Our bodies comprise various soft, hard, and intricate components. What should we do when these components fail or don’t meet our needs? Medicine provides several solutions, including dentures, skin, heart, and hair transplants, but don’t expect an instant replacement.
In Alternative You: Adventures in Human Anatomy, popular science author Mary Roach explores the most intriguing historical and current efforts to repair, replace, or enhance our body parts.
These efforts range from dentures designed like mouth piercings, lab-grown anuses, to gene-edited pig hearts, each delivered with a humor that had me laughing, wincing, and holding my breath throughout the pages.
Roach, drawn to the “human element of exploration,” shares engaging tales as she travels the globe to meet surgeons, scientists, patients, and other individuals at the forefront of body modification.
Her bold and often cheeky questions animate these encounters. For example, during a dinner discussion about gut-derived vaginas with her surgeon, she mentions that intestinal tissue generally contracts to aid in food movement.
“That could be advantageous for partners who have penises, right?” she quips. “It’s not overly aggressive,” the surgeon replies, sipping his Chianti.
Roach embraces self-experimentation, visiting a hair transplant surgeon and persuading him to relocate hair follicles from her head to another body area. Her goal? To gaze in wonder at the few long strands that might sprout on her legs. While the transplant fails, she quickly dives into the trials of growing hair from stem cells. Spoiler: we’re not there yet.
One significant innovation Roach covers is ostomy, where surgeons create openings in the abdomen for waste drainage into an external pouch. She speaks with individuals who use stoma bags due to conditions like Crohn’s disease and colitis, which can lead to inflammation and frequent bowel movements, complicating life outside the home. Roach highlights the importance of reducing stigma around ostomies and discusses the remarkable technology supporting this procedure.
As expected from a book on body part replacement, there’s a chapter dedicated to 3D printed organs. Roach approaches this topic thoughtfully, noting that it’s not merely about feeding cells into a printer. Most organs consist of multiple cell types that must be arranged with precise specifications, and printed tissues often lack the authentic properties that remain elusive for researchers.
I highly recommend this book to anyone curious about the human body. However, be advised—some vivid surgical descriptions are included. (If that’s not your cup of tea, feel free to skip the next paragraph.) At one point, Roach compares the tubes of fat and blood pulled from patients to “raspberry smoothies.” Additionally, when a leg implant is affixed to the femur, it sounds like “tent stakes collapsing.”
Such sensory details might not appeal to everyone, but for those willing to confront the raw, sinewy, and delicate reality of our bodies, this book serves as a profound reminder of our complexity and depth. I certainly walked away feeling grateful for all that I have.
“Minor adjustments can lead to significant improvements in energy conservation and warmth,” said Sarah Pennells, a consumer finance expert at Royal London.
Firstly, if your boiler or thermostat is equipped with a timer, make use of it.
For enhanced control, consider upgrading to a smart thermostat that connects to the internet. This option lets you manage your thermostat remotely, typically through a mobile app, enabling you to turn the heating on or off when plans change unexpectedly. A smart thermostat acts like a timer for your boiler, allowing you to use the app for scheduling heating and hot water.
Smart thermostats come in various models and offer features like multi-room control, hot water management, and “geofencing” that tracks your presence in and out of the home. Their prices usually range from £60 to £250 depending on the brand.
Upgrading to a smart thermostat Allows remote control, generally via a mobile app. Photo: Stefan Nikolic/Getty Images
Bosch Room Thermostat II (£69.99); and Hive Thermostat V4 (£155 B&Q) requires a professional installation, which can typically be arranged through a retailer, though additional fees may apply.
Some energy suppliers offer discounts on smart thermostats from their partnered brands. The Octopus Energy and tado° partnership gives customers up to 50% off on tado° products. The Wireless Smart Thermostat X Starter Kit has been marked down from £159.99 to £112.
<h2 id="reduce-temperatures" class="dcr-n4qeq9"><strong>Reduce the Temperature</strong></h2>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">Research indicates that decreasing the thermostat setting from 22°C to 21°C may save the typical UK household £90 annually.<a href="https://energysavingtrust.org.uk/take-control-your-heating-home/?_gl=1*boqspv*_up*MQ..*_ga*MTQ2OTcwMDExNy4xNzYyMjcwMDYy*_ga_GPYNXFLD7G*czE3NjIyNzAwNjAkbzEkZzEkdDE3NjIyNzA0NzY KajYwJGwwJGgw#jumpto-1" data-link-name="in body link"> Energy Saving Trust</a>. For most, a comfortable indoor temperature lies between 18°C and 21°C.</p>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">According to <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DDZNODZ5qyY" data-link-name="in body link">Citizen Advice</a>, lowering your thermostat can mean saving about 10% on energy bills. However, those who are elderly or have health concerns are advised not to set the temperature below 21°C.</p>
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<span class="dcr-1qvd3m6">Most people find a comfortable indoor temperature between 18°C and 21°C.</span> Photo: Rid Franz/Getty Images
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<p class="dcr-130mj7b">Moreover, experts suggest that maintaining a continuous lower temperature consumes more energy than heating intermittently at a slightly higher setting.</p>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">Setting your heating to switch off 30 minutes before leaving the house or turning in for the night can further decrease your electricity costs.</p>
<h2 id="lower-the-flow" class="dcr-n4qeq9"><strong>Reduce Flow Rate</strong></h2>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">If using a combi boiler, you can lower the temperature of the flow, which is the water temperature entering the radiator.</p>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">For those using a system boiler or hot water cylinder, <a href="https://www.edfenergy.com/energywise/lower-flow-temperature-on-combi-boiler" data-link-name="in body link">EDF Energy advises</a> seeking assistance from an engineer for guidance.</p>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">Typically, boilers have a high flow temperature around 75-80°C. Reducing this to about 60°C might cut your gas bills without noticeably affecting comfort levels.</p>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">“This approach is particularly beneficial in homes with well-sized radiators and adequate insulation, showing no significant change in comfort,” notes Pennells.</p>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">The charity Nesta provides an online and interactive <a href="https://www.moneysavingboilerchallenge.com/" data-link-name="in body link">tool</a> to help users adjust their boiler settings. They recommend documenting the boiler's original controls and settings with photos before making changes.</p>
<h2 id="turn-down-radiators" class="dcr-n4qeq9"><strong>Adjust Radiators</strong></h2>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">If your radiators have a dial controlled by a thermostatic radiator valve (TRV), you can set the temperature individually for each room. TRVs generally have a scale from 0 to 6, with 0 being off and 6 being fully open.</p>
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<blockquote class="dcr-zzndwp">Research shows that people have begun to heat individuals rather than entire spaces.</blockquote>
<footer><cite>Sophie Barr of National Energy Action</cite></footer>
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<p class="dcr-130mj7b">The Energy Saving Trust recommends setting your room on the lowest temperature that maintains comfort. You can set 3 or 4 in frequently used rooms and reduce this to 2 or 3 in less-used spaces. They also mention that integrating a TRV into an existing system with a programmer and thermostat could save households around £35 each year.</p>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">While turning off heating altogether may seem like a good way to save money, experts warn that this could result in mold and dampness, which could incur greater costs and health risks over time.</p>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">“During the energy crisis, we observed changes in behavior where people started to prioritize heating individuals rather than entire homes,” says project development coordinator Sophie Barr. <a href="https://www.nea.org.uk/get-help/resources/" data-link-name="in body link">National Energy Action</a>. “Our findings indicate that it's more cost-effective to provide heat to the entire area by adjusting radiators in unused rooms to setting 2, thus providing sufficient warmth to deter mold spores that can lead to serious respiratory health issues.”</p>
<h2 id="get-reflectors" class="dcr-n4qeq9"><strong>Install Reflectors</strong></h2>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">The <a href="https://britishgasenergytrust.org.uk/" data-link-name="in body link">British Gas Energy Trust</a> suggests placing foil behind radiators to reflect heat back into the room. Since approximately 35% of indoor heat escapes through the walls, these reflectors ensure that heat is redirected into the room rather than absorbed by exterior walls, making them particularly effective on uninsulated external walls.</p>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">Though there may be a small initial expense, they are reasonably priced, simple to install, and durable. They can be purchased in rolls and cut to fit your radiators. They are easy to apply with included adhesive or double-sided tape—first ensuring the radiator is turned off and cool. Screwfix offers rolls of 1.88 square meters for <a href="https://www.screwfix.com/p/essentials-470mm-x-4m-radiator-heat-reflector-foil/88629?tc=JS7" data-link-name="in body link">£7.51</a>, while B&Q has a 5 square meter roll for <a href="https://www.diy.com/departments/diall-radiator-reflector-5m-/1906873_BQ.prd?storeId=1037" data-link-name="in body link">£14.97</a>, and Amazon sells a 15 square meter roll for <a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0CYM442P1?tag=track-ect-uk-2181897-21&linkCode=osi&th=1&ascsubtag=ecSEPr67xojmhks6sn7" data-link-name="in body link">£27.99</a>.</p>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">To enhance efficiency, bleed your radiators every few months. Ensure the radiator is switched off and cool before inserting the key (<a href="https://www.diy.com/departments/rothenberger-radiator-key-pack-of-2/191173_BQ.prd" data-link-name="in body link">£3.50</a> for a B&Q 2-pack) or a flat-head screwdriver into the bleed valve (often located in the top corner) and turn it counterclockwise. Listen for a hissing sound as air escapes; wait for it to stop, showing a steady flow of water (you can catch it with a cloth), then turn the valve clockwise to close it again.</p>
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<span class="dcr-1qvd3m6">Regular boiler servicing enhances efficiency.</span> Photo: Joe Giddens/Pennsylvania
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<p class="dcr-130mj7b">Avoid obstructing radiators with furniture or curtains, especially beneath windows, to distribute heat more evenly throughout the space.</p>
<h2 id="keep-your-boiler-serviced" class="dcr-n4qeq9"><strong>Regular Boiler Maintenance</strong></h2>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">Routine boiler service enhances efficiency and extends lifespan by addressing minor issues. According to Octopus Energy, neglecting boiler maintenance can lead to up to 10% more energy usage compared to those serviced annually. “Failure to regularly maintain your boiler can significantly affect fuel efficiency and health,” warns Barr.</p>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">As per Which?, the average cost for a boiler service ranges from £70 to £110.</p>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">Some energy providers include this service in their annual coverage plans, such as British Gas, which features it in their <a href="https://www.britishgas.co.uk/cover/boiler-and-heating.html" data-link-name="in body link">home care</a> options starting at £19 per month. However, a boiler care plan might not be suitable for every consumer. Which? recommends considering if your monthly contributions may exceed the costs of the annual service or repairs. Ensure you have savings to cover the full service fee as needed.</p>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">For renters, it is the landlord’s obligation to arrange for annual boiler inspections and certifications. “Annual maintenance is mandatory for all rental properties,” says Barr. "For homes with gas boilers, only a gas safety engineer should perform this work, and an Oftec certified engineer should handle oil boilers. Annual boiler maintenance guarantees that your system operates efficiently and prevents carbon monoxide leaks in your home."</p>
Our MG5 electric vehicles have spiraled out of control, and MG seems unresponsive to the situation.
After utilizing a charger at one site, the vehicle experienced a power system failure at a highway service station.
The car became unresponsive to all controls, including the off button. Consequently, we called the AA. The patrolman was able to start the engine and opted to take a test drive with my family onboard as it was pouring rain.
When the patrolman shifted the car into reverse, it surged forward and wouldn’t stop, even when he pressed the brakes. The vehicle collided with an AA van, and as it attempted to accelerate, its wheels spun and began smoking.
We all exited the vehicle safely, and eventually, a patrolman managed to switch the car off from outside. I was informed it wasn’t safe to drive.
The AA arranged for a tow truck to bring it to the dealership, covering the repairs (£2,500). A police vehicle was also damaged in the incident.
The dealership is scrutinizing the defect, and there will be a charge of £500 in costs. No issues were identified. MG insists the matter has been resolved and intends to pursue further investigation at their own cost.
Six weeks on, the vehicle remains with the dealership. I am reluctant to drive until I know it’s safe, yet I can’t afford continued investigations.
I requested a technical report from the AA, confirming that the vehicle “jumped forward” when shifted to reverse.
It’s understandable to hesitate before getting behind the wheel until the issue is identified, and since the vehicle is still under warranty, it’s reasonable to avoid spending personal funds on the repairs.
MG Motor UK appears surprisingly indifferent, given the potential dangers posed by malfunctioning EVs. The dealership recommended that MG’s technical department investigate the issue and provide guidance, but MG let it go.
MG merely issued an apology for the “inconvenience” following your complaint.
My inquiries regarding whether the dealer-requested investigation was conducted prior to resolving the incident and how many similar cases they’ve acknowledged concerning power failures were side-stepped.
However, the company promptly initiated a more comprehensive assessment of the vehicle and conducted a 45-mile test drive, using various public charging stations. There will be no charges for this test or any previous evaluations.
“MG considers all reported issues related to malfunctions a priority. No associated faults with onboard equipment or the vehicle’s charging capabilities were discovered.”
“MG and our authorized dealer have meticulously examined the vehicle and concluded that an error occurred that isn’t linked to the vehicle itself. We will continue to provide support to our customers with relevant information and advice.”
This places you in a challenging position. Your car is deemed healthy, yet your trust in it has waned. Consequently, you’ve decided that selling it is the best course of action.
We encourage letters, though we cannot respond individually. Email us at Consumer.champions@theguardian.com or write to Consumer Champions, Money, the Guardian, 90 York Way, London N1 9GU. Please include a daytime contact number. The following conditions apply to all letter submissions and publications: Our Terms of Use.
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One factor in our aging process is the buildup of mutations in our cellular DNA.
Mohammed Elamine Aliwi / Alamy
Clusters of proteins seem to significantly influence the rate of DNA repair within our bodies, which in turn determines how quickly mutations accrue in cells throughout one’s life. This dynamic can significantly influence both aging and lifespan.
“It is a very reliable indicator of lifespan across humans and other animals,” states Trey Ideker from the University of California, San Diego. His research team aims to discover treatments that might enhance lifespan by increasing DNA repair mechanisms.
Some researchers assert that the evidence linking this specific protein complex—a collection of two or more proteins that collaborate for a biological function—to mutation rates is compelling. However, more investigation is necessary to concretely establish the relationship between aging and longevity.
Regarding why we age, one proposed theory is that it results from the gradual accumulation of mutations in cellular DNA. As these mutations pile up, the functionality of cellular machinery declines, leading to a cascade of issues.
Cells act like repair teams that address broken DNA, yet their efforts aren’t always adequate. In fact, the efficacy of DNA repair varies, likely influenced by genetic factors.
Ideker’s team has currently compiled evidence indicating that a protein complex known as Dream acts as a master regulator of DNA repair. This complex operates like a supervisor for the repair team. Each complex, potentially existing in numerous identical copies in every cell, is formed by various proteins, and the acronym DREAM reflects the names of its components.
Initially, DREAM was thought to control cell division, but it is now known to repress hundreds of genes tasked with DNA repair, including BRCA2, a gene that heightens breast cancer risk when mutated.
The research group created a metric for DREAM activity by scrutinizing the over 300 genes they initially manage. “This study aims to demonstrate unmistakably that high DREAM activity correlates with increased aging and reduced longevity, while low DREAM activity is favorable for longevity,” he explains.
Using data from studies involving over 100,000 mouse cells across various tissues, the researchers established that cells exhibiting greater DREAM activity harbor more mutations. Subsequently, they examined data from 92 mammalian species and confirmed a strong correlation between reduced DREAM activity and extended maximum lifespans.
In another facet of their experiment, they scrutinized data from a study involving 90 cells, including 80 individuals with Alzheimer’s disease, discovering a connection between DREAM activity and increased risk.
The team also engineered mice to lack the DREAM complex; this was a challenging task since each constituent protein has a unique role, and the entire complex is crucial for cell division early in development. Mice without it would not survive.
To navigate this challenge, they employed a drug-induced genetic strategy to deactivate the DREAM genes when the mice reached 8 weeks of age. The knockout mice exhibited 20% fewer deletion and insertion mutations in brain cells compared to their normal counterparts as they aged, though Ideker notes that the disruption to their lifespan didn’t reflect a significant extension. “The experimental design may not have been suited to uncover that,” he admits. “We now aim to conduct a more conclusive experiment linking it to extended lifespan.”
Despite this, Ideker believes the amassed evidence paints a clear picture. “Our findings indicate that DREAM plays a crucial role in aging and is indeed a significant factor in the accumulation of lifelong mutations,” he asserts.
“These are groundbreaking and significant findings,” remarks JoeãO Pedro de Magalhães from the University of Birmingham, UK. “The data from their mouse studies indicate a causal connection between DREAM and mutation levels,” he notes; however, the researchers haven’t yet established a direct causal link with aging. “To prove this, we must demonstrate that mice exhibiting low mutation rates also enjoy increased lifespans.”
This illustrates why the theory that mutation accumulation is a key factor in aging remains unproven. Advocates like Ideker reference conditions such as Progeria, wherein individuals age prematurely due to compromised DNA repair mechanisms. Others, including de Magalhães, cite a lack of evidence that simply accumulating mutations is a driver of typical aging, although it does correlate with heightened cancer risk.
Even should DREAM complexes prove instrumental in aging, their multifaceted functions complicate the development of treatments. “Achieving a total loss of DREAM functionality, as we have done, may be too drastic,” advises team member ZANE KOCH from UCSD. “Mildly suppressing DREAM could be the optimal approach for extending lifespans.”
I have a pair of Beats earphones that I received as a Christmas gift three years ago. Apple once replaced them for free when they developed a fault during the warranty period. Recently, one earbud has stopped working. I went to an authorized Apple repair service, and they informed me that the repair cost is nearly as much as buying a new pair of earphones. This feels pointless since I only want to fix a single broken earbud. I’m also curious if there is an inclination towards lower repair costs to encourage device repairs over outright replacements.
– Alana, Victoria
Cat George says: With Australia facing increasing e-waste challenges, it’s appropriate to question the tech industry’s throwaway culture. Australians generated 511,000 tons of e-waste in 2019, and the government estimates a 30% rise by 2030.
Firstly, consider whether you’re bearing the repair costs or if you should just replace them. Your consumer rights extend beyond the assurances given by the retailer; the Consumer Guarantee is available under Australian Consumer Law.
The consumer warranty cannot be substituted with the product warranty. The warranty provided to the product is an addition to the consumer warranty.
The Consumer Guarantee stipulates that the product must be of “acceptable quality and durability.” This implies the product should “last long enough to perform its intended function for a reasonable period.” For Beats earbuds, anecdotal evidence from Google searches suggests this span could be between three and five years.
For instance, unless you’ve used the Beats in a manner other than intended, such as using them as a doorstop or causing damage, the consumer warranty is applicable.
If applicable, since your Beats have already been replaced, the Consumer Guarantee applies to exchanges similar to the original product. This suggests that from the date of replacement, the exchanged Beats should meet standard quality and durability expectations.
This entitlement ensures that you have full protection under Australian Consumer Law for replacement products, including exchanges, refunds, or repairs.
Instead of opting for an authorized repair service, it might be worthwhile to approach Apple directly. Contact Apple’s Customer Service and present your situation in writing, detailing your purchase and initial exchange. Make sure to inform Apple that they are responsible for the faulty product and that you wish to have it repaired.
Apple can either offer to repair your product (at no cost) or refund the repair costs. Regardless, any agreement must be reached with Apple before proceeding with any repairs on your Beats.
Should Apple decline to assist with repairs, consider reaching out to the ACCC or Consumer Affairs Victoria. One of these consumer advocacy organizations may be able to intervene and communicate with Apple on your behalf to resolve the issue.
Ultimately, your recourse is through the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal (VCAT). VCAT can be a costly and time-consuming process, so it may not be worth pursuing for earphones unless it’s a matter of principle.
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The newest addition to the modular and repairable PC lineup from Framework ventures into the challenging realm of 2-in-1 devices with an engaging 12-inch laptop featuring a touchscreen and a 360-degree hinge.
This latest model supports the company’s innovative expansion cards that allow for various port configurations on the sides, aligning with the Framework 13 and 16 offerings. Additionally, it can be easily opened to access and replace memory, storage, and internal components using just a few screws.
The Framework 12 is available in a DIY configuration starting at £499 (€569/$549/$909). It slots in below the £799-and-up laptop 13 and the £1,399 laptop 16, making it the most compact and affordable option from the company.
Compact notebooks come in a variety of two-tone color options, not limited to just grey and black. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
While the laptop 13 exudes a premium look, the laptop 12 stands out with its robust build, featuring extra plastic components for enhanced impact resistance. It is designed to comply with the MIL-STD-810 standard, typical for rugged electronics. Rather than appearing as a flimsy DIY assembly, it presents a sturdy impression.
The glossy 12.2-inch display is bright and relatively sharp, though it is quite reflective, framed by a sizable black bezel that limits color range compared to more vibrant displays. It’s adequate for productivity tasks, but not the best choice for photo editing. The touchscreen can pivot back, converting the laptop into a tablet, tent mode, or managed parallel to the keyboard. It supports a wide variety of first and third-party styluses for drawing and note-taking, which is a great asset in educational settings.
The DIY version offers a vibrant selection of colors, enhancing its appeal for students. The 1080p webcam positioned at the top is decent but doesn’t compare to higher-end models, alongside a physical privacy switch among the microphones. The stereo speakers deliver a loud and clear sound, although they lack deep bass.
The keyboard is well-spaced, relatively quiet, and quite comfortable for typing, though it lacks backlighting. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
Weighing in at 1.3kg, the laptop 12 is not ultra-light, but its compact design allows it to fit easily into bags and snug spaces. The ample mechanical trackpad is responsive and functions well. However, the laptop lacks fingerprint or facial recognition, requiring a PIN or password entry each time it opens or when accessing secure applications like password managers.
Specifications
Screen: 12.2in LCD 1920×1200 (60Hz; 186ppi)
Processor: Intel Core i3 or i5 (U Series, 13th Gen)
RAM: 8 or 16GB (up to 48GB)
Storage: 512GB (up to 2TB)
Operating System: Windows 11 or Linux
Camera: 1080p front
Connectivity: Wi-Fi 6e, Bluetooth 5.3, Headphone jack + 4 port selection: USB-C, USB-A, HDMI, DisplayPort, Ethernet, MicroSD, SD
Size: 287 x 213.9 x 18.5mm
Weight: 1.3kg
Modular Ports and Performance
The expansion module can be swapped at any time by sliding it into the socket beneath the laptop. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
The Laptop 12 offers two options for Intel 13th Generation U-Series processors, featuring a power-efficient chip from previous years. In testing with the mid-range i5-1334U, it may not have set raw performance records, but it handled tasks beyond basic computing without issues. For everyday tasks, it feels responsive, but struggles with more demanding applications like video conversion.
Due to the older chip, battery life tends to be on the lower end of 2025 standards, lasting around 7-8 hours with light office applications such as browsers, word processors, note-taking apps, and emails. Using more intensive applications can reduce that time significantly. The battery can be fully charged in about 100 minutes using a USB-C power adapter rated at 60W or more.
You can install four expansion cards simultaneously, and swap them in and out without needing to power off the laptop. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
Port selection is highly customizable, featuring a fixed headphone jack and four expansion card slots. Available options include USB-A and USB-C, HDMI, DisplayPort, as well as MicroSD and SD card readers. Other cards can add storage of up to 1TB, with USB-C cards available in various vibrant or semi-transparent colors to enhance the appearance. This is a fantastic system, but it’s important to note that the laptop 12 is limited to USB 3.2 Gen 2; the more advanced USB4/Thunderbolt connectivity found in newer devices is not present here.
Sustainability
The high-quality plastic body, designed with over-molded sides, is durable and well-constructed. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
The framework claims the battery will retain at least 80% of its original capacity for a minimum of 1,000 full charge cycles. It can be easily replaced, along with other components including RAM and SSD.
Framework sells replacement parts and upgrades through their marketplace, while also supporting third-party components. Many laptop components include recycled plastic materials.
Price
The DIY version of the Framework 12 starts at £499 (€569/$549/$909). A pre-built model begins at £749 (€849/$799/$1,369) running Windows 11.
For context, the DIY Framework 13 is priced at £799 while the DIY Framework 16 is £1,399. Similarly, comparable 2-in-1 Windows devices begin at around £500.
Verdict
Just like previous Framework devices, the laptop 12 illustrates the possibility of having a repairable, upgradeable, and adaptable computer that functions well, appealing to both tech enthusiasts and casual users. It brings fun to the process in ways that many mid-range PCs do not.
The keyboard is solid, the trackpad performs admirably, and the speakers deliver clear, crisp sound. Modular ports are a standout feature that every PC manufacturer should consider adopting, as the ability to easily repair or upgrade is still quite rare. The absence of biometric authentication is a drawback, while the touchscreen, though bright, lacks brilliance; fitting older processors may result in reduced performance for demanding tasks, and battery life could be better by modern standards.
The main disadvantage is its price, as it is approximately £150 to £200 higher than similar spec-based closed models. Unless you already have spare components like storage or RAM, the cost reflects the benefits of a modular and open system.
Pros: Swappable ports, repairable and upgradeable, engaging and durable design, compact size, a variety of color options, strong keyboard and trackpad, solid performance for daily tasks.
Cons: Below-average battery life, a bright but slightly dull screen, absence of biometric authentication. Pricier than competitors, utilizes older processors, waits for purchase fulfillment.
Ports can be mixed and matched for creative combinations. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
A new method using small, lab-grown vascular structures has effectively restored blood flow to injured tissue in mice, significantly reducing necrosis. This technique shows promise for mitigating damage caused by injuries or blood clots in the future.
Previously, researchers developed vascular organoids by immersing human stem cells in a mix of chemicals, a process that took weeks and often resulted in structures that did not accurately replicate natural blood vessels, according to Juan Melero-Martin from Harvard University.
In a new approach, Melero-Martin and his team genetically modified human stem cells derived from reprogrammed skin cells. By introducing a genetic sequence and the antibiotic doxycycline, they were able to create vascular organoids in just five days. “The resulting blood vessels exhibited protein and gene activity levels closely resembling those of natural human tissues,” notes Melero-Martin.
To evaluate the organoids’ ability to rehabilitate damaged tissue, the researchers surgically obstructed the blood supply to one leg of several mice, reducing blood flow to less than 10% of normal. After an hour, they introduced 1,000 organoids at the injury site.
Two weeks post-implantation, imaging revealed that the new blood vessels had integrated with the existing ones, restoring blood flow to approximately 50% of normal levels, as stated by Oscar Abiles at Stanford University. “In cases of heart attacks, restoring even this amount of blood flow can significantly minimize tissue damage.”
Post-treatment, about 75% of the mice exhibited minimal dead tissue, while in a control group without organoid treatment, nearly 90% experienced severe tissue death.
In additional trials, the team treated mice with type 1 diabetes with organoids, which had caused pancreatic damage and elevated blood glucose levels. They discovered that integrating organoids with pancreatic tissue transplantation greatly enhanced glycemic control compared to transplantation alone.
However, further studies involving larger animals such as pigs are essential before considering human trials, Abirez states. Melero-Martin anticipates that human research could begin within five years.
Besides facilitating tissue repair, these findings may lead to the development of lab-grown mini-organs that more accurately represent bodily functions or even mini-tumors for research and treatment testing.
“Until recently, organoids lacked blood vessels and could only grow to a limited size. Beyond a few millimeters, they began to perish,” explains Abirez. “This study offers a method to incorporate blood vessels into organoids, thus enhancing their fidelity to human physiology and aiding treatment development.”
The tariffs implemented in the US overnight on Wednesday are expected to raise the prices of new smartphones. However, opting to repair an old or damaged device to save money may not necessarily result in a lower bill.
“Unfortunately, I anticipate having to increase my prices for parts,” explained Elizabeth Chamberlain, sustainability director at IFIXIT, a device repair company. “While we are actively seeking domestically-sourced parts, even with higher prices, repairs are still more cost-effective than purchasing new devices.”
Donald Trump’s tariffs could impact smartphone repair costs due to the global supply chain for device components. Many parts for popular Apple and Samsung mobile phones are manufactured outside the US. iPhones are primarily made in China, and companies exporting to the US face over 100% customs duties. India, where Apple and Google also have production facilities, is subject to a 26% tariff. Samsung’s supply chain is mainly in South Korea and could see a 25% tariff if agreements are not reached with the Trump administration.
The tariffs could drive up the demand for phone repairs as individual parts remain more affordable than buying new devices, even with higher prices. Customs duties could add nearly $300 to the price of the latest iPhone.
“It’s too early to determine if the tariff news is leading to increased repair demand, but it makes more sense than ever to repair what we have,” Chamberlain noted. “I believe tariffs could also stimulate demand for renovations and local parts sourcing in the repair industry.”
Increase in Parts Prices
Both large and small repair shops are bracing for higher prices for imported parts. A Brooklyn shop manager, who preferred not to be named, revealed that a national repair chain location is anticipating a 20% price hike for many necessary repair parts.
Dan Fernando, owner of Tecquecia, an independent repair shop in Philadelphia, has already seen fluctuations in prices for components like specific hard drives used for computer repairs. Fernando sources parts from a supplier called MobilesEntrix, which imports parts to the US.
“For phone screen replacements, we charge a $50 flat fee plus the screen cost,” Fernando explained. “Customers may now expect to pay between $80 and $90 for a screen replacement, with the new tariffs potentially resulting in a 50% increase.”
Fernando is also exploring cheaper repair options, stating, “Some people buy parts from eBay or Amazon which I don’t use due to quality concerns.”
With the rising costs of new devices and repairs, the second-hand device market, such as Swappa, offers a viable alternative for consumers. Swappa’s top-selling devices currently include the iPhone 13 and 14, according to Ben Edwards, the site’s founder.
“If tariffs persist and drive up new device prices further, I believe many buyers will turn to Swappa and similar platforms,” Edwards predicted. “The latest generation may not offer enough technical advantages to justify the increased costs.”
However, the prices of refurbished devices on Swappa could also rise as sellers adjust to the higher costs of new devices. Edwards explained that market dynamics determine prices on Swappa, with individual sellers setting their own prices.
“Ultimately, demand dictates prices,” Edwards highlighted. “In the Swappa marketplace, sellers have the freedom to set prices based on supply and demand.”
For consumers in the market for second-hand devices, Edwards advised, “Don’t wait.”
Over 50% of the world’s population experiences at least one cavity in childhood, increasing to over 90% in adults. Using a fluoride gagging agent, brushing and flossing twice daily and getting fillings as needed is a standard practice to maintain good dental hygiene. Still, dentists fill more than 100 million cavities around the world each year, on average. What if there is a way to prevent it? and Reverse cavity? Dental researchers recently tested a new method of restoring the structure of teeth before major damage occurs.
Our teeth are made up of minerals made up of calcium and phosphates. When the acids and bacteria in our mouth break down these minerals, our teeth experience Demineralisation. When dechlorination drills holes in the protective layer outside the tooth, a cavity forms; enamel. If left untreated, these holes will deepen and slowly collapse over time the enamel and remaining teeth.
Brushing teeth and using mouthwash can clean acids and bacteria from the mouth to prevent the initial cavity, but dental researchers want to demineralize and therefore reverse the cavity. Tooth-like minerals line themselves up in shapes similar to snowflakes and diamonds. Crystal-like structure. They also tend to complete their own patterns by fusing firmly with the surrounding minerals. Therefore, researchers hope to use this natural process to reconstruct dental minerals into their crystal-like structures.
One way to encourage scientists to begin reconstructing teeth is to use small chains of molecules that form proteins. peptide. Scientists use a specific peptide called An Enamel-binding peptide Or EBP can help bind calcium and phosphate to crystallize. When you soak your teeth in a container filled with EBP, the minerals bind to it. Minerals from the solution do not stick to the teeth without EBPS. This makes these peptides an important component in crystal growth.
This knowledge led Japanese researchers to bind teeth with minerals, assuming that they could be soaked in EBP called wgnyayk and immersed in calcium and phosphate solutions. If this process works, build or effectively return the hard surface of the teeth. reminderalize Its enamel.
To test this idea, the researchers acquired 30 cow teeth and randomly separated them into three groups. They degrined the enamel of each tooth by placing it in a solution containing acetic acid at a pH of 4.5 for 7-9 days to mimic how natural tooth enamel fades. After this process, the scientists coated two groups of teeth withwgnyayk peptides and did not leave the other groups. They immersed them in a remineralization solution containing monopotasium phosphate and buffer at a pH of 7. The researchers also added a green pigment to the solution that brightens and brightens the harder the enamel surface. The more dense the minerals, the more intense the enamel and brighten the teeth.
Scientists analyzed teeth soaked in WGNYAYK peptide solution under a laser microscope. They found that the higher the concentration of the peptide solution that had soaked in the teeth, the brighter fluorescent green. They explained that this correlation means that the combination of peptide and mineral baths partially restored tooth enamel.
The researchers considered their experiment a success because the EBP they tested promoted dental remineralization. Next, they are trying to create a local application of this EBP for clinical research. They warned that before this EBP is brought to trial in humans, scientists should investigate the composition and potential adverse effects of reinserted teeth. Still, the researchers concluded that their success was a step in the right direction for dentistry. Future testing will check whether EBP treatment is effective in human teeth as well as in cow teeth.
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