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Does skill affect the outcome in Snakes and Ladders?
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Have you ever played Snakes and Ladders (also known as Chutes and Ladders)? If so, are you a serious competitor?
The game traces its roots back to ancient Indian games like Pachisi, where players roll dice to progress on a square board. While Pachisi incorporates elements of luck and skill, the earliest variations of Snakes and Ladders relied solely on chance to impart a spiritual lesson about accepting one’s fate. Players advanced across a board inspired by Hindu, Jain, and Sufi teachings, cultivating virtues represented by ladders while avoiding vices symbolized by snakes.
This game made its way to the UK through families returning from British colonies. Starting in 1892, a British adaptation appeared, focusing more on simplistic morality and minimizing the spiritual aspects. Over time, moral teachings faded, leaving just the snakes and ladders.
I believe that playing a game entails making decisions that influence the outcome. In games devoid of choice, like Snakes and Ladders, the player isn’t truly engaged. If you step out of the room and someone else takes your turn, does the result change?
The randomness of gameplay can be analyzed using probability theory. A Markov chain illustrates how each step in a sequence is dictated by the probability of transitioning from the preceding position. For Snakes and Ladders, it’s possible to calculate the likelihood of landing on different spaces after rolling the dice (factoring in ladders and snakes). By analyzing all possible moves, you can determine a player’s expected position after a specified number of rolls, the estimated game duration, and other valuable statistics. Markov chains find applications across various fields in applied mathematics, including thermodynamics and population modeling.
Some games, like chess, are purely skill-based, while many others blend elements of chance and strategy. This balance significantly impacts player engagement and immersion, explaining why some favor games like Catan, which require strategic resource allocation amidst randomness, over others like Monopoly that demand fewer decisions.
For older kids who might find Snakes and Ladders monotonous, consider adding a twist: after rolling, let players decide whether to navigate up or down the board. This small adjustment enhances player interaction and engagement.
The next time you explore a new board game, ensure you’re making choices that impact the results. If not, consider pivoting to games that incorporate Markov Chains and strategic decision-making.
Peter Rowlett – A mathematics lecturer, podcaster, and author at Sheffield Hallam University, UK. Follow me on Twitter @peterrowlett
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Preparatory ministerial meeting in Brasilia, Brazil ahead of COP30
Ton Molina/Bloomberg via Getty Images
As world leaders converge for the latest United Nations climate change conference a decade after the landmark COP21 summit in Paris, pessimism looms large. With the pivotal 1.5°C target already deemed unattainable and even the more lenient 2°C objective appearing increasingly elusive, the atmosphere is charged with concern.
The United Nations Environment Programme suggests, based on current national commitments, that the world is on track for a temperature rise of 2.3 to 2.5 degrees Celsius this century. Climatologists emphasize that the upcoming 30th United Nations Conference of the Parties in Belem, Brazil, could be crucial in altering the course of global warming, with oceans, forests, and polar ice sheets nearing tipping points. Significant action is essential to assist poorer nations in securing the estimated $1.3 trillion necessary each year by 2030 to transition away from fossil fuels, mitigate climate change, and adapt to its consequences.
Manuel Pulgar Vidal, WWF’s global leader in climate and energy, states, “The climate debate is under serious threat from not just political decisions but also economic, financial, and trade factors.” He adds that this makes the upcoming COP perhaps one of the most consequential since 2009, as vital as Paris but in an entirely different context.
In reality, however, the expectations held by negotiators are muted. The prospect of a groundbreaking multilateral agreement akin to that of Paris seems far-fetched in the current fragmented political landscape.
The previous COP29 held in Baku, Azerbaijan, concluded with disappointing outcomes, as wealthier nations pledged considerably fewer fiscal contributions than poorer counterparts anticipated. Consequently, trust in the COP process has diminished, leading to discussions on whether the existing framework is still viable.
“Private investment is lacking, nations appear to be retreating on their commitments to move away from fossil fuels, and there are no new Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) offered,” remarks Claudio Angelo from Brazilian NGO Klima Observatory. “The atmosphere surrounding climate action feels incredibly strained.”
Tensions ignited by trade disputes and geopolitical conflicts have infiltrated climate negotiations, with former President Trump actively opposing climate initiatives. He notably withdrew the U.S. from the Paris Agreement and curtailed efforts to limit fossil fuel use, urging other nations to do the same. On October 17, the International Maritime Organization postponed the formal endorsement of a plan aimed at reducing maritime emissions, incited by Trump’s threats of sanctions against supportive countries.
Economic sluggishness, rising living costs, and a rise in populist sentiments are complicating the implementation of climate-friendly policies. “2025 is shaping up to be the worst year for global climate action,” concludes Angelo.
Europe was initially anticipated to take a leadership role in climate diplomacy following the withdrawal of U.S. support; however, the continent remains divided as defense priorities, trade issues, and escalating energy expenses dominate discussions.
In Brazil, the host nation, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva—who campaigned on environmental protection—has approved new highway constructions in the Amazon and oil prospecting in the region, with an eye towards the upcoming elections.
Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva visits the main venue of COP30 in Belem
Alessandro Falco/Bloomberg via Getty Images
Bringing the COP to Belem is also a contentious choice. This first-ever Amazon COP aims to highlight the stories of those and the forests affected by climate change, underscoring the bold vision necessary for global salvation. The Ministry of the Environment has declared that a greater number of indigenous delegates than ever before will attend COP30.
Nonetheless, many participants regard this decision as imprudent. A shortage of available accommodation has driven up prices, forcing NGOs, diplomats, and businesses to seek alternative sleeping arrangements like tents, shipping containers, or hammocks.
The United Nations also restricts accreditation, leading to concerns that rather than being an “implementing COP,” this one may turn out to be an “empty COP.”
“An organization that had eight certifications last year only secured two this time,” notes Carla Cardenas from the Rights and Resources Initiative, a coalition advocating for land rights for indigenous peoples. Cardenas raised worries that civil society groups aiming to hold leaders accountable may face restrictions in attendance while oil and gas lobbying organizations, which possess larger budgets, remain unaffected.
Ahead of the summit, there are some indications of a positive shift. Fears that not enough leaders would attend to achieve a quorum have lessened, as high-profile figures like Britain’s Keir Starmer decide to make last-minute trips.
Amid declining multilateralism, Brazil, known for its mediating role on the global stage, could serve as an ideal host to unite divergent perspectives within climate diplomacy.
The president’s office is adopting a practical stance in negotiations, indicating that no major headline-making declarations are anticipated this time. Brazil’s focus will likely be on implementing existing agreements rather than chasing media-friendly headlines.
While substantial international breakthroughs in Belém are unlikely, there remains potential for cities, regions, and businesses committed to climate action to step forward, according to Thomas Hale from Oxford University. Groups of states collaborating to announce environmental initiatives could still have a significant influence.
“Countries resistant to change, like the U.S., may stay on the sidelines, but that won’t define where the real action occurs,” he explains. “Although we may not see international decisions made at COP that will move us forward fundamentally, it can still provide a framework for many positive initiatives to arise.”
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On Tuesday, Apple unveiled the iPhone 17 series, showcasing familiar enhancements such as a sleeker design, an upgraded display, and a camera boasting a 4x optical zoom. If you’re fed up with your old phone or simply looking for an upgrade, the new model might be precisely what you need to kickstart a photography journey, reconnect with old friends, or even assist in emergencies.
Don’t feel compelled to upgrade. The standout feature of the iPhone 17, iOS 26, is already available for older devices at no cost. Simple software updates, minor adjustments, and affordable accessories can refresh your old iPhone. This is the way forward.
Explore New Camera Lenses
iPhone 15 Pro equipped with Moment Macro Lens.
While the iPhone 17 series may have enhanced cameras, the capabilities of existing iPhone cameras can be amplified with external lenses. I recommend checking out the Moment T Series Lens. They offer various options, including 1.33x Anamorphic for cinematic videos, 75mm macro for superior macro quality, and 58mm telephoto lens which doubles your current camera’s zoom.
Pairing these lenses with the Moment app provides enhanced control over focus, exposure, and more. If you aim to diversify your current iPhone camera’s capabilities, these Moment lenses are an excellent choice. Along with compatible cases and the necessary $5 drop-in lens mount, you can upgrade your photography gear for far less than the $1,099 price tag of the iPhone 17 Pro.
Invest in a New Case
iPhone 16 Pro.
New cases can entirely rejuvenate your old iPhone. Not only does it alter its appearance, but it can also introduce new functionalities.
For instance, consider the Torus Case for a handy magnetic kickstand while on the go. It proves especially useful for watching movies in cramped airplane seats without the hassle of holding your phone. If you’re a chronic texter, a Blackberry-style Click Keyboard Case might suit you well. For a sleeker option, I recommend the Leather Case or the Sports Case. If protection isn’t your priority and you prefer to make a statement, consider a skin from Cape India or dbrand, which offers stunning options including psychedelic and political designs.
A New Screen Protector Wouldn’t Hurt
Screen protectors gradually degrade, and you might not notice when they begin to lose their shine or accumulate scratches over time. If a thorough cleaning with rubbing alcohol and a paper towel doesn’t restore their clarity, it’s probably time for a replacement. I suggest the Nomad Screen Protector for its high quality and ease of installation.
The included installation kit makes it easy to set up without creating air bubbles—a common issue with many other brands. After four months of use, I can confidently say it has held up well, providing a smooth experience without added resistance between the screen and fingers.
Install iOS 26
iPhone 15 Pro running iOS 26.
iOS 26 represents Apple’s most significant software update yet; iPhones from the 2019 iPhone 11 onward can download and operate it for free starting September 15th. It’s highly recommended. The refreshed “Liquid Glass” aesthetic will rejuvenate your device and extend to Apple apps like messaging and camera.
I tested the iOS 26 preview on my “old” iPhone 15 Pro a few weeks back and found it commendable. Apple revamped the Photos app to utilize the full screen for media display. The new camera app layout is user-friendly, and web browsing in Safari has become more effortless.
Conduct a Quick Tune-up
If your current iPhone seems sluggish, a few quick checks and adjustments can address many problems.
Activate Adaptive Power Mode for iOS 26. This feature is helpful if your battery drains unexpectedly fast. The system will automatically calibrate performance when your iPhone experiences unusual usage and prolonged activities, including dimming the screen. Go to [Settings] > [Battery] > [Power Mode] > turn on Adaptive Power Mode.
Customize Your Home Screen. You may be bored with your old home screen layout. Give it a refresh by incorporating widget stacks, organizing apps into folders, changing the wallpaper, and refining your notification center to transform your experience.
Clean the USB-C Port. Charging ports often gather dust and debris over time, which can lead to loose connections or overheating. To clean it, Apple suggests using a soft, dry, lint-free cloth. For stubborn dirt, a toothpick can be useful, but avoid anything too sharp that might damage the port.
Your Old iPhone is Perfectly Fine
Many new iPhone owners, particularly those with the iPhone 16 series, have not seen substantial improvements compared to the iPhone 17. Following the tips above can give your current device a fresh appearance, saving you significant money in the process.
For additional insights into worthwhile products:
Prakhar Khanna is a freelance consumer technology journalist featured in Forbes, CNET, Gizmodo, and other leading outlets. He covers technology’s intersection with everyday life and was part of the judging panel for the prestigious CES 2025 Innovation Award. When he isn’t reading or writing, he is always seeking additional opportunities for napping throughout the day.
A decade ago, Aamir Khan found himself in a challenging position. Despite being a reliable superstar of Bollywood for over 30 years, he noticed a significant drop in the number of Indians who were eager to watch him in theaters.
While Indian cinema holds a revered place and greatly influences society, only about 2-3% of the 1.4 billion populace attends movie theaters.
A major long-standing challenge has been access, especially in rural areas. With his involvement in iconic films such as Lagaan and Three Idiots, Khan has dedicated years to creating thousands of affordable cinemas in remote regions of India, utilizing satellite technology to screen films. Unfortunately, this vision faced numerous bureaucratic hurdles.
Financial barriers also play a considerable role. The cinema experience had once been vibrant and lively, where families would come together, cheer, and enjoy single-screen theaters for just a few rupees. However, the rise of multiplexes has transformed it into a more luxurious affair, with tickets now often costing over Rs 500 (£4.30), making it less accessible for many Indian families.
Aamir Khan and Gracie Singh from Lagaan (previously in India). Photo: AJ’s photo/Aramie
“When I released my first film, tickets were just 10 rupees, and families from all walks of life could afford to fill the cinema halls,” Khan, 60, remarked. “Today, however, the cinema has transitioned into an upper-class medium. As filmmakers, we are not doing enough to connect with the remaining 97% of the populace.”
People are now turning to other platforms to watch films, he stated.
This week, Khan unveiled what he promises could be a solution, referring to it as the “future of Indian cinema.” After the traditional theatrical release, his upcoming film, Sitaare Zameen Par (Stars on Earth), will be available to viewers on YouTube for just Rs 100, which is less than a pound. His previous works, along with future releases, will follow this model.
Choosing YouTube, traditionally a site for trailers rather than full films, was a deliberate choice. With an astonishing 491 million users, India’s YouTube vastly outstrips conventional streaming services like Netflix, which only boasts about 12 million Indian subscribers. Khan noted, “Given its vast reach, it’s an obvious choice.”
“The penetration of the internet in India has skyrocketed, eliminating the need for physical theaters to engage audiences,” Khan mentioned. “I believe this model can reach a wider audience and also benefit the creative community in the film industry. Naturally, theaters should remain our primary focus, but films need to be accessible to most regions at fair prices.”
While Khan prefers to view his films on the big screen, the reality remains that theaters no longer align with the audience he seeks to connect with.
He added, “The idea of paying Rs 100 per household to watch a film together will significantly lower the cost per individual.”
Aamir Khan alongside Gunjan Soni, Managing Director of YouTube India. Photo: Divyakant Solanki/EPA
Khan’s move to provide alternatives is also a reaction to the detrimental effects he believes streaming has on the Indian cinema crisis.
Instead of increasing viewership, streaming has proven to be “counterproductive,” leading to a “cannibalization” of Indian films. The chance for films to be showcased in theaters before being inundated on platforms was significantly reduced.
“I see that cinemas are currently struggling, and I’m contributing in any way I can to help revive them,” Khan shared.
This disruption in the industry has also resulted in considerable losses at the box office. Over the last decade, as right-wing Hindu national politics took precedence in India, many filmmakers have accused Indian film censors of being overly stringent and prohibiting politically sensitive topics.
The top male figures in Bollywood, including Khan, Shah Rukh Khan, and Salman Khan—often dubbed the “Khan Trinity”—are Muslims and have faced targeted campaigns and boycotts from nationalists accusing them of being “anti-Indian.” Khan expressed ongoing concerns regarding comments he made a decade ago, feeling unsafe amidst “growing intolerance” and endorsing protests.
Khan noted that many in the industry believe their creative freedoms are constrained by decision-makers who lack an understanding of mass communication. “They feel they aren’t free to express their thoughts as they wish,” he explained.
Nevertheless, Khan mentioned that the censorship and other challenges affecting Indian films are not new, dating back to the 1940s. “Every society has a segment with negative attitudes, and that won’t change.”
Despite musings about retirement, including a brief hiatus during the pandemic where he “secretly retired for six months,” Khan says he remains optimistic about the potential of Indian cinema. “I genuinely hope this new model succeeds,” he stated. “If it fails, we could all be in jeopardy.”
oThe exciting Mario Kart World and next week’s Utside of Donkey Kong Bananza may not have a plethora of new Nintendo titles for early Switch 2 adopters. Fortunately, Nintendo is stepping up to refine its extensive library of existing Switch games by offering free updates to enhance graphics and more substantial paid revisions. However, navigating these options can be somewhat perplexing.
What is the difference when playing Switch games on Switch 2?
Depending on their coding, some original Switch games will perform better on Switch 2 without any developer intervention. Games that lack frame rate caps—often imposed by developers—will especially gain from this, leading to smoother performance. For instance, the 2023 Brilliant Bayonetta 3 shines at 60fps on Switch 2 (and the resolution increase is a welcome bonus). Additionally, Super Smash Bros Ultimate, a game I’ve invested over 700 hours into, now enters matches notably quicker. Titles like Animal Crossing: New Horizons and Skyrim benefit from a stable frame rate and greatly reduced load times, including the notorious Hyrule Warriors: Age of Calamity.
The remastered Witcher 3 on Switch transforms the prior blurred visuals into something much crisper and smoother, thanks to dynamic resolution scaling and unlimited frame rates. Xenoblade Chronicles 2, Arkham Knight, and Wolfenstein 2 also showcase significant improvements in resolution and performance.
Which games have received free Switch 2 upgrades so far?
Switch 2 owners can now enjoy high dynamic range (HDR) support and higher resolutions (up to 4K). Many beloved Nintendo Switch games have received free updates taking advantage of the new hardware.
Initially, minor updates were provided for less prominent titles. To improve multiplayer experiences, two of Nintendo’s party game collections, Clubhouse Games and Big Brain Academy, have been updated free of charge, introducing useful Gameshare features that allow multiplayer play with others who do not own the game. Additionally, niche titles like Game Builder Garage and Egg Plaza now support Joy-Con mouse functionality. More significant free updates await you on Switch 2.
Pokemon Scarlet/Violet
Paldare feels more vibrant on Switch 2… Pokemon Scarlet. Photo: Nintendo
Previously, one of the most poorly performing games on the Switch, the 2022 Pokemon Scarlet/Violet, struggled with frustrating frame rates and low-quality textures that detracted from gameplay. Fortunately, developer Game Freak has worked to enhance things on Switch 2. These games now boast dramatically improved frame rates and more fluid animations, making interactions with Pokémon smoother than ever, especially in handheld mode. Exploring the expansive region on Switch 2 makes it feel even more alive. While there is no HDR support and some original texture issues persist, the visual and performance enhancements create a much more enjoyable experience.
Super Mario Odyssey Nintendo wisely opted to elevate the finest 3D Mario title ever, enhancing the game’s resolution to 1800p in docked mode and fully implementing HDR. The artistic direction of Odyssey has always been outstanding. Now, the colorful landscapes sparkle even brighter, from the glowing red dunes of the Sand Kingdom to the sharper rings of ros. The frame rate also remains consistently high, making every jump and spin feel even more exhilarating. Gameshare support has also been added, allowing a second player to jump in as Cappy on a second Switch.
The Legend of Zelda: Link’s Awakening and Echo of Wisdom
A sophisticated performance… The Legend of Zelda: Echo of Wisdom. Photo: Nintendo
Both charming Zeldas on Switch were known for their unique appeal, but their performance was lacking. With frame rate dips reminiscent of outdated hardware, these often captivating experiences fell short of potential. The good news is that Nintendo has dramatically enhanced both titles for Switch 2, rendering them in crisp 4K with full HDR support. Yes, both now run at 60fps. These Grezzo-developed games now radiate from the screen like never before. If, like me, you shelved an echo of wisdom last year due to its performance issues, now is the time to dive back into both this and Link’s Awakening.
New Super Mario Bros U While last year’s Super Mario Wonder might have garnered the spotlight, Nintendo decided to give Wii U’s 2D Mario some love on Switch 2. With enhanced resolution, improved frame rates, and of course, HDR, this beloved Mario platformer has never looked better.
ARMS
More accurate controls… ARMS. Photo: Nintendo
Remember your ARMS experience? A motion-controlled fighting game that launched soon after the original Switch? Surprisingly, Nintendo has chosen to give this gem some love eight years post-release. The game’s motion controls now feature improved accuracy, allowing you to land hits more precisely. Local multiplayer for four players now operates smoothly. While its distinct controls might not be for everyone, its artful character designs and vibrant world have been revitalized.
Super Mario 3D World + Bowser’s Fury Another Wii U classic with a new lease on life. The multiplayer experience of Mario’s 3D World has been refreshed with frame rate improvements and upgraded resolution, while Bowser’s Fury also enjoys enhanced graphics and full HDR support, ideal for 4K displays.
Captain Toad: Treasure Tracker This charming, leisurely-paced puzzle adventure has seamlessly transitioned to the Switch 2, benefiting from HDR support and improved resolutions in both docked and handheld modes. Additionally, the game now includes Gameshare support for cooperative play.
Splatoon 3
Designer’s Splatting… Splatoon 3 Photo: Nintendo
Originally born on the Wii U, Splatoon has evolved significantly. While always vibrant, the graphical issues plagued by low resolution have been corrected. Now rendered in stunning 4K on Switch 2, Splatoon 3’s colorful world shines with intricate details. Whether you’re defeating bosses in the engaging single-player campaign or battling it out in online turf wars, Splatoon 3 on Switch 2 feels refreshed—like an entirely new experience. If you missed it previously, there’s never been a better time to get on board.
What upgrades are available for the paid Nintendo Switch 2 edition?
In contrast to the free upgrades mentioned earlier, the Switch 2 edition is typically an older game repackaged with additional content. Upgrading your existing games to the Switch 2 edition costs between £7.99 to £16.99. New players can purchase the Switch 2 edition outright for £60-70. Notably, subscribers to Nintendo’s online service will receive some of these upgrades at no additional cost.
The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild and Tears of the Kingdom
A groundbreaking experience… The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom. Photo: Nintendo
Regarding iconic launch titles, few can compete with Breath of the Wild. Instead of simply remaking it, Nintendo has opted to enhance both it and its sequel. These top-tier open-world games have been revitalized, with Hyrule’s painterly landscapes appearing richer than ever. Areas that previously caused performance issues on Switch, like the Kokoro Forest, now reveal intricate details in high-resolution textures, alongside HDR support. The updates also make exploration rewarding with new assists, such as a Zelda Notes app for keeping track of secrets. Both editions are available for free to Nintendo Switch Online subscribers or can be upgraded from the original for £7.99 each.
No Man’s Sky This acclaimed space exploration simulator from Hello Games has undergone a massive transformation over its nine-year history. Its 2022 port to the original Switch was functional but lacked excitement. However, on Switch 2, players can experience it as if it were an entirely new game. Running at up to 1440p with HDR, each vibrant planet bursts forth with vivid colors, immersing players in its rich sci-fi atmosphere. The best part? Hello Games offers an upgrade for this Switch 2 edition at no extra cost.
Fortnite
A much-needed upgrade… Fortnite 2 for Nintendo Switch 2. Photo: Epic Games
The Battle Royale that captured the world often felt restrained on older consoles. However, Epic Games has given it a significant facelift. Now running at a smooth 60fps and improved resolutions, Switch 2’s version of Fortnite features enhanced textures and significantly better draw distances. Notably, it also offers GameChat support and mouse controls for players seeking a competitive edge over those using analog sticks.
Super Mario Party Jamboree TV – July 24 This notable Switch 2 edition features a variety of new party experiences alongside expected graphical enhancements. A key addition is the PlayStation Eyetoy-inspired Bowser Live Mode, prompting players to complete mini-games using the Switch 2’s camera. Plus, Jamboree TV introduces a fresh microphone and camera-based setup for a completely new experience, alongside a mouse-controlled carnival coaster mode. Owners of the 2024 Super Mario Party Jamboree can access this upgrade for an additional £16.99.
Kirby and the Forgotten Land + The World of Stars Crossing – August 28 This Switch 2 Edition of Kirby and the Forgotten Land expands upon the previous entry, introducing a new, story-driven adventure. It invites our squishy protagonists to leap, swallow, and battle through new challenges while rescuing friends from a newly crystallized world. Both the star-crossed world and the original benefit from enhanced resolutions and improved frame rates. This upgrade to the Switch 2 edition is priced at £16.99.
Researchers are able to analyze how the human brain and body respond to stimuli that may be perceived as painful. By subjecting participants to a series of images and words that are designed to provoke the nervous system, we simulate the same experience that people encounter when consuming news on a daily basis. Some of the most intense materials we use in our studies are actually sourced from news reports.
Over time, changes in brain activity patterns emerge, impacting the body’s regulatory systems. The brain regions associated with the “fight or flight” response undergo alterations, which are essential for maintaining the functionality of the nervous system, immune system, and metabolism.
As a result, we observe physiological responses in participants such as increased heart rate, sweating, and elevated cortisol levels, even though they are seated comfortably in a lab setting. Just the thought of distressing events can trigger significant electrochemical changes in the body.
For example, our research has investigated how individuals react to news coverage of events like the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing. When news articles contain a high proportion of negative language, our participants reported heightened distress and displayed stronger physical reactions to the images associated with the bombing.
Unexpected or ambiguous news stories can also intensify feelings of distress, such as reports on government inaction towards rising infection rates and carbon emissions. When the brain processes information that is slightly more challenging than expected, it can strain the body’s metabolism and create discomfort.
Although a degree of discomfort may be a necessary aspect of being informed, constant exposure to negative news can lead to a cumulative burden, especially as news outlets tend to prioritize negative stories and language.
Negative news often spreads quickly through social media platforms, rewarding news outlets that emphasize negative content and perpetuating a cycle of negativity. Consuming excessive negative news may leave individuals feeling overwhelmed and drained, even if their personal experiences are relatively positive.
To counter the effects of negative news, it’s important to balance exposure with positive content. Engaging in activities that bring joy and relaxation can provide a respite for the nervous system and overall well-being.
For instance, focusing on stories of resilience, heroism, and kindness in challenging circumstances can help individuals cope with distressing news. Our research showed that participants reported lower levels of distress when presented with positive content related to the Boston Marathon bombing, and were less reactive to associated images.
Additionally, it’s advisable to avoid consuming negative news while eating, as stress can impact the body’s metabolism and lead to weight gain over time.
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