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Light micrograph illustrating a cross-section of a follicle containing an immature egg. The immature egg (orange) is enveloped by a fluid-filled cavity (light pink) and granulosa cells (dark pink), which supply nutrients and hormones.
Steve Gschmeisner/Science Photo Library
Recent studies indicate that by softening ovarian tissue, it may be possible to enhance fertility rates. A novel drug aimed at reducing organ hardness more than doubled conception rates and increased litter sizes five-fold in older, subfertile rats. While human trials are necessary, these findings spark optimism that similar interventions could aid older women in conception.
Female fertility significantly declines in the mid-30s. However, in regions like England and Wales, many delay childbirth, often until later in life. The quantity and quality of a woman’s immature eggs decrease with age, supported by evidence that ovarian stiffness increases over time, affecting egg development and quality negatively.
In a study led by Wang Shixuan, researchers at Huazhong University of Science and Technology analyzed protein levels in the ovaries of women aged 18 to 28, 35 to 42, and 47 to 52, all with a history of gynecological cancer that did not impact the ovaries after removal.
The findings revealed an increase in a protein called interleukin-11 in aging ovaries. This protein activates fibroblasts, connective tissue cells that produce collagen, contributing to ovarian stiffness. Learn more about the causes of ovarian stiffness.
The research team also genetically modified mice to resist interleukin-11, resulting in reduced ovarian stiffness and increased ovulation compared to unmodified mice.
Subsequently, the researchers tested an experimental drug to inhibit interleukin-11 production by silencing its gene, administering it to 36-week-old mice, analogous to humans in their late 30s or early 40s, twice weekly for a month.
Results demonstrated a 36% decrease in ovarian firmness compared to untreated controls. Conception rates increased from 25% to 50%, and average litter sizes grew from three to five calves. Similarly, in aged rats, conception rates improved from 20% to 50%, with litter sizes increasing fivefold from one to five.
Francesca Duncan from Northwestern University in Illinois remarks that this intervention may yield comparable results in premenopausal women, noting that interleukin-11 levels also rise with age in human ovaries. However, she cautions that findings are based on women with a cancer history, leaving questions about its effect on individuals without such health concerns.
Additional studies are needed, as indicated by Barbara Vanderheiden of the University of Ottawa, who suggests potential broader benefits for women’s health. “Preserving fertility and extending ovarian function could mitigate menopause effects like osteoporosis and heightened heart disease risks,” she notes.
The goal is to deliver the drug directly to the ovaries ahead of human trials. So far, no adverse effects have been observed in mice and rats. Yet, Duncan warns of risks since interleukin-11 is present in various human tissues. “Considering the pivotal role of ovarian egg cells in future generations, drug safety protocols targeting the ovaries must be exceptionally stringent,” she states.
Questions remain about the duration required for the drug to enhance reproductive outcomes. “While reducing ovarian stiffness could be feasible,” Vanderheiden states, “short-term treatments show limited data on their long-term positive or negative impacts.”
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Innovative Fiber-Enriched Products: Breads and Smoothies on the Horizon
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Breads, smoothies, and cereals containing ‘supercharged’ fiber might hit the European market in the next year. This specialized fiber enhances the release of appetite-regulating hormones like GLP-1, which aids in preventing weight gain. The fiber has been approved as safe for consumption by the European Food Safety Authority.
“Randomized controlled trials involving middle-aged individuals demonstrated that daily intake helps protect against weight gain,” says Gary Frost from Imperial College London. “While we didn’t observe weight impact in younger subjects, there was a notable improvement in body composition, resulting in increased lean body mass.”
Dietary fiber consists of indigestible molecules, yet certain gut bacteria can process them. This breakdown produces short-chain fatty acids, which stimulate the release of appetite-reducing hormones such as PYY and GLP-1—effects similar to those seen with weight loss medications like Ozempic.
However, to achieve these benefits, a significant fiber intake is necessary. Animal research indicates about 80 grams of fiber is required to trigger adequate short-chain fatty acid production for hormonal release, according to Douglas Morrison from the University of Glasgow, UK. Although most recommendations suggest consuming a minimum of 25 to 30 grams of fiber daily, many people fall short.
Remarkably, even just 10 grams a day of a potent fiber known as inulin propionate (IPE) can yield this desired effect. In a randomized control study involving 60 overweight participants aged 40-65, Frost, Morrison, and their team demonstrated that blood levels of GLP-1 and PYY rose after 10 grams of IPE was consumed, leading to decreased food intake. Over six months, none of the IPE recipients experienced significant weight gain, whereas 17% in the control group did. A minor side effect observed was increased bloating, common with high-fiber diets.
In another randomized control trial involving 270 overweight individuals aged 20-40, there was no marked weight difference after one year between those who consumed IPE and those who did not. However, IPE consumers saw an average gain of over 1 kilogram in lean body mass.
IPE was developed 15 years ago by Frost while researching the effects of short-chain fatty acids on the large intestine. Direct consumption was not feasible due to its unpleasant taste and pre-absorption in the small intestine. “Methods to introduce it orally or rectally are uncomfortable,” notes Morrison.
To counteract this, Morrison synthesized IPE by combining propionate with inulin, a widely used fiber supplement derived from several plants.
Once ingested, IPE passes through the stomach and small intestine, where gut bacteria break it down. The liberated inulin acts as regular fiber, while the released propionate boosts short-chain fatty acid levels sufficient to trigger GLP-1 and PYY release. “[The propionate is pivotal in addressing fiber consumption issues,” Morrison adds.
After 12 years of research, Frost, Morrison, and their team finally secured approval from the European Food Safety Authority. “Few academic teams have transitioned research from the lab to a viable food product,” Frost states.
This approval is valid in the European Union, with expectations for UK regulators to follow shortly. Frost and Morrison are in discussions with companies to launch IPE-infused products like smoothies, cereals, and breads. “I anticipate IPE will debut on the EU market within a year,” Morrison predicts. While most individuals do not detect added IPE, a small minority may perceive it as bitter.
However, Brendan Gabriel, a researcher at the University of Aberdeen, UK, questions the strength of evidence supporting IPE’s benefits. The initial trial demonstrating its effectiveness in weight maintenance for those over 40 involved limited participants, whereas the trial highlighting lean mass increase in younger individuals lacked clarity on whether the growth was muscular or comprised other non-fat tissues. He emphasizes, “Nonetheless, incorporating fiber into a nutritious diet or through IPE supplements may provide various health advantages and promote gut health.”
Professor Frost expressed interest in further research, particularly regarding IPE’s role in maintaining lean body mass when using GLP-1 medications and its potential to minimize weight gain upon medication cessation.
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Pregnancy brings significant changes: hormonal surges, physical growth, and increased appetite are just the beginning. Previously, it was believed these changes resolved quickly postpartum, restoring the body and mind to pre-pregnancy states. Recent research has shown this is far from the truth.
Inside the skull, the brain experiences extensive remodeling during pregnancy, enhancing a mother’s caregiving abilities. Notably, many of these transformations can be long-lasting or even permanent. Fathers, too, undergo cognitive alterations as they embrace parenthood. According to Emily Jacobs, a neuroscience professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara, “Very few areas of the brain remain untouched.”
The prevailing understanding of the parental brain has evolved dramatically over the last decade. Once viewed merely as a state of disarray—“mother’s brain”—characterized by forgetfulness and sleep deprivation, it is now recognized as a complex network of adaptations that enhance everything from empathy to memory and even Alzheimer’s risk.
Beginning in early pregnancy, changes in gray matter—the brain’s neural connectivity fabric—start. Shrinking regions indicate a fine-tuning of brain functions rather than damage. Jacobs compares this to Michelangelo’s approach in sculpting: removing excess to reveal intrinsic beauty.
These neural changes profoundly affect how mothers connect with their infants, enhancing the ability to respond to child cues. The greater the brain’s adaptability, the stronger the maternal bond. “Instead of impairing function, the brain becomes more specialized,” explains Lauren Mahoney, a psychologist at the City University of New York. “It prioritizes information crucial for caregiving, threat detection, and emotional insights.” New mothers may misplace their keys but often become keenly aware of subtle changes in their baby’s demeanor.
Current studies by Jacobs and colleagues are evaluating the brains of both first-time and seasoned mothers, alongside fathers and those without prior pregnancy experience. Unpublished findings revealed that 97% of the observed 400 brain regions in first-time mothers underwent notable alterations, while second-time mothers exhibited fewer changes, only partially reverting postpartum.
These discoveries reshape how we comprehend motherhood. “The antiquated view of the ‘mommy brain’ as dysfunctional is debunked,” states Jacobs, illustrating that the maternal brain is adaptable and continuously evolving.
Furthermore, emerging evidence indicates that fathers also experience similar neurological shifts upon assuming parental roles. Like mothers, they show decreased gray matter volume post-birth, which correlates with more attentive caregiving behaviors characterized by sensitivity and nurturing touch. Interestingly, paternal brain activity becomes increasingly similar to that of mothers with hands-on childcare involvement.
The Impact of Parenting on Fathers’ Brains
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Notably, most research so far has primarily involved heterosexual couples, leaving questions about the brain changes in same-sex couples and non-binary parents unanswered.
The permanence of these brain changes is also uncertain; however, evidence suggests longevity. A 2021 study indicated that pregnancy-related gray matter loss persists six years postpartum. Additionally, neuroscientist Edwina Orchard from the Ann S. Bowers Women’s Brain Health Initiative has found that certain brain structures transform during pregnancy and early parenting. Research shows that differences between parents and non-parents can still be observed in their 70s, indicating some changes may endure for a lifetime.
Importantly, parental brain transformations are linked to enhancements in cognitive function. Studies demonstrate that mothers exhibit superior attention and “executive function”—the brain’s ability to manage tasks—compared to childless women. Such capabilities are crucial for multitasking, whether cooking, managing children’s behaviors, or organizing the home environment.
Cognitive Resilience Against Aging
The challenges of parenting can foster a “cognitive reserve,” enhancing the brain’s resilience to injury and cognitive decline later on.
Raising children is inherently demanding, involving increased responsibilities, acquiring new skills, and juggling numerous priorities, all while coping with limited resources and sleep deprivation. This sustained cognitive engagement may create robust neural networks akin to learning a second language or mastering an instrument, potentially lowering dementia risk.
While demonstrating this connection in humans is complex—due to genetics, socioeconomic factors, and lifestyle choices—the evidence remains intriguing. For instance, Orchard’s study on maternal brain activity in later life revealed that women with more children exhibit brain activity patterns associated with youth. Orchard posits this signifies an ongoing benefit of motherhood contributing to lifetime cognitive reserve.
Parenting: Continuous Cognitive Training
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In a 2025 study involving nearly 28,000 participants, led by Orchard, both mothers and fathers displayed younger brain characteristics in middle and later life compared to their childless peers. This suggests that the impact of parenthood extends beyond pregnancy and may positively influence overall brain health.
However, certain nuances must be considered, including genetics, which might predispose individuals to reproduce and experience these brain changes. Interestingly, some research indicates a U-shaped relationship exists between the number of children and dementia risk, as stated by sociologist Mieke Thomeer from the University of Alabama at Birmingham. The greatest risks seem associated with childlessness or having many children (typically four or more), although conflicting findings exist.
This variance results from diverse definitions of cognitive decline and the types of populations studied, according to Thomeer. When her studies accounted for these variables, many connections vanished. She summarized, “Multiple childhood and developmental factors influence whether someone becomes a parent, how many children they have, and their cognitive health later in life.”
Trends may shift across generations. Recent findings presented at the Society for Cognitive Aging conference indicated that in newer birth cohorts, being childless correlates with improved cognitive health in later years.
Thomeer speculates this trend may reflect changing socioeconomic factors, as women without children today are often more educated than in previous generations, potentially indicating unique modern parenting stressors.
Biologically, parenting may also influence brain aging. Fetal cells cross the placenta and integrate into the mother’s body, including her brain—a phenomenon known as microchimerism. These cells may transform into neurons and immune cells, possibly aiding brain repair. A 2012 study suggested that women with Alzheimer’s exhibited fewer male cells, likely from their sons, in their brains, hinting at protective benefits.
The quest to decode the parental brain continues. While having children may not guarantee dementia prevention, and cognitive decline is a complex biological issue needing attention, becoming a parent enhances empathy, multitasking abilities, and quite possibly cognitive reserve. Ultimately, children leave lasting imprints not only on homes and routines but also on the brain itself.
If you’ve ever noticed a sudden warmth accompanied by red patches on your face, neck, and chest after consuming wine or spicy curry, you are likely experiencing a histamine flush sensation.
While typically harmless, this reaction can sometimes serve as a crucial warning sign for underlying health issues.
Histamine flush occurs due to the dilation of small blood vessels (known as vasodilation) beneath the skin, a process mediated by histamine.
Histamine is a chemical stored in certain immune cells, released by the body in response to needs for attention, such as allergies, infections, or food ingestion.
When histamine binds to receptors on blood vessels, it causes the vessel walls to relax and expand, resulting in increased blood flow. This can lead to facial redness, lasting from a few minutes to several hours.
This process mirrors blushing due to embarrassment but is chemically induced, not emotionally triggered.
Common culprits of this flushing reaction include alcohol, spicy foods, heat, stress, exercise, and certain medications. Fermented and aged foods like aged cheese, sauerkraut, and cured meats often contain elevated histamine levels.
Alcohol is a dual trigger; red wine and some beers have histamine, while ethanol inhibits the enzyme responsible for breaking down histamine, causing it to remain in your system longer.
For many individuals, this flushing signifies that they have reached their daily histamine production threshold rather than an allergic reaction.
Blushing after a chilly walk or due to embarrassment doesn’t always indicate a serious issue. However, if it occurs alongside other symptoms, it could be a concern. – Credit: Getty
However, frequent flushing may indicate other conditions, such as:
Fluctuating estrogen levels can disrupt body temperature regulation, resulting in hot flashes akin to those caused by histamine.
3. Carcinoid syndrome
This rare condition is associated with temporary facial flushing, diarrhea, and wheezing, usually stemming from a hormone-secreting tumor.
4. Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS)
A rare condition where mast cells inappropriately release histamine, leading to symptoms like facial flushing, abdominal pain, dizziness, and fatigue.
5. Systemic Mastocytosis
This condition is characterized by an overproduction of mast cells, resulting in flushing, itching, abdominal pain, and sometimes severe allergic reactions.
6. Anaphylaxis
Flushing, accompanied by low blood pressure, airway swelling, wheezing, swollen lips or tongue, or widespread hives, is a medical emergency.
If you experience frequent flushing, discomfort, or any additional symptoms, it’s advisable to maintain a trigger diary and consult your healthcare provider.
In most cases, histamine flushing reflects normal physiological processes. The redness fades as swiftly as it appears, serving as a reminder of the body’s intelligent adaptability to its environment.
This article addresses the question posed by Fionn Doyle from Cardiff: “What is a histamine flush? And what does it suggest?”
If you have any queries, please contact us at:questions@sciencefocus.com or reach out viaFacebook,Twitter, orInstagram (please include your name and location).
Explore our ultimate collection offun facts and more fascinating science resources!
Scanning Electron Micrograph of the Intestinal Lining of a Mouse
CJC Copyright: IKELOS GmbH/Dr. Christopher B. Jackson/Science Photo Library
Fecal microbiome transplantation (FMT) shows promise in enhancing brain adaptability in older adults, similar to that seen in younger individuals. The gut microbiome is linked to mental health and personality traits. A groundbreaking study reveals that older mice receiving FMT from younger counterparts exhibited improved brain plasticity, potentially aiding in the treatment of conditions such as amblyopia, typically treatable only in childhood.
According to Parisa Gazelani, a professor at Oslo Metropolitan University, “This study indicates that microbial communities may regulate critical periods in brain development, shaping when windows of increased plasticity open and close.” This positions the gut microbiome as a key player in neural development, alongside sensory experiences and immune responses.
Neuroplasticity, the brain’s ability to rewire itself, enables effective amblyopia treatment in children by temporarily occluding the stronger eye, forcing the brain to forge new connections with the weaker eye. While plasticity is at its peak during youth, it declines during adolescence as the brain naturally refines unused connections.
Research from the Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies in Pisa, Italy, led by Paola Tonini, aimed to explore the influence of the gut microbiome on adult brain plasticity. They administered high doses of broad-spectrum antibiotics to 21-day-old mice, inducing significant alterations in their gut microbiota compared to control mice on untreated water. Notably, there was a reduction in bacterial families like Lachnospiraceae, which are involved in producing neuroprotective short-chain fatty acids.
After sealing one eye of each mouse for three days, imaging revealed neuroplasticity responses only in control mice, whose brains demonstrated increased responsiveness to the unsealed eye’s stimulation.
To uncover underlying mechanisms, researchers conducted RNA sequencing, revealing over 1,000 differentially expressed genes linked to myelination and blood-brain barrier permeability in antibiotic-treated mice. “The changes observed were substantial,” stated Tonini.
In a final experiment, fecal microbiota from 30-day-old mice was transplanted into four-month-old adult mice. Only those receiving the younger microbiota exhibited neuroplasticity in response to the eye closure experiment.
If these findings translate to humans, the implications could be profound, as highlighted by Harriet Schellekens from University College Cork, Ireland: “This hints at the microbiome’s potential in enhancing learning, recovery from injuries, and improving resilience against aging and neurological diseases.” However, discerning specific microbial metabolites or strains behind such effects remains a challenge.
Gazelani cautions against premature human extrapolations, noting the complexity of human brains and the significant influence of diet and lifestyle on microbiomes.
Furthermore, the study raises important considerations regarding the long-term implications of childhood antibiotic exposure, particularly in high, prolonged doses. “While antibiotics are crucial for health, these results underscore the need for their judicious use during critical developmental phases,” emphasized Gazelani.
The mouth biome (or oral microbiome) consists of a vast community of microorganisms in your mouth, including trillions of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. It ranks as the second most diverse microbiome in the body, just behind the lower intestine.
This ecosystem is incredibly intricate. Various microorganisms thrive in different areas of your teeth, tongue, cheeks, and gums. The mouth provides an ideal habitat—warmth, stable acidity, and saliva that continuously delivers nourishment.
Your unique microbiome starts developing at birth. As you mature, social interactions and diet become significant influences. For instance, during a 10-second kiss, approximately 80 million microorganisms are exchanged. This exchange is why couples often share similar oral microbiota.
So, does the oral microbiome affect taste? Yes, but only to a limited degree. Certain foods contain “precursor” molecules that microorganisms break down during chewing to reveal hidden flavors.
However, the primary factor influencing taste is genetics.
About 25 percent of people are super tasters, characterized by a greater number of mushroom-shaped papillae on the tongue that house taste buds. For these individuals, bitter flavors can be overwhelmingly strong.
Conversely, people with fewer papillae may find the same tastes weak or bland.
Moreover, a specific gene, TAS2R38, determines whether bitter compounds in broccoli and Brussels sprouts taste sharp and unpleasant or hardly noticeable.
Taste bud scan. Taste buds play a more significant role in your perception of food than the bacteria in your mouth – Image credit: Getty Images
Finally, saliva is rich in proteins that can influence the perception of dryness or bitterness in foods like wine and tea, with protein levels determined by your genetics.
While your mouth’s microbiome adds subtle nuances to taste, the real taste directors are your genes.
Think of microorganisms as seasonings for your dishes. They enrich your culinary experience, but the fundamental recipes are encoded in your DNA.
This article addresses a question from Adam King in Huddersfield: “Why do people have different oral biomes, and does this affect taste?”
If you have any questions, please contact us at:questions@sciencefocus.com or send us a messageFacebook,Twitter, or Instagram (remember to include your name and location).
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Neuroscientists are increasingly investigating the midlife brain, focusing on the subtle yet significant changes that occur from ages 40 to 65. These findings suggest that midlife may be a crucial period for identifying cognitive challenges that can arise later in life. As Sebastian Dohm-Hansen, a bioinformatician at University College Cork, Ireland, notes, “We kind of jumped through middle age.”
While much research has centered on childhood brain development and age-related degeneration, midlife changes warrant attention. As cognitive decline often manifests dramatically post-age 60, recognizing subtler shifts during midlife can enhance long-term brain health.
“Think of midlife as the apex of an inverted U-curve,” says Ahmad Hariri, a professor of neuroscience at Duke University. The first decades focus on growth and refinement of brain functions, followed by gradual decline. “Targeting midlife is like extending the flat section at the top of the curve to slow the downward trajectory.”
Research such as the recent study conducted by Dohm-Hansen and colleagues highlights changes in neural connectivity, impacting how neurons transmit signals across long distances. This connectivity peaks in middle age but starts declining thereafter, which can correlate with cognitive abilities and memory recall.
Detecting cognitive decline in midlife is potentially transformative. As Dohm-Hansen mentions, “The brain enters a kind of tipping point,” offering a prime opportunity to identify future issues. However, tracking these variables is complex, as some brain networks may compensate for others, with changes differing from person to person.
Promising developments include blood-based biomarker tests that detect misfolded amyloid beta and tau proteins associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Such tests could enable early detection of dementia symptoms, perhaps before significant cognitive decline occurs, as highlighted in recent studies.
While these tests may play a role in clinical screenings, neurologists emphasize cautious interpretation, noting that most research has focused on older adults. Not everyone with protein accumulation will develop Alzheimer’s.
Innovatively, tools to measure biological aging rates have emerged, allowing assessments from brain MRI scans. Hariri’s team developed a technique to gauge a person’s biological aging at age 45, finding significant correlations between accelerated aging, hippocampal atrophy, and decreased cognitive test performance. These results suggest a relationship between midlife biological changes and later dementia risk, although further longitudinal research is essential.
While we await reliable biomarker tests and effective dementia treatments, maintaining awareness of psychological symptoms is crucial. A study recently indicated that specific midlife psychological and cognitive changes may signal a heightened dementia risk years ahead, as Gil Livingston, a professor of psychiatry at University College London, points out.
Additionally, established health indicators such as blood pressure and cholesterol remain vital, as their monitoring can help mitigate dementia risk. It is essential not to overlook these factors.
Adopting a healthy lifestyle in midlife is another avenue for dementia prevention. The latest Lancet Commission on Dementia suggests that addressing lifestyle factors could prevent 45% of dementia cases—especially crucial during midlife.
In the quest for cognitive health, proactive measures in midlife are paramount. Investing in brain health early, such as managing blood pressure, can yield significant long-term benefits against cognitive decline, as Livingston emphasizes: “Waiting reduces your cognitive reserve. Doing it sooner makes a difference.”
A compound in turmeric known as curcumin is sold in supplement form—what are its benefits?
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As temperatures in Australia drop, ‘golden milk’, a blend of warm milk, turmeric, spices, and honey, is gaining popularity on social media. This comforting beverage not only tastes great but also boasts medicinal properties, primarily due to curcumin—the yellow pigment in turmeric. Curcumin is touted for its anti-inflammatory properties, which may aid in fighting diseases such as cancer, arthritis, allergies, Alzheimer’s, and menopause. But is the evidence behind these claims robust?
Turmeric has a storied history in South Asian cooking and medicine spanning thousands of years, but it has recently emerged as a “superfood” in Western cultures. This shift can be attributed to extensive research conducted by Bharat Agarwal, a former biochemist at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Since the early 2000s, Agarwal and his team have published over 100 studies demonstrating that curcumin reduces inflammation and promotes cell death across nearly all types of cancer.This research has fueled the surge in popularity of turmeric lattes and curcumin supplements, prompting further investigations. To date, U.S. health agencies have allocated approximately $275 million to curcumin research since 1990, especially in light of Agarwal’s contributions.
The notion that a colorful, flavorful spice rooted in Ayurvedic traditions could transform modern medicine is captivating. However, questions regarding the integrity of Agarwal’s findings have emerged. In 2012, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Office of Research Integrity informed MD Anderson of allegations regarding potential research misconduct. At least 65 of Agarwal’s papers have faced scrutiny, although this does not confirm any fraudulent activity. Following an internal investigation, Agarwal left the cancer center, and 30 of his studies have since been retracted or denied publication due to concerns over data reliability. Despite this, Agarwal has authored many articles still frequently cited in the literature. New Scientist was unable to obtain a comment from him.
It is quite remarkable that curcumin has attracted such a volume of research. However, an examination of its chemical properties suggests it may not serve as an effective drug. During my PhD focused on cancer drug development, a lab colleague found curcumin challenging to work with due to its low solubility and instability. A 2017 review published in the Medicinal Chemistry Journal, led by Kathryn Nelson from the University of Minnesota, concluded that “curcumin is an unstable, reactive, and non-bioavailable compound, thereby having very limited therapeutic potential.”
Curcumin’s poor solubility in water limits its absorption into the bloodstream after consumption, often leading to most of it remaining in the intestines and being excreted. In a recent Dutch study, curcumin was hardly detectable in participants’ blood. This finding applied even to those taking higher doses of “fortified” supplements designed to enhance absorption with black pepper and piperine. The blood concentration levels recorded were over 100 times lower than those needed to exhibit activity against cancer cells in laboratory settings.
This ineffectiveness may explain why curcumin has fallen short in demonstrating notable results in clinical trials for conditions like cancer, arthritis, and more. According to Nelson and her research team, curcumin is “like a missile that keeps detonating on the launch pad, never reaching its target.”
Too Many Claims
A scanning electron micrograph of hepatic stellate cells forming scar tissue in response to liver damage.
Steve Gschmeisner/Science Photo Library
Additionally, there are growing concerns regarding the safety of turmeric and curcumin supplements. While turmeric is safe when consumed in culinary quantities, concentrated curcumin supplements pose risks. Since curcumin constitutes only about 5% of turmeric’s dry weight, concentrated versions can cause liver complications in susceptible individuals. According to the U.S. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, “Turmeric is the most common cause of herb-related liver damage,” particularly due to highly bioavailable curcumin formulations.
Symptoms of liver damage include jaundice, dark urine, and gastrointestinal discomfort. Although these issues often resolve after discontinuing the supplement, some cases have resulted in liver failure and fatalities.
Contamination is another risk associated with turmeric products. In the U.S., various brands of powdered turmeric spice were recalled between 2011 and 2016 due to lead chromate contamination, which was added to enhance color intensity. Certain children consuming these tainted products exhibited dangerously elevated lead levels in their blood. Additionally, turmeric supplements in Norway and Sweden were linked to hepatic damage, with some containing a painkiller, Nimesulide.
While I hope the turmeric in my kitchen is safe, brewing “golden milk” soothes my spirit. I plan to make it a winter staple, knowing that its true magic lies in its unique flavor rather than miraculous health benefits. Agarwal and his colleagues once noted in a paper published in The Journal of the American Society of Pharmaceutical Scientists that curcumin’s effectiveness may seem “too good to be true.” Indeed, they were right.
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Living a long, fulfilling life isn’t solely about avoiding diseases or sticking to daily HIIT workouts. As technology advances, researchers are increasingly focused on how our bodies evolve over time. The emphasis has shifted from simply extending lifespan to enhancing healthy life expectancy: living longer and better.
Physical fitness significantly impacts how our bodies age, particularly concerning cardiovascular health. Metrics such as VO₂ max, which measures how efficiently your body uses oxygen, are often linked to a healthier long-term health profile.
2. Sleep consistency matters more than you think
Data from WHOOP indicates that regular sleep duration and a consistent sleep schedule are vital for a healthy aging profile.
Regular training can significantly boost your health span. In 2025, WHOOP users logged a whopping 1.2 billion minutes in steady heart-rate zones like walking and daily activities, underscoring that consistent movement promotes longevity.
5. Stress and recovery impact your biological aging
WHOOP data reveals that even moderate drinking can have detrimental health effects, impacting your recovery score. Studies show that just one night of drinking can hinder recovery for up to four to five days. Research conducted among university athletes supports this. Over time, the combination of stress and inadequate recovery can accelerate the aging process, highlighting the need for restorative activities in long-term health.
The Big Picture
Collectively, these insights illustrate that consistent, small actions, rather than drastic lifestyle changes, can profoundly influence our health over time. Factors such as fitness, sleep, and strength training are crucial for a longer, healthier life. It’s essential to cultivate small, positive habits daily.
Curious if your aging process is on track?
Tools like WHOOP band help you better understand how your daily habits influence your long-term health.
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) has undergone a significant rebranding. At the recent European Endocrine Society congress in Prague, renowned endocrinologist Helena Teed announced that it will now be referred to as polyendocrine metabolic ovary syndrome (PMOS).
This new terminology is more than just semantics; it corrects prevalent misconceptions about the condition. It highlights the crucial metabolic and hormonal features of PMOS that extend beyond the ovaries.
Reflecting on my diagnosis of PCOS over 20 years ago, I recall suffering from severe acne and irregular periods—common symptoms that prompted a distressing ultrasound. I was shocked to see what were labeled “cysts” on my ovaries. The fear of infertility and potential emergency surgeries left me feeling confused and devastated.
My journey led me to explore recent PCOS/PMOS research through New Scientist, unveiling the extensive misinformation surrounding the condition. After publishing an article on my findings in 2018, I discovered my story resonated with many others seeking clarity.
The major revelation is that the “cysts” associated with PCOS are misidentified; they are not cysts but rather underdeveloped eggs that remain trapped due to an excess of immature follicles in the ovaries. This shift in understanding allows for a more accurate perspective on ovarian health.
This overabundance can disrupt normal ovulation and menstrual cycles, potentially delaying pregnancy due to infrequent egg release. However, studies show that women with this condition are still likely to achieve their desired family size: 80% conceive without medication or IVF. Despite my challenges, including five miscarriages, I eventually had the three children I had always wanted.
Moreover, researchers now recognize that PMOS impacts the entire body, characterized by elevated male hormone levels like testosterone. This can lead to symptoms such as acne, excessive body hair, and thinning scalp hair. Insulin resistance is also prevalent, increasing the risk of weight gain, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular issues. Mental health challenges, including anxiety and depression, are also common.
On a positive note, recent findings suggest that individuals with PMOS may have enhanced egg reserves, potentially delaying the onset of perimenopause and menopause, which could enhance reproductive options even in later years.
According to Tehi Piltonen, president of the International Society for Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and professor at Oulu University Hospital in Finland, the prevalence of this condition—affecting one in eight women—might have been advantageous for our ancestors, allowing them to store energy during times of food scarcity, thus prolonging pregnancy and reproductive viability.
While today’s environment of plentiful high-calorie foods presents challenges for those with PMOS, effective symptom management is available. Historically, attention was only given to ovarian health, particularly fertility concerns, but this new classification aims to broaden the approach.
Teed, who has campaigned for over a decade to reclassify PCOS, collaborated with 56 patient and professional organizations to establish a name that accurately reflects the science. If this change alleviates confusion and anxiety linked to former diagnoses, then the effort will have been well worth it.
A recent study conducted by Texas A&M University researchers sheds light on why coffee drinkers tend to live longer and experience fewer chronic diseases. The findings indicate that brewed coffee is rich in compounds that interact with little-understood proteins in the body, potentially affecting inflammation, aging, and cancer processes.
Hailemariam et al. revealed that brewed coffee and its principal polyphenolic and polyhydroxy components act as NR4A1 ligands, suggesting NR4A1’s vital role in the health benefits associated with coffee. Image credit: Sci.News.
“Coffee is the most widely consumed beverage globally,” stated Texas A&M University professor Steven Safe and his team.
“Coffee drinkers comprise a vast demographic that enjoys an aqueous extract from roasted and ground coffee berries.”
“The health benefits of coffee mirror those seen in vegetarian groups and various ‘blue zone’ populations known for lower mortality rates and age-related diseases.”
“Despite variations in coffee bean types and brewing techniques, consensus indicates that coffee drinkers enjoy longer lifespans.”
“They also face a decreased risk of age-related conditions, including metabolic disorders, certain cancers, Parkinson’s disease, dementia, and cardiovascular issues.”
In their investigation, researchers concentrated on NR4A1, a receptor that responds to dietary compounds and is essential for maintaining health in aging individuals.
This receptor activates during inflammation and cellular damage, and it has been shown to protect tissues.
“When tissue is damaged, NR4A1 activates to help mitigate that damage,” Professor Safe explained.
“Removing this receptor results in even greater tissue damage.”
Through biochemical experiments, the team discovered that freshly brewed coffee and several of its key components bind to NR4A1.
Identified compounds included common coffee polyphenols like caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and ferulic acid, along with diterpenes such as kahweol and cafestrol.
“Our findings suggest that at least some of coffee’s health benefits stem from their ability to bind to and activate this receptor,” Professor Safe noted.
Experiments on cancer cell lines indicated that coffee extract and its constituents slowed cell proliferation.
When NR4A1 levels were reduced, the effects waned, implying that this receptor mediates the biological activities of coffee.
Many of these compounds served as inverse agonists, reducing NR4A1 activity in a way that may counteract tumor-promoting signals.
“Coffee consists of a highly complex array of compounds, creating a powerful blend,” Professor Safe remarked.
Notably, not all components yield the same effects. While caffeine is often seen as the primary component of coffee, it has been shown to exert more diverse and relatively weaker effects on receptors compared to polyphenols.
The research supports the notion that coffee’s benefits are likely due not just to caffeine, but to a complex mixture of bioactive compounds.
Brewed coffee contains over 1,000 chemicals, many of which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
“Caffeine binds to the receptor but doesn’t significantly aid in our model,” Safe emphasized.
“Polyhydroxy and polyphenolic compounds demonstrate much more activity.”
“This could explain why both regular and decaffeinated coffee link to similar health benefits in extensive population studies.”
For more details, refer to the study results published in the journal nutrients.
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Amanuel Hailemariam et al. 2026. Brewed coffee and its components act through orphan nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1). nutrients 18 (6): 877; doi: 10.3390/nu18060877
Scanning Electron Micrograph of Bacteria on Human Tongue
Credit: Science Photo Library/Alamy
Our dietary habits significantly impact our health, and the microorganisms residing in our mouths are equally crucial. A groundbreaking study investigating the relationship between the oral microbiome and metabolic health indicates that these findings could eventually help identify risks for obesity, prediabetes, and fatty liver disease.
“This represents one of the most ambitious efforts to correlate the oral microbiome with metabolic health across various organ systems,” noted Lindsay Edwards from King’s College London, who was not involved in the research.
The oral microbiome, the second largest microbial ecosystem in the body after the gut, has been linked to various health conditions. Previous research mainly focused on limited participants or single conditions, utilizing 16S ribosomal RNA profiling. While this method identifies broad microbial groups, it cannot specify bacterial strains or the genes they may carry.
In contrast, Imran Razak and his colleagues at the Mohammed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence analyzed oral swabs from 9,431 participants using whole metagenomic sequencing, allowing for a comprehensive examination of all microbial DNA present. They paired this microbiome data with liver ultrasound scans, continuous blood glucose monitoring, and body composition analysis to create a robust statistical atlas. This atlas relates specific oral bacteria and their genes to 44 metabolic traits, such as liver fat, blood sugar fluctuations, and visceral fat, all relevant to conditions like high blood pressure, prediabetes, obesity, and fatty liver disease.
Many bacteria identified in this study have appeared in previous research. For instance, in early 2023, Ashish Jha from New York University Abu Dhabi reported that Streptococcus parasanguinis and Oribacterium sinus were more prevalent in obese individuals. Razak’s study corroborates these findings, linking these bacteria to increased BMI and body fat.
Additionally, new research has provided insights into microbial functions that may influence disease processes. For example, polyamine biosynthesis, associated with worse liver health and blood sugar control, as well as microbial pathways related to ceramide breakdown (lipids known to contribute to insulin resistance), were linked to adverse glycemic control.
Although the study does not definitively state that these bacteria cause health issues, Razak emphasizes that “bacteria serve as reliable indicators for future mechanistic studies.” The researchers hypothesize that the oral microbiome might not merely be a passive marker but may actively influence metabolic diseases.
Jha discusses potential pathways through which oral microbes might affect metabolic health, including the translocation of bacterial products into the bloodstream through inflamed gums, which can cause further inflammation. Oral microbes can also alter gut microbiota ecology and secrete chemicals that impact processes like blood sugar regulation and cardiovascular health.
Overall, the prevailing hypothesis suggests that it is not individual oral bacteria that lead to obesity or metabolic disorders, but rather “dysbiosis” of the oral microbiome, contributing to chronic inflammation and metabolic burdens through repeated microbial exposure, oral-gut transit, immune activation, and microbial metabolite production, as noted by Jha.
A puzzling aspect of this research is understanding why some individuals harbor potentially harmful microorganisms. Razak suggests that factors such as gum health, age, gender, smoking, and diet may all play a role. Notably, many associations persisted even when considering common oral health issues like periodontal disease.
Future studies that confirm these findings could enable the use of microbial signatures in the oral cavity as metrics for assessing metabolic risk. The prospect of a simple oral swab offering early warnings for conditions like fatty liver disease and blood sugar imbalances is particularly compelling, especially given the rising prevalence of metabolic disorders and the urgent need for non-invasive diagnostic tools, as highlighted by Edwards.
Adjusting the balance of these microorganisms may eventually become a viable therapeutic approach, Razak suggests.
While further research is needed to deepen our understanding of these associations and validate them across diverse populations, this study marks a significant advancement in microbiome research at a population level. It reinforces the growing recognition that the oral cavity is not only a reflection of oral health but may also act as a sentinel of systemic physiology, according to Edwards.
Understanding the Heart-Brain Connection for Health Insights
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The past year has been enlightening as I wore a Whoop health tracker, revealing profound insights into my body, including sleep patterns, blood oxygen levels, step counts, and particularly, heart rate variability (HRV). This metric, new to me, quickly became essential for gauging my stress levels; my low numbers indicate that I’m struggling with stress management. Despite the high price tag, the insights gained feel invaluable.
It seems I’m not alone in valuing HRV. A burgeoning field of research explores the correlation between HRV and mental health, shedding light on its potential to predict cognitive disorders and aid in diagnosing mental health conditions.
So, what exactly is HRV? Heart rate variability measures the variations in time between heartbeats. Although it may seem counterintuitive, a greater variation signifies better health.
A consistent heart rate can indicate a “fight-or-flight” response, with heightened activity in the sympathetic nervous system causing faster, more regular heartbeats. Conversely, when the parasympathetic (“rest and digest”) system is activated, heart rate becomes less regular.
Individuals with high stress tolerance tend to have greater HRV, showcasing their ability to recover from stressors effectively. Chronic stress is known to correlate with inflammation, leading to a range of physical and cognitive disorders.
My heart rate variability typically hovers around 25 milliseconds, while my husband’s can peak over 90 milliseconds. Though I aspire to achieve such a tranquil state, I remind myself that variations in HRV among individuals are common.
According to research from Masaryk University in the Czech Republic, there can be considerable variations in what is deemed “normal” HRV, ranging from 18 ms to 70 ms. More striking is the individual fluctuation over days or weeks; for instance, during hectic periods, my HRV drastically drops, while a carefree day can see it soaring above 50 milliseconds.
Thus, like many, I use HRV to gauge daily stress and recovery. Recently, I’ve pondered whether it reflects something more profound.
The Heart-Brain Link
The established connection between the heart and brain is reinforced by numerous studies. Those with cardiovascular issues often face heightened mental health risks, and individuals with depression are more prone to heart diseases. HRV may serve as a vital signal linking these health domains.
“HRV as a measure of brain health is an area of keen interest for us,” states Lori Cook, Director of Clinical Research at the Center for Brain Health, University of Texas at Dallas.
This interest stems from the association of HRV with various cognitive and mental health disorders. A recent review by German researchers analyzed existing research on HRV and depression, affirming the consistent finding that lower HRV correlates with a greater likelihood of depression.
The central idea is clear: higher HRV indicates a healthier response to stress, reflecting adaptability to environmental demands. Reduced HRV suggests challenges in managing stressors, which is known to heighten depression risk due to compromised emotional regulation.
However, existing evidence remains complex and at times contradictory. Many studies are limited in size or fail to account for confounding variables like age and gender, or the natural decline of HRV over years. Further complicating matters, recent research highlighted that HRV stress metrics may struggle to distinguish between positive and negative stress responses, the former often linked to motivation.
Nonetheless, intriguing correlations with broader brain health emerge. A 2025 review identified links between reduced HRV and conditions like dementia, PTSD, and schizophrenia. It’s also been associated with somatic symptom disorders, characterized by disproportionate concern over physical symptoms and related functional syndromes. Notably, the differing HRV patterns across conditions suggest its potential as a biomarker for disease differentiation.
Ultimately, researchers caution that HRV alone cannot diagnose mental conditions, nor does low HRV automatically indicate poor mental health.
Cook’s team continues to explore HRV alongside other metrics to gain insight into brain health, viewing HRV as a valuable tool in assessing effective lifestyle changes and habits.
For me, a declining HRV serves as a vital reminder to nourish my nervous system with calm and rest. It’s clear that managing stress is key, alongside good sleep and regular exercise, especially aerobic activities, which boast the most robust evidence in enhancing HRV.
While I can’t pinpoint changes, I feel a positive shift in my mental well-being. For now, that’s enough motivation to continue heeding the messages from my fluctuating HRV.
The term déjà vu was introduced by French philosopher and parapsychologist Émile Boirac in 1876, meaning “already seen.” This phenomenon evokes an uncanny feeling that a new experience is actually a familiar one.
For instance, visiting a specific location, such as a cafe or street, could trigger a sense of nostalgia, even if you’ve never been there before. Many might link these déjà vu moments to a “past life” or a “glitch in the matrix.”
However, there are more grounded explanations for these occurrences. The good news is that about two-thirds of the population experience déjà vu, and in most cases, it indicates healthy brain function.
Recent neuropsychological research suggests that déjà vu occurs when specific aspects of a situation trigger a sense of familiarity registered in the perirhinal cortex, part of the temporal lobe. This may happen due to similarities with previously encountered situations.
Next, the hippocampus, another vital memory structure in the temporal lobe, fails to retrieve relevant memories to account for this feeling of familiarity.
Finally, this discrepancy is processed by brain regions in the frontal lobes, such as the anterior cingulate cortex and the medial prefrontal cortex, leading to that eerie sensation of having been there before.
Psychologists refer to this last stage as metacognitive awareness, demonstrating that the brain is effectively signaling issues.
Déjà vu is common among young individuals and tends to decrease with age, indicating less efficient error-monitoring processes in the brain. – Image courtesy of Ann-Sophie De Steur
Research using memory games in brain imaging labs revealed that these frontal brain regions associated with metacognitive awareness exhibited greater activation, supporting the link between subjective déjà vu and monitoring processes.
In rare cases, an excessive form of déjà vu can occur due to pathology. For instance, individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy may experience prolonged déjà vu sensations before a seizure, described as a feeling of déjà vu that lasts for an extended period.
Moreover, some dementia patients report experiencing a syndrome known as déjà vécu (meaning “already lived”)—a more intense form of déjà vu where the person genuinely believes they have already lived through a new experience and reacts accordingly, such as turning off the TV because they think they’ve seen the news before.
If you find yourself in a typical déjà vu moment, there’s no cause for concern. Healthy déjà vu tends to be more prevalent in younger individuals and usually diminishes with age.
Psychologists suggest this decline occurs because frontal lobe error-monitoring processes become less efficient as we grow older.
So the next time you feel that strange sensation of familiarity, don’t fret. There’s nothing wrong with reality; your brain is simply operating as it should.
This article addresses the question posed by Bournemouth’s Dom Anderson: “Is experiencing déjà vu detrimental to your health?”
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A groundbreaking study conducted by researchers at University College Cork reveals that both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee can positively reshape the gut microbiome, leading to reduced stress and enhanced psychological well-being. This study provides valuable insights into the long-acknowledged health benefits of coffee.
Boscaini et al. uncover a previously unrecognized effect of coffee on the microbiota-gut-brain axis, indicating a strong link between coffee consumption and gut microbial composition. Image credit: Sci.News.
Coffee, a popular plant-based beverage derived from processed coffee beans, offers a complex flavor and chemical profile influenced by factors such as bean variety, ripeness, processing methods, roasting techniques, and brewing styles.
This beverage is rich in bioactive compounds, including alkaloids (like caffeine), polyphenols (such as phenolic acids), diterpenes, and melanoidins formed during the roasting process.
Research indicates that moderate coffee consumption is linked to a reduced risk of several chronic illnesses, including type 2 diabetes, liver disease, cardiovascular issues, and certain types of cancer.
Moreover, increased coffee intake has been associated with a lower risk of Parkinson’s disease, emphasizing a dose-dependent relationship.
Individuals who drink coffee regularly are statistically less prone to depression, with one study noting a 27% lower incidence of Alzheimer’s disease among habitual coffee consumers.
In this recent research, Professor John Cryan and his team from University College Cork explored how coffee intake, withdrawal, and reconsumption impact cognition, mood, and behavior, specifically in relation to the microbiota-gut-brain connection.
The researchers conducted a comprehensive analysis involving psychological assessments, caffeine and food diaries, as well as stool and urine samples from 31 coffee drinkers and an equal number of non-coffee drinkers to track changes in their microbiome and reported mood and stress levels.
Coffee aficionados were identified as individuals who consume 3 to 5 cups daily, a quantity deemed safe by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
Participants initially abstained from coffee for two weeks, during which they underwent regular psychological evaluations and provided stool and urine samples.
This abstinence period correlated with significant changes in the gut microbiota among coffee drinkers compared to their non-coffee-drinking counterparts.
Upon reintroducing coffee, participants experienced a blinded trial where half consumed decaffeinated coffee while the other half drank caffeinated coffee.
Both groups reported decreased scores for stress, depression, and impulsivity, indicating that coffee consumption notably enhances mood, independent of caffeine content.
Notable increases in specific bacterial species such as egger terra sp. and Cryptobacterium cultum were observed in coffee drinkers, suggesting their roles in promoting digestive health by supporting stomach and intestinal acidity and contributing to bile acid synthesis, crucial for combatting harmful gut bacteria and stomach infections.
A rise in Firmicutes bacteria, which is linked to positive emotional states in women, was also noted.
However, cognitive improvements such as enhanced learning and memory were predominantly seen in those consuming decaffeinated coffee, hinting at the influence of non-caffeine components like polyphenols on cognitive function.
Conversely, scientists determined that only caffeinated coffee contributed to reduced anxiety levels and heightened alertness, with caffeine also linked to a lower risk of inflammation.
“The growing public interest in gut health is significant,” states Professor Cryan.
“As the connection between digestive health and mental well-being becomes clearer, we still need to unravel the mechanisms through which coffee impacts the gut-brain axis.”
“Our research illuminates the relationship between the microbiome and neurological responses to coffee, highlighting potential long-term health benefits related to a healthier microbiome.”
“Coffee modifies microbial activity and the metabolites they utilize.”
“As awareness regarding dietary adjustments to promote digestive health increases, coffee could serve as a beneficial addition to a balanced diet.”
“Coffee is more than just a caffeine source; it is a multifaceted dietary element that interacts with gut bacteria, metabolism, and mental health.”
“Our findings imply that both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee have distinct, yet complementary, health impacts.”
The team’s findings were published in today’s issue of Nature Communications.
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S. Boscaini et al. 2026. Habitual coffee consumption shapes the gut microbiota and alters host physiology and cognition. Nat Commun 17, 3439; doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-71264-8
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Why Iodized Salt Deserves a Comeback
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In university, I had a passionate biology lecturer dedicated to resolving global iodine deficiencies. He always advocated for iodized salt, claiming it plays a pivotal role in enhancing public health. His emphasis on its significance still resonates with me whenever I browse the salt aisle at the supermarket.
Recently, I’ve observed a decline in the availability of iodized salt. Fancy varieties like Cornish sea salt, Himalayan pink salt, and gourmet kosher salts are dominating the shelves. The remaining iodized salt products are often unattractive, posing the question: Are we risking the benefits brought by this simple yet vital mineral?
Iodine is a crucial mineral that the thyroid uses to produce hormones essential for metabolism, growth, digestion, heart rate, and body temperature regulation.
Ensuring adequate iodine intake during pregnancy is especially critical, as thyroid hormones influence fetal brain development. Mild iodine deficiency can diminish intelligence significantly—by as much as 13 IQ points. It is equally important for children, supporting both brain development and thyroid functionality. Reports exist of children suffering from iodine deficiency displaying poor school performance and fatigue due to extreme pickiness in food choices. Additionally, both adults and children can develop goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland, due to insufficient iodine intake.
Natural sources rich in iodine include seaweed, seafood, and dairy products. Milk contains iodine due to iodine being added to cow feed and the use of iodine-based disinfectants during milking. Fruits, vegetables, and grains can capture minimal amounts of iodine from soil, which varies significantly in iodine content. Regions like Switzerland and Michigan historically had iodine-poor soil, resulting in high incidences of goiter among children.
In 1922, Switzerland pioneered iodized salt by adding iodine to table salt. This initiative led to a near elimination of goiters and remarkable increases in children’s height and IQ, as economist Dimitra Politi described it. High school graduation rates soared as a result of this public health intervention.
Iodized salt made its way to Michigan in 1924, followed by widespread adoption across the U.S. and other countries. Its introduction significantly contributed to the global rise in IQ witnessed in the 20th century. Rarely has such an inexpensive invention delivered such monumental benefits. Endocrinologist Gerald Barrow famously stated, “Five cents per person per year can make the entire population smarter than before.”
Despite these gains, iodized salt faces a popularity crisis today. The allure of pink Himalayan sea salt often overshadows the practical benefits of iodized options. Many consumers avoid iodized salt, mistakenly believing it contains harmful additives, despite iodine being a natural element.
As people reduce their use of iodized salt at home, they increasingly rely on processed foods, which typically contain non-iodized salt. The growing popularity of vegan diets and plant-based milk alternatives further diminishes iodine intake.
A recent study indicates that Americans not consuming enough iodine has doubled since 2001, with alarming findings showing that 46% of pregnant women are iodine deficient.
This trend is mirrored in the UK, where women of reproductive age show average iodine levels below recommended standards. In Australia, 62% of pregnant and breastfeeding women lack sufficient iodine. Conversely, some regions in Japan report excessive iodine intake leading to thyroid complications.
Consequently, public health experts urge residents of the U.S., U.K., and Australia to reintroduce iodized salt into their diets to safeguard against cognitive impairments, thyroid issues, and the potential return of goiter.
It’s perplexing. The supplement industry thrives, with people consuming large doses of zinc, selenium, and ginkgo biloba for brain health, often despite minimal evidence supporting these benefits. In contrast, iodine supplements and iodized salt remain overlooked, despite the risks associated with iodine deficiency.
Regardless of current trends, I will persist in my quest for iodized salt at the supermarket, wary of the judgment that may accompany a purchase of those appealing pink flakes.
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Diagram of CAR T Cells: Genetic Modification to Combat Autoimmune Diseases
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A woman suffering from three autoimmune diseases has found remarkable relief after undergoing CAR T cell therapy. Following genetic modification of her immune cells, she didn’t require treatment for nearly a year, thanks to these engineered cells effectively targeting and eliminating rogue cells in her body. “When we first met, she was bedridden and at death’s door. After treatment, she was out of bed within seven days,” stated Fabian Muller from Erlangen University Hospital, Germany. Remarkably, she made a full recovery within months, and an 11-month post-treatment check confirmed her continued good health.
This case represents the growing potential of CAR T cell therapy in treating autoimmune diseases, particularly since she was the first patient treated for three concurrent conditions simultaneously. “It’s astonishing that I could overcome three autoimmune diseases with just one treatment,” Muller remarked.
In response to viral infections, our bodies produce vast numbers of immune cells with random mutations. Unfortunately, some of these mutant cells become self-targeting and can persist indefinitely. This phenomenon occurred in the patient’s case over a decade ago during pregnancy, leading to her autoimmune hemolytic anemia—a severe condition where antibodies attack oxygen-carrying red blood cells.
Her immune system went on to produce antibodies that targeted platelets (leading to immune thrombocytopenia) and proteins preventing blood clots (causing antiphospholipid syndrome), exposing her to both severe anemia and dangerous clot risks.
Despite trying various immunosuppressive medications with no success, the patient required blood transfusions and anticoagulants to manage her symptoms until she was referred to Professor Müller and his team. In 2022, they became the first to treat an autoimmune disorder with CAR T cell therapy, a technique previously limited to cancer treatment.
For her treatment, researchers engineered CAR T cells to specifically target her abnormal antibody-producing immune cells. Following this intervention, these cells were effectively eliminated, restoring her immune system’s functions without entirely wiping it out.
Interestingly, her immune system recognized the infused CAR T cells as foreign and eliminated them within months, paving the way for the development of new, healthy antibody-producing cells. Consequently, her immune system is now functioning normally, free from the destructive cells responsible for her illness.
The CAR T therapy approach has shown promise for treating disorders like lupus, multiple sclerosis, colitis, and severe asthma. Unlike cancer treatments, which may induce severe side effects due to extensive cell death, the CAR T therapy used for autoimmune diseases is generally associated with far fewer adverse effects, as fewer cells need targeting.
Although some residual effects persisted, researchers believe these stem from previous drug therapies rather than the CAR T treatment itself. “This powerful treatment has minimal side effects and can resolve underlying symptoms, which is truly remarkable,” stated Ruben Benjamin from King’s College London.
Currently, most patients treated for autoimmune disorders with CAR T cell therapy have remained symptom-free, although some cases show a return of targeted cells, necessitating additional treatment options, as noted by Benjamin.
“Long-term follow-up is essential for a comprehensive assessment of these therapies,” he added. Jun Shi from the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Tianjin is leading an ongoing trial on 15 patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia using CAR T therapy. Read more about ongoing trials here.
While CAR T therapy is notably expensive, ranging from $200,000 to $600,000 due to its tailored nature, Muller emphasizes the long-term savings and benefits, suggesting that effective treatments can lead to individuals returning to work and improved quality of life. “The initial costs are high, but they could save substantial amounts in the long run,” he stated.
In 2018, the legalization of medical cannabis in the UK marked a pivotal change, driven by campaigns advocating for children with treatment-resistant epilepsy.
The legal reforms permit specialist medical consultants to prescribe cannabis-based medical products (CBPMs) for a variety of conditions, always prioritizing the patient’s well-being.
Despite this legalization, the possession and use of cannabis (classified as a class B drug) without a valid prescription continues to be illegal in the UK.
Most cannabis products available are unlicensed, lacking endorsement from the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), resulting in limited prescriptions through the National Health Service (NHS). This gap has inadvertently triggered a burgeoning private market.
Currently, more than 30 specialist cannabis clinics are registered with the Healthcare Quality Commission, with estimated prescriptions for cannabis products reaching 80,000 patients. Conditions treated range from chronic pain and anxiety to ADHD.
Data reveals that 42% of patients were prescribed medical cannabis for mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, PTSD, and OCD, aligning with trends observed in Australia and the US.
The UK stands as a major producer of medical cannabis. Photo courtesy of Getty.
However, a recent review published in Lancet Psychiatry assessed over 50 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and found “no evidence” supporting the efficacy of cannabinoids for treating conditions like anxiety, PTSD, substance use disorders, ADHD, bipolar disorder, psychotic disorders, or anorexia.
While some efficacy was noted for cannabis use disorder, insomnia, Tourette syndrome, and autism spectrum disorder, these findings were categorized as “low quality.”
The Advisory Committee on the Abuse of Drugs (ACMD) is conducting a review examining the implications of medical cannabis prescriptions in the UK, focusing on any “unintended consequences” resulting from recent legal changes.
Professor Owen Bowden Jones, former ACMD Chairman, indicated that the study results indicate that the benefits of medical cannabis may have been “overestimated” for numerous conditions, and these products “should not be administered for psychiatric conditions lacking supportive evidence.”
“We must focus on reducing barriers to facilitate superior research that further explores cannabis product effects,” he added.
The review asserts that routine cannabinoid use for mental health conditions is “seldom justified,” raising critical questions, notably, why is cannabis prescribed despite limited evidence of its effectiveness?
Treatment Options
It is stated that “absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.” Dr. Niraj Singh, a consultant psychiatrist in the UK, has prescribed medical cannabis for over six years.
“Numerous patients have reported that this treatment effectively addresses a range of conditions, and most use it responsibly. In my experience, it has yielded positive results, enabling patients to lead happy, fulfilling lives,” Singh remarked.
Many patients seeking treatment at cannabis clinics have reportedly exhausted all traditional options or lack access to adequate mental health support. As of January 2026, 1.5 million adults engaged with NHS mental health services, while 8.7 million people were prescribed antidepressants in the UK from 2023 to 2024, believed to be effective for approximately one year.
In a survey by the United Patient Alliance, a patient dealing with anxiety, depression, and PTSD expressed feeling “seen and supported” after receiving effective treatment without harmful side effects associated with previous prescriptions.
“In instances where individuals have plateaued in treatment options, medical cannabis is making a significant difference,” Singh expressed.
Evidence from peer-reviewed studies links cannabis to improved symptoms and quality of life for conditions such as: PTSD, OCD, and insomnia. However, observational studies were excluded from the aforementioned review due to concerns of biases that could not establish causality.
Despite the need for more robust clinical trials, Professor David Nutt, former chair of ACMD and founder of the independent charity Drug Science, argues that RCTs alone do not offer sufficient data on a drug’s effectiveness.
This sentiment is echoed by Sir Michael Rollins, former director of the MHRA and the National Institute for Healthcare Research and Evaluation (NICE). He emphasized the need for real-world evidence that could yield “better clinical data and statistical power” in a speech at the Royal College of Physicians.
According to Nutt, “Placebo-controlled trials are costly and involve highly selective patient populations, limiting their generalizability.” He also highlighted that cannabis’s numerous active compounds, which vary vastly in dosage and formulation, pose significant challenges when conducting double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Professor Mike Burns, President of the Association of Medical Cannabis Clinicians, emphasized the need for a more nuanced approach in understanding mental health prescribing.
Clinical Supervision
Medical cannabis can induce side effects, including heightened anxiety and paranoia, making it unsuitable for individuals with a history of psychosis.
According to a survey published in BMJ Mental Health, those using cannabis for self-medication tend to use it more frequently and consume higher levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), resulting in increased paranoia.
“Cannabis is not devoid of side effects,” stated Dr. Marta Di Forti, a Professor of Drug Use, Genetics, and Psychosis at King’s College London, who runs a clinic for individuals with mental health issues in London.
She recounted cases where patients developed complications after being prescribed products containing high THC levels, leading to hospitalizations for psychotic symptoms. Yet, much of our understanding in this area remains anecdotal.
“There is valid reasoning for prescribing cannabis as medication,” she noted. “However, there must be comprehensive evidence and proper oversight, which is currently lacking.”
The Association of Medical Cannabis Clinicians recommends a review by a peer panel for prescriptions exceeding 60 grams per month or containing over 25% THC. Like other controlled substances, prescribing CBPM requires diligent clinical oversight, thorough evaluation, and ongoing monitoring, especially in complex cases with significant mental health histories.
While Singh noted that side effects are relatively rare, he expressed concern about the rising availability of high-THC products. “Checks and balances are imperative,” he insisted, “as adjustments to THC concentrations must be carefully monitored.”
Prescribers maintain that a strong clinical oversight process is in place, stating they’ve never felt pressure to prescribe. Eligibility for medical cannabis entails having undergone at least two previous treatments, receiving an evaluation from a psychiatrist, and being reviewed by a multidisciplinary team.
Nonetheless, some critics argue that clinics should enhance support and training for prescribers and have a responsibility to foster research that substantiates their claims. “The industry has not adequately collected and analyzed patient outcomes,” Burns stated. “Clinics have a moral obligation to gather and share data whenever possible.”
In 2018, cannabis became legal for medical use in the UK with a prescription. Use without a prescription remains illegal. Photo credit: Getty.
Evidence Gap
There is a shared consensus on the urgent need to develop a robust evidence base. However, finding common ground proves challenging. Some advocate for cannabis’s efficacy, while others dispute it, with a lack of substantial research to confirm either stance.
Nutt emphasized that the current clinical research system is inadequate for medical cannabis. “In 2018, the Health Ministry pledged to conduct efficacy trials for children with epilepsy, but no progress has been made. This reflects a disinterest from pharmaceutical companies due to the impossibility of patenting plant medicines.”
This challenge cannot be solved solely by a call for further research, he noted, but requires prioritizing real-world data and practical experience to support cannabis in clinical settings.
Meanwhile, patients express fears of being pushed back into the illegal market, where they have no access to medical oversight or regulated products, which is widely viewed as more dangerous.
Denying access to medical marijuana based on “incomplete evidence” not only misrepresents scientific data but also inflicts harm on patients who rely on it, according to the United Patient Alliance.
“Real-world evidence studies, patient-reported outcomes, and research focusing on treatment-resistant populations are critically needed,” they added. “We do not ask for science to be ignored; we urge it to catch up with patient experiences.”
While we often associate body odor with being unpleasant, these natural scents can provide insightful information about our overall health.
What Causes Body Odor?
Body odor originates from sweat, but not all sweat has the same effect. Most unpleasant odors arise when bacteria interact with secretions from the apocrine glands, mainly located in the armpits and groin.
These glands emit a thicker, protein-rich fluid that initially has little odor. However, when bacteria on your skin break it down, the result is that familiar pungent scent.
In contrast, eccrine glands, found throughout the body, secrete a more diluted mixture of water and salt, which typically carries little inherent odor, although bacteria can produce a smell.
Read more:
What Can Body Odor Indicate About Your Health?
Minor changes in your odor may be your body’s way of signaling a potential health issue. For instance, poorly managed diabetes can cause a sweet or fruity aroma on the skin and breath, often likened to pear drops or nail polish remover.
This scent may indicate diabetic ketoacidosis, a medical emergency due to the buildup of ketone bodies from insufficient insulin.
Moreover, liver disease can produce a musty or “fecal” scent, while kidney failure may lead to an ammonia-like smell due to the body’s struggle to expel waste products.
Changes in odor can also be influenced by infections, pregnancy, menstrual cycles, and hormonal fluctuations, including menopause.
Interestingly, researchers are investigating whether body scent can assist in the early and accurate diagnosis of various diseases.
Your skin’s natural microbiome significantly influences your body odor, which is why some individuals naturally emit stronger scents than others – Image courtesy of Getty Images.
Recent research suggests that certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs), released by the skin, can indicate conditions like Parkinson’s disease even before noticeable neurological symptoms occur.
This investigatory field was partly inspired by individuals with heightened olfactory sensitivity, including a woman who recognized a unique musky scent from her husband long before he was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease.
Impact of Lifestyle, Diet, and Genetics
Not every odor is concerning. Foods like garlic, onions, and curry contain volatile compounds that can affect sweat’s scent. Alcohol, caffeine, and various medications can also alter your body odor.
Even stress can shift your scent due to changes in sweat composition.
Your skin’s microbiome (the diverse bacteria community on your skin) plays a crucial role in determining body odor, explaining why some individuals naturally have stronger smells than others.
What To Do If You’re Concerned About Body Odor?
Maintaining good hygiene is crucial. Regularly washing with soap, especially in areas with high concentrations of apocrine glands, can reduce bacteria responsible for strong odors.
Antiperspirants help decrease sweat production, while deodorants mask unpleasant scents.
Wearing breathable fabrics, such as cotton or moisture-wicking materials, can help minimize bacterial growth, particularly during physical activity. Keeping well-hydrated and maintaining a balanced diet can also alleviate odor concerns.
If you notice a persistent or unexplained change in body odor, especially alongside symptoms related to diabetes, liver, or kidney issues, consider consulting a healthcare professional.
This article addresses the question (by Spalding’s Scott Edwards): “Can my scent provide insights into my health?”
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Olive Oil: A Key Ingredient in a Brain-Boosting Diet
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Understanding the health benefits of olive oil is essential, as it not only lowers “bad cholesterol” but also combats inflammation and safeguards against chronic diseases, including various cancers. Recent studies indicate that its advantages may extend to brain health.
What does this mean for cognitive function? Is extra virgin olive oil really necessary, and how much should one consume for optimal benefits? The answers may be more encouraging than you think, as other oils may also support brain health.
It’s important to remember that nutrition research is complex and often unreliable. For instance, participants may struggle to accurately track their food intake, leading to unreliable data. However, some patterns emerge from observational studies, especially when experimental research reinforces these findings.
Olive oil is a fundamental component of the widely acclaimed Mediterranean diet, renowned for promoting health. This diet encourages the consumption of tomatoes, whole grains, fresh fish, and generous amounts of olive oil, occasionally paired with red wine. Numerous studies link this lifestyle to reduced rates of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and even dementia.
The Mediterranean diet is particularly high in fats, primarily from olive oil, prompting scientists to investigate its specific role. According to nutrition specialist Richard Hoffman from the University of Hertfordshire, England, “The Mediterranean diet is significantly more effective when enhanced by extra virgin olive oil.”
A landmark study in Spain involved over 7,000 participants aged 55 to 80. One group ingested 1 liter of extra virgin olive oil weekly while adhering to a Mediterranean diet. Others either supplemented their meals with nuts or were advised to reduce fat intake.
Current consensus among scientists suggests that olive oil can mitigate inflammation and enhance cardiovascular health. But how does it affect the brain?
A large-scale study published in 2024 examined over 92,000 adults, evaluating their olive oil consumption every four years for around 30 years. Findings revealed that higher olive oil intake was linked to a lower risk of dementia-related mortality.
Even after accounting for variables like BMI, physical activity, smoking, socio-economic status, and overall diet, a connection remained between olive oil consumption and reduced dementia risk.
Further analysis showed benefits from substituting other fats with olive oil. According to Marta Guasch-Ferré from Harvard University, “Replacing butter or other animal fats with olive oil resulted in an 8-14% decrease in dementia-related mortality risk.”
The Mediterranean Diet: Lowering Disease Risks with Olive Oil
Imaging Ltd./NurPhoto (via Getty Images)
Olive oil’s protective properties for the brain are attributed to polyphenols, which are abundant in this oil. These bioactive compounds shield plants from stress and pests and may do the same for humans by scavenging free radicals, reducing inflammation, and preventing harmful oxidation of fats that can lead to strokes.
Additionally, polyphenols nourish gut microbes, interacting with the immune system to minimize inflammation. Chronic inflammation is a major contributor to significant health issues, including heart disease and dementia, with growing evidence linking Alzheimer’s disease to inflammation in various organs.
According to Guash-Ferré, “Evidence is accumulating to support that olive oil may alleviate Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative conditions.”
Which Olive Oil is the Best for You?
It’s essential to differentiate among olive oils. Extra virgin olive oil is the least processed, retaining the most polyphenols. In contrast, virgin olive oil is subjected to more processing, while standard variety is processed extensively, losing many health benefits.
Is the type of olive oil significant? Guasch-Ferré indicates that any olive oil consumption correlates with a lower risk of mortality. The mix of healthy unsaturated fats and beneficial bioactive compounds positions olive oil as a premier plant-based oil.
A recent study explored how different olive oils impacted the microbiome and cognitive health of seniors. It evaluated 656 individuals, revealing that those consuming virgin olive oil showed cognitive improvements. In contrast, participants using standard olive oil experienced cognitive decline. Interestingly, this was linked to changes in the gut microbiome, with specific bacteria mediating some effects.
While this research is preliminary and involved a short follow-up period, it emphasizes the connection between diet, gut health, and brain function.
So what should you take away? While standard olive oil offers some cardiovascular benefits due to its favorable fat profile, extra virgin olive oil provides additional protective compounds. The great news is that other vegetable oils, such as canola and safflower, also contain beneficial fats and moderate polyphenol levels. In substitution models, Guasch-Ferré’s team found no cognitive health drawbacks from these oils compared to animal fats.
“Other vegetable oils can also provide health benefits, especially as they are typically more affordable than olive oil,” she notes. However, further research is warranted for conclusive guidance.
Ultimately, select the highest quality extra virgin olive oil that fits your budget. Although if that’s not feasible, replacing animal fats with other vegetable oils is a beneficial step toward brain health. If you aim for premium quality, pay attention to storage; light reduces polyphenol levels over time, so choosing a dark bottle is advisable for optimum health advantages.
I’m willing to invest a little more in high-quality extra virgin olive oil, not only for its rich flavor but also for its profound brain-health benefits.
Is Extra Virgin Olive Oil the Best Choice for Brain Health?
Alexander Prokopenko/Shutterstock
Olive oil is renowned for its health benefits, including lowering “bad cholesterol,” combating inflammation, and protecting against chronic diseases such as cancer. New evidence also suggests olive oil positively impacts brain health.
I explored how olive oil could enhance cognitive function. Is extra virgin olive oil really essential? How much do we actually need?
Surprisingly, olive oil may not be the only oil with brain health benefits.
All nutrition research has its challenges, often relying on food diaries that participants may inaccurately report. Therefore, definitive studies can be rare.
However, observable patterns can still emerge from observational studies complemented by biological experiments, helping us understand the health impacts of various foods.
Olive oil’s popularity skyrockets largely due to its pivotal role in the Mediterranean diet, widely regarded as one of the healthiest dietary patterns. This diet encourages the consumption of fresh vegetables, fish, and olive oil, along with occasional red wine, correlating with reduced rates of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and dementia.
While the Mediterranean diet is high in fat, most of it comes from olive oil. As nutritionist Richard Hoffman points out, “The Mediterranean diet’s effectiveness is amplified when extra virgin olive oil is included,” highlighting its significant role.
A pivotal study involving over 7,000 Spanish participants aged 55 to 80 examined the effects of olive oil on heart health. One group received 1 liter of extra virgin olive oil weekly and was encouraged to consume 4 to 5 tablespoons daily. In contrast, other groups replaced olive oil with nuts or reduced their overall fat intake.
While olive oil’s anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular benefits are clear, what does it mean for the brain?
The upcoming large-scale study set for 2024 analyzed data from over 92,000 adults regarding olive oil consumption tracked across nearly 30 years. Results indicated a lower risk of dementia-related mortality among regular olive oil consumers.
While healthier lifestyles typically correlate with higher olive oil intake, controlling for variables such as BMI, activity level, and overall diet still showed a strong association with reduced dementia risk.
Moreover, replacing other fats with olive oil provided additional benefits; researchers found an 8 to 14 percent reduction in dementia risk when substituting a teaspoon of margarine or mayonnaise with olive oil, according to Marta Guasch-Ferré from Harvard University.
Olive Oil: A Vital Component of the Mediterranean Diet
Imaging Ltd./NurPhoto (via Getty Images)
Olive oil exhibits protective effects on the brain, primarily due to its rich content of polyphenols, the highest among edible oils. These compounds protect plants and humans from various stressors, reduce inflammation, and prevent harmful fat oxidation leading to plaque formation.
Polyphenols also nourish gut microbes, supporting a healthy immune system and mitigating inflammation. Chronic inflammation is linked to major health issues, including heart disease and dementia, suggesting that Alzheimer’s could stem from inflammation in distant organ systems.
“Growing mechanistic evidence indicates that olive oil may alleviate the underlying pathology of Alzheimer’s and similar neurodegenerative diseases,” says Guash-Ferré.
Choosing the Right Olive Oil
All olive oils are not equal. Extra virgin olive oil is the least processed variety, preserving polyphenols. Virgin olive oil is slightly more refined, while standard olive oil undergoes further processing, stripping it of many beneficial properties.
Is there a significant difference in health benefits among these types? “Consumption of any type of olive oil correlates with a lower mortality risk,” Guash-Ferré states. The blend of healthy fats and bioactive compounds makes olive oil a top choice among plant-based oils.
However, recent research from January revealed intriguing insights comparing various olive oils’ effects on the microbiome and cognitive function in older adults. The study involving 656 overweight participants with metabolic syndrome demonstrated that those consuming more virgin olive oil exhibited cognitive improvements, while standard olive oil users faced accelerated cognitive decline.
The beneficial impacts are associated with shifts in microbial diversity; those drinking virgin olive oil saw increased diversity, whereas standard olive oil led to reduced diversity, with a specific bacterial group, adlerkreuzia, mediating about 20% of virgin olive oil’s cognitive effects.
Although this preliminary study is small and short-term, it hints at a captivating relationship between diet, gut bacteria, and brain health.
What does this mean for us? While standard olive oil provides health benefits, especially for heart health, extra virgin olive oil offers an added dimension through its polyphenols that may safeguard brain function.
The good news for your wallet is that the health benefits aren’t exclusive to olive oil. Other plant-based oils like canola and corn also contain healthy fats and moderate polyphenol levels. Guash-Ferré’s team found no additional brain health benefits when replacing olive oil with these oils; instead, they emphasized that while olive oil is beneficial, other vegetable oils are also acceptable alternatives.
“Incorporating other vegetable oils can be a healthy substitute for animal fats and are generally more affordable,” she cautions, yet further studies are necessary to bolster these findings.
The simplest advice? Opt for the highest quality extra virgin olive oil you can afford. If that’s not feasible, replacing animal fats with other vegetable oils still promotes brain health. It’s also wise to consider packaging; light can diminish polyphenol levels, so choose dark bottles when possible to preserve health benefits.
I confidently invest in high-quality extra virgin olive oil, not just for its exquisite flavor but also for its potential cognitive advantages.
Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg departs from Los Angeles court amid major social media addiction trial
Credit: John Putman/Anadolu via Getty Images
A California jury has made a groundbreaking ruling, finding social media giants Meta and YouTube liable for negligence impacting a young woman’s mental health. This significant verdict marks a pivotal moment that could reshape the future of social media regulation.
The jury mandated that the companies pay $3 million in damages, compensating for economic losses and emotional distress suffered by the plaintiff. However, the jury has yet to determine punitive damages, which would impose additional penalties on the companies due to their actions.
The young woman at the heart of this trial, referred to as KGM in court documents, successfully argued that the addictive features of social media resulted in her severe anxiety and depression. Although TikTok (owned by ByteDance) and Snapchat (owned by Snap) were initially involved in the lawsuit, they reached a settlement prior to the trial’s commencement.
This case is not isolated; thousands of similar lawsuits are pending against social media firms across the United States. Many of these cases allege that social media products are addictive and harmful. Notably, a related case in New Mexico concluded on March 24, resulting in a verdict against Meta for failing to protect children from exploitation. That case resulted in the company being ordered to pay $375 million in damages.
The critical question that arises now is whether such legal actions will lead to meaningful changes in social media products deemed harmful. In the U.S., free speech laws pose challenges in advocating for reforms on social media platforms. A significant statute, Section 230, shields companies from liability for user-generated content. However, this landmark decision could signal a turning point, as the prevailing laws often hinder successful litigation against tech giants.
The New Mexico case has now advanced to a second phase, where a judge will adjudicate on the necessary changes Meta should implement to its social media platforms moving forward.
A spokesperson for Meta expressed disagreement with the ruling and announced plans to appeal both cases. Similarly, Jose Castañeda, a spokesperson for Google, which owns YouTube, indicated that the company intends to challenge California’s decision. With several more cases on the docket, if this trend continues, profound changes in the social media landscape may soon emerge.
As a former pediatrician in Karachi, Pakistan, I cared for countless premature infants born due to pre-eclampsia. These tiny lives often rested in the palm of my hand, struggling for breath. Unfortunately, not all of them survived.
The complexities of pregnancy complications like pre-eclampsia remain poorly understood. We lack clarity on the root causes and preventive measures for premature births, contributing to the global maternal and infant mortality crisis. Every day, over 700 women and 6,500 newborns lose their lives due to pregnancy or childbirth complications. The highest rates are in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, exacerbated by weak healthcare systems, inequitable access to care, extreme poverty, and inadequate infrastructure.
Astonishing knowledge gaps exist across women’s health issues, including menopause. The norm of women suffering for a decade seems acceptable, yet is scarcely recognized as a significant issue. This oversight stems not from scientific challenges but from a pervasive apathy. Women’s experiences have been largely overlooked, impacting what is researched and what remains unaddressed.
Currently, less than 1 percent of healthcare research focuses on women’s health outcomes outside of cancer. This underinvestment and the lack of female participation in clinical trials leave fundamental questions in women’s health unanswered. For instance, while we know the symptoms of heart disease—the leading cause of death for women globally—differ by individual, the reasons remain a mystery. Moreover, the pathways for drugs into the brain are known, yet how they affect the female reproductive system is largely unexplored, unlike the extensive knowledge we possess about men’s health, such as the effects of Viagra.
A Ray of Hope
Progress is being made, and I’ve observed a shift towards serious discussions on investing in women’s health at global health and medical innovation conferences. Decision-makers and investors are beginning to acknowledge the severity of the issue and the potential benefits of addressing it following decades of neglect.
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When a problem is treated as unnoticeable rather than unacceptable, finding a solution is never a priority. “
Recognizing the challenges is only the first step; we must actively allocate resources and focus on the multifaceted issues surrounding women’s health.
I am particularly excited about the transformative potential of innovative research and tools. For example, the vaginal microbiome—a balance of beneficial and harmful bacteria—has only recently gained attention. Understanding its role in pregnancy outcomes, like preterm birth, and women’s vulnerability to infections like HIV is crucial.
My team at the Gates Foundation is funding research to uncover how the vaginal microbiome affects pregnancy outcomes and women’s susceptibility to STIs. Although we’re in early stages, promising innovations are emerging that could benefit millions of women.
For instance, interventions promoting healthy bacteria dominance in the vagina might help prevent STIs. Conditions like bacterial vaginosis, while mild, can lead to severe pregnancy complications, including premature birth and an increased risk of postnatal issues such as chronic pain and infertility.
Last year, the Gates Foundation committed to $2.5 billion for women’s health innovation. However, this amount is insufficient. We need to bolster collaboration with public and private sector entities globally. The UK has a unique opportunity to build on its health innovation reputation, enhancing lives both domestically and internationally while advancing its vital economic sectors.
Investing in women’s health equates to investing in their lives and well-being. A healthy woman fosters creativity, is more engaged with her family, and is an active participant in her community. This is a fundamental truth. On this International Women’s Day, let’s turn this truth into action by urging leaders to prioritize and resource women’s health initiatives now.
Anita Zaidi is Chair of Gender Equality at the Gates Foundation
The advantages of fasting are well-documented. Research indicates that fasting can lower blood pressure, reduce inflammation, control blood sugar levels, and naturally promote weight loss. The downside, of course, is that it involves abstaining from food.
But what if you could enjoy the same benefits without completely cutting out food? Enter the Fasting Mimic Diet, designed to offer similar advantages while allowing for some consumption.
This diet restricts overall calorie intake and protein consumption but permits small servings of plant-based foods, including vegetable soups, leafy greens, nuts, and seeds.
Adhere to this diet for 5 consecutive days each month. Start with burning 700 to 1,100 calories on the first day. For the subsequent four days, limit your intake to no more than 750 calories, with macronutrient distribution of 10% from protein, 45% from carbohydrates, and 45% from fat.
Similar to traditional fasting, this diet triggers a state of “cellular housekeeping,” which allows cells to break down and recycle old and dysfunctional components like proteins and organelles. This process promotes cellular energy, function, and prevents the accumulation of defective proteins that contribute to cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
However, current research on this diet remains limited, especially concerning its effects on humans. Nutritionists advise caution; it may not be suitable for pregnant women, those who exercise vigorously, or individuals with a history of eating disorders. Even healthy adults might experience side effects such as dizziness, fatigue, and headaches. Always consult your doctor if in doubt.
This article, authored by Rebecca Thorton from Leeds, tackles the question: “Do copycat diets work?”
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Incorporating one avocado and one cup of mango into your daily diet can significantly enhance vascular health indicators and lower crucial cardiometabolic risk factors, particularly in individuals with elevated blood sugar levels. This indicates that making simple dietary changes can promote heart health even before the onset of diabetes.
Daily consumption of avocado and mango among adults with prediabetes increases fruit intake, diversifies nutrient composition, and improves vascular function related to cardiovascular health. Image credit: Tomek Walecki.
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes and prediabetes is rapidly increasing.
Over one-third of the U.S. population is affected by prediabetes, with approximately 80% of adults unaware they have diabetes.
Prediabetes is defined by elevated blood sugar levels that fall below the diagnostic criteria for type 2 diabetes, accompanied by hyperinsulinemia due to insulin resistance.
Individuals with prediabetes face an elevated risk of developing type 2 diabetes and may experience complications such as endothelial dysfunction, contributing to both macrovascular and microvascular diseases.
Currently, prevention remains the most effective and economical strategy and is a key focus in public health.
A recent study led by Professor Britt Barton Freeman from the Illinois Institute of Technology instructed adults with prediabetes to adhere to an avocado-mango (AM) diet, incorporating one medium Hass avocado and one cup of fresh mango each day for eight weeks.
A calorie-matched control group consumed a similar diet, substituting avocado and mango with equivalent carbohydrate-based foods.
The AM diet group displayed substantial improvements in blood vessel function, which is essential for healthy circulation, and reductions in diastolic blood pressure—a vital factor for long-term heart health—compared to the control group.
Participants on the AM diet demonstrated significant enhancements in vascular function.
Flow-mediated dilation (FMD), a crucial indicator of endothelial function (blood vessel health), rose to 6.7% for those on the AM diet, contrasting with a decline to 4.6% in the control group, indicating a notable improvement.
Moreover, diastolic blood pressure showed significant improvement, particularly in men.
Men in the control group experienced an average central blood pressure increase of 5 points (mmHg), while those on the AM diet enjoyed a decrease of about 1.9 points, a difference that may become clinically relevant if maintained.
These benefits were achieved without altering caloric intake or body weight, highlighting that nutrient-rich fruits like avocado and mango can bolster cardiovascular health with minimal lifestyle adjustments.
“This research reinforces the efficacy of food-first strategies in mitigating cardiovascular disease risk, particularly for vulnerable groups like those with prediabetes,” stated Professor Barton-Freeman.
“This reassuring message suggests that integrating small, nutrient-dense foods, such as avocado or mango into meals and snacks, can enhance heart health without imposing rigid dietary restrictions.”
The AM group also saw increased intake of fiber, vitamin C, and heart-friendly monounsaturated fats—nutrients linked to cardiovascular wellness—while maintaining steady caloric consumption and body weight.
Additionally, markers of kidney function, such as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), showed improvement.
While no significant differences were observed in cholesterol, blood sugar, or inflammation levels, the findings underscore the importance of adding nutrient-rich fruits to the diet, especially for those at risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
“In summary, enhancing fruit intake—particularly through increased avocado and mango consumption—led to beneficial alterations in vascular function crucial for cardiovascular health in high-risk populations,” the authors concluded.
For further information, see their research paper published in American Heart Association Journal.
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Chelsea Price et al. 2026. Effects of increasing total fruit intake with avocado and mango on endothelial function and cardiometabolic risk factors in prediabetic adults. American Heart Association Journal 15(4); doi: 10.1161/JAHA.124.040933
This version incorporates stronger SEO practices, with keywords related to heart health, prediabetes, vascular function, and dietary changes while keeping the original HTML structure intact.
Infrared saunas are a leading wellness trend, gaining popularity in gyms, spas, and personal homes. Advocates highlight numerous benefits, including enhanced heart health and effective pain relief.
Unlike traditional Finnish saunas that heat the air, infrared saunas use light from infrared bulbs to directly warm your body. This results in a milder temperature of around 60°C (140°F), compared to the 75°C (167°F) typical of traditional saunas.
Infrared saunas are generally compact. If you prefer a less intense heat experience or wish to avoid the crowded atmosphere of Finnish saunas, an infrared sauna might be your ideal option.
You will still experience sweating, as this mirrors the positive effects of exercise. According to various heat therapy studies, infrared saunas can escalate heart rates, lower blood pressure, alleviate muscle tension, and enhance blood circulation. They may also promote the release of endorphins, improving mood while reducing stress.
Research on infrared saunas indicates benefits for cardiovascular health, resembling light exercise effects, and pain reduction, particularly for chronic pain sufferers. Some animal studies suggest that infrared therapy might help decrease inflammation and motivate mitochondrial activity within our cells.
Discover the health benefits of infrared saunas. – Photo credit: Getty
However, it’s worth noting that comprehensive studies on infrared saunas are few, often limited by participant numbers. Conducting large-scale studies poses logistical challenges and costs.
Despite the lack of extensive evidence, the infrared sauna trend is on the rise. You can install one at home for approximately £3,000 (around $3,900 USD). Additionally, infrared Pilates and yoga classes are emerging, offering a chance to experience the benefits before making a purchase.
This article addresses the query from Ross McDowell of Birmingham: “Should I start using an infrared sauna? Is it safe?”
To submit your questions, please email questions@sciencefocus.com or reach out via Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (include your name and location).
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A large prospective cohort study has revealed that older adults consuming more virgin olive oil, a vital element of the Mediterranean diet, experience slower cognitive decline and enhanced gut microbiota diversity over two years. Conversely, higher consumption of common refined olive oil correlates with decreased microbial diversity and accelerated cognitive decline.
Extra virgin olive oil, a cornerstone of the Mediterranean diet, protects against cognitive decline. Image credit: Steve Buissinne.
Virgin olive oil is a key ingredient of the Mediterranean diet, packed with phenolic compounds known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits.
While prior laboratory and animal research hinted at neuroprotective effects, human studies linking olive oil, gut microbiota, and cognitive function remain sparse.
This groundbreaking finding stems from participants in the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea-Plus (PREDIMED-Plus) study, an extensive ongoing trial designed to explore how dietary and lifestyle changes influence cardiovascular and metabolic health.
“This is the first prospective human study analyzing the role of olive oil in the relationship between gut microbiota and cognitive function,” stated Dr. Giaki Ni, a researcher from Rovira i Virgili University.
Researchers monitored over 650 adults aged 55 to 75, who were overweight or obese and at high risk for cognitive decline, yet cognitively healthy at the study’s onset.
During a two-year period, they assessed participants’ olive oil intake, gut microbiome profiles, and performance on a comprehensive range of cognitive tests.
Increased consumption of virgin olive oil was linked to improved or sustained overall cognition, executive function, and language proficiency.
In stark contrast, high consumption of common refined olive oil appeared to diminish gut microbial diversity and accelerate cognitive decline.
“As cases of cognitive decline and dementia rise, our findings underscore the necessity of enhancing diet quality. Prioritizing extra virgin olive oil over refined options emerges as a simple yet effective strategy to safeguard brain health,” emphasized researchers Nancy Babio and Stéphanie Nisi from Rovira i Virgili University.
To uncover why virgin olive oil may positively impact cognitive function, scientists analyzed baseline stool samples.
Those who consumed higher amounts of virgin olive oil exhibited greater gut microbiota diversity and a more cohesive microbial community structure compared to those who consumed less.
Further analysis indicated that specific gut bacteria may elucidate the cognitive advantages. Changes in the prevalence of particular microbial species, such as adlerkreuzia, appeared to mediate the relationship between virgin olive oil intake and enhanced cognitive performance, reinforcing the concept that diet influences brain health via the gut-brain axis.
“This study highlights that the quality of fats we consume matters as much as their quantity,” remarked Dr. Jordi Salas Salvado, also from Rovira y Virgili University.
“Extra virgin olive oil not only benefits heart health but also plays a vital role in protecting brain function as we age.”
“The discovery that microbial profiles contribute to these benefits opens avenues for new nutrition-based prevention strategies to maintain cognitive function.”
Find out more in the study published in the journal Microbiome.
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J.nee et al. 2026. Changes in total and different types of olive oil intake, gut microbiota, and cognitive function in older adults. Microbiome 14, 68; doi: 10.1186/s40168-025-02306-4
I’m currently booking my shingles vaccination appointment. Having had shingles in college, I still bear the scars and want to avoid a recurrence. However, I understand that the shingles vaccine offers benefits beyond just shingles prevention. This is increasingly relevant; many vaccines are showing advantages that extend far beyond shielding against specific viruses or bacteria, a fact that’s lesser-known but crucial.
Starting with shingles, a study involving over 1 million individuals highlighted that those who received the Zostavax shingles vaccine experienced a 26% lower risk of dying from heart disease or suffering a stroke, heart attack, or heart failure over an average span of six years post-vaccination. This is a significant risk reduction through a simple and affordable intervention.
Additionally, recipients of the new shingles vaccine, Shingrix, were found to be 17 times less likely to develop dementia in the following six years compared to those inoculated with Zostavax. The overall risk reduction with Shingrix may be even more substantial, given that some studies suggest Zostavax also contributes to a decrease in dementia risk. Other vaccines, including those against influenza and tuberculosis, show similar protective benefits, with research indicating they may help lower dementia risk as well.
In both the US and Australia, shingles vaccination is advised for adults over 50 or anyone with weakened immune systems. In the UK, access is limited to public healthcare providers unless you fall under certain categories, such as people aged 70 to 79. Considering my age, I’ve opted for private vaccination to avoid the wait.
Shingles is caused by the varicella-zoster virus; initially causing chickenpox, it then remains dormant in nerve cells and can reactivate to cause shingles. Vaccinating children against chickenpox may offer benefits in adulthood, yet concrete studies on this are scarce.
The influenza vaccine also boasts cardiovascular advantages. Data compiled from over 9,000 participants in six trials indicated that flu vaccine recipients had a 34% reduced risk of heart attack or stroke within a year, with an even greater effect observed among individuals with recent heart issues.
Furthermore, a new vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) also seems to contribute to heart disease prevention—an extensive study involving around 130,000 people over 60 revealed that those who received certain RSV vaccines had lower hospitalization rates for heart and lung issues compared to their unvaccinated counterparts.
The mRNA COVID-19 vaccine has additionally been shown to enhance immune responses in conjunction with immunotherapy, consequently prolonging life expectancy for some individuals.
While we could continue listing various examples, the focus should shift to understanding why so many vaccines possess such widespread benefits. While the exact mechanisms aren’t entirely known, they’re not entirely surprising.
Viral infections can cause lasting physical damage to the body and the immune response can also lead to tissue damage. Severe immune reactions, like cytokine storms, often lead to fatalities in infections such as influenza and COVID-19. Growing research indicates that the immune response to infections, like the Epstein-Barr virus, may contribute to conditions like multiple sclerosis.
Various viruses adopt different strategies to evade our immune system and compromise our natural defenses. HIV exemplifies this extreme by obliterating the immune system entirely.
Illustration of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Katerina Conn/Science Photo Library/Alamy
Some viruses, like varicella-zoster, cannot be eliminated post-infection, while others, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), can integrate their genome into our cells, leading to cancer.
Even viral infections commonly perceived as benign, such as influenza in youth, can have undetected long-term effects. Ongoing research into long-term coronavirus implications has highlighted the importance of vaccines in preventing lasting harm.
Some advocate the notion that “natural immunity” gained from infection is superior to vaccination. This perspective can be misleading, especially when considering diseases like measles, which exemplify the critical need for vaccination.
However, it’s essential to note that not all vaccines possess this training capability. Some might be ineffective, yet they continue to save lives.
Ultimately, the pressing question remains: is getting vaccinated more advantageous than not? Making an informed decision requires weighing the risks of infection against vaccination risks, while also considering the broader benefits of immunization. Too often, the conversation centers on exceedingly rare or unfounded side effects of vaccines.
I firmly believe in the positive outcomes of vaccination. I consistently receive the shingles vaccine and flu vaccination annually, and I eagerly anticipate the opportunity to get the RSV vaccine once available.
On Thursday, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is set to repeal the legal framework that empowers it to regulate greenhouse gas emissions.
“President Trump and Secretary Lee Zeldin will officially rescind the 2009 Obama-era endangered status designation,” said White House Press Secretary Caroline Leavitt during a press briefing on Tuesday. “This marks the largest deregulatory initiative in American history, projected to save Americans $1.3 trillion from regulatory burdens.”
The EPA’s 2009 decision, known as the Endangered Findings, identifies greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane as key contributors to global warming, which poses risks to public health and welfare. This finding is crucial for establishing regulations under the Clean Air Act. It also underpins mandatory emissions reporting for fossil fuel companies, among other regulations.
If upheld against anticipated legal challenges from environmental groups, this measure could dismantle a majority of U.S. policies aimed at mitigating climate pollution.
Details of the rule that revokes this certification have not yet been released. However, in a draft rule issued in August, the EPA proposed eliminating all greenhouse gas emissions standards for vehicles. Leavitt indicated that this deregulation would lower the prices of cars, SUVs, and trucks, hinting that the final version might also reduce vehicle emissions requirements.
Additional climate regulations may also face repeal: In June, EPA Administrator Lee Zeldin proposed a rule to revoke carbon dioxide standards for power plants. The EPA is also re-evaluating other policies linked to endangerment findings, including methane regulation, a potent greenhouse gas.
In 2025, EPA Administrator Lee Zeldin participated in an event at the White House. Jacqueline Martin File / AP File
In a briefing last month prior to the EPA’s announcement, Manish Bapna, President and CEO of the Natural Resources Defense Council, labeled the expected repeal as “the largest assault on federal authority to combat the climate crisis in U.S. history.”
“From the devastating floods in Texas and North Carolina to the catastrophic fires around Los Angeles and the unprecedented heat waves every summer, more individuals are experiencing the consequences of human-induced disasters,” Bapna remarked. “A ruling negating endangered studies would represent a complete denial of these incidents and the reality of climate change.”
Conversely, the Heartland Institute, a conservative think tank, commended the impending regulatory changes.
“The Obama administration’s assertion that carbon dioxide endangers human health is scientifically flawed and is pure political maneuvering,” claims the think tank’s president, James Taylor.
The endangerment study conducted during President Barack Obama’s first term is now under scrutiny, with the EPA stating that it “improperly analyzes the scientific record” and that its scientific basis is overly pessimistic and unsubstantiated.
In a preliminary draft of the rule, the EPA argued that the endangerment study amplifies the risk of heat waves, overpredicts warming trends, and overlooks the benefits of increased carbon emissions, such as enhanced plant growth. Many scientific organizations refute these claims.
The agency has also noted that court rulings since 2009, like West Virginia v. EPA, have already curtailed its ability to regulate greenhouse gases. This Supreme Court decision stated that the EPA lacks broad authority to transition energy production from coal to cleaner alternatives.
Much of the discussion surrounding the interim rule is based on a contentious report ordered by Energy Secretary Chris Wright. Recently, a judge determined that Wright and the Department of Energy violated transparency laws in creating and managing the working group involved.
It remains unclear whether the final rule will maintain the same rationale or modify its justification based on public feedback.
Scientific organizations opposing the EPA’s draft rule concentrated on a DOE report suggesting that rising carbon dioxide levels could promote a “greening” effect. The report also indicated that discernible trends in extreme weather events are lacking, complicating the attribution of such events to climate change due to various factors, including “natural climate variability and data limitations.”
“Human actions are altering the climate more rapidly than ever, leading to severe impacts on individuals and the ecosystems we depend on,” the union added, highlighting that greenhouse gas emissions are at their highest levels in the past 800,000 years.
“Climate change is a direct catalyst for rising global temperatures, heat waves, sea level rise, ocean acidification, and is intensifying extreme weather events such as hurricanes, floods, wildfires, and droughts.”
Additionally, a collective of 85 climate scientists released a report claiming that previous rebuttals to DOE reports illustrate a pervasive issue of misrepresentation, failing to meet appropriate standards for informing policy decisions.
According to Copernicus, the European Union’s climate monitoring service, last year was the third warmest on record. The last 11 years have marked the warmest period in modern recorded history.
During President Donald Trump’s administration, the EPA aggressively rolled back numerous environmental protections. Zeldin previously promised in a Wall Street Journal editorial that he was “putting a dagger into the heart of the religion of climate change.”
However, reversing the endangered status is likely to instigate a significant legal confrontation.
The Natural Resources Defense Council has vowed to battle the EPA “every step of the way.” David Doniger, an attorney with the agency, asserted that defending the rule change in court would be “impossible” given the overwhelming evidence indicating that greenhouse gas pollution is exacerbating climate change and intensifying disasters like wildfires, floods, and heat waves.
A newly discovered group of bacteria thriving in the gut microbiome of healthy individuals suggests their crucial role in maintaining overall health.
About 4,600 species of bacteria inhabit our gut, impacting a range of bodily functions from our immune response to sleep patterns and mental health risks.
Interestingly, around two-thirds of these species fall into the “hidden microbiome,” many of which cannot be cultured in laboratories or even named. We only identify them through genomic analysis. “Are these species merely bystanders, or do they contribute to human health?” questions Alexandre Almeida, a researcher at Cambridge University.
To delve deeper, Almeida and his team analyzed genetic markers of bacteria across a comprehensive study involving over 11,000 participants from 39 countries, primarily across Europe, North America, and Asia.
Approximately half of the participants were healthy, while the other half had one of 13 conditions, including obesity, chronic fatigue syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease.
The analysis revealed that 715 bacterial species are linked to specific health conditions; 342 were more abundant in unhealthy individuals, while 373 were prevalent in those who were healthy.
Among these, a prominent genus named CAG-170 consistently correlated with better health outcomes. “Across various conditions, CAG-170 levels were markedly higher in healthy individuals compared to those with diseases,” Almeida explains.
In another aspect of the study, Almeida’s team explored bacterial species that indicate a healthy gut microbiome versus one characterized by dysbiosis.
“CAG-170 once again showed a significant correlation,” Almeida adds. “Higher CAG-170 levels corresponded with a balanced and healthier gut microbiome.”
To understand CAG-170’s role, the researchers examined its genome, identifying genes linked to metabolic pathways capable of producing elevated vitamin B12 levels and breaking down various carbohydrates and fibers.
While CAG-170 itself doesn’t utilize vitamin B12, Almeida suggests that other bacteria frequently found alongside CAG-170 likely benefit from it. “CAG-170 seems to adopt a collaborative role, providing metabolic support to its microbial companions.”
This study marks a vital step in understanding which components of the gut microbiome contribute to health and disease. Research led by Nicola Segata at the University of Trento recently characterized a healthy gut microbiome but didn’t thoroughly explore how these bacteria provide health benefits.
Determining whether high CAG-170 levels are a health cause or consequence remains challenging. Almeida emphasizes the need for further research to assess whether introducing CAG-170 can mitigate certain health risks.
“The human microbiome and body are intricately linked, and should be considered a unified complex system,” Segata states. “Instead of seeking direct causality, we need to explore the holistic relationship between microbial and bodily health, including diet’s role.”
Professor Segata advocates for follow-up studies incorporating nutritional clinical trials to evaluate the dietary factors that influence both microbiome composition and human health.
From Almeida’s perspective, CAG-170 holds potential in two ways: as a biomarker for gut health and as a foundation for new probiotics aimed at enhancing overall well-being.
The potential for CAG-170 as a probiotic candidate is promising, yet its laboratory cultivation remains a significant challenge. “Identifying optimal foods and prebiotic supplements to increase CAG-170 levels may be a more attainable goal than developing probiotic products.” Segata notes.
However, genomic insights offer guidance on practical applications. Since CAG-170 bacteria appear unable to produce arginine, supplementing with more amino acids might promote their growth and presence in the gut.
In the field of medicine, acting too quickly can lead to catastrophic results. A prime example is the thalidomide scandal associated with morning sickness. Pregnant animals were never tested, reflecting the risks of changing procedures based on insufficient evidence. However, slow responses can also pose dangers, as seen with the reliance on body mass index (BMI).
For years, BMI, a straightforward calculation based on weight and height, has proven inadequate for distinguishing between fat and muscle or accounting for global variations. While it is a quick and cost-effective measure, its prolonged use has misclassified millions, leading to denied fertility treatments and surgeries.
Fortunately, alternative measurements are gaining traction. In a pivotal move last year, The Lancet urged that BMI not be the sole metric for assessing obesity, a recommendation embraced by 75 international medical organizations.
This shift indicates a potential resolution to the medical inertia stemming from insufficient evidence, lack of consensus, and leadership necessary for progress, especially after the errors of the 20th century.
“
We need only look to COVID-19 vaccines to illustrate that rapid, safe, and evidence-based actions can indeed be achieved. “
The rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines, which saved approximately 14 million lives within their first year, serves as an exemplary model of fast, evidence-based action in healthcare.
This type of proactive response is crucial in various underdeveloped healthcare sectors, including enhanced menopause care, innovative psychiatric treatments, additional male contraception options, and new antibiotics.
While caution is essential, it’s crucial to act swiftly without compromising safety and effectiveness.
There Can Be Too Much of a Good Thing When It Comes to Exercise
Reuters/Lucy Nicholson
Exercise is crucial for a long and healthy life; however, recent studies reveal that ultramarathons can significantly accelerate cellular aging in blood. Athletes completing 170 kilometers in mountainous terrain exhibit more age-related damage in their red blood cells compared to those who run shorter distances.
Long-distance running has been associated with health issues, including temporary immune system suppression and anemia. However, the impact on red blood cells, particularly in mountainous environments, is only beginning to be understood.
Angelo D’Alessandro and his team at the University of Colorado examined blood samples from 11 adults, approximately 36 years old, within hours before and after a 40km trail race. They conducted similar analyses on another group of 12 individuals of comparable age participating in a 170-kilometer ultramarathon over the same terrain.
The researchers discovered that participation in either race can lead to increased accumulation of damage in runners’ red blood cells due to reactive oxygen species. These highly reactive molecules are generated when red blood cells need to transport more oxygen throughout the body.
This cellular damage, which occurs naturally with aging, was markedly heightened in ultramarathon runners. D’Alessandro notes, “Anecdotally, the blood after an ultramarathon resembles that of someone who has just suffered a serious injury. Red blood cells accumulate damage, hastening cellular aging.”
Ultramarathon participation appeared to change red blood cells’ shape from disc-like to more spherical at an accelerated rate, a common occurrence as we age. The disc shape is crucial for navigating small blood vessels in the spleen, where aging red blood cells are typically destroyed. “This spherical morphology leads to entrapment in the spleen, resulting in immune cell clearance,” says Travis Nemkov, also from the University of Colorado Anschutz.
This damage likely stems from the inflammatory response triggered by intense exercise, which increases the circulation of red blood cells.
Additionally, ultramarathon runners experienced approximately 10% fewer red blood cells following the race. While this minor reduction isn’t indicative of a health issue or anemia, it suggests the body can probably recover swiftly from this change, according to Nemkov.
Current research efforts focus on analyzing ultramarathon runners’ red blood cells the day following a race to further comprehend the duration of these effects. Future studies aim to explore if these changes impact runners’ performance. Nemkov emphasizes, “This could reveal insights into the signals of damage that might enhance the body’s resilience to endurance running or indicate potential detriments.”
A groundbreaking study conducted by researchers at McGill University indicates that human sleep patterns, or chronotypes, exist on a broader biological spectrum. Each subtype is linked to distinct health and behavioral traits, challenging the conventional ‘early riser vs. night owl’ classification.
Zhou et al. The study identifies five distinct biological subtypes, each related to various behavioral patterns and health conditions. Image credit: Wok & Apix.
Chronotype refers to the specific time during the 24-hour cycle when an individual naturally feels the most alert or is prepared for sleep.
Previous research has often associated late-onset chronotypes with health issues, yet the findings have frequently been inconsistent.
“Instead of asking if night owls face greater risks, it may be more insightful to explore which specific night owls are at risk and why,” explains Dr. Yue Zhou, a researcher at McGill University.
Utilizing AI technology, Zhou and colleagues analyzed brain scans, questionnaires, and medical records from over 27,000 adults in the UK Biobank.
Their findings uncovered three night owl subtypes and two early riser groups.
One early riser subtype exhibited the fewest health issues, while the other was more closely linked to depression.
Night owls performed better on cognitive assessments but faced difficulties in emotional regulation.
One night owl group was prone to risk-taking behaviors and cardiovascular challenges, while another group showed higher tendencies for depression, smoking, and heart disease.
“These subtypes are not merely characterized by their sleep times,” stated Dr. Danilo Buzdok from McGill University.
“They represent a complex interaction of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.”
Instead of categorizing sleep types as good or bad, the researchers emphasize how risks and strengths are distributed differently among the five profiles.
A nuanced comprehension of sleep profiles can clarify why identical sleep schedules impact individuals differently, promoting research and sleep support that transcends a one-size-fits-all methodology.
“In today’s digital age and post-pandemic world, sleep patterns are more diverse than ever,” remarks Zhou.
“Recognizing this biological diversity may ultimately lead to more personalized strategies for sleep, work schedules, and mental health support.”
For further details, refer to the published findings in the Journal on December 22, 2025, Nature Communications.
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L. Joe et al. (2025). Potential brain subtypes of chronotypes reveal unique behavioral and health profiles across population cohorts. Nat Commune 16, 11550; doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-66784-8
Elizabeth Homan with her valuable stool donor, Mr. Dmitri
Elizabeth Homan
Fecal transplants have become a vital treatment for Clostridioides difficile relapses. However, sourcing high-quality stool donors remains a significant challenge.
“This process can be quite frustrating; only about 1 percent of those who respond to donor ads are in optimal health,” states Elizabeth Homan, an infectious disease specialist at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. “Finding qualified donors is tough, so we really appreciate their generosity.” Over the years, some donors have contributed their stools over 100 times.
Homan has overseen the fecal transplant program at her hospital for 15 years. Her responsibilities include collecting donations, processing them into oral capsules, and administering them to patients suffering from challenging intestinal conditions, particularly recurrent C. difficile infections that are resistant to antibiotics. The beneficial gut bacteria in the donor’s stool help to eliminate harmful bacteria in the recipient’s gut, alleviating symptoms.
To recruit donors, Homan advertises online, offering $1,200 for a month’s worth of stool donations.
Potential donors undergo a rigorous screening process. Many do not advance past the initial phone interview due to health criteria, such as being a healthcare worker or recent travel to Southeast Asia, both of which heighten the risk of transmitting drug-resistant bacteria. Furthermore, donors need to be within a healthy weight range, as past experiences showed that stools from obese donors could cause adverse reactions in recipients.
Individuals who pass the initial screening undergo comprehensive testing, including blood tests to evaluate their overall health, screenings for infectious diseases like HIV and COVID-19, and rectal examinations to detect any intestinal abnormalities.
Homan’s most successful donors are often fitness enthusiasts with balanced diets. One notable donor is a “semi-professional athlete, personal trainer, and gym owner.” Generally, superior stools result from diets rich in natural foods while minimizing ultra-processed options. “We’ve considered using only vegan donors, but in reality, my best donors have been omnivores,” she notes.
Donation periods typically last from 2 to 4 weeks. During this time, donors are encouraged to make frequent visits to the hospital for donations. “They often have regular bowel movements, coming in around the same time daily after a coffee boost,” Homan explains. Each stool sample is collected in a plastic container and processed in the lab.
Fresh stool is quickly converted into capsules. “I blend it with saline and strain it through a graduated mesh filter,” Homan explains. After additional processing, the liquid is encapsulated. “It’s not pleasant, but you adapt,” she adds.
After each donation period, donors are screened again for any infections, making sure they are not exposed to pathogens like Salmonella. If they test positive, the capsules are discarded, and new donor sourcing begins.
Despite these hurdles, Homan expresses her passion for the job, highlighting the life-changing effects fecal transplants can have on patients. Recently, a patient who was unable to work has returned to a 30-hour work week thanks to the transplant capsules. “I continue this work because it makes a meaningful difference in people’s lives,” she remarks.
Sadly, Elizabeth Homan is nearing retirement and is struggling to find a replacement. “I keep asking my department, ‘Who’s willing to help?’ The response has been silence. It seems they’re overwhelmed with the basics and hesitant to take on this responsibility.”
Money has always influenced healthcare, from pharmaceutical advertising to research agendas. However, the pace and scale of this influence have intensified. A new wave of players is reshaping our health choices, filling the gaps left by overstretched healthcare systems, and commodifying our well-being.
Traditionally, doctors held a monopoly on medical expertise, but this is rapidly changing. A parallel healthcare system is emerging, led by consumer health companies. These entities—including health tech startups, apps, diagnostic services, and influencers—are vying for authority and monetizing their influence.
Currently, there seems to be a solution for every discomfort. Fitness trackers monitor our activity, while meditation apps come with subscription fees. Our biology is increasingly quantifiable, yet these marketable indicators may not always lead to improved health outcomes. We’ll observe whether changes in biomarkers yield positive results. While genetic testing and personalized nutrition promise a “better you,” the supporting evidence often falls short.
In this landscape, our symptoms, treatments, and even the distinctions between genuine illness and everyday discomfort are commodified. This trend is evident in podcasts promoting treatments without disclosing conflicts of interest, influencers profiting from diagnoses, and clinicians presenting themselves as heroes while selling various solutions.
Much of this transformation occurs online, where health complaints and advertising lack proper regulation. Social media platforms like TikTok, YouTube, and Instagram are becoming key sources of health advice, blending entertainment with information.
The conglomerate of pharmaceutical, technology, diagnostic, and supplement brands is referred to as the Wellness Industrial Complex, fueling the rise of the “commodified self.”
This issue is not just about personal choice. Social platforms shape our discussions about disease, influencing clinical expectations and redefining what healthcare should provide. We’re essentially participating in a global public health experiment.
However, this phenomenon also reflects real-world deficits. Alternative health options thrive because people seek acknowledgment, control, and connection, especially when public health support feels insufficient. Critiquing misinformation alone won’t halt its spread and could exacerbate marginalization.
When timely testing is inaccessible, private diagnostics can offer clarity and control. Optimization culture flourishes when traditional medicine is perceived as overly cautious or reactive.
The critical question for health systems is not whether to adapt but how. They must remain evidence-based, safe, and equitable while also being attuned to real-world experiences. Failure to do so risks losing market share and moral authority—the ability to define the essence of care.
To navigate health today, one must understand the commercial mechanisms influencing it. The content we consume is curated by an industry with unprecedented access to our bodies, data, and resources, amplifying its potential to impact our self-perception.
If you’re looking to quit smoking, you’ve likely heard that transitioning to electronic cigarettes (vaping) can be a healthier alternative.
According to a study by researchers at University College London, over 50,000 individuals successfully quit smoking in 2017 thanks to e-cigarette use.
While most harmful compounds associated with smoking-related illnesses are absent in e-cigarettes (as they do not burn tobacco like heated tobacco products), it is essential to highlight that e-cigarettes are not recommended for non-smokers.
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The e-liquids in vaping usually consist of a blend of propylene glycol and glycerin.
Both of these compounds are deemed safe for ingestion, but their inhalation safety has not been definitively proven. A 2020 Clinical Research Review indicated minimal impact on lung function with no significant inflammatory effects.
Synthetic flavors are added to create a variety of options, and regulations require these additives to be safe for food use, although their inhalation safety isn’t guaranteed.
Many e-cigarettes also contain nicotine, which can help users quit smoking by alleviating withdrawal symptoms, but it can also pose addictive risks for newcomers and has been linked to lung cancer in animal studies.
Exploring vape shops reveals hundreds, if not thousands, of flavors—from traditional tobacco and menthol to delightful fruity and baked goods options.
However, research shows that some fruit flavors may be damaging to health. A 2016 study linked strawberry flavor to increased cytotoxicity, indicating potential cell harm.
Moreover, a 2019 study associated fruit flavors with compounds like acrylonitrile and acrolein, known for their carcinogenic potential and ability to induce lung inflammation.
Study findings link strawberry flavoring to high cytotoxicity – Image credit: Robin Boyden
A study published in 2024 discovered that inhaling berry-flavored e-cigarette vapor can severely impair lung immune cells in mice. These mice faced difficulties in combating infections when exposed to harmful bacteria.
Compared to healthy controls, mice exposed to e-cigarettes showed lower survival rates, and those that survived took longer to recover from bacterial infections.
That said, non-fruit flavors are not completely safe, either.
E-liquid chemicals can be unstable; when heated in an e-cigarette to create vapor, they may react and form new harmful compounds.
For instance, aldehydes, commonly used as flavoring in vanilla, cherry, and cinnamon e-liquids, can produce acetals, known respiratory irritants.
Additionally, there may be unidentified chemical interactions between various flavors. Research in this area is still emerging, especially when compared to the extensive knowledge available regarding traditional smoking.
Therefore, while e-cigarettes can assist with smoking cessation, vaping entails specific risks. One thing remains clear: our understanding of vaping’s impact on health is still evolving.
This article addresses the question posed by Huey Robbins via email: “Which e-cig flavor is the worst for you?”
If you have any questions, please reach out to us at:questions@sciencefocus.com or connect with us onFacebook,Twitter, or Instagram(please include your name and location).
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“The gut microbiome has transformed our understanding of human health,” says Tim Spector, PhD, co-founder of the Zoe Nutrition App from King’s College London. “We now recognize that microbes play a crucial role in metabolism, immunity, and mental health.”
Although significant advancements in microbiome research have surged in the past 25 years, humans have a long history of utilizing microorganisms to enhance health. The Romans, for instance, employed bacterial-based treatments to “guard the stomach” without comprehending their biological mechanisms.
In the 17th century, microbiologist Antony van Leeuwenhoek made the groundbreaking observation of the parasite Giardia in his own stool. It took scientists another two centuries to confirm his discoveries, until the 21st century when the profound impact of gut and skin microbes on health became evident.
By the 1970s, researchers determined that gut bacteria could influence the breakdown of medications, potentially modifying their efficacy. Fecal transplant studies hinted at how microbial communities could restore health. However, it was the rapid advancements in gene sequencing and computing in the 2000s that truly revolutionized this field. Early genome sequencing revealed every individual possesses a distinct microbial “fingerprint” of viruses, fungi, and archaea.
In the early 2000s, groundbreaking studies illustrated that the microbiome and immune system engage in direct communication. This collaboration reshapes the microbiome’s role as a dynamic participant in our health, impacting a wide range of systems, from the pancreas to the brain.
Exciting findings continue to emerge; fecal transplants are proving effective against Clostridium difficile infections, while microorganisms from obese mice can induce weight gain in lean mice. Some bacterial communities have shown potential to reverse autism-like symptoms in mice. Recently, researchers have even suggested that microbial imbalances could trigger diabetes and Parkinson’s disease. “Recent insights into the human microbiome indicate its influence extends far beyond the gut,” states Lindsay Hall from the University of Birmingham, UK.
Researchers are gaining a clearer understanding of how microbial diversity is essential for health and how fostering it may aid in treating conditions like irritable bowel syndrome, depression, and even certain cancers. Studies are also investigating strategies to cultivate a healthy microbiome from early life, which Hall believes can have “profound and lasting effects on health.”
In just a few decades, the microbiome has evolved from an obscure concept to a pivotal consideration in every medical field. We are now entering an era that demands rigorous testing to differentiate effective interventions from overhyped products, all while shaping our approach to diagnosing, preventing, and treating diseases.
Unlocking the Potential: Does Heat Therapy Enhance Brain Function?
gpointstudio/Getty Images
As an enthusiast of cold water swimming, I previously explored its brain benefits. However, the emerging evidence on heat therapy fascinated me—particularly regarding its neurological advantages. This prompted a deeper investigation into the subject.
During my last trip to Finland and Sweden, I immersed myself in their sauna culture, learning that ‘sauna’ is pronounced ‘sow-na’ (with ‘ow’ rhyming with ‘how’), contrasting my South East London pronunciation.
Finnish saunas, reaching temperatures of 70°C to 110°C (158°F to 230°F) with low humidity, are extensively studied. Regular sauna use correlates with numerous physical benefits, such as reduced risks of high blood pressure, muscle disorders, and respiratory diseases. Recent research also identifies significant cognitive benefits, including fewer headaches, improved mental health, better sleep quality, and a decreased risk of dementia.
A large-scale study involving nearly 14,000 participants aged 30 to 69 tracked sauna habits over 39 years. The findings revealed that those who frequented saunas nine to twelve times a month exhibited a 19 percent reduction in dementia risk compared to those who visited less than four times a month.
Moreover, sauna bathing appears linked to various cognitive enhancements. For instance, a small trial involving 37 adults with chronic headaches compared those receiving headache management advice to participants who regularly attended saunas. The sauna group reported significantly reduced headache intensity.
Regular sauna use is also associated with lower risks of psychosis and increased vitality and social functioning in elderly individuals, reinforcing its potential cognitive benefits.
However, it’s crucial to recognize that not all heat treatments yield the same results. Various forms of heat therapy exist, each offering distinct benefits. For example, a trial with 26 individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder showed that those receiving infrared heating sessions reported significant symptom reductions over six weeks compared to a sham treatment.
How Does Heat Therapy Benefit Brain Health?
Heat therapy’s efficacy appears closely linked to its anti-inflammatory effects. In a study following 2,269 middle-aged Finnish men, researchers found that individuals engaging in frequent sauna use exhibited reduced levels of inflammation, a factor significantly associated with depression and cognitive decline.
Another mechanism involves heat shock proteins, which are produced when body temperature rises during sauna use or exercise. These proteins help prevent misfolding of other proteins—a common feature in many neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease.
Enhanced blood circulation also plays a role; heat exposure dilates blood vessels, thereby improving cardiovascular health. This indirect benefit to brain health can decrease risks associated with vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.
Additionally, saunas may elevate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, vital for neuron growth. In an experiment with 34 men, participants receiving 12 to 24 sessions of infrared therapy displayed significantly higher BDNF levels and improved mental well-being compared to those doing low-intensity workouts.
Can Saunas Enhance Cognitive Skills?
Beyond long-term neurological advantages, the immediate effects of sauna sessions are promising. A study involving 16 men revealed that brain activity post-sauna sessions resembled a relaxed state, indicating potential improvements in task efficiency. Researchers suggest that heat therapy may help extend mental work capacity over prolonged periods.
However, excessive heat exposure can lead to fatigue and reduced cognitive function. Studies indicate that high-temperature environments may impair memory consolidation, making saunas less suitable for study sessions.
If you’re exploring heat therapy, check guidelines from the British Sauna Association to ensure safety, including limiting duration and staying hydrated.
Do Hot Baths Offer Similar Benefits?
If you lack access to saunas, could hot baths serve as an alternative? While they may partially replicate sauna benefits, the evidence is still inconclusive. According to Ali Qadiri from West Virginia University, warm baths do elevate core body temperature and can improve mood and relaxation. Still, he cautions that robust data on saunas and dementia prevention far outweighs that for baths.
My local lake offers both cold water swimming and sauna experiences, prompting me to consider their combined effects. A Japanese study on the practice known as totonou, or alternating between hot saunas and cold baths, revealed enhancements in relaxation and reduced alertness after several rounds.
While more research is needed to determine if this combination is more effective than using heat or cold therapy alone, the overall evidence supports potential cognitive boosts from regular sauna visits, reinforcing my commitment to explore more heat and cold therapy options.
Discover the Health Benefits of Engaging in the Arts
Miguel Riopa/AFP via Getty Images
Engaging in the arts is not merely a delightful hobby; it significantly contributes to improved health. Recent groundbreaking research indicates that participation in creative activities correlates with decreased inflammation and positive changes in brain health-related proteins.
“We uncovered several new biological pathways that clarify the connection between art and beneficial health outcomes,” stated Daisy Fancourt from University College London.
Over the past decade, accumulating evidence highlights the substantial health benefits associated with participation in music, theater, and various creative arts. For instance, dance programs are shown to aid Parkinson’s patients, while art activities can lead to a lower risk of depression.
Previous studies also indicate that individuals engaged in the arts tend to exhibit lower inflammation levels, thereby enhancing both physical and mental health. However, prior research often focused solely on a few blood markers, limiting its utility. With advancements in technology, it is now possible to analyze hundreds of proteins, providing comprehensive insights into how behavior influences biology.
Utilizing this advanced methodology, Fancourt and colleagues examined data from approximately 6,000 British adults by analyzing one-time blood samples to explore how involvement in the arts links to 184 proteins associated with bodily and brain systems.
The researchers measured the frequency and variety of artistic activities, discovering that increased participation in arts such as dancing, singing, reading, photography, crafting, and attending performances correlates with significant changes in 18 specific proteins.
Tracking data also revealed that individuals actively engaged in the arts exhibited a reduced future risk for several health issues, including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, arthritis, depression, and dementia. Notably, the changes in proteins could explain between 16% and 38% of the link between artistic engagement and improved health, even after adjusting for factors like income and education.
Some affected proteins are crucial for metabolism, while others support brain cell health. Certain proteins also activate pathways that enhance anti-inflammatory processes. “Engaging in the arts may stimulate a rebalancing of the inflammatory system,” notes Fancourt.
“The benefits of engaging in arts activities on health and well-being have long been acknowledged, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear,” commented Darryl O’Connor from the University of Leeds, UK. While the findings need replication in different populations, he emphasizes that the study presents exciting new avenues for exploring how behavior impacts health.
Researchers from King’s College London, including Carmine Pariante, highlight that these findings align with established protective effects of artistic engagement on mental and physical health. However, the current study offers only a temporal snapshot, leaving questions about the duration of exposure to art needed to yield protective benefits.
Fancourt suggested that the next logical step would be to conduct causal studies, monitoring specific proteins before and after individuals participate in various artistic activities.
The Mediterranean diet is widely regarded as the ultimate in healthy eating. Rich in fiber, vegetables, legumes, fruits, nuts, and moderate fish consumption, this diet is low in meat and dairy, making it both delicious and beneficial for health and the environment. As Luigi Fontana from the University of Sydney highlights, “Not only is it healthy, but it’s also very tasty.”
Supported by extensive research, unlike transient diet fads, the Mediterranean diet has been celebrated for over 21 years. This longevity stems from a series of randomized controlled trials that established its status as a nutritional gold standard.
In the 1940s, physiologist Ansel Keys advocated that the Mediterranean diet significantly lowers heart disease risk, primarily due to its low levels of saturated fat from meat and dairy, which are known to contribute to cholesterol buildup.
Keys, along with his wife Margaret, a nutritionist, conducted pioneering research comparing diet and heart health across seven countries. Their findings suggest that those following the Mediterranean diet enjoyed a markedly lower risk of heart disease, although external factors like income levels weren’t accounted for.
The most compelling evidence was presented in 1999. In this study, participants with prior heart attacks were assigned to either a Mediterranean diet or a low-fat diet, demonstrating that the former significantly reduced the risk of both stroke and subsequent heart attacks.
This breakthrough set the stage for a transformative shift in our dietary understanding over the next 25 years. Since 2000, multiple randomized controlled trials have confirmed the cardiovascular benefits of the Mediterranean diet. Additionally, it has been shown to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. Further research links this eating pattern to diminished risks of infectious diseases, breast cancer, slower cognitive decline, and enhanced IVF success rates, although further investigation remains essential. “Eating a Mediterranean diet reduces your risk of developing multiple chronic diseases,” Fontana emphasizes.
Insights into the diet’s effectiveness point to the importance of fiber and extra virgin olive oil, which are believed to foster beneficial gut bacteria and mitigate harmful inflammation. “Many chronic diseases arise from inflammation, making the Mediterranean diet particularly advantageous,” states Richard Hoffman at the University of Hertfordshire, UK.
Furthermore, adopting the Mediterranean diet benefits the environment. With meat and dairy production accounting for about 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions, transitioning to a diet rich in legumes and vegetables significantly reduces this impact. As global temperatures rise, it is imperative to move away from diet trends and embrace these time-honored culinary practices.
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