-art technology enabled Dr. Julien Girard and his team at the Space Telescope Science Institute to pierce through this dust veil with extraordinary clarity.

This remarkable breakthrough was achieved by employing Webb’s Near-Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrometer (NIRISS) in a specialized high-contrast mode known as aperture masking interferometry.

This innovative technique transforms the instrument into a compact interferometer, merging light captured through various small apertures to generate precise interference patterns.

By examining these patterns, astronomers were able to reconstruct a finely detailed image of the Circus Galaxy’s central engine, revealing that the majority of infrared radiation originates from the donut-shaped torus of dust encircling the black hole, rather than from materials being ejected outward.

Dr. Girard remarked, “This is the first instance where Webb’s high-contrast mode has been employed to observe an extragalactic source.” He expressed hope that their findings will inspire fellow astronomers to leverage aperture masking interferometry to study faint but relatively small, dusty structures surrounding bright objects.

The supermassive black hole remains active, continuously consuming surrounding matter. Gas and dust conglomerate in a torus around the black hole, forming a rotating accretion disk as material spirals inward. This disk generates heat through friction, releasing light across diverse wavelengths, including infrared.

New data from Webb indicate that most of the infrared emissions near the center of the Circus Galaxy stem from the innermost region of this dusty torus, challenging previous assumptions that outflow dominated emissions.

This pioneering technique lays the groundwork for more profound investigations of black holes in other galaxies. By applying Webb’s high-contrast imaging to subsequent targets, researchers aim to establish a broader catalog of emission patterns, which could ascertain whether the behavior observed in the Circus Galaxy is typical among active galactic nuclei or a distinct case.

Their discoveries not only present a clearer perspective on the feeding mechanisms of black holes but also underscore the escalating power of interferometry in space-based astronomy.

More observations are forthcoming, as Webb continues to redefine what can be observed from the most concealed regions of the universe.

Dr. Enrique López Rodríguez, an astronomer at the University of South Carolina, noted, “We will likely require a statistical sample of a dozen or two dozen black holes to comprehend how the mass of the accretion disk and its outflow correlate with the black hole’s power.”

For further details, refer to the results published in today’s edition of Nature Communications.

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E. Lopez Rodriguez et al. 2026. JWST interferometry imaging reveals a dusty torus obscuring the Circinus Galaxy’s supermassive black hole. Nat Commun 17, 42; doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-66010-5

Source: www.sci.news

Caffeine Unveils New Insights into Star Formation in Dense Gas Environments

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Astronomers reveal new insights into the factors influencing star formation efficiency in the densest regions of galaxies through Caffeine research.

GAL316: A massive star-forming region. Image credit: ESO / M. Matten / André et al. / VVV.

In this groundbreaking study, astronomer Michael Mattern from the University of Paris-Saclay and his team meticulously mapped dense gas across 49 giant star-forming complexes located approximately 3,000 parsecs away within our galaxy’s disk.

“Creating stars is a challenging endeavor, and the process lacks efficiency,” the astronomers stated.

“Current understanding indicates that a certain minimum density of gas and dust is necessary for stars to form.”

“Only about 1 to 2 percent of the gas and dust in these regions is utilized in the ignition of a star.”

“Could denser regions exhibit higher efficiency in star formation?”

“We are examining GAL316, one of the remarkable stellar nurseries we observed, to explore this question,” they elaborated.

The ongoing CAFFEINE survey employs the ArTéMiS camera on the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX), a state-of-the-art radio telescope situated on the Chajnantor Plateau.

“APEX, managed by the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, has successfully captured the faint emissions of cold gas clouds, visible as blue glows in GAL316 images,” the researchers revealed.

“This glow overlays a starry backdrop, successfully recorded by ESO’s VISTA telescope.”

They discovered that as gas density increases past a specific threshold, the efficiency of star formation – the conversion rate of gas into stars – does not proportionately escalate.

This observation contradicts existing models that suggest a continual rise in star formation with density increases.

Conversely, the efficiency remains nearly constant in extremely dense gas, reinforcing the notion that stars primarily form within filamentous structures in clouds, a process dictated by the fragmentation of these filaments into protostar cores.

The findings suggest a potential gas density threshold for efficient star formation, bolstering the hypothesis that the physics of dense filaments governs star formation, rather than turbulence or feedback from nascent stars alone.

This research represents one of the most thorough efforts to date in connecting the physical structure of dense gas with star formation efficiency, paving the way for future observations and simulations that aim to elucidate the emergence of Sun-like stars from interstellar clouds.

“Our results indicate that the densest regions observed in this Caffeine study show similar efficiencies in star production compared to other stellar nurseries, provided they exceed the minimum density,” the scientists remarked.

Their findings are detailed in a published paper in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.

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M. Mattern et al. 2024. Investigating star formation efficiency in dense gas: Initial results from the CAFFEINE survey utilizing ArTéMiS. A&A 688, A163; doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202449908

Source: www.sci.news

Discovering the Truth: Are Psychopaths Born or Made? New Insights Revealed

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Is Psychopathy Inherited or Acquired? This question is more complex than it seems. For years, psychopathy was deemed a mysterious condition, and to some extent, it continues to mystify.

Many mental, neurological, and personality disorders instill fear in people. This fear often stems from ignorance and misconceptions.

Psychopathy, a type of personality disorder, elicits strong negative reactions, primarily due to its associations with emotional insensitivity, deviant behaviors, and criminality.

While only about 1% of the general population shows signs of psychopathy, this figure jumps to 25% within the prison community.

What exactly triggers psychopathy? Are individuals born psychopaths, or are they shaped by adverse experiences? This touches on the age-old debate of nature versus nurture.

Despite advancements in science, the concept of personality remains challenging to define, making discussions around individual differences equally complex.

This complexity extends to psychopathy, as illustrated in Jon Ronson’s book The Psychopath Test, which highlights the challenges in reliably diagnosing psychopathy.

Despite these challenges, most would agree that psychopathy is a genuine psychological condition, albeit difficult to identify accurately. Recent research has shed light on this intricate issue.

Utilizing brain imaging methods like fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), scientists have discovered that psychopathy correlates with distinct brain structure differences.

Studies show that psychopathy is linked to anatomical differences in key brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and temporal lobe.

If psychopathy is innate, it raises profound questions about the evolutionary purpose of such traits. – Image credit: Getty

These brain regions have diverse functions, but their specific combination significantly impacts emotional processing. The structural differences may impair the brain’s ability to recognize, encode, and interpret emotional information.

As emotions play a crucial role in human cognition, a deficiency in emotional understanding might contribute to hallmark traits of psychopathy, including a pronounced lack of empathy and an overreliance on rational thought.

Determining why certain individuals possess specific brain features remains a challenge. Genetic factors appear to be involved, as indicated by research studies.

While a person’s environment and experiences may exacerbate psychopathic traits, it is uncertain if such factors can consistently alter both brain structure and genetics.

Overall, evidence leans toward the idea that psychopathy is more likely innate than acquired.

However, whether such a mental disorder manifests is a different question altogether.

This article answers the query by Elliott Owens of St. Albans: “Is psychopathy innate or acquired?”

For inquiries, please reach out via: questions@sciencefocus.com or message us on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (please include your name and location).

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

New Study Reveals Insights into Frogs’ Evolutionary Success

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New Research Reveals Frogs Have Preserved Their Ecology for 45 Million Years

Frog melanosome geometry study shows similarities between ancient and modern frog eyes. Image credit: Falk et al., doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2025.114220.

This groundbreaking study led by University College Cork investigates 45 million-year-old frog fossils from Geiseltal, a notable paleontological site in central Germany.

These remarkable fossils preserve not only skin remnants but also microscopic fossilized cell structures known as melanosomes.

Melanosomes are essential for synthesizing, storing, and transporting melanin, the pigment responsible for the coloration of skin, hair, and eyes.

Like contemporary frogs, these ancient melanosomes are found in various body areas, including the eyes, skin, and internal organs.

While melanosome shapes differ between fossilized and modern soft tissues, the shapes in the eyes and internal organs remain consistent.

Dr. Valentina Rossi, a researcher at University College Cork, stated, “The shape of melanosomes may correspond to different functions across tissues, including photoprotection and homeostasis.”

Dr. Daniel Falk, also from University College Cork, noted, “The unchanged shape of eye melanosomes over millions of years suggests their function has remained constant, indicating that no evolutionary changes were necessary.”

Some frog species appear to maintain ancestral traits rather than evolving new characteristics.

This research confirms that frogs have preserved their ecological niche for at least 45 million years, adapting to activities such as hunting and mating during dawn and night.

This study is the first to analyze a large dataset of both extant and fossil melanosomes from frogs.

Utilizing advanced electron microscopy and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence analysis, researchers gained insights that were unavailable in the early 20th century when the fossils were first discovered.

Professor Maria McNamara emphasized, “Integrating fossil and living species data in paleontological research can illuminate our understanding of evolutionary processes.”

“We are just beginning to recognize that melanin may serve as a significant evolutionary signal.”

Read the full study published in this month’s iScience magazine here.

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Daniel Falk et al. “Evolutionary Constraints on Melanin over 45 Million Years.” iScience, published online December 17, 2025. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2025.114220

Source: www.sci.news

Unlocking Secrets of Dark DNA: Insights from Human-Plant Hybrid Cells

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Groundbreaking Discovery: Plant and Human DNA Interaction

Image Credit: S Saraus/Shutterstock

How crucial is our genome? While some researchers argue that most of our DNA is active and thus essential, others suggest that even random DNA could show high activity levels. Current studies focus on human cells that incorporate substantial segments of plant DNA, shedding light on this topic. According to New Scientist, the largely random plant DNA exhibits nearly equal activity to human DNA.

This research indicates that much genomic activity may lack purpose, further supporting the theory that a significant portion of the human genome is ‘junk DNA.’

“Most activity can be attributed to background noise,” says Brett Aidy, a researcher at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. “This aligns with the concept of junk DNA.”

The primary role of DNA is to encode instructions for protein synthesis, which are essential molecular machines responsible for cellular functions. This genetic blueprint is transcribed into messenger RNA, which transports the instructions to ribosomes, the cellular machinery for protein production.

Previously, it was assumed that nearly all DNA was involved in coding proteins, but now we understand that just 1.2% of the human genome directly encodes proteins. What, then, is the destiny of the remaining DNA?

Since the 1960s, biologists have claimed that much of it is unproductive. While it’s true that some non-coding DNA plays vital roles, ongoing discoveries of functional elements won’t redefine the overarching notion that non-coding DNA is largely inert.

For instance, a 2011 study revealed that: only about 5% of the genome is evolutionarily conserved. Evolution appears indifferent to the rest. Proponents of the junk DNA theory highlight the variability in genome sizes among species. Why, for example, does an onion require five times more DNA than a human? Additionally, why do lungfish possess genomes that are thirty times larger?

In contrast, other scientists explore whether human DNA has functional roles, even if converted RNA lacks known applications. The ENCODE project’s 2012 findings suggest that over 80% of the human genome is active in some form. This raised questions about its classification as junk DNA. Some researchers have coined the term “dark DNA” for non-coding regions whose purpose remains unclear.

In reaction to ENCODE’s claims, in 2013, Sean Eddy from Harvard University proposed a controversial random genome project, hypothesizing that injecting synthetic random DNA into human cells would yield similar activity as noted in ENCODE’s findings.

“If this holds true, the results will call into question the interpretation of activity as indicative of functionality,” he posits. Austin Ganley, also from Auckland University, echoes this sentiment, emphasizing the need for baseline comparisons in the research of functional versus non-functional DNA.

However, synthesizing DNA is resource-intensive. So far, only limited attempts at random genome projects have focused on small DNA segments.

Yet, when Adey and Ganley discovered that Japanese researchers had successfully created human-plant hybrid cells with DNA segments from Thale cress (Arabidopsis), they recognized it as potentially the most extensive random genome experiment to date.

Eddy, though not directly involved, acknowledges the significance. Plants and animals diverged from a common ancestor over 1.6 billion years ago, allowing time for random mutations to accumulate within non-coding DNA segments of Arabidopsis.

Following initial validations that plant DNA behaves as random DNA in human cells, Adey and Ganley assessed DNA-to-RNA conversion rates per 1000 base pairs of non-coding DNA. If DNA to RNA conversion implies functionality, plant DNA should minimal undergo this transformation. Surprisingly, they observed slightly less activity—about 80% of the starting sites per kilobase when compared to human non-coding DNA from Arabidopsis.

This strongly indicates that the genomic activity detected by ENCODE is merely background noise.

“This illustrates the inherent noise in biological systems,” comments Chris Ponting from the University of Edinburgh, UK. “This sequence’s biochemical activity holds no function within human cells.”

“Sophisticated investigations like this were essential,” asserts Dan Graul from the University of Houston, Texas. “This adds experimental evidence confirming the long-held belief that a majority of the human genome is unnecessary. The term ‘dark DNA’ is simply a fantasy created by those envious of physics.”

Although imperfect biological systems produce noise, this noise can lead to beneficial variations that natural selection may target, notes Ganley.

The research team remains puzzled about a 25% increase in human DNA activity. “We still need to investigate the cause behind this finding,” Ganley states.

While some additional RNA generated might serve functional purposes, this does not diminish the overall perspective of junk DNA. Ongoing research is employing machine learning techniques to identify potentially meaningful activities amidst the noise.

The research team intends to publish their outcomes, though they have yet to complete their findings.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Ancient Origins of Antibiotic Resistance in Microorganisms: Insights from Recent Review

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The emergence of antibiotic resistance genes presents a significant and escalating threat to global public health. A comprehensive review from scientists at Hohai University delves into the evolutionary origins, ecological factors contributing to the spread and proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes, and their broader environmental implications.

The evolution of antibiotic resistance genes is linked to unique physiological roles and ecological compartmentalization. Image credit: Xu et al., doi: 10.48130/biocontam-0025-0014.

Antibiotic resistance genes have become one of the most critical global challenges to public health, increasingly spreading across interconnected environments involving humans, animals, and the ecosystem.

These genes have been identified in some of the most pristine and extreme habitats on Earth, such as the depths of the Mariana Trench and ancient permafrost deposits, where they have remained unaffected by human-induced antibiotic exposure.

This pervasive distribution indicates that these bacteria evolved their antibiotic resistance capabilities millions of years before antibiotics were ever utilized in clinical or agricultural contexts.

“Antibiotic resistance is not a modern phenomenon,” states Guxiang You, Ph.D., corresponding author of the review.

“Many resistance genes initially evolved to enable bacterial survival under environmental stresses, long before the advent of antibiotics.”

“The pressing danger today is that human activities are disrupting natural barriers, facilitating the spread of these genes to harmful pathogens.”

“Many resistance genes stem from common bacterial genes that perform essential roles, such as the excretion of toxic substances or nutrient transport,” the researchers elucidated.

“Over time, these genes have acquired protective capabilities against antibiotics as a secondary feature.”

In natural ecosystems like soils and lakes, most resistance genes tend to remain confined within specific microbial communities, posing minimal risk to human health.

“The primary reason for this containment is genomic incompatibility,” they noted.

“Bacteria with significant genetic variations often cannot easily exchange and utilize resistance genes.”

“This natural genetic mismatch serves as a biological firewall, limiting the transmission of resistance across different species and habitats.”

“However, human actions are compromising this firewall.”

In their review, the authors emphasize how agriculture, wastewater discharge, urbanization, and global trade are increasing connectivity between once-isolated environments.

Antibiotics used in medicine and livestock create intense selection pressures, while fertilizer use, wastewater recycling, and pollution foster the interaction of bacteria from soil, animals, and humans.

These factors facilitate the infiltration of resistance genes into disease-causing microbes.

“Human-induced changes in habitat connectivity alter everything,” explained Dr. Yi Xu, the lead author.

“When bacteria from disparate environments come into repeated contact under antibiotic pressure, previously harmless resistance genes can transform into a significant public health menace.”

“Wastewater treatment plants have been identified as crucial hotspots where high bacterial populations and antibiotic residues promote genetic exchange.”

“Agricultural lands enriched with fertilizers also serve as conduits, enabling resistance genes to transfer from livestock to environmental bacteria and ultimately back to humans via food, water, or direct contact.”

Critically, scientists note that not all resistance genes pose equal threats.

High environmental abundance does not automatically equate to high risk.

Identifying which genes are mobile, compatible with human pathogens, and linked to diseases is vital for effective monitoring and control efforts.

Researchers advocate for ecosystem-centered approaches to combat antibiotic resistance.

Proposed strategies include minimizing unnecessary antibiotic use, enhancing wastewater treatment methods, meticulously managing fertilizers and sludge, and safeguarding relatively untouched ecosystems that offer a baseline for natural resistance levels.

“Antibiotic resistance extends beyond being solely a medical issue,” remarked Dr. Yu.

“It is deeply connected to ecological factors and our interactions with the environment.”

“To preserve antibiotics for future generations, we must maintain the integrity of our current ecosystems.”

“By incorporating evolutionary biology, microbial ecology, and environmental science, the One Health approach provides a pragmatic pathway to tackle one of the greatest health challenges we face today.”

Source: review published in the Online Journal on December 5, 2025, Biological Contaminants.

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Yi Shu et al. 2025. Evolutionary origins, environmental factors, and consequences of the proliferation and spread of antibiotic resistance genes: A “One Health” perspective. Biological Contaminants 1: e014; doi: 10.48130/biocontam-0025-0014

Source: www.sci.news

SPHEREx: Mapping the Entire Sky in Infrared for Unprecedented Cosmic Insights

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NASA’s SPHEREx (Spectrophotometer for the Exploration of the History of the Universe, Era of Reionization, and Ice) space telescope has successfully created the first comprehensive 102-color infrared map of the entire sky, utilizing observations collected from May to December 2025. While these 102 infrared wavelengths are invisible to the human eye, their widespread presence in the universe enables scientists to tackle significant questions, such as understanding monumental events on Earth. The milliseconds following the Big Bang profoundly influenced the 3D distribution of billions of galaxies. Furthermore, this invaluable data will aid in studying the evolution of galaxies over the universe’s 13.8 billion-year history and analyzing the distribution of essential life ingredients within our Milky Way galaxy.

This infrared image from SPHEREx features color emissions from stars (blue, green, and white), hot hydrogen gas (blue), and cosmic dust (red). Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.

The Earth completes approximately 14.5 rotations in a single day. Spherex travels from north to south, crossing over both poles.

Each day, SPHEREx captures around 3,600 images along a defined circular path in the sky. As time progresses and the planets orbit the sun, SPHEREx’s observational field shifts accordingly.

After six months, the observatory managed to explore the cosmos, capturing a full 360 degrees of the sky.

NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California oversees this mission, which commenced sky mapping in May and achieved its inaugural all-sky mosaic in December.

Over its two-year primary mission, SPHEREx plans to conduct three additional all-sky scans, merging these maps to enhance measurement sensitivity.

Dr. Sean Domagal Goldman, director of the Astrophysics Division at NASA Headquarters, remarked, “It’s astounding that SPHEREx has gathered such a wealth of data in just six months. This information, combined with data from other missions, provides deeper insights into the universe.”

“We essentially have 102 new maps of the entire sky, each featuring distinct wavelengths and delivering unique information about celestial objects.”

“Astronomers will find valuable insights here, as NASA’s mission will facilitate answers to fundamental questions regarding the universe’s beginnings and its evolution, ultimately shedding light on our position within it.”

“SPHEREx is a medium-sized astrophysics mission delivering groundbreaking science,” stated Dave Gallagher, director of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

“This remarkable project exemplifies how bold ideas can transform into reality, unlocking immense potential for groundbreaking discoveries.”

Every one of the 102 colors detected by SPHEREx corresponds to a wavelength of infrared light, each of which conveys unique information about galaxies, stars, planet-forming regions, and other cosmic phenomena.

For instance, dense dust clouds in our galaxy, where stars and planets are born, shine brightly at specific wavelengths but remain completely invisible at others.

This separation of light into its component wavelengths is known as spectroscopy.

While prior missions, including NASA’s Wide-Field Infrared Surveyor, have mapped the entire sky, none have achieved the same diversity of colors as SPHEREx.

In contrast, the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope can perform spectroscopy at significantly longer wavelengths than SPHEREx, but its field of view is thousands of times smaller.

The diversity of colors combined with a wide observational field is what renders SPHEREx exceptionally powerful.

“The true superpower of SPHEREx lies in its ability to capture the entire sky in 102 colors approximately every six months,” declared SPHEREx Project Manager Beth Fabinski, Ph.D., of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

“It’s incredible how much information we can collect in a short timeframe.”

“This makes us akin to telescopic mantis shrimps, equipped with an extraordinary polychromatic visual detection system capable of observing a vast area around us.”

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient DNA Study Uncovers ‘Beach-Headed Woman’ from Southern England: New Insights into Early History

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The skeletal remains of the individual known as ‘Beachy Head Woman’ were rediscovered in 2012 within the collection of Eastbourne Town Hall. Since then, her story has garnered significant public interest. Radiocarbon dating reveals that she lived between 129 and 311 AD during the Roman occupation of Britain. Over the last decade, researchers have sought to uncover her geographic origins and ancestry. Initially believed to originate from sub-Saharan Africa or the Mediterranean, groundbreaking DNA research now indicates she shares strong genetic connections with the local population of Roman-occupied Britain and modern-day Britons.

A depiction of Beachy Head Woman’s face. Image credit: Face Lab, Liverpool John Moores University.

The journey of Beachy Head Woman began with her rediscovery in 2012, although uncertainty still surrounds her life. Radiocarbon dating placed her death between 129 and 311 AD, during the Roman occupation of Britain.

Analysis of her remains suggests she was aged between 18 and 25 at the time of death and stood just over 1.5 meters tall. A healed leg wound implies she endured a serious but non-fatal injury during her life.

Dietary analysis of her bones indicates a high seafood diet, revealing insights into her lifestyle.

“Using advanced DNA technology, we have made significant strides in uncovering the origins of this individual,” stated researcher Dr. William Marsh from the Natural History Museum in London.

“Our findings show that her genetic ancestry is most closely aligned with other individuals from the local population of Roman Britain,” he added.

The Beachy Head Woman’s remains were unearthed from a collection at Eastbourne Town Hall. Initial findings indicated that her skeleton was discovered at Beachy Head, a nearby geographic landmark, during the 1950s, though details of the excavation remain elusive.

Interest in Beachy Head Woman intensified when initial morphometric analyses suggested potential sub-Saharan African origins. This captivating narrative was exhibited at Eastbourne Museum, capturing widespread media attention.

In 2017, unpublished DNA findings implied a Mediterranean origin, possibly from Cyprus, rather than Africa. However, these conclusions are drawn from limited data, leaving many questions about Beachy Head Woman’s life unanswered.

“As our scientific knowledge continues to expand, it is our mission as researchers to seek further answers,” commented Dr. Selina Brace, also from the Natural History Museum in London.

“Thanks to technological advancements over the past decade since Beachy Head Woman’s reemergence, we are thrilled to share new comprehensive data and insights into her life,” she concluded.

For more details, you can refer to the team’s paper published this month in the Archaeology Journal.

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Andy Walton et al. Beachy Head Woman: Uncovering her origins using multi-proxy anthropological and biomolecular approaches. Archaeology Journal, published online on December 17, 2025. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106445

Source: www.sci.news

NASA’s Parker Solar Probe Discovers 3I/ATLAS Comet: Key Findings and Insights

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Scientists utilized the WISPR (Wide Field Imager for Solar Exploration) instrument on NASA’s Parker Solar Probe to capture stunning images of the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS between October 18 and November 5, 2025.

WISPR captures the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS. Image credit: NRL / NASA / JHUAPL / Guillermo Stenborg, JHUAPL.

Discovered on July 1, 2025, by the NASA-funded ATLAS survey telescope in Rio Hurtado, Chile, 3I/ATLAS, also known as C/2025 N1 (ATLAS) and A11pl3Z, originated from the constellation Sagittarius.

This remarkable interstellar comet approached Mars on October 3 at a distance of just 0.194 AU and reached its perihelion, the closest point to the Sun, on October 30.

On December 19, 3I/ATLAS made its nearest pass to Earth, coming within 270 million kilometers (168 million miles) of our planet.

The spectacular images of 3I/ATLAS were obtained by the WISPR instrument aboard NASA’s Parker Solar Probe during a critical observation window from October 18 to November 5.

“The Parker Solar Probe captured around 10 images of the comet daily,” stated WISPR team members.

“During this observation period, the spacecraft accelerated away from the Sun following its 25th solar flyby on September 15.”

“These initial images are currently undergoing calibration and processing, revealing the comet’s movement behind the Sun from Parker’s vantage point.”

“At that time, the comet was located about 209 million kilometers (130 million miles) from the Sun, just beyond Mars’ orbit.”

“These images offer a rare opportunity to study the comet when it was too close to the Sun for ground-based observations.”

The WISPR team is diligently working to finalize the data by eliminating stray light and adjusting for varying exposure times between images, enhancing the comet’s visibility.

“The final images will significantly advance our understanding of this intriguing interstellar visitor,” researchers concluded.

Source: www.sci.news

Unexpected Insights on Longevity from the Planet’s Oldest Creatures

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Two hands holding three clams on the beach

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As I embarked on this story, I pondered whether my subject should be included in my research. I envisioned a striking introduction: “Meet the longest-living animal on Earth. And yes, it’s edible.”

The creature in question is a type of shellfish, namely the ocean quahog, best known for its role in dishes like spaghetti alle vongole. While they are quite tasty, considering the moral implications of harvesting and consuming our fellow beings, as well as the harmful impact on marine ecosystems, I came to realize it raises deeper issues. This extraordinary mollusk can live for over 500 years. Killing it for food seems unjust. Thus, I must alter my introduction: This is the world’s longest-living animal, and my objective is to unravel its mysteries.

If the ocean quahog, also referred to as the Icelandic cyprin, is unfamiliar to you, don’t fret; it isn’t exactly a household name. This sizable bivalve is found buried in sandy beaches all around the North Atlantic, from the warm coasts of Florida and Cadiz, Spain, to the frigid waters of Canada and Norway. If you’ve ever tasted clam chowder in the USA, you’ve likely encountered this species. Its shell showcases fine lines akin to a tree’s annual growth rings, allowing one to determine its age by counting them.

The oldest known specimen, named Hafrun—an Icelandic term that translates to “mystery of the sea”—was born in 1499. It led an unremarkable life, living modestly on a diet scavenged from the shores of Iceland, just as its ancestors had done for generations. Its long life, however, was anything but ordinary. Sadly, Hafrun’s existence came to an abrupt end in 2006 when a team from the University of Exeter, UK, retrieved it from the ocean for research on aging by chronologist Paul Butler. The study aimed to analyze bivalve shells to devise a timeline of the surrounding environment.

“Initially, we estimated its age to be slightly over 400 years. But after a more meticulous examination of its growth lines and comparisons with other shells, we realized it was actually 507 years old,” Butler revealed. It’s possible that even older specimens exist, especially in the colder waters around Iceland, where they tend to grow more slowly and live exceedingly longer. Is there a maximum age limit? “It’s astounding that they can survive for such an extended period,” Butler noted, embodying the enthusiasm of a true mathematician.

The longevity of the quahog seems to stem from its mitochondria—the tiny structures within our cells that convert food into energy. This applies to all eukaryotes, from yew trees and beetles to jellyfish and rabbits.

“Strong mitochondria, which Arctica islandica possesses, are vital for healthy aging across various model species,” comments Enrique Rodriguez, who studies mitochondria at University College London.

The mitochondria of quahogs exhibit enhanced resilience. Their membranes are sturdier than those of other species. These membranes house a protein apparatus that handles electrons and protons to produce ATP, the body’s universal energy currency. The quahog’s mitochondria are larger and more organized, making them even more durable. “Their proteins possess greater molecular weights and intricate structures,” Rodriguez adds. “They are interconnected more efficiently.”

This specialized structure allows the quahog to mitigate mitochondrial damage. It carefully orchestrates the countless protons and electrons that traverse these membranes every second. When electrons leak, they can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide, causing cellular harm. Rodriguez likens this process to cars stuck in traffic: in regular mitochondria, a red light up front triggers a back-up, resulting in exhaust emissions that harm the environment. Yet in quahog mitochondria, protein complexes (the traffic lights) facilitate smoother flow, resulting in diminished exhaust.

However, robust membranes are just part of what allows quahogs to enjoy lengthy lifespans. They also excel in eliminating the ROS they produce. Using Rodriguez’s analogy, this equates to cleaning a car’s exhaust.

A woman hunts quahogs on the Massachusetts coastline.

Boston Globe (via Getty Images)

Rodriguez compared the antioxidant abilities of the quahog to several of its short-lived relatives and found it had a notably superior capacity to eliminate ROS—3-14 times more effective. This finding aligns with the Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress Theory of Aging, also seen in the extraordinary lifespans of other species like naked mole rats, which can live up to 40 years—over six times longer than rodents of comparable size.

Pierre Blier, a researcher focused on animal metabolism and aquaculture genetics at the University of Quebec, raises quahogs in labs to investigate longevity mechanisms. He adds that the ocean quahog showcases a remarkable capacity to buffer oxidants. “Their mitochondria are incredibly durable and resistant to ROS,” he states, supporting the MOSTA theory.

While this provides insights into how these creatures achieve such extended lifespans, it also raises questions about the “why.” In other words, what evolutionary pressures contributed to the development of such robust mitochondria?

A possible explanation lies in the low levels of oxygen in the environments where these clams thrive. “Naked mole rats can remain confined in their burrows for about a week without needing gills for oxygen,” Rodriguez observes. Mitochondria have adapted to endure low oxygen conditions (known as anoxia) for extended periods, subsequently requiring robustness to handle sudden oxygen influxes and the correlative spike in oxidative stress. This similar adaptability is evident in naked mole rats, as their subterranean habitats often have diminished oxygen levels. Rodriguez notes a like pattern in their mitochondrial resilience under both oxygen deprivation and subsequent reoxygenation stress, suggesting that selection pressure related to low oxygen could lead to increased longevity almost inadvertently.

“
My advice to live longer is to exercise, eat well, and take cold showers.
“

The pressing question is whether we can bolster our own mitochondria. Back in 2005, a team at the University of California, Irvine, created transgenic mice with enhanced production of the “scavenging” antioxidant enzyme catalase in their mitochondria, extending their lifespans by around five months—a notable increase considering their average lifespan of two years. Although gene editing in human mitochondria is now feasible, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of how to safely extend lifespan, prompting the necessity for alternative methods.

Regular exercise is known to improve mitochondrial function. Interestingly, Tibetan Sherpas, who dwell at high altitudes, exhibit distinct mitochondrial characteristics compared to lowland dwellers. A 2017 study examining indigenous lowlanders and Sherpas attempting to climb Mount Everest Base Camp, situated roughly 5,300 meters above sea level, found that Sherpas demonstrated superior oxygen utilization and greater defenses against oxidative stress—attributed to their stronger mitochondria, with genetic foundations for these traits.

Blier argues that Arctica islandica offers valuable insights into longevity. “To enhance your lifespan, focus on your mitochondria: engage in regular exercise, maintain a balanced diet, and incorporate cold showers… Cold showers seem to invoke mitochondrial quality control mechanisms.”

If it works for quahogs…

topic:

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Growler Bears and Pizzly Bears: Insights from the Hybrid Family Drama of Polar and Grizzly Bears

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Arctic Grolar Bear

Stephen J. Kazlowski / Alamy

<p>Meet our central figure: a female polar bear. Driven southward by retreating Arctic ice, she journeyed deep into Canada's Northwest Territories. There, she encountered a pair of striking grizzly bears, and fell in love with both. From these unions, she gave birth to three daughters known as "growler bears" and a son, marking the inception of an extraordinary lineage echoing Shakespearean drama.</p>

<p>The next chapter took an unexpected turn. When one of her daughters matured, she mated with her biological father and another grizzly, her stepfather, resulting in a litter of four—siblings, children, and cousins all at once.</p>

<p>In 2006, a hunter in the Canadian Arctic produced a hybrid specimen with both polar and grizzly traits. Later genetic evaluation confirmed this was a growler, part of this emerging hybrid family. A decade later, scientists were intrigued to observe unusual behaviors among these creatures. Typically, hybrids are not fertile, yet these were. Researchers began to ponder whether this heralded a new apex predator for the Arctic. Could these hybrids exemplify resilience in the face of climate change, or signal impending ecological crises? Current studies promise further insights.</p>

<p>As global temperatures increase, the Arctic warms four times quicker than the rest of the globe, pushing polar bears (<em>Ursus maritimus</em>) south in search of sustenance. Their primary diet of fatty seals hinges on sea ice, which is disappearing rapidly, forcing them inland. They frequently encounter their brown bear relatives, the grizzly bear (<em>Ursus arctos horribilis</em>), which is edging northward. Warmer Arctic conditions enhance hunting and breeding opportunities, boosting hybrid occurrences, including growlers and "pizzly bears" (polar bear fathers and grizzly mothers). Some researchers express concern that polar genes may infiltrate grizzly populations, jeopardizing polar bear survival.</p>

<p>Yet, the discovery of the Grolar lineage hints at a more optimistic scenario: polar bears might be adapting to a rapidly changing environment. Recorded growlers exhibit traits of gray-brown polar bears, with slightly larger limbs and skulls reminiscent of grizzlies. These hybrids might exploit a broader diet on land, potentially allowing them to forage without relying on diminishing sea ice. Larissa DeSantis, a paleontologist at Vanderbilt University, notes that these adaptations could be a bittersweet necessity amid rising temperatures, as discussed in a <a href="https://www.livescience.com/pizzly-bear-hybrids-created-by-climate-crisis.html">2021 interview.</a></p>

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<h2>One Happy Family</h2>

<p>However, <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12686-024-01359-1">extensive genomic research</a> presented in a recent book reveals alternative insights. In a study led by <a href="https://www.macewan.ca/academics/academic-departments/biological-sciences/our-people/profile/?profileid=millerj253">Joshua Miller</a> at MacEwan University, researchers uncovered that genetic sequences of 371 polar bears, 440 grizzlies, and the Grolar clan showed no other hybrids in nature apart from the known Grolars. The rarity of this mating pattern has led experts to conclude that hybrids may lack the essential skills required for survival in either parent's ecosystem. Recent studies corroborate that hybrids may be unfit for Arctic life, lacking polar bears' specialized "non-slip" foot structure and not fully inheriting grizzlies’ powerful forelimbs and shoulders. Essentially, Growlers and Pizzlies are suboptimal versions of both bears rather than well-adapted hybrids.</p>

<p><figure class="ArticleImage"><div class="Image__Wrapper"><img class="Image" alt="Two pizzly bears in a stream at the zoo" width="1350" height="900" src="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152243/SEI_273018522.jpg" srcset="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152243/SEI_273018522.jpg?width=300 300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152243/SEI_273018522.jpg?width=400 400w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152243/SEI_273018522.jpg?width=500 500w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152243/SEI_273018522.jpg?width=600 600w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152243/SEI_273018522.jpg?width=700 700w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152243/SEI_273018522.jpg?width=800 800w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152243/SEI_273018522.jpg?width=837 837w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152243/SEI_273018522.jpg?width=900 900w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152243/SEI_273018522.jpg?width=1003 1003w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152243/SEI_273018522.jpg?width=1100 1100w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152243/SEI_273018522.jpg?width=1200 1200w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152243/SEI_273018522.jpg?width=1300 1300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152243/SEI_273018522.jpg?width=1400 1400w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152243/SEI_273018522.jpg?width=1500 1500w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152243/SEI_273018522.jpg?width=1600 1600w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152243/SEI_273018522.jpg?width=1674 1674w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152243/SEI_273018522.jpg?width=1700 1700w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152243/SEI_273018522.jpg?width=1800 1800w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152243/SEI_273018522.jpg?width=1900 1900w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152243/SEI_273018522.jpg?width=2006 2006w" sizes="(min-width: 1288px) 837px, (min-width: 1024px) calc(57.5vw + 55px), (min-width: 415px) calc(100vw - 40px), calc(70vw + 74px)" loading="lazy" data-image-context="Article" data-image-id="2503195" data-caption="Pizzly bears in a German zoo, born from a polar bear father and grizzly mother in the same enclosure." data-credit="Molly Merrow"/></div><figcaption class="ArticleImageCaption" wp_automatic_readability="27"><div class="ArticleImageCaption__CaptionWrapper" wp_automatic_readability="34"><p class="ArticleImageCaption__Title">Pizzly Bear Born from a Polar Bear Father and Grizzly Mother</p><p class="ArticleImageCaption__Credit">Molly Merrow</p></div></figcaption></figure></p>

<p>Short-term, such hybrids may remain uncommon, with new species unlikely. However, what about the long-term evolutionary prospects for polar bears? Insights from the past might illuminate the future. The habitats of polar and brown bears once coexisted during the Pleistocene epoch, defined by recurring glaciation over the last 2.6 million years. Researchers at the University of California, Santa Cruz discovered that brown bears currently inhabit three Alaskan islands. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23516372/">During that time, gradual male brown bear mating with local polar bear populations resulted in hybridization.</a> If this pattern recurs, the polar bear species could face extinction, leaving only grizzly bears.</p>

<p>However, the Pleistocene was characterized by gradual environmental changes and slow adaptation. Today’s climate change, driven by human activity, is happening at an unprecedented pace, potentially leading us down an alternate path. “The far more significant threat to polar bears today is the loss of ice habitat due to climate change, occurring much more swiftly than any concerns related to hybridization,” states Fiona Galbraith, a geneticist and climate change consultant currently leading a natural habitat expedition into the Canadian Arctic.</p>

<p><figure class="ArticleImage"><div class="Image__Wrapper"><img class="Image" alt="Icebergs are melting at the North Pole" width="1350" height="900" src="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152237/SEI_273019037.jpg" srcset="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152237/SEI_273019037.jpg?width=300 300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152237/SEI_273019037.jpg?width=400 400w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152237/SEI_273019037.jpg?width=500 500w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152237/SEI_273019037.jpg?width=600 600w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152237/SEI_273019037.jpg?width=700 700w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152237/SEI_273019037.jpg?width=800 800w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152237/SEI_273019037.jpg?width=837 837w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152237/SEI_273019037.jpg?width=900 900w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152237/SEI_273019037.jpg?width=1003 1003w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152237/SEI_273019037.jpg?width=1100 1100w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152237/SEI_273019037.jpg?width=1200 1200w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152237/SEI_273019037.jpg?width=1300 1300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152237/SEI_273019037.jpg?width=1400 1400w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152237/SEI_273019037.jpg?width=1500 1500w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152237/SEI_273019037.jpg?width=1600 1600w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152237/SEI_273019037.jpg?width=1674 1674w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152237/SEI_273019037.jpg?width=1700 1700w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152237/SEI_273019037.jpg?width=1800 1800w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152237/SEI_273019037.jpg?width=1900 1900w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/05152237/SEI_273019037.jpg?width=2006 2006w" sizes="(min-width: 1288px) 837px, (min-width: 1024px) calc(57.5vw + 55px), (min-width: 415px) calc(100vw - 40px), calc(70vw + 74px)" loading="lazy" data-image-context="Article" data-image-id="2503193" data-caption="The Arctic is warming four times faster than the rest of the planet" data-credit="Adisha Pramod/Alamy"/></div><figcaption class="ArticleImageCaption" wp_automatic_readability="26"><div class="ArticleImageCaption__CaptionWrapper" wp_automatic_readability="32"><p class="ArticleImageCaption__Title">The Arctic is Warming Four Times Faster Than the Rest of the Planet</p><p class="ArticleImageCaption__Credit">Adisha Pramod / Alamy</p></div></figcaption></figure></p>

<p>In conclusion, while the Grolar dynasty is fascinating, it serves as a harbinger of ecological distress on Earth. Similar <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10674025/">climate-induced mating</a> has been documented elsewhere, including a **bobcat-lynx hybrid** in North America and the emergence of the **coywolf**, resulting from interbreeding between coyotes and eastern wolves. Like Arctic bears, these hybrids are born from habitat disruption caused by rapidly changing environments. Their ability to adapt is situation-dependent; many hybrids struggle to thrive in new areas, often leading to biodiversity loss and eventual ecosystem collapse. "When both species fulfil similar roles in their ecosystems, increased contact and interbreeding can occur without significantly affecting ecological functions," shares <a href="https://polarbearsinternational.org/what-we-do/our-team/">John Whiteman</a> from Polar Bears International. Neglecting this could lead to dire consequences. For instance, while grizzly bears frequently leave carrion for scavengers, polar bears do not, posing hazards to food webs and disease dynamics.</p>

<p>Reflecting on our initial question about the Grolar dynasty as the next chapter in polar bear evolution, the resounding answer is a grim "no." This phenomenon showcases not adaptation but the tragic decline of a species amid drastic environmental fluctuations. However, this festive season, let’s contemplate the potential for a different outcome, where polar bear tracks continue to mark the Northern landscapes for winters yet to come. It hinges on our actions.</p>

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Hubble Offers Fresh Insights into the Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS

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The Hubble team has unveiled breathtaking new images of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. This marks only the third instance of such a comet being observed.

This image of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS was captured by Hubble on November 30, 2025. At that time, the comet was around 286 million kilometers (178 million miles) from Earth. Image credits: NASA / ESA / STScI / D. Jewitt, UCLA / M.-T. Hui, Shanghai Observatory / J. DePasquale, STScI.

Discovered on July 1, 2025, by the NASA-funded ATLAS (Asteroid Terrestrial Impact Last Alert System) survey telescope in Rio Hurtado, Chile, 3I/ATLAS is a remarkable interstellar comet.

At the time of its discovery, the comet had a heliocentric distance of 4.51 astronomical units (AU) and an eccentricity of 6.13.

This object, also referred to as C/2025 N1 (ATLAS) and A11pl3Z, approaches from the direction of the constellation Sagittarius, traveling at an impressive radial velocity of about 58 km (36 miles) per second.

3I/ATLAS passed near Mars at a distance of 0.194 AU on October 3 and reached its closest encounter with the Sun, known as perihelion, on October 30.

On March 16, 2026, this interstellar visitor will approach Jupiter at a distance of 0.357 astronomical units.

On November 30th, astronomers utilized Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) to observe 3I/ATLAS.

“Hubble tracked a comet across the sky,” they stated.

“As a result, the background stars appear as streaks of light.”

“Hubble had previously observed 3I/ATLAS in July, shortly after its discovery, and several NASA missions have also studied the comet since then.”

“Observations are expected to persist for several more months as 3I/ATLAS journeys out of the solar system.”

“This image displays a teardrop-shaped glowing halo extending toward the sun,” stated Harvard University Professor Avi Loeb about the new Hubble images.

“This extension of the tail toward the sun was also noticeable in the pre-perihelion Hubble images taken on July 21, where 3I/ATLAS was approaching the Sun from a distance 56% greater than that of Earth.”

“The new radius of the glow is estimated to be around 40,000 km (24,855 miles), with its retro tail extension reaching approximately 60,000 km (37,282 miles).”

“In recent papers, I suggested that the coma teardrops in the 3I/ATLAS post-perihelion images are linked to numerous macroscopic non-volatile objects that have separated from the Sun due to measurements of non-gravitational accelerations moving away from the Sun,” he elaborated.

“I predicted that if the object overlapped with 3I/ATLAS at perihelion, by November 30th, the swarm would be about 60,000 km closer to the Sun than 3I/ATLAS.”

“This separation aligns perfectly with the teardrop-shaped anti-caudal extension visible in the new Hubble image.”

Source: www.sci.news

Can a Virus-Related Test, Like the Bird Test, Truly Reveal Insights About Your Relationship?

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Did you see that seagull? Take the bird test

Sean/Getty Images

If you’ve been active on TikTok lately, you might be familiar with the concept of bird inspection. In this test, one partner casually mentions something, like observing a bird outside, to gauge if the other is engaged. An enthusiastic response signals a positive connection; lack of interest might indicate underlying issues. It’s amusing, relatable, and resonates with many. This viral phenomenon reflects something intrinsic to relationships, as psychologists recognize the significance behind it.

For years, relationship scholars have maintained that love is found in these small interactions. We refer to these daily connections as “bids”: sharing a laugh, narrating a story, or simply saying, “Look at that!” Psychologist John Gottman conducted classic studies with newlyweds, revealing that partners strive for the low bid for connection. Other longitudinal research indicates that couples with more assertive responses during disagreements are more likely to remain stable and satisfied in the long term.

Additional studies highlight that responses in everyday moments significantly affect relationship health. For instance, research on newlyweds has shown that couples exhibit heightened playfulness and enthusiasm during brief dinner interactions, showcasing more humor and affection during discussions of conflicts. Longitudinal studies demonstrate that partners perceived as sensitive and affirming tend to become more physically affectionate over time, fostering intimacy through minor everyday gestures.

Ultimately, these small expressions of gratitude function as the adhesive in relationships. The bird test cleverly encapsulates a fundamental truth: small gestures of acknowledgment are significant. While each may feel inconsequential in isolation, their cumulative effect builds positive momentum, sustaining satisfaction and resilience in relationships.

However, isolating specific moments, especially those showcased on social media, can oversimplify relationship evaluations. The bird test transforms intricate dynamics into simple pass/fail moments, potentially leading to unnecessary worries and misplaced confidence. Partners might miss bids for reasons unrelated to commitment—perhaps they are fatigued, under stress, or simply disengaged. Misinterpreting fleeting moments as definitive judgments can lead to harmful conclusions: “They ignored the bird! Do they even love me?” Even worse, it can become a manipulation tool: “You didn’t respond. You aren’t attentive to me.” One-off reactions on an arbitrary day should not define the essence of a relationship.

The pressing question is why such “testing” has gained traction. In addition to bird inspections, we’ve witnessed a rise in activities like the orange peel theory—”Will your partner peel an orange without prompting?”—and the moon phase test, which claims to measure romantic compatibility based on birthdays and lunar cycles.

One reason for this trend may stem from the fluctuating landscape of dating. Dating apps provide an overwhelming array of potential partners, but research indicates that excessive options can make commitment feel riskier and less secure. This uncertainty impacts the formation of relationships, introducing ambiguity in expectations and leaving partners guessing about their feelings. A quick bird test offers immediate feedback—a fleeting visual cue followed by a simple answer.

Another factor is that, despite relationship science gaining popularity, its complexity has been lost. Nuanced insights from extensive observational studies are reduced to simple TikTok phrases: “Did they notice the bird?” At the same time, social media prioritizes highly emotional content, whether heartwarming or heart-wrenching snippets caught on camera. This attention economy encourages individuals to transform genuine relationships into public trials. In this context, viral tests flourish, providing dramatic, recordable moments of validation that can be shared and scrutinized.

So, what should couples take away from this trend? Bird testing, while playful, underscores the importance of responsiveness when a partner reaches out, even in minor ways, as the backbone of a healthy relationship. If this phenomenon inspires more curiosity, attention, and appreciation, then it can be viewed as a positive development. However, instead of asking, “Did my partner succeed in this test?” a more beneficial inquiry would be, “What patterns have emerged in our relationship? Are they consistently present? Do they feel acknowledged and valued?” Love is not defined by one solitary act, bird, or orange, but by the countless small moments when partners choose to be there for each other behind the scenes.

Despite everything, I must admit that for the sake of research, I may just have my husband partake in the bird test tonight. Wishing him the best of luck!

Emily Impett is a professor in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and director of the Institute for Human Relations and Happiness at the University of Toronto Mississauga. Her research explores sacrifice, sexuality in long-term relationships, and changes within relationships.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

New Insights into How Exercise Can Help Slow Cancer Progression.

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Exercise reduces cancer cell size in mice—possibly applicable to humans

Alfredas Pliadis/Xinhua News Agency/Alamy

Exercise has the potential to slow tumor development in mice by altering metabolic pathways, enabling muscle cells to absorb glucose instead of cancer cells for growth. This may also occur in humans.

While it’s established that exercise lowers cancer risk and healthier individuals generally have better cancer survival rates, the underlying mechanisms are still being explored. Notably, some benefits of exercise appear linked to changes in gut microbiota and the immune system.

To examine another possible pathway, Rachel Perry and her colleagues at Yale University School of Medicine conducted an experiment on 18 mice injected with breast cancer cells. Twelve of these mice were given an obesity-inducing diet, known to accelerate various cancers. Half of the group was also equipped with a running wheel to exercise as desired.

After four weeks, tumors in the exercising obese mice were found to be 60% smaller compared to their non-exercising counterparts, and were slightly smaller than tumors in sedentary mice fed a standard diet. The study revealed that just 30 minutes of exercise led to an increase in oxygen and glucose uptake in skeletal and cardiac muscles, with a corresponding decrease in glucose assimilation by tumors.

“This research demonstrates that aerobic fitness significantly alters the metabolic rivalry between muscle and tumor,” states Perry. “Crucially, the exercise was voluntary—these mice weren’t being forced to run like marathon athletes; they exercised as per their preference.”

The scientists evaluated gene expression and identified changes in 417 genes associated with vital metabolic pathways in mice due to exercise. This indicates that muscle tissue utilizes more glucose while tumor tissue absorbs less.

Specifically, a reduction in mTOR, a protein pivotal for cancer cell proliferation, shows potential for limiting tumor expansion, according to the researchers.

Perry anticipates that these metabolic patterns, which are similar across mammals, may extend to humans, even those without obesity. In fact, analogous gene activity shifts during exercise have been documented in cancer patients.

“This points to another mechanism illustrating how exercise fosters a cancer-suppressive environment,” mentions Rob Newton from Edith Cowan University in Perth, Australia. “We need to conduct clinical trials in humans, as there’s no clear reason to suspect it wouldn’t produce similar outcomes.”

Perry emphasizes that metabolism encompasses all tissues and is influenced by both the microbiome and immune responses. “These metabolic adaptations may bridge the connections between exercise, the microbiome, the immune system, and tumor progression,” she explains. “However, I’d be surprised if the positive implications of exercise stemmed from a single mechanism.”

This discussion also sheds light on why lower muscle mass heightens cancer mortality risk, as observed by Newton. “If your muscles preferentially absorb glucose, increasing muscle mass and regularly activating your muscles could yield significant advantages.”

He believes it’s crucial to view exercise not just as a lifestyle change but as an adjunctive anti-cancer intervention alongside other treatments. “Identifying primary environmental contributors to cancer is key, and we must formulate specific strategies to address them,” Newton concludes. “While enhancing cardiorespiratory fitness is beneficial, if a patient presents with notably low muscle mass, that should be prioritized with strength training.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unveiling the Origins of Domestic Cats: Insights from Genetic Analysis

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Domestic cats trace their lineage back to North African wildcats

Maria Boyko/Alamy

Research indicates that domestic cats originated in North Africa, subsequently dispersing to Europe and East Asia over the last 2000 years, a timeline earlier estimates had not suggested.

The domestic cat (Felis catus) has its roots in the African wildcat (Felis lybica lybica) and is now present on every continent apart from Antarctica.

Prior studies proposed that domestic cats might have first appeared in the Levant, potentially arriving in Europe around 9600 BC.

Claudio Ottoni, a professor at Tor Vergata University in Rome, along with his team, examined 225 ancient cat remains from around 100 archaeological sites across Europe and present-day Turkey. This research yielded 70 ancient genomes that spanned over 10,000 years, dating from the 9th millennium BC to the 19th century AD. They also investigated museum specimens and 17 modern ocelot genomes from Italy, Bulgaria, Morocco, and Tunisia.

The oldest genetically identified cat from this research was sourced from Sardinia and dated to the second century AD, categorized as an African wildcat or domestic cat. All early European specimens were genetically determined to be European wildcats (Felis silvestris).

This research implies that the spread of domestic cats occurred significantly later than previously believed.

Ottoni emphasized that Mediterranean civilizations during the first millennium BC played a crucial role in the relocation of African wildcats, involving at least two genetically distinct populations. One group likely consisted of wildcats introduced to Sardinia from northwest Africa, establishing the current wildcat population on the island, while the other formed the genetic basis of modern domestic cats.

“Initially, during the domestication phase, cats likely adapted well to human surroundings,” he explains. “Their ecological flexibility enabled them to thrive. They have coexisted with humans in various urban and suburban areas and even traveled with them over great distances, showcasing their evolutionary success.”

Leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis) cohabited with humans in ancient China

Tuchart Duando/Getty Images

In a related study, Luo Shujing and her team from Peking University investigated 22 sets of feline remains from China, dating back over 5,000 years, while analyzing genomes from 130 modern and ancient Eurasian cat specimens. They identified a different wildcat species, the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), which is native to East Asia.

“These cats were likely drawn to human settlements due to the abundance of rodents, but they were never genuinely domesticated,” states Luo.

The findings show that true domestic cats made their way to China significantly later, around 1,300 years ago during the Tang Dynasty. Genomic data connects these cats to those originating from the Middle East and Central Asia, suggesting they arrived in China via the Silk Road through traders.

Despite a relationship that lasted over 3,500 years, leopard cats were ultimately never domesticated and reverted to their natural habitats, according to Luo.

“We often get inquiries from the public about whether it’s feasible to keep these adorable ocelots as pets, particularly if raised from youth,” she remarks. “My straightforward response is: Forget it. Our ancestors tried for over 3,000 years and didn’t succeed.”

Cairo and Alexandria, the forerunners of ancient science: Egypt

Set off on an extraordinary journey through Cairo and Alexandria, two of Egypt’s hallmark cities, where the allure of ancient history intertwines with modern vibrancy.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

TGO Offers Enhanced Insights on 3I/ATLAS’s Journey through the Solar System

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Thanks to data gathered by the Color Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS) on board ESA’s Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) spacecraft orbiting Mars, scientists have enhanced the predicted location of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS by a factor of 10.

This image of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS was captured on October 3, 2025, by the CaSSIS instrument aboard ESA’s Trace Gas Orbiter. Image credit: ESA/TGO/CaSSIS.

3I/ATLAS was discovered on July 1, 2025, by the NASA-funded ATLAS (Asteroid Terrestrial Impact Last Alert System) telescope located in Rio Hurtado, Chile.

Prior to September, researchers depended on Earth-based telescopes to track the positions and orbits of interstellar comets.

From October 1 to 7, TGO concentrated on 3I/ATLAS from its orbit around Mars.

The comet came relatively close to Mars, achieving a distance of roughly 29 million km at its closest approach on October 3.

The Mars rover observed 3I/ATLAS from approximately 10 times closer than Earth telescopes and from a fresh vantage point.

By triangulating data from TGO/CaSSIS and Earth-based observations, scientists significantly improved the accuracy of the comet’s predicted trajectory.

Initial expectations were for a modest improvement, but the findings revealed an impressive tenfold increase in precision.

“Utilizing data from the Mars rover made it challenging to refine the interstellar comet’s path through space,” stated TGO team members.

“The CaSSIS instrument is crafted to provide high-resolution observations of the nearby Martian surface.”

“This time, the camera was directed high above Mars, capturing the minute, distant 3I/ATLAS streaking across the star-filled sky.”

Planetary Defense Team Astronomer from ESA’s Near Earth Object Coordination Center was already adept at determining asteroid and comet orbits, necessitating consideration of the spacecraft’s unique position.

“Generally, orbital observations are conducted from fixed terrestrial observatories, but occasionally from spacecraft in near-Earth orbit, such as the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope or the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope,” the researchers noted.

“Astronomers excel at factoring in the positions of celestial bodies to ascertain their future positions, known as ephemerides.”

“In this instance, the accuracy of the 3I/ATLAS ephemeris—especially its predictions—relied on accounting for the precise location of TGO, including Mars and its rapid orbit around it.”

“Achieving this required a collaborative effort from various ESA teams and partners, ranging from flight mechanics to science and instrumentation.”

To attain the highest possible accuracy, we needed to address challenges and nuances typically overlooked and minimize margins as much as we could.

Source: www.sci.news

Researchers Examine Neanderthal DNA to Gain Insights into Human Facial Development and Evolution

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Research led by scientist Hannah Long at the University of Edinburgh has found that specific regions of Neanderthal DNA are more effective at activating genes responsible for jaw development than those in humans, potentially explaining why Neanderthals had larger lower jaws.

Neanderthal. Image credit: Natural History Museum Trustees.

“With the Neanderthal genome being 99.7% identical to that of modern humans, the variations between species are likely to account for differences in appearance,” Dr. Hanna stated.

“Both human and Neanderthal genomes consist of roughly 3 billion characters that code for proteins and regulate gene expression in cells. Identifying the regions that influence appearance is akin to searching for a needle in a haystack.”

Dr. Long and her team had a targeted approach, focusing on a genomic area linked to the Pierre Robin sequence, a condition marked by an unusually small mandible.

“Individuals with the Pierre Robin sequence often have significant deletions or rearrangements in this portion of the genome that affect facial development and restrict jaw formation,” Dr. Hanna explained.

“We hypothesized that minor differences in DNA could produce more nuanced effects on facial structure.”

Upon comparing human and Neanderthal genomes, researchers discovered that in this segment, approximately 3,000 letters long, there are only three one-letter variations between the species.

This DNA region doesn’t code for genes but regulates when and how certain genes, particularly SOX9, which plays a crucial role in facial development, are activated.

To confirm that these Neanderthal-specific differences were significant for facial development, scientists needed to demonstrate that the Neanderthal version could activate genes in the appropriate cells at the right developmental stage.

They introduced both Neanderthal and human versions of this region into zebrafish DNA and programmed the cells to emit different colors of fluorescent protein based on the activation of either region.

By monitoring zebrafish embryo development, researchers observed that cells responsible for forming the lower jaw were active in both human and Neanderthal regions, with the Neanderthal regions showing greater activity.

“It was thrilling when we first noticed the activity of specific cell populations in the developing zebrafish face, particularly near the forming jaw, and even more exhilarating to see how Neanderthal-specific variations could influence activity during development,” said Dr. Long.

“This led us to contemplate the implications of these differences and explore them through experimental means.”

Recognizing that Neanderthal sequences were more effective at activating genes, the authors questioned whether this would lead to enhanced target activity affecting the shape and function of the adult jaw, mediated by SOX9.

To validate this idea, they augmented zebrafish embryos with additional samples of SOX9 and discovered that cells involved in jaw formation occupied a larger area.

“Our lab aims to further investigate the effects of genetic differences using methods that simulate various aspects of facial development,” Dr. Long remarked.

“We aspire to deepen our understanding of genetic variations in individuals with facial disorders and improve diagnostic processes.”

“This study demonstrates how examining extinct species can enhance our knowledge of how our own DNA contributes to facial diversity, development, and evolution.”

The findings are published in the journal Development.

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Kirsty Utley et al. 2025: Neanderthal-derived variants enhance SOX9 enhancer activity in craniofacial progenitor cells, influencing jaw development. Development 152 (21): dev204779; doi: 10.1242/dev.204779

Source: www.sci.news

Researchers Explore Neanderthal DNA to Uncover Insights into Human Facial Development and Evolution

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Scientist Hannah Long and her team at the University of Edinburgh have discovered that specific regions of Neanderthal DNA are more effective at activating genes related to jaw formation compared to human DNA, which might explain why Neanderthals had larger lower jaws.

Neanderthal. Image credit: Natural History Museum Trustees.

“The Neanderthal genome shows a 99.7% similarity to the human genome, suggesting that the differences between the species contribute to variations in appearance,” explained Dr. Hanna.

“Both the human and Neanderthal genomes comprise around 3 billion characters that code for proteins and regulate gene usage in cells. Therefore, pinpointing regions that affect appearance is akin to finding a needle in a haystack.”

Dr. Long and her collaborators had a targeted hypothesis regarding where to initiate their search. They focused on a genomic area linked to the Pierre Robin sequence, a condition characterized by a notably small jaw.

“Some individuals with Pierre Robin sequence exhibit significant deletions or rearrangements in this genomic region that disrupt facial development and impede jaw formation,” stated Dr. Hanna.

“We speculated that minor variations in DNA could subtly influence facial shape.”

Through the comparison of human and Neanderthal genomes, researchers identified that in a segment approximately 3,000 letters long, there are just three one-letter differences between the two species.

This DNA segment lacks any specific genes but regulates the timing and manner in which genes, particularly SOX9, a crucial factor in facial development processes, are activated.

To demonstrate the significance of these Neanderthal-specific differences for facial development, researchers needed to confirm that the Neanderthal region could activate genes in the correct cells at the appropriate developmental stage.

They introduced both Neanderthal and human variants of this region into zebrafish DNA concurrently and programmed the cells to emit different colors of fluorescent protein based on whether the human or Neanderthal region was active.

By monitoring zebrafish embryo development, researchers observed that the cells crucial for lower jaw formation were active in both regions, with the Neanderthal regions showing greater activity than those of humans.

“We were thrilled when we first detected the activity in a specific group of cells within the developing zebrafish face, near the jaw, and even more so when we realized that Neanderthal-specific differences could modify this activity during development,” Dr. Long noted.

“This led us to ponder the potential implications of these differences and how we may explore them experimentally.”

Recognizing that Neanderthal sequences were more adept at activating genes, the authors inquired whether this would correlate with heightened activity in target cells, influencing the shape and function of the adult jaw as governed by SOX9.

To test this hypothesis, they administered additional samples to zebrafish embryos. They found that the cells involved in jaw formation occupied a larger area.

“In our lab, we aim to investigate the effects of additional DNA sequence differences using methods that replicate aspects of facial development,” Dr. Long said.

“We aspire to enhance our understanding of sequence alterations in individuals with facial disorders and assist with diagnostic efforts.”

“This research illustrates that by examining extinct species, we can gain insights into how our own DNA contributes to facial variation, development, and evolution.”

Findings are detailed in the journal Development here.

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Kirsty Utley et al. 2025: Variants derived from Neanderthals enhance SOX9 enhancer activity in craniofacial progenitor cells that shape jaw development. Development 152 (21): dev204779; doi: 10.1242/dev.204779

Source: www.sci.news

The Birthplace of Humanity Continues to Uncover New Insights into Our Origins

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Karo people overlooking the Omo River Valley in Ethiopia

Michael Honegger/Alamy

Here’s a snippet from Our Human Story, a newsletter focusing on advancements in archaeology. Subscribe to receive it monthly in your inbox.

On the eastern shores of Lake Turkana in Kenya lies Namorotuknan Hill, where a river once flowed but has since dried up. The area features a dry landscape with sparse shrubbery.

Between 2013 and 2022, a team of researchers led by David Brown from George Washington University excavated clay layers adjacent to the river. Their findings included 1,290 stone tools crafted by ancient humans, dating back between 2.44 and 2.75 million years. They reported their discoveries in Nature Communications last week.

The tools belong to the Oldowan type, which are prevalent in various regions of Africa and Eurasia. These items are among the oldest Oldowan tools ever found.

Brown and his team noted a remarkable consistency in the tools’ design. Despite spanning 300,000 years, the creators displayed a preference for specific rock types, indicating a reliable and habitual approach to tool-making rather than isolated incidents.

The tools from Namorotuknan represent yet another significant discovery from the Omo Turkana Basin, a key site for understanding human origins.

Basins, Cradles, and Rifts

Since the 1960s, the Omo Turkana Basin has served as a focal point for human evolution research.

It stretches from the sandy beaches of southern Ethiopia, where the Omo River flows southward into Lake Turkana—one of the world’s longest lakes, extending deep into Kenya. The Türkwel and Kerio rivers also flow into its southern reaches.

Various fossil-rich locations pepper the basin. On the lake’s western side is the Nachukui Formation, while the Kobi Fora is situated on the east. Additional archaeological sites include the Usno Formation near Omo in the north and Kanapoi near Kerio in the south.

Map of fossil and tool sites in the Omo Turkana Basin

François Marchal et al. 2025

Led by François Marchal, a team from France’s Aix-Marseille University has compiled all known human fossil findings from the Omo Turkana Basin into a database. They detailed these patterns in the Human Evolution Journal, offering a snapshot of historical paleoanthropological research and a wealth of knowledge about human evolution.

Research in the Omo Turkana Basin began with early expeditions led by a collaborative French, American, and Kenyan team, including notable figures such as Camille Aramboul, Yves Coppens, F. Clark Howell, and Richard Leakey. Leakey also spearheaded explorations in the eastern Koobi Fora and western sites like Nachukwi.

Richard Leakey was a pivotal figure in the study of human evolution during the 1960s, 70s, and 80s. He is part of a family legacy in paleoanthropology, being the son of Louis and Mary Leakey, renowned for their groundbreaking work in the Oldupai Valley, Tanzania; his daughter Louise continues the exploration of human evolution.

Research on the Omo Turkana Basin transcends individual contributions. Marchal’s team collected a substantial 1,231 hominin specimens from around 658 individuals, accounting for about one-third of all known hominin remains across Africa.

Alongside the Great Rift Valley of East Africa—encompassing places like the Oldupai Gorge and the Cradle of Humanity in South Africa—the Omo Turkana Basin ranks as one of Africa’s richest hominid fossil sites.

Discovery

To the north, near the Omo River, researchers have uncovered some of the earliest Homo sapiens remains on record. At Omo Kibishu, two skull fragments and several bones were found, along with numerous teeth. Ongoing studies reveal these remains date back significantly further than initially believed, once estimated at 130,000 years, later revised to 195,000 years ago, and a subsequent analysis in 2022 indicated they could be at least 233,000 years old. Of all discovered, only the fossils from Morocco’s Jebel Irhoud are older, dating back to about 300,000 years.

The fossils from Omo Kibishu and Jebel Irhoud significantly deepen our understanding, suggesting that our species may have been evolving far earlier than the previously accepted timeline of around 200,000 years.

This trend also extends to the Homo genus, encompassing various groups like Homo erectus and Neanderthals. Determining which branch of Homo originated first remains complex—although records regarding Homo are sparse before 2 million years ago, they become increasingly elusive as one goes further back.

By meticulously analyzing fossils from the Omo Turkana Basin, Marchal and his team determined that Homo thrived in the region between 2.7 and 2 million years ago.

The earliest known Homo specimens in this basin are from the Shungra Formation, estimated to be between 2.74 and 2.58 million years old. Despite being announced in 2008, detailed examinations have yet to be conducted.

Faced with this gap, Marchal’s team posits that an influx of unexamined material could bring the number of known early Homo individuals to 75, creating a substantial and informative dataset, suggesting that there is “much more than just a handful of fossils.”

Notably, the Homo genus became well-established in the Omo Turkana Basin between 2.7 and 2 million years ago. While they were not the dominant species, another genus, Paranthropus, featuring smaller brains and larger teeth, was twice as prevalent. Numerous species from the Australopithecus genus also existed, indicating a period of cohabitation among different hominins. Importantly, some Homo individuals likely produced the Oldowan tools found.

This type of discovery is made possible by decades of dedicated research, and it is anticipated that the Omo Turkana Basin will continue to illuminate our origins for years to come.

Neanderthals, ancient humans, and cave art: France

Accompany New Scientist’s Kate Douglas on an intriguing journey through time, exploring significant Neanderthal and Upper Paleolithic sites across southern France, from Bordeaux to Montpellier.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

How Art Can Enrich Your Life: Insights from Ali Smith, Tracey Emin, Claudia Winkleman, and Others in Art and Design

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HHow often do you find yourself reaching for your phone? Are you quick to respond to notifications, getting lost in that small black screen during your commutes? What about while eating or as soon as you wake up? Does it give you a sense of richness and vitality? I’m equally guilty of the same habits. We swipe, like, and scroll in a world designed to capture our attention. But how can we dedicate just five or ten minutes to enrich our lives instead?

I enjoy seeking insights from artists. They encourage us to pause and consider different viewpoints and to appreciate the beauty of nature. The world is evolving right before our eyes, and artists remind us of the joy of creating and discovering within a landscape where AI might supplant our creativity. They help us see potential everywhere—whether it’s arranging words into sentences, crafting paragraphs into books, or using paint to conjure visuals. Their work can shift our perspectives, impart knowledge, and even instill a sense of calm.

It’s backed by science: 2024 survey commissioned by the British government highlights that engaging with art not only boosts physical and mental health but, as Sarah Carlsberg notes, “reduces healthcare costs and increases national productivity.” Recently, King’s College London reported that out of 50 participants aged 18 to 40 who viewed paintings, there was a 22% decrease in stress hormones. (In contrast, those who viewed digitally exhibited only an 8% reduction.)

No matter our situation, art and artists will always guide us. I’ve embraced the wisdom of creatives—whether for inspiration, reflection, relationship insights, or daily organization. This has led me to compile 366 short passages of daily wisdom into a new book titled how to live an artistic life.

Featuring insights from artists like Tracey Emin and Marina Abramovic, alongside writers like Ali Smith and Iris Murdoch, each entry includes reflections, rituals, encouragement, and creative exercises. The book follows the seasons (with January focusing on Beginnings, February on Love, August on Beauty, and November on Memory), allowing me to respond creatively to the artists’ words and engage everyone in the act of creation.

I wrote this book during a time of feeling uninspired and distracted. The words of these artists helped me rise above that fog. Did you catch writer Patricia Highsmith’s habit of making her workspace “as enjoyable as possible” by lounging in bed surrounded by cigarettes, coffee, and donuts? Or art critic Jerry Saltz’s advice to engage with those next to you in a museum by asking, “What do you think about that?” Dialogue sparks ideas. Museums have always served as spaces for conversation, community building, and direct connections—many of which are free to access in the UK.




“Cigarettes, mugs of coffee, donuts”… Author Patricia Highsmith discusses ways to enhance work life. Photo: Dino Fracchia/Alamy

When feeling overwhelmed, author Hisham Matar and broadcaster Claudia Winkleman suggest focusing on just one artwork at a time. Return to it later and take note of how your perception shifts with your circumstances. As you change, so does the artwork. If visiting a museum isn’t an option, consider exploring art online or in books, share it with someone, and inquire about their thoughts. As Smith remarked, “Whenever you stand in front of art, you participate in it and awaken something within you.”

Why do we engage with art? Perhaps it resonates with Paula Rego’s thought expressed to her son, director Nick Willing: “An artist travels to places unseen and returns with something both novel and instantly familiar.”

Living an “artistic life” doesn’t necessitate becoming an artist. It’s about enhancing what you already possess. As Laurie Anderson reminds us in her December entry (focusing on joy), prioritize “the things that make you feel free and truly good.” While many wellness programs come at a cost, artists like Abramovic emphasize the value of stillness: “Doing nothing is the genesis of something.”

Be present in the world. Engage with people. Visit places, big or small. Look up at the sky, rather than yourself mediated through technology. Let’s reclaim our focus and turn it towards one another. The new year is a gift. Go forth, seize it, and live artistically.

How to Live an Artful Life: 366 Inspirations from Artists on How to Bring Creativity to Your Everyday by Katy Hessel is published by Hutchinson Heinemann (£16.99). To support the Guardian, you can purchase your copy below: guardianbookshop.com. Shipping charges may apply.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Examining Gender Bias in Facebook’s Job Ads: Insights from France’s Equality Monitoring Regulations

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France’s equality regulator has determined that Facebook’s job advertising algorithm is discriminatory towards women, following an investigation that revealed a bias in job ads for mechanics favoring men, while ads for kindergarten teaching positions were predominantly shown to women.

The watchdog group, Défenseur des Droits, contended that Facebook’s targeted job ad system discriminates based on gender, which constitutes indirect discrimination. The regulator advised Facebook and its parent company, Meta, to implement measures to eliminate discriminatory practices in advertising and granted the company three months to inform French authorities of its actions.

According to the regulator’s ruling, “The system implemented for distributing job listings treats Facebook users differently based on their gender, thereby resulting in indirect gender discrimination.”

This ruling followed an initiative from Global Witness, a campaign organization focused on examining the influence of major tech firms on human rights, which posted advertisements on Facebook that included links to various job opportunities across countries like France, the UK, Ireland, and South Africa.

The findings revealed that, notably in France, 90% of individuals seeing ads for mechanic positions were men, whereas the same percentage of those encountering kindergarten teacher ads were women. Additionally, 80% of viewers for psychologist job ads were women, while 70% of those seeing pilot job ads were men.

Global Witness, along with French women’s rights organizations La Fondation des Femmes and Femme Ingénue, which had reached out to the rights group, praised the ruling.

In a joint statement, they remarked, “This seems to be the first instance where a European regulator has ruled that a social media platform’s algorithms exhibit gender discrimination, marking significant progress in holding these platforms accountable under existing legislation.”

“This decision conveys a powerful message to all digital platforms that they will be held responsible for such biases,” stated attorney Josephine Sheffet, representing the plaintiffs. “This legal principle establishes a crucial precedent for future legal actions.”

Mr. Mehta disputed the ruling, with a spokesperson stating: “We disagree with this decision and are exploring our options.”

Meta had agreed to modify Facebook’s algorithms in 2022 after allegations from the U.S. Department of Justice suggested that the platform’s housing advertising system discriminated against users based on criteria like race, religion, and gender.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Chilling Effect: How Fear of ‘Naked’ Apps and AI Deepfakes is Driving Indian Women Away from the Internet

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Gaatha Sarvaiya enjoys sharing her artistic endeavors on social media. As a law graduate from India in her early 20s, she is at the outset of her professional journey, striving to attract public interest. However, the emergence of AI-driven deepfakes poses a significant threat, making it uncertain whether the images she shares will be transformed into something inappropriate or unsettling.

“I immediately considered, ‘Okay, maybe this isn’t safe. People could take our pictures and manipulate them,'” Sarvaiya, who resides in Mumbai, expresses.

“There is certainly a chilling effect,” notes Rohini Lakshane, a gender rights and digital policy researcher based in Mysore. He too refrains from posting photos of himself online. “Given how easily it can be exploited, I remain particularly cautious.”

In recent years, India has emerged as a crucial testing ground for AI technologies, becoming the second-largest market for OpenAI with the technology being widely embraced across various professions.

However, a report released recently reveals that the growing usage of AI is generating formidable new avenues for harassment directed at women, according to data compiled by the Rati Foundation, which operates a national helpline for online abuse victims.

“Over the past three years, we’ve identified that a significant majority of AI-generated content is utilized to target women and sexual minorities,” the report, prepared by Tuttle, a company focused on curbing misinformation on social media in India, asserts.

The report highlights the increasing use of AI tools for digitally altering images and videos of women, including nudes and culturally sensitive content. While these images may be accepted in Western cultures, they are often rebuked in numerous Indian communities for their portrayal of public affection.




Indian singer Asha Bhosle (left) and journalist Rana Ayyub are victims of deepfake manipulations on social media. Photo: Getty

The findings indicated that approximately 10% of the numerous cases documented by the helpline involve such altered images. “AI significantly simplifies the creation of realistic-looking content,” the report notes.

There was a notable case where an Indian woman’s likeness was manipulated by an AI tool in a public location. Bollywood singer Asha Bhosle‘s image and voice were replicated using AI and distributed on YouTube. Journalist Rana Ayyub faced a campaign targeting her personal information last year, with deepfake sexual images appearing of her on social media.

These instances sparked widespread societal discussions, with some public figures like Bhosle asserting that they have successfully claimed legal rights concerning their voice and image. However, the broader implications for everyday women like Sarvaiya, who increasingly fear engaging online, are less frequently discussed.

“When individuals encounter online harassment, they often self-censor or become less active online as a direct consequence,” explains Tarunima Prabhakar, co-founder of Tattle. Her organization conducted focus group research for two years across India to gauge the societal impacts of digital abuse.

“The predominant emotion we identified is one of fatigue,” she remarks. “This fatigue often leads them to withdraw entirely from online platforms.”

In recent years, Sarvaiya and her peers have monitored high-profile deepfake abuse cases, including those of Ayyub and Bollywood actress Rashmika Mandanna. “It’s a bit frightening for women here,” she admits.

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Currently, Sarvaiya is reluctant to share anything on social media and has opted to keep her Instagram account private. She fears this measure may not suffice to safeguard her. Women are sometimes captured in public places, such as subways, with their photos potentially surfacing online later.

“It’s not as prevalent as some might believe, but luck can be unpredictable,” she observes. “A friend of a friend is actually facing threats online.”

Lakshane mentions that she often requests not to be photographed at events where she speaks. Despite her precautions, she is mentally preparing for the possibility that a deepfake image or video of her could emerge. In the app, her profile image is an illustration of herself, rather than a photo.

“Women with a public platform, an online presence, and those who express political opinions face a significant risk of image misuse,” she highlights.

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Rati’s report details how AI applications, such as “nudification” and nudity apps designed to remove clothing from images, have normalized behaviors that were once seen as extreme. In one reported case, a woman approached the helpline after her photo, originally submitted for a loan application, was misused for extortion.

“When she declined to continue payments, her uploaded photo was digitally altered with the nudify app and superimposed onto a pornographic image,” the report details.

This altered image, accompanied by her phone number, was circulated on WhatsApp, resulting in a flood of sexually explicit calls and messages from strangers. The woman expressed to the helpline that she felt “humiliated and socially stigmatized, as though I had ‘become involved in something sordid’.”




A fake video allegedly featuring Indian National Congress leader Rahul Gandhi and Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman promoting a financial scheme. Photo: DAU Secretariat

In India, similar to many regions globally, deepfakes exist within a legal gray area. Although certain statutes may prohibit them, Rati’s report highlights existing laws in India that could apply to online harassment and intimidation, enabling women to report AI deepfakes as well.

“However, the process is often lengthy,” Sarvaiya shares, emphasizing that India’s legal framework is not adequately prepared to address issues surrounding AI deepfakes. “There is a significant amount of bureaucracy involved in seeking justice for what has occurred.”

A significant part of the problem lies with the platforms through which such images are disseminated, including YouTube, Meta, X, Instagram, and WhatsApp. Indian law enforcement agencies describe the process of compelling these companies to eliminate abusive content as “often opaque, resource-draining, inconsistent, and ineffective,” according to a report published by Equality Now, an organization advocating for women’s rights.

Meanwhile, Apple and Meta have recently responded accordingly. Rati’s report uncovers multiple instances where these platforms inadequately addressed online abuse, thereby exacerbating the spread of the nudify app.

Although WhatsApp did respond in the extortion scenario, the action was deemed “insufficient” since the altered images had already proliferated across the internet, Rati indicated. In another instance, an Instagram creator in India was targeted by a troll who shared nude clips, yet Instagram only reacted after “persistent efforts” and with a “delayed and inadequate” response.


The report indicates that victims reporting harassment on these platforms often go unheard, prompting them to reach out to helplines. Furthermore, even when accounts disseminating abusive material are removed, such content tends to resurface, a phenomenon Rati describes as “content recidivism.”

“One persistent characteristic of AI abuse is its tendency to proliferate: it is easily produced, broadly shared, and repeated multiple times,” Rati states. Confronting this issue “will necessitate much greater transparency and data accessibility from the platforms themselves.”

Source: www.theguardian.com