Despite their immense wealth, billionaires cannot evade the ultimate limit of mortality. No amount of money or the best medical care can change the inevitability of death. However, a groundbreaking startup named Nectome is poised to change the narrative around death and the human brain.
Nectome has pioneered a technology that preserves the brain’s physical structure within minutes post-mortem. Initially tested on pigs, the method aims to allow for the reconstruction of the ‘connectome’—a 3D map of the brain’s intricate structure—opening the door to potential revival.
It is essential to note that while the connectome can be mapped, how to recreate consciousness from it, if at all, remains a profound mystery. The complex nature of consciousness, coupled with its “hard problems,” continues to baffle scientists and researchers.
Beyond the scientific inquiries, significant ethical and legal questions arise. Can a brain be effectively digitized, or must it remain biological? Even if these hurdles are overcome, Nectome’s methodology necessitates medically-assisted death, a practice illegal in many regions. Nevertheless, those who opt for Nectome’s procedure may find solace in the hope that future advancements will lead to solutions, potentially allowing them to awaken centuries after their biological death.
A philosophical quandary remains: is a revived entity, emerging from a copy of a deceased brain, truly the same as its original owner? This question poses deep implications even as society contemplates the feasibility of Nectome’s treatments. Ultimately, anyone who undergoes this revolutionary process might be taking steps towards a form of immortality, presenting a profound challenge for us to consider in the realm of ethics and existence.
Recent research findings suggest that long-term cryo-sleep and revival may no longer be purely science fiction. A study published in PNAS reveals intriguing advancements.
Scientists from Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU) and Erlangen University Hospital successfully froze mouse brain tissue and restored its functionality upon thawing.
Although only a fraction of the brain tissue was revitalized, the neurons retained the ability to transmit electrical signals, sustaining complex processes essential for memory and learning.
“Before conducting the experiment, we weren’t sure it would succeed,” stated Dr. Alexander German, first author of the study from the Department of Molecular Neurology at Erlangen University Hospital, as reported by BBC Science Focus.
“Public focus is likely to transition from ‘pure science fiction’ to ‘serious scientific and technological challenges.’”
Nature’s Cryo-Sleep Solutions
Interestingly, nature already exhibits cryo-sleep capabilities. Siberian salamanders can endure temperatures as low as -50°C (-58°F), remaining in a dormant state for years in permafrost until conditions are favorable for revival.
This remarkable resilience is attributed to their liver, which produces glycerol—a natural antifreeze that inhibits the formation of ice crystals within cells.
Ice formation has historically obstructed human cryopreservation efforts, as crystals damage the intricate nanostructures of living tissues.
Current cryoprotective agents have their own drawbacks; many are toxic to sensitive cells, and fluctuations in their concentrations can disrupt fluid balance in tissues.
The Siberian salamander, the coldest amphibian on Earth, employs an extraordinary evolutionary strategy to freeze and thaw safely – Photo credit: Getty
The research team employed a technique known as vitrification. This process replaces much of the tissue fluid with a blend of cryoprotective agents, cooling the molecules rapidly enough to stabilize them in a glass-like state. While both ice and glass are hard solids, glass’s random structure prevents crystallization and subsequent mechanical damage.
German and his team utilized a custom solution called V3, meticulously optimized to reduce toxicity while inhibiting ice formation.
Focusing on the hippocampus—a brain region crucial for memory and learning—the researchers processed slices of mouse hippocampus, approximately three times thicker than a human hair, through increasingly concentrated V3 solutions before rapidly cooling them to -196°C (-321°F) on a copper cylinder chilled with liquid nitrogen, and storing them at -150°C (-238°F) for durations ranging from 10 minutes to 7 days.
Upon thawing, the structural integrity of the neurons was preserved, and electrical recordings confirmed that the neurons were active and communicating within hippocampal circuits.
The breakthrough was evidenced by the presence of long-term potentiation (LTP), a vital process that strengthens connections between frequently used neurons, serving as the cellular foundation for learning and memory—it continued to function effectively.
This was a significant finding for German, as LTP is a rigorous measure of brain function, dependent on a complex interplay of cellular mechanisms, including signaling chemicals, receptor activation, calcium ion processing, and a cascade of molecular events that fortify neuronal connections.
The successful maintenance of these processes post-vitrification indicates that the tissue emerged in remarkably good condition.
“This result demonstrates that the synaptic machinery remains sufficiently intact to support de novo plasticity after complete cryoarrest,” German stated.
Bridging Science Fiction and Reality
The immediate applications are terrestrial rather than interstellar. Surgeons who excise brain tissue during epilepsy surgeries often need to analyze it rapidly. With effective vitrification techniques, these samples could be preserved for re-examination years later.
Germany’s spin-off company, Hiber, is actively working on developing reliable technology for preserving human neural tissue, aimed at advancing drug discovery and disease research.
German also noted that the physics underlying long-term storage is surprisingly encouraging. When tissue drops below its glass transition temperature, molecular movement and chemical degradation essentially halt.
However, he mentioned that radiation could pose more significant challenges, especially if this technology is utilized in future long-distance space missions.
The vitrified tissue on the left remains intact, while the tissue on the right is compromised by crystallization and cracking – Photo credit: Alexander German
Expanding from Tissues to Organisms
Scaling up from thin tissue slices to entire organs—or even whole organisms—poses considerably different challenges.
In thin slices, antifreeze can diffuse from all surfaces effectively. In intact organs, however, delivery and removal through blood vessels becomes complex due to the blood-brain barrier.
If thawing occurs unevenly, the tissue risks cracking or partial recrystallization, jeopardizing the structure that vitrification aims to protect.
“Our PNAS study serves as proof of principle for neural cryobiology, rather than demonstrating cryostasis for complete organisms,” German emphasized.
“This study shows that adult mammalian brain tissue can recover near-physiological circuit function after being completely stopped in cryogenic glass without ice. This point addresses the concern that adult brain tissue is too fragile for cryopreservation.”
For German, the significance of this research is less about cinematic science-fiction narratives and more about tangible scientific advancements. “The cold version of the science fiction concept isn’t solely about interstellar travel; it’s about gaining time,” he explained.
“If medicine can develop more effective methods to preserve tissues, organs, and potentially patients, we may pave the way for better treatment options in the future.”
So, why does this happen? Instead of enriching your life, “harassers” tend to heighten your stress levels. Chronic stress significantly contributes to biological aging, leading to inflammation, a weakened immune system, and a higher likelihood of cardiovascular diseases, which can result in heart attacks.
The authors of the study note, “Negative social connections were associated not only with self-reported stress and mental health but also with molecular measures of biological aging,” according to Dr. Lee Byung-gyu from New York University, as reported by BBC Science Focus.
This comprehensive study analyzed biological age and survey data from 2,345 participants aged between 18 and 103 years.
Researchers discovered that each additional troublesome person in one’s life could negatively affect health outcomes. Specifically, the pace of aging could increase by 1.5 percent, or roughly nine months of biological age. For example, having three harassers in one’s life may equivalently make a person biologically 2.5 years older than someone of the same chronological age without such stressors.
Additionally, the toll is even greater when the difficult individual is a family member.
According to Dr. Lee, not all harassers appear the same. “A nuisance could be a parent, sibling, friend, or someone in your inner circle who regularly causes conflict and drains your time and mental energy,” he explains.
In day-to-day life, this could manifest as a family member who frequently seeks assistance or criticizes you, a friend who generates drama, or a romantic partner who instigates persistent stress in your relationship.
Being surrounded by “haters” can be mentally draining; it might even shorten your lifespan – Credit: Getty
Does this sound familiar? You’re not alone. Research indicates that nearly 30% of individuals report having at least one harasser in their close circle.
Interestingly, the study revealed that having a troublesome spouse doesn’t exert the same detrimental effects on health. The benefits of shared routines, resources, and emotional intimacy can counteract stress responses that are often present in other relationships, as explained by Lee.
However, some individuals may be more susceptible to having difficult people in their lives. The study found higher instances among women, daily smokers, those in poor health, and individuals with challenging childhoods.
Lee commented, “One possibility is that people who already face higher stress levels and have fewer resources may struggle to avoid or disengage from difficult relationships, allowing chronic tension to permeate their daily lives.”
Paleontologists have unveiled a fascinating new species of enigmatic ciclidan crustacean, identified from three exceptionally preserved specimens hailing from China’s Early Triassic Guiyang biota.
Yunnanosiculus fortis. Image credit: Sun et al., doi: 10.1002/spp2.70052.
The Cyclidae represent a unique group of arthropods that first emerged during the Carboniferous period and persisted until the late Cretaceous period.
Despite their significance, their fossil record is scant, as most findings only display the carapace (hard shell) of these creatures, with many anatomical features remaining elusive.
“Cyclida is an arthropod order integral to the Guiyang biota,” explains Dr. Xiaoyuan Sun from the China University of Geosciences, alongside collaborators from China and the United States.
“This specialized group of crustaceans originated in the Mississippi Sea (359-323 million years ago) and went extinct during the Maastrichtian (73-66 million years ago) of the Late Cretaceous Period.”
“They’re classified as crustaceans due to distinctive traits such as antennae, mandibles, and maxillae.”
“Sadly, our comprehension of ciclidan crustaceans remains limited because of their rarity in the fossil record.”
Typically, only the robust carapace is preserved, with the antennae and limbs being scarcely found.
The newly identified ciclidan species, designated Yunnanosiculus fortis, thrived during the late Dinerian period of the early Triassic, around 251 million years ago.
It is described based on three specimens sourced from the Daye Formation in Guizhou Province, China.
These fossils unveil an oval carapace featuring narrow, smooth margins, well-defined antennae, and seven pairs of thoracic segments.
Significantly, one specimen retains a pair of robust lower jaws, an exceptionally rare feature in ciclidan fossils.
The holotype’s carapace measures approximately 19.8 mm long by 14.7 mm wide, with the lower jaw spanning about 1.7 mm long and 0.8 mm wide.
Microscopic X-ray fluorescence analysis revealed elevated levels of calcium and phosphorus within the mandible and other structures, indicating they were thick and heavily calcified.
“Yunnanosiculus fortis boasted a notably sturdy oval lower jaw,” the research team stated.
Holotype of Yunnanosiculus fortis. Scale bar – 2 mm. Image credit: Sun et al., doi: 10.1002/spp2.70052.
This remarkable discovery broadens the known geographic range of Early Triassic cichlidans.
Previously, fossils from this era were primarily registered from Madagascar and select regions of Europe.
The new species signifies the oldest record of cichlidans located in the eastern Tethyan area.
“The identification of this new species from China enhances our understanding of the paleogeographical distribution of Early Triassic cichlidans,” the researchers noted.
“Early Triassic cyclidans demonstrate widespread distribution across Madagascar, Europe, and China.”
“However, by the Late Triassic, their presence was predominantly limited to Europe.”
These fossils also provide insights into the evolutionary trajectory of these enigmatic creatures.
By examining the morphological data from Yunnanosiculus fortis, scientists reconstructed morphospace—an approach to analyze the diversity of body morphology within cichlidans and other related species.
The findings indicate that cichlidans underwent significant diversification early in their history during the Carboniferous period, with a gradual reduction in disparity in later geologic periods.
This pattern corroborates the “initial burst” model of evolution, where groups diversify rapidly soon after emerging, followed by a phase of slow evolutionary change.
This discovery further enriches our understanding of ecosystems following the Permian-Triassic mass extinction, which eradicated over 80% of marine life.
The fossil evidence from the Guiyang biota and other Early Triassic sites suggests that complex marine communities might have been reinstated earlier than initially believed.
By revealing new anatomical details and extending the geographic record of cichlidans, Yunnanosiculus fortis offers valuable insights into the recovery and evolution of marine life during one of Earth’s most chaotic periods.
“The addition of new species and the re-evaluation of the chronological paleogeography of Triassic cichlids illustrate that early Triassic cichlids were the most broadly distributed, with a gradual decline in distribution thereafter,” the authors concluded.
“This trend mirrors the global distribution of ammonoid and other marine invertebrate species during the Early Triassic and may relate to the reduction of environmental gradients in varying latitudinal zones post-Permian-Triassic mass extinction.”
The groundbreaking discovery of Yunnanosiculus fortis is discussed in the research paper published in the journal Paleontology Papers.
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Sun Xiaoyuan et al.. 2025. A new Induan (Early Triassic, Dinerian) cichlidan crustacean discovered from the Guiyang biota. Paleontology Papers 11 (6): e70052; doi: 10.1002/spp2.70052
Empathy is widely viewed as a valuable trait. We nurture empathy in children to foster their ability to understand others’ emotions and offer support when necessary.
Research consistently highlights the advantages of empathy, contributing to strong social and interpersonal skills. However, what happens when this empathy is exploited? This leads us to the intriguing concept of the dark empath.
What is a Dark Empath?
To comprehend dark empaths, it’s essential first to grasp the concept of the dark triad.
The dark triad encompasses three personality traits: narcissism (an inflated sense of entitlement and grandiosity), psychopathy (marked by lack of remorse, superficial charm, and impulsiveness), and Machiavellianism (manipulative and strategic behaviors).
Now, envision someone who embodies all three of these traits while simultaneously possessing a high degree of empathy. This person is known as a dark empath.
A dark empath has a keen understanding of others’ emotions, yet instead of empathizing, they manipulate, guilt, or control them – Photo credit: Getty
The key distinction between Dark Triad individuals and Dark Empaths is that the latter can truly understand others’ emotions. While this may sound favorable, it’s detrimental when empathy is wielded as a tool for manipulation.
Dark empaths do not merely show increased general empathy; they often excel in specific forms of empathy.
Research identifies three distinct types of empathy:
Emotional Empathy: The capacity to feel what another person is experiencing (e.g., tearing up while watching a touching film).
Cognitive Empathy: Understanding another person’s emotional state without necessarily feeling the same emotion (for instance, recognizing someone’s distress after watching a sad movie).
Compassionate Empathy: Comprehending someone’s feelings and actively helping them (like hugging someone who is sobbing after a sorrowful film).
Dark empaths can be particularly perilous due to their high level of cognitive empathy, which enables them to discern what others feel and require. This knowledge can then be manipulated to exploit others’ vulnerabilities for their gain.
Unlike their Dark Triad counterparts, Dark Empaths often exude an extroverted charm and appear likable in social contexts. Their exceptional social skills make them difficult to identify, fostering trust—a lethal combination.
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How to Identify a Dark Empath
So, how can you determine if someone you know is a dark empath? Look for individuals who excel at reading emotions but mainly utilize this skill for self-serving purposes rather than to offer genuine support.
Specific signs that may indicate someone is a dark empath include:
Their kindness feels insincere
They manipulate others for their own advantage
They possess strong social skills
They instill guilt or play on your insecurities
While these are not definitive indicators of a dark empath, they are cautionary signals worth noting.
Ultimately, it’s important to nurture and appreciate empathy while being vigilant about the motives behind it.
Do their intentions truly seem altruistic, or do they have hidden agendas?
This article (by Carol Steger, Colorado) addresses the inquiry: “What defines a dark empath?”
If you have any questions, please reach out to us at:questions@sciencefocus.com or message us onFacebook,Twitter, or Instagram(make sure to include your name and location).
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Saturn’s moon Enceladus: A Prime Candidate in the Search for Extraterrestrial Life
Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute
A revolutionary method for detecting chemical properties of living organisms could unlock the secrets to identifying extraterrestrial life forms, even those with biochemical processes distinct from life on Earth.
In the quest for extraterrestrial life, scientists traditionally depend on biosignatures—substances or patterns that reliably signify the presence of life. By analyzing the atmospheres of distant planets, astronomers search for molecular biosignatures. However, many molecules associated with life can also arise from geological activities, suggesting a careful approach to interpretation.
A novel test developed by Christopher Carr and colleagues from Georgia Tech focuses on amino acids, which serve as fundamental components of proteins that sustain all known life forms. While amino acids can also be produced in lifeless environments, they have been uncovered in lunar soil, comets, and meteorites.
Given this, Carr and his team proposed that analyzing the reactivity of molecules within samples could provide more reliable biological indicators than merely detecting amino acids.
In non-living systems, molecules are continuously formed and destroyed as they react with environmental factors like cosmic rays. The more reactive a molecule, the more likely it is to decompose. “Without stable systems to maintain molecules, their reactivity increases,” explains Carr. However, living systems require reactive molecules, therefore they retain more reactive ones, creating distinct biochemical signatures.
The reactivity of compounds hinges on the arrangement of electrons in the molecules. More reactive molecules exhibit smaller energy differences between their outermost electron and the next available electron space during reactions.
Carr and his team calculated energy differences for 64 amino acids, including those not present in Earth’s biosphere. They analyzed the prevalence of these amino acids in samples sourced from both abiotic processes (like meteorites and lunar soil) and biotic sources (like fungi and bacteria), employing molecular energy calculations to establish a statistical framework for amino acid reactivity. This allowed them to estimate the probability of a sample being alive or inorganic.
After testing over 200 living and nonliving samples, they found their method could accurately identify life with 95 percent certainty. “This approach is remarkably straightforward,” Carr asserts. “It’s easily explainable and directly linked to the principles of physics.”
This reactivity-based method is applicable to the search for extraterrestrial life, as Carr posits that if life exists elsewhere, it likely relies on carbon-based chemistry and amino acids, governed by the same principles of chemical reactivity present on Earth. “Life inherently requires control over the timing, methods, and locations of molecular interactions. Therefore, structures that facilitate electron flow and molecular interactions are essential,” Carr notes.
While utilizing molecular reactivity to identify life isn’t new, measuring reactivity through statistical distributions is an innovative advancement. Henderson Cleaves from Howard University suggests that this method could enhance the toolkit of life-detection instruments on forthcoming space missions to Mars or the moons of Saturn, most notably Enceladus. However, Cleaves notes that the technology to accurately measure molecular abundance is a significant challenge.
Exploring the Mysteries of the Universe: Cheshire, England
Embark on a weekend with some of the brightest minds in science, diving deep into the mysteries of the universe, featuring a tour of the iconic Lovell Telescope.
Can we effectively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to mitigate ocean acidification? A recent test shed light on this as a research team injected 65,000 liters of alkaline sodium hydroxide into the Gulf of Maine in August 2025.
“We were pioneers in exploring the enhancement of alkalinity using a ship,” stated Adam Subhas from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts. The team shared their preliminary findings at the Marine Science Conference on February 25th in Glasgow, UK. “It’s clear we observed increased CO2 absorption due to this experiment.”
Over the span of four days, the team indicated that between 2 to 10 tons of CO2 were extracted from the atmosphere, with a potential total of up to 50 tons. Importantly, no adverse effects on marine ecosystems were noted.
Nonetheless, Subhas highlighted a critical point: the team hasn’t calculated the emissions produced during the manufacturing and transport of the sodium hydroxide, leaving the net CO2 removal outcome uncertain. “That’s an essential area for future research,” he remarked.
The ocean acts as a significant carbon sink, storing 40 times more carbon than the atmosphere and absorbing over a quarter of the excess CO2 emitted. This surplus CO2 reacts with ocean water to create carbonic acid, leading to increased ocean acidity.
Ocean acidification can severely impact various marine organisms by dissolving carbonate shells, thereby diminishing the ocean’s carbon absorption capacity.
Researchers are actively investigating numerous strategies to counteract ocean acidification, such as adding magnesium hydroxide to wastewater, spreading crushed olivine on beaches, and transporting seawater to onshore treatment facilities. Some companies are even marketing carbon credits based on alkalinity enhancement.
“This is indicative of current private sector initiatives,” Subhas explained, emphasizing the need for non-commercial trials like their team’s.
Given the sensitive nature of such experiments, the team engaged local stakeholders, particularly the fishing community. “Establishing a two-way dialogue is crucial,” asserted Kristin Kreisner of the Environmental Defense Fund, a New York-based nonprofit.
The testing involved three ships and was meticulously monitored using various methods, from satellites to floating sensors and ocean gliders. Sodium hydroxide was mixed with a trace dye called rhodamine to accurately track its dispersion.
The researchers measured concentrations of microorganisms, plankton, fish larvae, and lobster larvae, as well as photosynthetic activity levels. According to Rachel David at Rutgers University, New Jersey, “Our trials did not significantly impact the biological community.”
The additional carbon introduced into the ocean through increased alkalinity converts into bicarbonate ions, akin to dissolved baking soda. “We anticipate this carbon will remain locked for tens of thousands of years, making it one of the most sustainable carbon removal methods,” Subhas noted.
The nature of this process allows CO2 to be removed and stored simultaneously, providing benefits over other methods that necessitate separate CO2 capture and permanent storage.
The lifespan benefits derived from fasting and rapamycin usage resemble a lottery rather than a guaranteed outcome. While significant lifespan increases have been observed within a year, reanalysis indicates that results can vary significantly among individuals.
Talia Fulton, a researcher at the University of Sydney, mentions, “[They] may enhance your lifespan marginally [they] could dramatically increase it.”
The 2025 study examined 167 research papers across eight non-human species, including fish, mice, rats, and rhesus macaques. Fulton and her team discovered that when these animals were treated with rapamycin, a promising anti-aging compound, alongside calorie restriction — known for fostering longevity — they exhibited a longer lifespan on average. This suggests the same potential could extend to humans.
Current research has investigated the varied responses to longevity interventions in individual animals, revealing significant variability in benefits. Fulton notes that while taking rapamycin or implementing dietary restrictions appears “likely to be advantageous, the degree remains uncertain.”
According to her, “Some may experience considerable lifespan extension, while others may see minimal impact, or not outlive their expected lifespan.” This variability creates a somewhat unpredictable environment, meaning these treatments cannot guarantee lifespan extension for all individuals.
Fulton emphasizes that the objective of longevity interventions is to balance the population size with life expectancy through a squared curve. This implies that more individuals could lead longer lives, contrasting with the current trend of fewer individuals achieving longevity. “Squaring the survival curve means a larger number will lead extended and fulfilling lives until around 100, at which point mortality becomes almost certain,” she elaborates.
Current findings indicate that dietary restrictions and rapamycin do not effectively square this longevity curve. In this context, Fulton advises holding off on high expectations until further research clarifies who stands to benefit most from these approaches. “We aspire to decode individual genetic variables and life histories, ultimately determining ‘This is precisely what you need to achieve maximum longevity,'” she states.
Researchers like Matt Kaeberlein from the University of Washington stress that squaring the curve does not inherently mean enhanced health profiles. A more compelling consideration, he argues, is whether longevity initiatives, such as exercise, influence “healthspan inequality.”
Originally developed as an immunosuppressant for organ transplant patients, rapamycin inhibits the mTOR protein, essential for cell growth and division. At lower doses, it has demonstrated the potential to extend lifespan in species like flies and mice, potentially by safeguarding against DNA damage.
Recent research reveals that symbiotic bacteria residing within insect cells possess the smallest genomes of any known organism. This groundbreaking discovery challenges the boundaries between organelles like mitochondria and highly simplified microorganisms.
“It’s challenging to define where this highly integrated symbiont ends and the organelle begins,” states Piotr Łukasik from Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland. “The line is exceedingly blurred.”
Planthoppers are unique insects that exclusively consume plant sap, relying on an ancient symbiotic relationship with bacteria to enhance their nutrition. Over millions of years, these microbes have adapted to inhabit specialized cells in the planthopper’s abdomen, generating essential nutrients that the insect’s sugary diet alone cannot provide. Many of these bacteria have become dependent on their hosts, having drastically reduced their genetic structures compared to their ancestors.
Łukasik and his team explored the evolution of this relationship and the minimization of bacterial genomes. They sampled 149 insects across 19 planthopper families, extracted DNA from their abdominal tissues, and sequenced this DNA to map the genomes of symbiotic bacteria like Vidania and Sulcia.
These bacterial genomes are notably small, with a total length of under 181,000 base pairs. In contrast, the human genome spans several billion base pairs.
Vidania, with its genome measuring a mere 50,000 base pairs, holds the record for the smallest known form of life. Previously, Nasuia, a symbiotic bacterium from leafhoppers, held this title with just over 100,000 base pairs.
To put this in perspective, Vidania‘s genome size is comparable to non-living viruses, such as the COVID-19 virus, which has a genome of about 30,000 base pairs. Remarkably, Vidania contains only around 60 protein-coding genes, the fewest recorded.
Planthoppers Depend on Symbiotic Bacteria for Nutrients
Provided by: Anna Michalik et al.
These bacteria have co-evolved with their insect hosts for approximately 263 million years and have independently developed very small genomes within two distinct categories of planthoppers. Notably, one of their primary functions is producing the amino acid phenylalanine, crucial for strengthening insect exoskeletons.
Research suggests that significant gene loss may occur when insects consume new food sources rich in nutrients previously supplied by bacteria or when other microbes colonize and assume these roles.
The characteristics of these highly reduced bacteria bear a resemblance to mitochondria and chloroplasts—energy-producing organelles in plants and animals that evolved from ancient bacteria. Symbiotic bacteria, like organelles, live inside host cells and are transmitted across generations.
“‘Organelle’ is a term open to interpretation, and it’s acceptable to classify these entities as organelles,” states Nancy Moran from the University of Texas at Austin, who was not part of the study. “However, the distinctions between them and mitochondria or chloroplasts remain clear.”
Mitochondria, which have a longer evolutionary history of over 1.5 billion years, only contain about 15,000 base pairs in their genomes.
Łukasik posits that these bacteria and mitochondria function along different points on an evolutionary “gradient of dependence” on their hosts, hinting that even smaller symbiont genomes may still be undiscovered.
Artist’s depiction of QT45 superimposed on a microscopy image of a frozen environment conducive to RNA replication (based on AlphaFold3 predictions)
Microscope images by Elfie Chan and James Atwater
According to the RNA World Hypothesis, life initiated with RNA molecules that evolved to replicate themselves. Recent discoveries reveal an RNA molecule capable of this self-replication, executing essential processes, though not simultaneously.
“It’s been a long quest to reach a point where we confidently state RNA can replicate itself under the right conditions, showcasing its potential,” says Philip Holliger at the MRC Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cambridge, UK.
In living organisms, proteins are pivotal, catalyzing chemical reactions while their synthesis instructions are encoded in double-stranded DNA. RNA, existing typically as a single strand, serves as a chemical analog of DNA.
While RNA is not as reliable for information storage due to its instability, it exhibits a unique capability: folding into protein-like enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions. This dual function of RNA as both storage and catalyst led to the hypothesis in the 1960s that the genesis of life may have hinged on self-catalyzing RNA molecules.
However, identifying such self-replicating molecules has proved exceptionally challenging. It was previously assumed that self-replicating RNA would be relatively large and complex, yet large RNAs are cumbersome to spread and duplicate.
Furthermore, while shorter RNA molecules have been known to form spontaneously under suitable conditions, the likelihood of larger molecules doing the same remains low.
“This insight led us to reconsider; perhaps something simpler and smaller could efficiently complete this process,” Holliger explains. “That search yielded QT45.”
RNA comprises nucleotide building blocks. The research team initiated the process by generating 1 trillion random sequences, each 20, 30, or 40 nucleotides long. They selected three capable of binding nucleotides and combined them for several rounds of evolution, introducing random mutations to enhance performance.
The resultant molecule, QT45, is composed of just 45 nucleotides. In alkaline, near-freezing water, single-stranded RNA can serve as a template to join short strands of two or three nucleotides, creating complementary strands, including those that mirror itself. “Although the process is currently slow with low yields, this is expected,” notes Holliger.
QT45 can also replicate itself using its complementary strands. “This is the first instance of RNA that can generate itself and its coding strand, representing the two core reactions of self-replication,” states Holliger. However, the team has yet to achieve both reactions occurring within the same container. Future efforts will focus on further evolving the molecule and experimenting with conditions like freeze-thaw cycles to see if simultaneous reactions are possible.
“The most fascinating aspect is that once the system begins self-replication, it also starts self-optimization,” Holliger adds, as the error-prone process generates various variants, some potentially more effective at replication.
“The findings from the Holliger lab represent a vital step toward fully self-replicating RNA.” asserts Sabine Muller from the University of Greifswald, Germany.
“A key takeaway from this discovery is the identification of intermediate-sized RNA oligomers capable of self-synthesizing,” remarks Zachary Adam at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
The vast number of possible 45-nucleotide-long RNA sequences is “inconceivably large,” Adam notes, making the team’s discovery of QT45 from an initial batch of 1 trillion sequences mind-boggling.
In early Earth’s environment, a molecule akin to QT45 might have successfully replicated itself amidst conditions similar to those in modern-day Iceland, combining ice with hydrothermal activity that creates freeze-thaw cycles and pH gradients. Holliger believes compartmentalization is essential to segregate key components, with numerous possibilities for this occurrence, from pockets of meltwater in ice to cellular vesicles spontaneously formed from fatty acids.
Illustration of Mimivirus: A Giant Virus Infecting Amoebae
Credit: Science Photo Library / Alamy
Viruses exploit host cell machinery to produce proteins, with certain large viruses encoding essential components within their genomes to instruct host cells to generate viral proteins. This phenomenon emphasizes how giant viruses challenge the distinction between living and nonliving entities.
Since the discovery of the mimivirus in Bradford, England in 2003, which infects amoebas, biologists have increasingly focused on these giant viruses. Some exhibit sizes larger than typical bacteria, complex shapes, and possess numerous genes.
Among these genes are those that code for components involved in translation—the biological process that turns genetic information into proteins. In cellular biology, translation occurs through ribosomes, initiated by molecular assemblies known as initiation complexes.
To investigate whether giant viruses possess a similar system, Max Fells and his team from Harvard Medical School explored the dynamics within infected amoebas and the manipulations by mimivirus post-infection.
The researchers isolated ribosomes from infected cells and identified the viral proteins linked to them. “This was our initial clue that these might be the elements we were seeking,” said Fells.
Subsequently, they knocked out the gene responsible for the viral complex by substituting it with a modified DNA sequence, resulting in a virus that could not synthesize the corresponding protein. This intervention decreased virus production by up to 100,000-fold and severely inhibited the formation of new infectious particles.
These findings collectively indicate that during an infection, viral complexes potentially redirect the protein synthesis machinery of the host to significantly boost the production of viral structural proteins, even under extreme conditions like nutrient scarcity and oxidative stress, which typically hinder protein synthesis in host cells.
This discovery introduces a profound evolutionary inquiry: how did these viruses acquire such capabilities? Some researchers propose that giant viruses may descend from ancient cellular life forms, while others suggest they evolved from typical viruses through gene acquisition from their hosts.
“Giant viruses have acquired a diverse array of cellular machinery from their eukaryotic hosts over evolutionary time,” stated Frank Aylward from Virginia Tech, who was not part of the study. Genetic exchange can occur during viral infection, allowing natural selection to favor advantageous genes over extended evolutionary periods.
Many of the largest viruses dominate the internal environment of single-celled organisms, which presents more variability than the relatively stable environments of multicellular hosts. Consequently, this flexible control over protein synthesis may confer a significant evolutionary advantage, Aylward noted.
This research also raises critical questions. The mimivirus genome comprises approximately 1,000 proteins, the majority of which remain functionally enigmatic. It remains unclear how these viruses intricately control protein production throughout a single infection cycle.
“Viruses have traditionally been regarded as passive participants in the evolution of living systems,” stated Hiroyuki Ogata from Kyoto University, Japan. “This study demonstrates that giant viruses can reconfigure molecular systems that are fundamental across the spectrum of life.”
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The Evolution of Generative AI: Meet OpenClaw
Since the launch of ChatGPT, Generative AI has transformed our digital landscape over the past three years. It has spurred a significant stock market boom, integrated into our search engines, and become an essential tool for hundreds of millions of users daily.
Despite its benefits, many still hesitate to use AI tools. But why? While asking AI for text, audio, images, and videos can save time, crafting the right prompts often becomes a burdensome task. Users still grapple with everyday chores like answering emails, booking appointments, and paying bills.
This is where AI’s true power lies; handling the mundane tasks. The promising concept of “agent AI” suggests that people desire an efficient, always-on assistant to tackle time-consuming tasks. The latest advancement in this field is OpenClaw.
What is OpenClaw?
OpenClaw, previously known as ClawdBot, is an AI agent poised to fulfill AI’s grand promises. Once granted access to your computer files, social media, and email accounts, it can efficiently complete various tasks. This capability is powered by Claude Code, a model released by the AI company Anthropic.
Developed by software engineer Peter Steinberger and launched in late November 2025, ClawdBot initially gained traction but was rebranded due to concerns from Anthropic. After temporarily adopting the name MoltBot, it is now officially known as OpenClaw. (Mr. Steinberger did not respond to multiple interview requests.)
How Does OpenClaw Work?
OpenClaw operates on your computer or a virtual private server and connects messaging apps like WhatsApp, Telegram, and Discord to coding agents powered by models like Anthropic’s Claude. Users often opt for a high-performance device, like the Apple Mac Mini, to host OpenClaw for optimal speed. Due to increasing demand, some shops are reporting sold-out status.
Although it can run on older laptops, OpenClaw needs to stay operational 24/7 to execute your specified commands.
Commands are sent through your preferred messaging app, enabling a simple conversational interface. When you message OpenClaw, the AI agent interprets your prompt, generates, and executes commands on your machine. This can include tasks such as finding files, running scripts, editing documents, and automating browser activities. The results are succinctly summarized and sent back to you, creating an efficient communication loop akin to collaborating with a colleague.
How Can OpenClaw Help You?
OpenClaw serves as an all-in-one assistant for both personal and professional tasks. Users typically start by decluttering files on their devices before transferring the tech’s prowess to more complex responsibilities. Some users report utilizing it to manage busy WhatsApp groups by summarizing necessary information and filtering out the irrelevant.
Other practical applications include:
Comparing supplier prices to minimize household spending.
Automating web browser tasks for seamless transactions.
Facilitating restaurant reservations by calling venues directly.
Preparing initial drafts for presentations while you sleep.
What Are the Risks?
While OpenClaw’s capabilities shine brightest when granted extensive access, this convenience raises significant risks. Experts warn that users may overlook potential vulnerabilities. For instance, OpenClaw could be exposed to prompt injection attacks or hacking if hosted on insufficiently secured virtual servers. This means sensitive data could be compromised.
Alan Woodward, a cybersecurity professor at the University of Surrey, cautions, “I can’t believe people would allow unrestricted access to sensitive software, including email and calendars.”
White hat hackers have already identified several security flaws in OpenClaw, raising concerns about the hands-off approach many users prefer, which simultaneously invites substantial risk.
Is This the Future of AI?
OpenClaw has recently launched its own social network, Moltbook, enabling its AI agents to interact and share insights. While humans can observe, they cannot engage directly in discussions, prompting fears about progression toward artificial general intelligence (AGI), potentially matching or exceeding human capabilities.
As we navigate this new realm, it’s vital to consider the implications of relinquishing extensive data access to AI agents. We may be standing on the brink of a new AI era—an agent capable of managing your life efficiently, if you’re prepared to grant it free access and relinquish control. It’s a thrilling yet daunting prospect.
A meaningful life can be filled with small acts of kindness.
Reuters/Eric Gaillard
The Dalai Lama has long stated that our primary purpose in life is to help others. Research indicates that making a positive impact on others significantly contributes to a sense of meaningful existence.
While some skeptics argue that human life lacks intrinsic meaning, this question has captivated philosophers for centuries. Researchers at the University of Eastern Finland highlight the importance of identifying activities and thoughts that foster a sense of meaning, which can assist therapists in guiding their clients.
In their quest to unravel this complex question, researcher Florian Koba and his team conducted extensive studies, including an online survey targeting hundreds of U.S. residents.
During several experiments, participants evaluated fictional characters, determining the meaningfulness, happiness, and desirability of their lives. For example, respondents admired Amelia, a lottery winner who generously donates to charities combating poverty and hunger, while also traveling to support these initiatives.
In subsequent studies, participants ranked various definitions of a meaningful life, assessing how they perceived their own existence on scales of meaning and fulfillment.
“Our findings revealed four dimensions,” says Führer. Three consist of coherence, purpose, and a sense of meaning—key elements that have been noted in previous studies. However, Führer and Cova emphasize the discovery of a fourth dimension: the positive impact of our actions on others.
Other psychologists suggest that understanding, purpose, and significance are fundamental to a meaningful life—feeling that one’s existence carries weight and enduring value. Nonetheless, the latest research argues that the ‘significance’ many refer to is inherently tied to the positive effects of our actions, contributing to an overall sense of fulfillment. “I completely agree that such concepts are core to experiencing meaning,” remarks Tatiana Schnell from the MF Norwegian School of Theology in Oslo. “However, the terms ‘influence’ and ‘significance’ are fundamentally interchangeable.”
Ultimately, Schnell asserts that achieving a sense of meaning does not imply that every dimension of meaning is addressed. “The critical factor is to avoid areas in life that feel inconsistent, insignificant, or devoid of belonging,” she explains.
According to Frank Martela from Aalto University in Finland, many individuals express that their work feels meaningless. “They might receive a paycheck but feel unfulfilled,” warns Martela. In such cases, individuals may experience a lack of purpose, leading to feelings of hopelessness or depression.
Fuhrer and Schnell propose that to create a more profound impact, we must transcend self-centered pursuits and invest time in endeavors that benefit others. “Reflect on your identity, aspirations, and your potential contributions to the world, and find ways to sustainably support others,” suggests Schnell. Even small daily gestures, such as bringing coffee to a colleague, can imbue your life with meaning and purpose.
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Caves are often dark, damp, and remote. While they lack the nutrients and energy sources that sustain life in other ecosystems, they still host a diverse array of bacteria and archaea. But how do these microorganisms acquire enough energy to thrive? A team of researchers from Australia and Europe investigated this intriguing question by examining Australian caves.
Previous studies identified that microorganisms in nutrient-poor soils can harness energy from the atmosphere through trace gases, including hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane. These gases are present in minute quantities, classified as trace gases. Microbes possess specific proteins that can accept electrons from these gas molecules, enabling them to utilize these gases as energy sources, such as hydrogenase, dehydrogenase, or monooxygenase, fueling their metabolic processes.
The Australian research team hypothesized that cave-dwelling microbes may be using trace gases for survival. To test this, they studied four ventilated caves in southeastern Australia. The researchers collected sediment samples at four points along a horizontal line that extended from the cave entrance to 25 meters (approximately 80 feet) deep inside the cave, resulting in a total of 94 sediment samples.
The team treated the sediment samples with specific chemicals to extract microbial DNA, using it to identify both the abundance and diversity of microorganisms present. They found multiple groups of microorganisms throughout the cave, including Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexota, and Thermoproteota. Notably, the density and diversity of microbes were significantly higher near the cave entrance, with three times more microorganisms in those regions compared to further inside.
The team utilized gene sequencing to analyze the microbial DNA for genes linked to trace gas consumption. Results revealed that 54% of cave microorganisms carried genes coding for proteins involved in utilizing trace gases like hydrogenases, dehydrogenases, and monooxygenases.
To assess the generality of their findings, the researchers searched existing data on microbial populations from 12 other ventilated caves worldwide. They discovered that genes for trace gas consumption were similarly prevalent among other cave microorganisms, concluding that trace gases might significantly support microbial life and activity in caves.
Next, the researchers measured gas concentrations within the caves. They deployed static magnetic flux chambers to collect atmospheric gas samples at four points along the sampling line, capturing 25 milliliters (about 1 ounce) of gas each time. Using a gas chromatograph, they analyzed the samples and found that the concentrations of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane were approximately four times higher near the cave entrance compared to deeper areas. This suggests that microorganisms might be metabolizing these trace gases for energy.
To validate their findings further, they constructed a static magnetic flux chamber in the lab, incubating cave sediment with hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane at natural concentration levels. They confirmed that microbes also consumed trace gases in controlled conditions.
Finally, the researchers explored how these cave microbes obtained organic carbon. They conducted carbon isotope analysis, focusing on carbon-12 and carbon-13 ratios, which can vary based on microbial metabolic processes. Using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer, they determined that cave bacteria had a lower percentage of carbon-13, indicating their reliance on trace gases to generate carbon within the cave ecosystem.
The researchers concluded that atmospheric trace gases serve as a crucial energy source for microbial communities in caves, fostering a diverse array of microorganisms. They recommended that future studies examine how climatic changes, such as fluctuations in temperature and precipitation, might influence the use of atmospheric trace gases by cave-dwelling microorganisms.
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For over 165 years, the enigmatic prototaxite has stood as one of the earliest giants to rise from Earth’s barren landscapes, defying simple classification. These towering, columnar organisms dominated the terrestrial environment over 400 million years ago, reaching impressive heights of 8 meters (26 ft), long before the advent of trees. A recent study conducted by paleontologists from the University of Edinburgh and the National Museums of Scotland posits that this mysterious entity was not merely a giant fungus, as often presumed, but rather belonged to an entirely extinct lineage of complex life.
Prototaxites dominated terrestrial ecosystems 410 million years ago as the largest living organisms. Image credit: Matt Humpage.
The prototaxite marks the first giant life form on Earth’s surface, emerging during the late Silurian to late Devonian periods, approximately 420 to 370 million years ago.
Recognized for their pillar-like fossils that can reach up to 8 meters, they played a crucial role in early terrestrial ecosystems well before the emergence of trees.
These organisms were widely distributed across ancient terrestrial environments and were likely consumed by arthropods, marking a pivotal stage in land colonization and holding significant ecological importance.
Despite over 165 years of inquiry, the biological identity of prototaxite remains a topic of heated debate among paleontologists, who contest whether it is a fungus or belonged to a distinct, entirely extinct lineage of complex eukaryotes.
In a groundbreaking study, Dr. Corentin Rollon and colleagues examined Prototaxites Taichi, found preserved in remarkable three-dimensional detail within the 407-million-year-old Rhynie Chert in Aberdeenshire, Scotland.
“The Rhynie Chert is a remarkable treasure trove,” noted Dr. Rollon, the lead author of the study published in this week’s edition of Scientific Progress.
“This site represents one of the oldest fossilized terrestrial ecosystems, and its well-preserved biodiversity enables innovative approaches like machine learning applied to fossil molecular data.”
“Numerous other specimens from the Rhynie Chert are preserved in museum collections, contributing vital context to our findings.”
The research team investigated new specimens of Prototaxites Taichi, identifying the largest known example of this species at the site, facilitating detailed anatomical and molecular comparisons with fossil fungi found in the same deposits.
Microscopic imaging revealed a complex internal structure that diverges significantly from any known fungi.
The fossil comprises three distinct types of tubes, including large, thick-walled tubes featuring annular stripes and dense spherical regions known as medullary points.
These intriguing features form a complex 3D network of interconnected tubes, suggesting a branching pattern unheard of in fungal biology.
Researchers employed infrared spectroscopy and machine learning techniques to classify molecular fingerprints from prototaxite alongside those of fossil fungi, arthropods, plants, and bacteria found in Rhynie Chert.
Fossilized fungi from this location maintain characteristic chemical signatures linked to chitin-rich cell walls, which were intriguingly absent in ancient prototaxite.
The team also searched for perylene, a biomarker associated with pigment compounds produced by specific fungi, previously detected in other Rhynie Chert fossils. However, no such compounds were found in the prototaxite sample.
Collectively, the structural, chemical, and biomarker findings imply that prototaxite does not align with any known fungal group, including the earliest forms of modern fungi.
“This research marks a significant advancement in a 165-year-long discussion,” stated Dr. Sandy Hetherington, the senior author of the paper.
“These organisms represent life forms distinct from those we currently recognize, displaying different anatomical and chemical characteristics from fungi and plants, thereby belonging to a unique, now-extinct lineage of complex life.”
“Our study combines chemical analysis and anatomical insights into prototaxite, revealing that it cannot be classified within any known fungal group,” explained co-author Laura Cooper.
“As earlier researchers have discounted classifications to other large and complex life forms, we conclude that prototaxite belonged to an entirely distinct lineage of extinct complex life.”
“Thus, prototaxite symbolizes independent evolutionary experiments in constructing large and complex organisms, known to us only through exceptionally preserved fossils.”
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Corentin C. Rollon et al. 2026. Prototaxites fossils are structurally and chemically distinct from both extinct and extant fungi. Scientific Progress 12(4); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aec6277
As the new year begins, many individuals reassess their lives and goals. However, as one reader expressed, this journey often leads to confusion instead of clarity. “My New Year’s resolution is to feel fulfilled, but where do I begin?” he asked. “How can I find a new direction in life?”
Experiencing some frustration is entirely normal. Contrary to popular belief, there isn’t a universal shortcut to happiness. However, engaging in reflective exercises can help clarify your priorities and enhance your chances of identifying a rewarding path forward. Michaela C. Schippers and Niklas Ziegler from Erasmus University Rotterdam refer to this process as “life craft.” In their review of psychological research on uncovering meaning and purpose, they outline several actionable steps:
First, reflect on your values and passions. What activities bring you joy, and what legacy do you wish to leave? Next, assess your current skills and habits—what do you excel at now, and what would you like to cultivate in the future? Thirdly, evaluate your social connections: who uplifts you, and who drains your energy? Following that, contemplate your career aspirations, your ideal future, and your overarching goals. Lastly, consider your commitments—how can you take responsibility for your actions?
This comprehensive list encompasses both personal and professional realms, emphasizing social connection, a fundamental element of mental well-being. Acknowledging your existing capabilities boosts confidence in your ability to effect change, while identifying growth areas clarifies your future aspirations.
Schippers and Ziegler advocate for utilizing “implementation intentions” when setting goals. This strategy involves crafting a series of “if-then” plans to navigate potential challenges. For example, if you’ve determined that creativity is a core value and aspire to write a novel, you might commit to: “If I arrive home by 7 PM, then I will write for an hour before dinner.”
In the final phase of commitment, seek ways to increase accountability by sharing your goals with others. Research indicates that when students posted selfies along with written statements of their goals on social media, they were more likely to follow through.
Understand that discovering your path is a gradual process. You may revisit these exercises multiple times. Like any craft, enhancing your life requires continuous learning and dedication. Let’s embark on this journey in 2026.
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Michaéla C. Schippers and Niklas Ziegler’s insightful paper can be accessed for free at: doi.org/ghpv8q
NASA’s Perseverance Rover: Pioneering Exploration for Past Life on Mars
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
On the surface of Mars, minute details provide critical insights into the planet’s past. In 2025, new findings will shed light on possible microbial life that may have once thrived.
NASA’s Perseverance rover has gathered samples indicating the potential for ancient life. Specifically, it uncovered a rock featuring tiny specks, known as “leopard spots,” encircled by a distinctive dark ring. These geological features resemble those associated with microbial fossils on Earth.
This year, Joel Hurowitz and his team at Stony Brook University conducted a detailed analysis of the leopard spots and identified forms of iron and sulfur commonly linked to microbial activity. “This evidence is more promising than anything I’ve encountered in the last two decades,” stated Hannah Sizemore from the Planetary Science Institute in Arizona.
Previous indications of potential life on Mars included unexpected changes in methane levels and fossil-like structures in Martian meteorites. “I am more excited about these discoveries compared to earlier findings,” Sizemore added, emphasizing that the previous data lacked the correct physical scale for microbial evidence. In contrast, the leopard spots on Mars could directly indicate microbial activity.
The Perseverance rover has also detected other potential biosignatures, such as a small greenish mineral blob typically associated with microbial life on Earth. “Life on Mars is subtle. It’s not like seeing herds of wildlife,” remarked Andrew Steele, who was instrumental in formulating the rover’s scientific objectives. “Identifying signs of life will require the best technology we have available.”
Perseverance Rover Reveals Mars Rocks with Unique ‘Leopard Spots’
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
Equipped with advanced scientific tools, Perseverance is crucial for identifying whether these Martian rocks exhibit signs of ancient life. The mission involves caching samples for a future retrieval back to Earth for comprehensive testing.
“These samples could provide decisive evidence regarding the existence of life on Mars,” Steele remarked. “However, before we can confirm this, we need to return the samples to our laboratories.”
Unfortunately, the prospect of retrieving these samples is growing uncertain. The 2026 NASA budget proposal under the Trump administration raises concerns about the Mars Sample Return Project’s viability. If approved, it would eliminate plans to recover the meticulously gathered samples from Perseverance.
It’s possible that evidence of past life on Mars has already been discovered, yet we may never fully understand it. “While we are making strides, the understanding of Mars’ habitability remains fluid,” Sizemore said. “We’re on the edge of a potential breakthrough. However, we can neither ignore it nor prove it without further missions.”
Explore Chile: The Astronomical Capital of the World
Dive into Chile’s astronomical wonders. Experience state-of-the-art observatories and gaze at the clearest night skies on the planet.
To lead longer, healthier, and happier lives, we often hear advice like reducing sugar, exercising, quitting smoking, eating vegetables, taking supplements, managing stress, and getting quality sleep. However, one fun health tip remains overlooked: engaging in the arts.
Recent decades have highlighted the positive impact of creativity on overall health. Global initiatives are integrating arts into healthcare, showing remarkable outcomes: from music reducing the need for sedatives during surgeries to dance programs aiding Parkinson’s patients in walking.
Art isn’t just for illness recovery. Crafting, singing, acting, dancing, reading, writing, and painting promote well-being in our daily lives, regardless of our health concerns. In my upcoming book, Art Cure, I assert these activities qualify as “health behaviors,” akin to exercise, nutrition, and sleep. Discover how to incorporate more art into your life starting in 2026.
As an epidemiologist, analyzing cohort studies is part of my routine. These extensive datasets reveal the long-term benefits of art engagement on various health outcomes, collected from diverse populations worldwide.
The findings are compelling. Regular art participants report greater happiness and life satisfaction. Children engaged in the arts are less likely to face depression as they enter adolescence. Additionally, older adults attending cultural events significantly reduce their risk of developing depression over the next few years, as highlighted in this research: The risk of depression is nearly halved.
You may question whether art engagement impacts health independently from wealth or overall lifestyle. Advanced statistical methods account for such variables, including genetics and early life experiences, ensuring valid results still support the link between art and health.
These benefits extend beyond psychological health; children involved in musical activities develop better social skills as they transition to schooling. Conversely, fewer youths participate in artistic endeavors, increasing the risk of anti-social behavior. Furthermore, seniors attending cultural events have been shown to be 32% less likely to feel lonely after a decade.
Live Events: A Path to Enhanced Creativity
Sean Gardner/Getty Images
The positive outcomes intensify with age. My research team at University College London analyzed data from around 100,000 individuals across 16 countries, finding that hobbies like gardening, baking, sewing, and journaling promote: Self-reported health improvements as we age. Engaging in these activities yields benefits such as enhanced balance, lower pain levels, improved sleep quality, better cognitive function, reduced frailty, and a lower risk of chronic diseases like diabetes. In fact, many studies reveal those involved in the arts could live longer compared to their less-engaged counterparts.
How do these surprising health benefits manifest? Psychological, social, and behavioral factors contribute, but intriguing biological mechanisms are emerging. Studies indicate regular art participants show lower blood pressure, heart rates, cholesterol levels, reduced inflammation, improved immune function, and lower body mass index.
Recent advancements in measuring biological age allow scientists to explore how healthy habits influence our aging process. Research combining data on cardiovascular, respiratory, circulatory health, and gene expression patterns suggests that creatively engaging might keep us biologically younger. Individuals participating in dance, music, or visual arts often demonstrate more youthful brain characteristics.
It’s essential to clarify that engaging with art isn’t a cure-all. Factors like accessibility and misconceptions about its health benefits can limit participation. Nonetheless, evidence consistently indicates that dedicating time to enjoyable, creative activities is a valuable health investment for this year. Furthermore, promoting art is also altruistic; economists suggest that arts activities deliver over £18.6 billion in societal value annually.
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Artistic activities involving screens often serve as the ultra-processed foods of the art domain. “
So, how can we all enhance our artistic consumption in 2026? This question is explored throughout my upcoming book, Art Cure, which offers daily strategies for leveraging art to meet your health objectives. Think about art as you do food: don’t binge on it, as quick fixes yield short-lived benefits. Instead, find your equivalent to “5 servings a day” of fruits and vegetables. Dedicate just 10 minutes daily to creative writing or 15 minutes each evening to a craft. Effortlessly swap out activities; trade your dinner date for a live performance, replace gym workouts with dance classes, and read poetry on your commute instead of news articles.
Diversity in your artistic experiences is crucial; explore various creative forms to maximize health benefits. Each unique encounter offers different sensory joys and health advantages. Aim for a moderate level of novelty—something outside your norm but likely enjoyable. Make your artistic engagement genuine rather than virtual; screen-based activities can dilute the essence of art.
Lastly, be a mindful creator. In our fast-paced lives, it’s tempting to think of art as a quick solution. However, art’s beauty lies in its complexity and individuality. These rich and dynamic experiences should be afforded the time they deserve in our lives. Ultimately, art not only enhances our well-being but also evokes feelings of elation and upliftment, proving it is undeniably good for us.
This article is part of a series on simple changes you can implement to enhance your health in the coming year. Read the full series here
Europa, one of Jupiter’s intriguing moons, features a liquid ocean possibly encased beneath a thick layer of ice, estimated to be six times the depth of Antarctica’s icy crust, complicating our efforts to detect any potential lifeforms.
This moon is a leading candidate in the search for extraterrestrial life, primarily due to its significant volume of liquid water.
Previously, estimates regarding the thickness of Europa’s ice have varied dramatically—ranging from under 10 kilometers to nearly 50 kilometers. Researchers initially believed certain defects in the ice might permit nutrient exchange between the surface and the ocean below.
Now, a research team, led by Stephen Levin from the California Institute of Technology, has analyzed data collected by the Juno spacecraft, which has been orbiting Jupiter since 2016.
On September 29, 2022, Juno came within 360 kilometers of Europa, utilizing its microwave radiometer to scan the surface and perform the first direct measurements of the ice layer. Levin noted that this instrument assessed the heat emitted by Europa’s icy exterior, enabling the measurement of ice temperatures at various depths and detecting temperature fluctuations resulting from imperfections in the ice sheet.
The researchers estimate that the most accurate thickness of the ice sheet is approximately 29 kilometers, aligning with the higher range of previous estimates while presenting a possible thickness that could range from 19 kilometers to 39 kilometers.
Crucially, their findings indicate that the fissures, pores, and other imperfections likely extend only a few hundred meters beneath the surface, with pore diameters measuring only a few centimeters.
“This indicates that the observed defects in the microwave radiometers are insufficiently deep or expansive to facilitate significant nutrient transport between the ocean and the surface,” asserts Levin.
Nonetheless, this does not diminish the potential for life on Europa. Levin further explains, “Though the observed pores and cracks are too minute and shallow to transport nutrients, alternative transportation mechanisms may exist.”
There may also be unexplored regions of the moon where conditions differ, he adds.
Researchers including Ben Montet from the University of New South Wales in Sydney, express concerns that the ice thickness could hinder life’s search. “While this protection may sustain life for extended durations, it complicates our ability to penetrate the ice and study the ocean beneath,” he notes.
He argues that life could exist without a direct link between Europa’s surface and its subterranean ocean, though such a connection would enhance the chances of discovering life. Helen Maynard-Casley of the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Agency emphasizes that without that transport link, “you’re essentially confined to whatever was in the ocean initially.”
NASA has plans to launch the Europa Clipper spacecraft in 2024, aiming to embark on its mission to Jupiter’s moons in 2030. This spacecraft is expected to provide clearer insights into Europa’s icy layer, according to Maynard-Casley.
Explore the Mysteries of the Universe: Cheshire, England
Join leading scientists for an engaging weekend as you unravel the mysteries of the universe alongside a tour of the legendary Lovell Telescope.
NASA/JPL-California Institute of Technology/O. Krauss (Steward Observatory)
Within Cassiopeia A, the youngest known supernova in our galaxy, scientists have uncovered unexpectedly high concentrations of chlorine and potassium. These elements, which possess an odd number of protons, are believed to be relatively rare in the universe but are crucial for the emergence of planets and life. Consequently, the findings regarding Cassiopeia A may influence our understanding of the potential locations for extraterrestrial life within the Milky Way.
Supernova remnants, or exploded stars, typically contain elevated levels of elements like oxygen and magnesium, with their cores being comprised of even-numbered protons. Elements with odd-numbered protons (often referred to as “odd Z” elements) are inherently less stable, leading to a reduced likelihood of being created via stellar nuclear fusion. This observation aligns with models of galactic chemical evolution that generally estimate meager quantities of odd Z elements.
“[As it stands] The source of these odd Z elements has been elusive.” Matsunagaumi from Kyoto University in Japan.
Matsunaga and his team recognized that high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy might shed light on the enigma. At the high temperatures prevalent in a supernova remnant, atoms lose electrons and emit unique X-ray signatures that sensitive instruments can detect. The X-ray Imaging Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM), launched in September 2023, is equipped to capture such data and conducted two observations of Cassiopeia A in December 2023.
To determine the abundance of each element, the researchers compared the faint signals from the odd Z elements against the stronger signals from even Z elements, like sulfur and argon, using them as stable reference points for more accurate measurements of the odd Z elements.
The findings revealed that the Cassiopeia A supernova generated significantly more chlorine and potassium than traditional models had anticipated. This indicates that theorists might need to reassess how large stars synthesize these uncommon elements, as certain widely accepted models fail to accommodate the specific conditions of Cassiopeia A.
“While the authors note that their observations diverge from previous models, the reality is more intricate,” says Stan Woosley of the University of California, Santa Cruz, who did not participate in the study. “Not all of our models are incorrect; some perform better than others, and certain ones correlate quite well. Importantly, these observations present astronomers with new, definitive data to refine their models and enhance our comprehension of massive stellar explosions.”
The recent measurements also empower Matsunaga and his colleagues to start evaluating various longstanding theories regarding the formation of odd Z elements in massive stars, including stellar rotation, interactions between binary star pairs, and the merging of diverse combustion layers deep inside stars. Up until now, there was no method to validate these theories against actual data.
“We still lack a complete understanding of which star types contributed to this,” states Katarina Rodders from Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, who was not involved in the study. “Specifically, we lack clarity regarding the source of chlorine, an element abundant in our oceans.”
If these discoveries hold true for other supernova remnants, they could reshape our perceptions of how life-essential elements are distributed throughout the Milky Way. Depending on the star that seeded a planet, some areas may have a more favorable supply of life’s foundational materials than others. This raises the possibility of uneven distribution of extraterrestrial life across the galaxy.
“That is certainly a possibility,” Matsunaga remarked. “However, we cannot definitively assert this based on the current data.” It remains uncertain whether Cassiopeia A is singular in its production of such substantial quantities of odd Z elements or if it is indicative of supernova remnants in general. “Future observations of additional supernova remnants with XRISM and other upcoming instruments will be pivotal in addressing this issue.”
World capital of astronomy: Chile
Discover Chile’s astronomical marvels. Explore the world’s most advanced observatory and gaze at the stars beneath the clearest skies on the planet.
In a new study published in the journal Chemical Systems Chemistry, Professor Tony Jia and his team at Hiroshima University have proposed a “prebiotic gel-first” framework. This framework explores how the origins of life might arise within gels adhering to surfaces. The authors also consider the potential existence of “xenophiles,” meaning alien biofilm-like structures that may be extraterrestrial or consist of various terrestrial components. They emphasize the importance of agnostic life detection strategies in the quest for both known and unknown forms of life.
An artist’s impression of a prebiotic gel on the surface of early Earth. Image credit: Nirmell Satthiyasilan.
“The question of how life began has intrigued humanity for ages,” remarked Professor Jia and his co-authors.
“While no one can journey back in time to witness the inception of life, scientists are continually piecing together plausible narratives from chemistry, physics, and geology.”
“Contrary to many theories that concentrate solely on the role of biomolecules and biopolymers, our theory incorporates the significance of gels in the origin of life.”
Within this newly proposed prebiotic gel-first framework, the researchers hypothesize that life could have emerged within gel matrices affixed to surfaces—adhesive, semi-solid substances that possess traits reminiscent of today’s microbial biofilms, which are thin layers of bacteria thriving on rocks, pond surfaces, and even human-made structures.
By integrating insights from soft matter chemistry and contemporary biology, they suggest that such primitive gels may have provided essential structure and functionality for increasingly sophisticated early chemical systems, long before the advent of the first cells.
Prebiotic gels may have addressed crucial hurdles in pre-living chemistry by trapping and organizing molecules, enabling concentration, selective retention, and environmental buffering.
Within these gels, primitive chemical systems may have developed early metabolism and self-replicating behaviors, paving the way for biological evolution.
“This is merely one theory among numerous others within the extensive field of origin-of-life research,” stated Dr. Kuhan Chandru from the Space Science Center at the National University of Malaysia.
“Yet, the significance of gels has been largely overlooked; thus, we aimed to synthesize fragmented research into a cohesive narrative that places primitive gels at the center of discourse.”
Scientists have extended this concept into astrobiology, proposing that similar gel-like systems could exist on other planets.
These possible “xeno-membranes” may serve as non-terrestrial analogues of biofilms and consist of unique chemical components specific to each region.
This viewpoint suggests that the structures themselves, rather than specific chemicals, could be the next focus for life-detection missions, expanding the methods by which astrobiologists can search for life beyond Earth.
The authors now plan to validate their model experimentally by investigating how simple chemical gels formed under early Earth conditions and what properties they imparted to emerging chemical systems.
Dr. Ramona Khanum, also from the Space Science Center at the National University of Malaysia, expressed: “We hope our research will inspire others in the field to investigate this and other unresolved theories concerning the origin of life.”
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Ramona Khanum et al. Prebiotic gel as the cradle of life. Chemical Systems Chemistry, published online on November 19, 2025. doi: 10.1002/syst.202500038
Crucial components required for the emergence of life as we recognize it have been found in asteroid Bennu samples. This discovery suggests that Bennu might have transported the vital elements for life to Earth and potentially to other locations.
In 2020, NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission gathered samples from Bennu, an asteroid that travels hundreds of millions of kilometers through space, situated between Mars and Jupiter. The mission successfully returned these samples to Earth in 2023. Since then, the 121 grams collected have been distributed to laboratories worldwide for examination, enabling scientists to start identifying various biological compounds.
Preliminary investigations uncovered the existence of water, carbon, and several organic molecules. Subsequently, they identified amino acids, formaldehyde, and all five nucleobases found in RNA and DNA, along with phosphates. However, these findings do not suffice for constructing molecules that encode genetic information, as the crucial sugars—ribose for RNA and deoxyribose for DNA—were not detected in the initial analysis of the Bennu samples.
Recently, Yoshihiro Furukawa and his team from Tohoku University in Japan ground some of the sample and mixed it with acid and water. They then utilized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to separate and identify the mixture’s components.
This process confirmed the presence of ribose, alongside other sugars like lyxose, xylose, arabinose, glucose, and galactose, but notably lacked deoxyribose.
“This is a groundbreaking find, showing that sugars exist in extraterrestrial materials,” Furukawa remarked, noting that nearly all life relies on glucose for metabolic processes.
“This is a significant achievement of the OSIRIS-REx mission,” says Sara Russell, from the Natural History Museum in London. Although not part of Furukawa’s team, she also works with Bennu samples. “Previously, the only component missing was sugar, which has now been identified, confirming that all essential elements of RNA were present in this primitive asteroid.”
Furukawa and his colleagues propose that Bennu’s parent asteroid generated sugars from saltwater rich in formaldehyde, suggesting the asteroid was saturated with liquid and exhibited numerous chemical reactions.
“Earlier this year, we reported salt findings in the returned samples, indicating that Bennu’s parent body likely housed a saltwater pool,” Russell stated. “Such conditions would provide an optimal environment for synthesizing the complex organic materials found in Bennu.”
Evidence of saline water on Saturn’s moon Enceladus and the dwarf planet Ceres points towards the possibility that fundamental life ingredients might be plentiful throughout the solar system, according to Russell.
Furukawa’s research includes prior discoveries of ribose and other sugars in meteorites, but he emphasized concerns about potential contamination once these compounds reached Earth. “The presence of these sugars in the Bennu sample affirms the legitimacy of these results,” he stated.
The new findings suggest that the asteroid could indeed have supplied all the requisite components for life to other celestial bodies within the solar system, including Earth and Mars, according to Furukawa. The discovery of ribose but not deoxyribose further supports the RNA world hypothesis concerning life’s origins.
This hypothesis posits that, well before the advent of cellular life or DNA-based organisms, Earth’s earliest life forms were RNA molecules capable of carrying genetic information and self-replication.
Interestingly, recent studies indicate that individuals with higher intelligence often experience earlier puberty but tend to have children later and fewer overall.
This appears contradictory from a biological standpoint, as earlier puberty typically signifies readiness for reproduction.
However, an analysis of data from thousands in the UK and US revealed that more intelligent individuals tend to progress more slowly through key reproductive milestones.
They often begin sexual activity later, have fewer sexual partners, delay marriage, and have their first child at an older age.
Research suggests that this may stem from the fact that highly intelligent individuals enjoy greater opportunities, pursue extended education, embark on ambitious career paths, and prioritize personal goals before contemplating family life.
In some instances, they might even choose not to have children.
Long-term Mental Health Consequences During Adolescence
The timing of puberty can significantly affect how adolescents perceive themselves.
For instance, research has shown that girls entering puberty early are more susceptible to body image issues, anxiety, and low self-esteem due to feeling different from their peers and lacking readiness for the transformation.
These feelings can have profound implications for mental health, often extending into adulthood.
Research indicates that girls who undergo early puberty are more likely to experience body image concerns, anxiety, and low self-esteem due to their differences from peers and emotional unpreparedness for change – Image courtesy of Getty Images
Late puberty can present significant challenges for boys as well. A study reveals that boys who bloom later are often dissatisfied with their bodies, particularly because their muscle development may lag behind.
This dissatisfaction can contribute to low self-esteem and a sense of inadequacy.
Additionally, some boys encounter teasing, social pressure, and bullying, potentially leading to depression and other mental health issues.
While these feelings may diminish over time, they can leave lasting effects and elevate the risk of mental health concerns later on.
Risks Associated with Early or Late Puberty
A major UK study indicates that individuals entering puberty earlier than average are at a higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes and heart disease in adulthood.
Conversely, those with delayed development are more prone to asthma.
Researchers postulate that the timing of hormonal shifts can impact factors such as weight, stress levels, and lifestyle habits.
While early or late onset of puberty might lead to issues, it is not necessarily alarming. Everyone matures at their own pace.
If you have concerns regarding your child’s development or health, it’s advisable to consult your doctor for guidance.
This article addresses the inquiry (from Natalie Montagu in Stockport): “What impact does the timing of puberty have on a person’s long-term health?”
If you have questions, feel free to email us at:questions@sciencefocus.com or send us a messageFacebook,Twitter, or Instagram (please include your name and location).
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As we grow older, our brains undergo significant rewiring.
Recent studies indicate that this transformation takes place in various stages, or “epochs,” as our neural structures evolve, altering how we think and process information.
For the first time, scientists have pinpointed four key turning points in the typical aging brain: ages 9, 32, 66, and 83. During each of these phases, our brains display distinctly different structural characteristics.
The findings were Published Tuesday in Nature Communications, revealing that human cognitive ability does not merely peak and then decline with age. In reality, research suggests that the interval between 9 and 32 years old is the sole period in which our neural networks are increasingly efficient.
In adulthood, from 32 to 66 years, the structure of the average brain stabilizes without significant modifications, leading researchers to believe that intelligence and personality tend to plateau during this time.
Following another turning point, from age 83 and beyond, the brain increasingly relies on specific regions as connections between them slowly deteriorate.
“It’s not a linear progression,” comments lead author, Alexa Maudsley, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Cambridge. “This marks an initial step in understanding how brain changes differ with age.”
These insights could shed light on why certain mental health and neurological issues emerge during specific rewiring phases.
Rick Betzel, a neuroscience professor at the University of Minnesota and not a part of the study, remarked that while the findings are intriguing, further data is necessary to substantiate the conclusions. He cautioned that the theory might face challenges over time.
“They undertook a very ambitious effort,” Betzel said about the study. “We shall see where things stand in a few years.”
For their research, Maudsley and colleagues examined MRI diffusion scans (images illustrating water molecule movement in the brain) of around 3,800 individuals, ranging from newborns to 90 years old. Their objective was to map neural connections at varying life stages.
In the brain, bundles of nerve fibers that convey signals are encased in fatty tissue called myelin—analogous to wiring or plumbing. Water molecules diffusing into the brain typically travel along these fibers, allowing researchers to identify neural pathways.”
“We can’t open up the skull…we depend on non-invasive techniques,” Betzel mentioned, discussing this form of neuroscience research. “We aim to determine the location of these fiber bundles.”
A groundbreaking study utilized MRI scans to chart the neural networks of an average individual across their lifetime, pinpointing where connections strengthen or weaken. The five “eras” discussed in the paper reflect the neural connections observed by the researchers.
They propose that the initial stage lasts until age nine, during which both gray and white matter rapidly increases. This phase involves the removal of redundant synapses and self-reconstruction.
Between ages 9 and 32, there is an extensive period of rewiring. The brain is characterized by swift communication across its regions and efficient connections.
Most mental health disorders are diagnosed during this interval, Maudsley pointed out. “Is there something about this second phase of life that might predispose individuals to mental health issues?”
From ages 32 to 66, the brain reaches a plateau. It continues to rewire, but this process occurs at a slower and less dramatic pace.
Subsequently, from ages 66 to 83, the brain undergoes “modularization,” where neural networks split into highly interconnected subnetworks with diminished central integration. By age 83, connectivity further declines.
Betzel expressed that the theory presented in this study is likely reflective of people’s experiences with aging and cognition.
“It’s something we naturally resonate with. I have two young kids, and I often think, ‘They’re transitioning out of toddlerhood,'” Betzel remarked. “Science may eventually uncover the truth. But are they precisely at the correct age? I’m not sure.”
Ideally, researchers would gather MRI diffusion data on a large cohort, scanning each individual across their lifespan, but that was unfeasible decades ago due to technological constraints.
Instead, the team amalgamated nine diverse datasets containing neuroimaging from prior studies, striving to harmonize them.
Betzel noted that these datasets vary in quality and methodology, and attempts to align them may obscure essential variations and introduce bias into the findings.
Nonetheless, he acknowledged that the paper’s authors are “thoughtful” and proficient scientists who did their utmost to mitigate that risk.
“Brain networks evolve throughout life, that’s undeniable. But are there five precise moments of transition? I hope you’ll take note of this intriguing notion.”
“Textbooks indicate that RNA is highly unstable and generally degrades within minutes of exiting a living cell,” remarked Marc Friedlaender, a computational biologist at Stockholm University and one of the study authors. “It’s truly remarkable that we discovered RNA dating back 40,000 years. No one thought this was feasible.”
This research may open up new avenues into historical understanding. Erez Eiden, a professor of biochemistry and molecular biology at the University of Texas Medical Branch, who was not involved in the study, noted that scientists will continue to refine the techniques used to analyze ancient RNA, similar to how they have done for years with ancient DNA.
Incorporating RNA analysis into the study of ancient genetics could fundamentally alter our perception of the biological history of the Earth, Eiden stated.
“We will be able to construct a more comprehensive and quantitative narrative of life’s history on our planet,” he added. “Suddenly, the Rosetta Stone appeared.…This is like an ancient hieroglyph of life.”
The discovery of RNA was facilitated by the find of Yuka in 2010, when members of the Yukagir community unearthed a mammoth in melting permafrost near the Arctic Ocean. Yuka was found resting on a cliff, partially mummified, and encased in a mat of strawberry blonde hair and flesh that remained pink until her discovery.
Paleontologists believe Yuka was pursued to death. Some evidence points to the creature being chased by a cave lion or possibly killed by modern humans. There are indications supporting both theories, with each species potentially playing a role in the extinction of this ancient animal.
In a world populated by cave lions, this creature experienced significant stress prior to its death.
Indeed, recent RNA analyses indicate that the profiled RNA displayed signs of physiological stress. The researchers utilized samples taken from the animal’s slow-twitch muscle fibers.
“We discovered that stress genes were activated,” Friedlander stated.
Laboratory work in an ultra-clean environment at the Paleogenetics Center in Stockholm where ancient RNA was extracted. Provided by: Jens Olof Razin
RNA is synthesized from its DNA template through a process known as transcription. During transcription, certain genes are activated while others remain dormant.
This process is dynamic, and the genes expressed can fluctuate from day to night, according to Marmol Sanchez.
The researchers also identified a novel form of microRNA (a type of RNA governing gene expression) in mammoths that is unknown in modern elephants.
The RNA technology being developed may assist efforts to revive the woolly mammoth, as noted by Eiden, who is a member of the scientific advisory board for Colossal Biosciences, the company aiming to “resurrect” the woolly mammoth.
Professor Friedlander remarked that further research could also shed light on how some ancient viruses, which lack DNA, evolved over time.
“To understand the history of RNA viruses like SARS-CoV-2, we must detect these RNA molecules in historical and ancient samples to comprehend their evolution,” Friedlander explained.
Viruses such as Ebola, HIV, and influenza possess RNA genomes.
More research is required. In this study, the scientists investigated 10 mammoths but only obtained reliable RNA signals from three, including Yuka, the best-preserved specimen.
Since 2010, Yuka has been thought to be a female mammoth, but RNA and DNA analyses have revealed that she is, in fact, male.
Eiden highlighted that the RNA study underscores how little is understood about death and the varying rates of molecular breakdown after an organism’s demise.
“Our theories about what occurs to the physical matter of an organism post-mortem are still inadequate,” Eiden said. “What information is retained, and how legible can it remain over time? These are some intriguing questions.”
HHow often do you find yourself reaching for your phone? Are you quick to respond to notifications, getting lost in that small black screen during your commutes? What about while eating or as soon as you wake up? Does it give you a sense of richness and vitality? I’m equally guilty of the same habits. We swipe, like, and scroll in a world designed to capture our attention. But how can we dedicate just five or ten minutes to enrich our lives instead?
I enjoy seeking insights from artists. They encourage us to pause and consider different viewpoints and to appreciate the beauty of nature. The world is evolving right before our eyes, and artists remind us of the joy of creating and discovering within a landscape where AI might supplant our creativity. They help us see potential everywhere—whether it’s arranging words into sentences, crafting paragraphs into books, or using paint to conjure visuals. Their work can shift our perspectives, impart knowledge, and even instill a sense of calm.
It’s backed by science: 2024 survey commissioned by the British government highlights that engaging with art not only boosts physical and mental health but, as Sarah Carlsberg notes, “reduces healthcare costs and increases national productivity.” Recently, King’s College London reported that out of 50 participants aged 18 to 40 who viewed paintings, there was a 22% decrease in stress hormones. (In contrast, those who viewed digitally exhibited only an 8% reduction.)
No matter our situation, art and artists will always guide us. I’ve embraced the wisdom of creatives—whether for inspiration, reflection, relationship insights, or daily organization. This has led me to compile 366 short passages of daily wisdom into a new book titled how to live an artistic life.
Featuring insights from artists like Tracey Emin and Marina Abramovic, alongside writers like Ali Smith and Iris Murdoch, each entry includes reflections, rituals, encouragement, and creative exercises. The book follows the seasons (with January focusing on Beginnings, February on Love, August on Beauty, and November on Memory), allowing me to respond creatively to the artists’ words and engage everyone in the act of creation.
I wrote this book during a time of feeling uninspired and distracted. The words of these artists helped me rise above that fog. Did you catch writer Patricia Highsmith’s habit of making her workspace “as enjoyable as possible” by lounging in bed surrounded by cigarettes, coffee, and donuts? Or art critic Jerry Saltz’s advice to engage with those next to you in a museum by asking, “What do you think about that?” Dialogue sparks ideas. Museums have always served as spaces for conversation, community building, and direct connections—many of which are free to access in the UK.
“Cigarettes, mugs of coffee, donuts”… Author Patricia Highsmith discusses ways to enhance work life. Photo: Dino Fracchia/Alamy
When feeling overwhelmed, author Hisham Matar and broadcaster Claudia Winkleman suggest focusing on just one artwork at a time. Return to it later and take note of how your perception shifts with your circumstances. As you change, so does the artwork. If visiting a museum isn’t an option, consider exploring art online or in books, share it with someone, and inquire about their thoughts. As Smith remarked, “Whenever you stand in front of art, you participate in it and awaken something within you.”
Why do we engage with art? Perhaps it resonates with Paula Rego’s thought expressed to her son, director Nick Willing: “An artist travels to places unseen and returns with something both novel and instantly familiar.”
Living an “artistic life” doesn’t necessitate becoming an artist. It’s about enhancing what you already possess. As Laurie Anderson reminds us in her December entry (focusing on joy), prioritize “the things that make you feel free and truly good.” While many wellness programs come at a cost, artists like Abramovic emphasize the value of stillness: “Doing nothing is the genesis of something.”
Be present in the world. Engage with people. Visit places, big or small. Look up at the sky, rather than yourself mediated through technology. Let’s reclaim our focus and turn it towards one another. The new year is a gift. Go forth, seize it, and live artistically.
Caves in the Hebrus Valley of Mars may have been sculpted by ancient water flows
NASA Mars Earth Surveyor
Subsurface caves shaped by flowing water on Mars may have provided ideal conditions for life, with potential remnants still present today.
Throughout Mars, numerous openings resembling cave entrances are found, primarily near volcanic regions. This implies these features were likely formed by processes related to volcanic activity rather than water.
Earth is home to numerous karst caves, created by the dissolution of soluble rock by water. However, scientists have yet to find equivalent caves on Mars, despite evidence indicating the planet was once covered in water billions of years ago.
Currently, Ding Vermicelli, a professor at Shenzhen University in China, has identified eight caves that seem to have been formed by ancient water flows instead of volcanic activity. These caves are situated in the Hebrus Gorge, a northwestern region characterized by extensive valleys and depressions likely shaped by ancient floods.
Previous Mars missions, including NASA’s Mars Global Surveyor (which orbited Mars from 1997 to 2006), have mapped these caves. Ding and his team analyzed material near one cave entrance using spectroscopic data from that mission, revealing a notable presence of carbonate and sulfate minerals typically associated with water.
They also detected signs of an ancient stream ending near the cave entrance, similar to patterns seen near karst caves on Earth. James Baldini from Durham University, UK, noted, “On a map, you’d expect a river to emerge to the surface only to disappear suddenly, as the cave system absorbs its water.”
Daniel Le Corret from the University of Kent in the UK mentioned that while the mineralogical and geological data implies these may be water caves, they appear quite similar to other Martian caves of volcanic origin. “I’ve spent countless hours evaluating the global catalog of Martian caves and these resemble known volcanic formations,” he said.
If these caves are indeed formed by water, they might be excellent locations for searching for life. “For life to exist, water and a protective environment from Mars’ intense surface radiation are essential,” Baldini remarked. “Volcanic caves and lava tubes also present good avenues for potential life, though they don’t necessarily involve water.”
Mars’ water caves may contain stalagmites—bulbous rock formations generally found in Earth’s karst caves—and could act as time capsules of Mars’ ancient climate conditions, such as temperature.
However, stalagmites require thousands of years of sustained water flow to develop, and determining their formation timing could be challenging, even if rovers or drones succeed in collecting samples, according to Baldini.
Mysteries of the Universe: Cheshire, England
Join a weekend with some of science’s leading minds as you delve into the enigmas of the universe, featuring a tour of the renowned Lovell Telescope.
A plume of ice particles, water vapor, and organic compounds shooting from Enceladus’s southern polar area
NASA/JPL-Caltech
The hidden oceans of liquid water beneath Enceladus’ icy exterior have long positioned Saturn’s moon as a prime candidate in the search for alien life, and the prospects appear even brighter. Recent findings revealing heat from the frozen northern pole indicate that the ocean is stable over geological periods, allowing the potential for life to thrive.
“For the first time, we can assert confidently that Enceladus is in a stable condition, which has significant implications for its habitability,” states Carly Howett from Oxford University. “While we already knew about the presence of liquid water, a variety of organic molecules, and heat, stability was the crucial missing element.”
Howett and her team utilized data from NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, which orbited Saturn from 2004 to 2017, to analyze the heat leaking from Enceladus. The moon’s interior is warmed by tidal forces resulting from Saturn’s gravitational pull, but up to now, this heat had only been observed escaping from the south polar region.
A delicate balance is necessary for life to develop in Enceladus’s ocean. It’s essential for the ocean to emit as much heat as it receives. Although the recorded heat from the South Pole doesn’t account for all incoming heat, Howett and her colleagues discovered that the North Pole is approximately 7 degrees warmer than previously assumed. Together with the heat from the South Pole, the overall heat balance is nearly precise. Due to a thicker ice shell near the equator, a substantial amount of heat escapes primarily in the polar regions.
This indicates that the ocean must maintain stability over extended durations. “Quantifying this is challenging, but we don’t anticipate a freeze in the near future, nor have we seen one recently,” Howett explained. “We understand that life requires time to evolve, and now we can affirm that this stability exists.” Nevertheless, discovering life, if it indeed exists, presents its own challenges. Both NASA and ESA are planning missions aimed at unearthing such life for decades ahead.
Here at BBC Science Focus, we have a deep appreciation for inventive creations – particularly those that are bizarre, imaginative, and exceptionally cool (extra credit if they’re genuinely practical).
During our time at GITEX Global and Expand North Star, two of the largest conferences focusing on technology and artificial intelligence (AI) in Dubai, we set out to uncover the most astonishing innovations poised to enter the market soon.
From tangible holograms to intelligent contact lenses and airborne taxis, here is a glimpse into some of the most groundbreaking technologies showcased.
1. The Fusion of Flying Taxis and Autonomous Vehicles
Since the days of Blade Runner and Futurama, the concept of flying cars has occupied our imagination. With advancements in drone technology, we may finally be approaching the reality of soaring over urban landscapes in our own aerial pods.
However, the idea of a flying car that interacts with standard vehicles is unprecedented. Yet, this is exactly what the Guangzhou Automobile Group is unveiling with its new GOVY AirCab concept.
Indeed, GOVY is capable of taking off and landing vertically from an autonomous ground chassis, thus functioning both as a conventional taxi and an aerial transport.
GAC GOVY exhibited at GITEX Global – Credit: Tom Howarth/BBC Science Focus
What does this unusual combination signify? According to Hanxuan Liu, a product specialist involved with GOVY, it embodies the “ultimate vision of the future of mobility.” The blend of drone technology and vehicle chassis enables “one-click journeys” without the hassle of vehicle transitions. Essentially, you can call it, board it, fly where feasible, and drive where necessary.
The company has conducted test flights and is in pursuit of safety certification. Liu anticipates public demonstrations by next year and a rollout across China in two years. As for the U.S. and Europe? Liu believes we might see GOVY operational both on the roads and in the skies within five years.
2. Sports Enhanced by Augmented Reality
Participants in HADO evade and defend using mixed reality that merges physical movement with digital gameplay – Credit: Hado
Imagine if dodgeball and Pokemon GO had a child; it would likely be something akin to HADO. This augmented reality sport is gaining traction globally.
Players wear headsets and wrist sensors to launch virtual energy balls, create shimmering shields, and avoid incoming attacks, all while standing on a real-world court. The experience feels part video game, part high-energy exercise.
Devised in Japan in 2014, HADO has matured into a legitimate technosport with professional leagues, educational programs, and even a World Cup. Its creators champion it as “a means to encourage physical activity through technology, and a powerful way to engage younger audiences.”
3. Healing Hearts with Spider Silk
PrintyMed’s biomimetic spider silk could revolutionize healthcare, from artificial organs to advanced wound dressings – Credit: PrintyMed
Spider silk, when weighed against steel, exhibits superior strength. Its production is also sustainable and adaptable. So, why not harness these extraordinary natural materials for our use?
Latvian biotech firm PrintyMed has manufactured synthetic spider silk that imitates the natural spinning process, yielding fibers that are remarkably strong, flexible, and compatible with living tissue.
The research team partnered with the Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis to devise a protein that can be spun into silk using a biomimetic approach similar to that utilized by spiders to craft webs. The outcome is a sustainable material that can be produced at scale and applied in innovative ways.
The company plans to utilize its lab-created silk to transform healthcare, from creating hyper-realistic “organs on chips” for drug trials to developing long-lasting, clot-resistant heart valves and advanced wound dressings that enhance healing.
But that’s just the beginning. PrintyWeb is also exploring the use of silk to fabricate artificial organs and tissue scaffolds, which might one day alleviate the global shortage of transplantable organs.
4. Revolutionary Smart Lenses Aiming to Replace All Screens
XPANCEO’s experimental contact lenses aspire to replace mobile phones and wearables with invisible, AI-powered interfaces – Credit: XPANCEO
Resembling something from a spy thriller, XPANCEO aims to develop the world’s first truly smart contact lenses, a cutting-edge gadget that could eventually replace mobile phones, smartwatches, and glasses.
“Today’s computers are bulky and disposable. They’re detrimental to your health, harmful to the environment, and inefficient. We require the ultimate interface,” stated Roman Axelrod, co-founder of XPANCEO to BBC Science Focus.
“Everyone can agree that the next frontier of computing is AI. Then comes augmented reality (XR) computing powered by AI. AI serves as the brain; XR as the interface, whether through glasses, helmets, or contact lenses. We believe contact lenses could become the ultimate interface.”
It’s an ambitious vision: an invisible lens in zero gravity, unifying all your devices into one, featuring capabilities like real-time liveness detection, health tracking, night vision, and zoom.
However, it’s still in the nascent phase. Co-founder Dr. Valentin S. Volkov indicates that XPANCEO intends to have a fully integrated prototype ready by the end of next year, a simple monochrome display capable of yielding basic data and gathering biosignals from the eye.
Smart lenses, categorized as medical devices, will advance gradually under strict regulation. However, if XPANCEO succeeds, smart glasses may soon become obsolete.
5. Actual Holograms
Voxon VX2 operates by projecting volumetric holograms visible from 360 degrees without the need for headgear – Credit: Voxon/Gavin Smith
Participating in a morning meeting styled like the Jedi Council may no longer belong solely to a galaxy far, far away. Australian firm Voxon is pioneering science fiction with its VLED technology, producing live, three-dimensional images that appear to float in mid-air.
Differing from standard flat 3D projections, Voxon’s volumetric displays consist of millions of floating points of light, creating 360-degree visuals that can be navigated and viewed from any angle.
For instance, the Voxon VX2 is a tabletop apparatus that employs a rapidly spinning LED array to generate a hologram within a cylinder measuring around 25 cm in diameter and height.
Within its illuminated columns, you can observe everything from medical scans and molecular structures to game avatars and architectural models in full three dimensions.
6. High-Tech Doghouse for Safe Shopping
Leaving your dog unattended outside a store or in your vehicle might soon become outdated. Serbian startup Smartsy has designed an innovative dog kennel that offers pets a secure, climate-controlled environment while their owners shop at supermarkets or dine in cafes.
Smartsy’s sleek pods include automatic safety locks, real-time video monitoring (perfect for dogs with separation anxiety), and soundproof, insulated walls to ensure your furry friend stays calm and cozy.
A silent airflow system guarantees ventilation, and an integrated heater maintains optimal temperatures whatever the weather. Each cabin is disinfected with a UV lamp after every use, preparing it for the next furry visitor.
I didn’t think too much when I asked my partner to repeat what they said. But I found myself doing it again and again. Eventually, my audiologist confirmed that I had moderate high-frequency hearing loss due to years spent near loud noises in a war zone. I needed hearing aids. The options she presented were around $7,000.
The price tag had a greater impact on me than the diagnosis itself. In the U.S., hearing aids generally lack insurance coverage, requiring out-of-pocket payment. I found a feasible alternative at Costco, where I bought the Jabra Enhance Pro 20s for $1,600. It took a month for me to adapt to the digital adjustments, but I finally restored my ability to hear normally.
Now, there’s another possibility: Apple’s AirPods Pro 3, priced at $249. They cater to 28.8 million Americans who require hearing aids but avoid them due to cost, stigma, or sheer obstinacy. The FDA gave the green light for its predecessor, the AirPods Pro 2, as an over-the-counter hearing aid in September 2024, and the new version is reported to provide even more fidelity. A friend gifted me a pair for my birthday, offering the ideal chance to evaluate their performance in everyday situations.
Apple AirPods Pro 3
Photo: Provided by Amazon $249 on Amazon
$249 at Walmart
Nearly 50 million Americans see that only 16% of adults between 20 and 69 with some hearing loss have ever used hearing aids. The consequences can be severe: adults with hearing loss are 58% more likely to be unemployed and earn 25% less when they are. Untreated hearing loss is a major risk factor for dementia, as highlighted by the 2020 Lancet Commission.
The average American tends to wait 7 to 10 years from the onset of symptoms to seek assistance. Financial constraints are often the primary barrier to treatment, with traditional hearing aids running anywhere from $2,000 to $7,000. Stigma also plays a role—no one relishes the idea of appearing older.
Assessing Hearing Loss
Photo: Club Photo/Getty Images
Before utilizing AirPods as a hearing aid, you can complete a 10-minute self-test to pinpoint the specific areas of hearing loss or upload the results of a professional audiogram from an audiologist. I had just undergone such an exam 18 months prior and compared the lab results to what Apple could offer.
My clinical examination indicated typical noise-induced damage: mild to moderately severe sensorineural hearing loss, particularly at higher frequencies where consonants are detected. iPhone tests conducted in my quiet home office matched this pattern but with less intensity. My average loss registered at 33-34 dBHL (decibel hearing level), compared to 35-45 dBHL from my audiologist.
“AirPods won’t match the precision of calibrated devices in a testing booth, but they’re surprisingly effective,” noted Dr. David Zappala, president of the American Academy of Audiology. “The improvements from prior models and other devices are distinct…A standard audiogram can have a variation of plus or minus 5 dB, so a 10 dB difference falls within expected fluctuations.”
After a day of comparing my professional audiogram to the profile generated by Apple, certain distinctions emerged. The iPhone settings dulled some sibilance; the “s” sound lost sharpness, and hard consonants like “k” and “d” were slightly punchy. Still, conversational clarity remained intact. My partner noticed no differences in the sound of my voice, regardless of the device I was using.
Do AirPods Really Compete with Hearing Aids?
Photo: Christopher Allbritton/The Guardian
Sound quality: Jabras aim for “acoustic transparency,” enabling ambient sounds to blend seamlessly with enhanced audio, achieving a natural listening experience. They perform adequately in restaurant settings by distinguishing speech from background noise.
AirPods create what I refer to as “amplified reality.” The sound is bright and clear, yet retains a digital sheen that never completely subsides.
Battery life: No issues here. My Jabra lasts 24-30 hours on a single charge, while the AirPods last up to 10 hours. Although a quick 15-minute charge can extend usage by about 3 hours, it’s essential to consider your schedule regarding charging opportunities.
Occlusion effect: This effect results in a muffled sound when the ear canal is blocked, resonating within the skull and altering voice perception. Both devices seek to mitigate this issue, albeit in different ways.
Jabra design does not fully seal the ear, allowing external sounds to blend naturally with the amplified audio. On the other hand, AirPods close off the ear, requiring all incoming sounds, including one’s voice, to undergo digital processing, potentially making it sound overly loud.
Photo: Christopher Allbritton/The Guardian
Social recognition: Jabra is nearly invisible, with a small clear wire extending into my ear from a discreet component behind my ear. My partner mentions that people need to be looking carefully to even notice them.
Conversely, AirPods are quite noticeable. Most people assume I’m listening to music, but there are instances when they hesitate to engage with me, thinking I could either be busy with music or on a call. Once I’ve clarified that I’m using them as a hearing aid, conversations flow as usual, often with surprise over AirPods’ capabilities.
Real-World Limitations
In noisy environments: At social gatherings and bars, Jabra effectively manages overlapping dialogues, while AirPods might unintentionally amplify the wrong audio or create confusion amid multiple conversations.
Music: It’s no surprise that AirPods outperform Jabras in music performance. AirPods leverage the same audiogram to enhance media streaming. Listening to Miles Davis’ Kind of Blue, each instrument stood out vividly; whereas Jabra rendered music resembling a small AM radio, which didn’t meet my expectations. But then again, that’s not their primary function.
Cost
My $1,600 Jabra package included three years of complimentary tune-ups, cleaning, and customer support. In contrast, AirPods ($249) lack any professional assistance. If you can’t adjust the amplification to match your specific hearing loss, you’re left with only Apple’s algorithms and some trial and error.
Who Should Buy What?
Photo: Christopher Allbritton/The Guardian
Consider AirPods Pro if:
You have mild to moderate hearing loss.
You need occasional situational support rather than all-day use.
You frequently use an iPhone or AirPods.
You want to test hearing aids before committing significant funds.
Stick with traditional hearing aids if:
You have moderate to severe hearing loss.
You need batteries that endure all day.
You can afford higher costs.
You want professional support.
If You’re Unsure, Give Them a Try
While AirPods Pro 3 aren’t flawless hearing aids, at $249, they serve as an excellent first choice for the 28 million Americans who haven’t sought treatment for hearing loss. They are accessible, budget-friendly, and help reduce stigma.
I primarily rely on my Jabra, a specialized device made for one purpose. However, I keep AirPods handy for music and calls, and occasionally, I prefer something that doesn’t sit deeply inside my ear canal. Sometimes, you can achieve 80% effectiveness for just 15% of the price.
If you think you could benefit, I encourage you to try them. You might catch a distant chat with your grandchild or a joke you missed at a dinner gathering.
“When I suggest them, I’m guiding people to opt for an easy first step,” Zappala states. “Try AirPods. There’s minimal risk in terms of money or time. Even if they fall short, you’ll still enjoy your music.”
The visible signs of aging, like wrinkles, gray hair, and joint discomfort, are merely surface reflections of more intricate processes happening within our cells. Deep inside your body, every organ experiences its own subtle molecular shifts as you grow older.
Researchers have now developed the most detailed map to date illustrating how this process unfolds.
For further insights into our findings, which are based on data from over 15,000 samples, please visit this preprint research. The paper, currently awaiting peer review, offers an unprecedented view of how aging modifies our genomic blueprint from head to toe.
A collaborative effort among researchers worldwide has led to the creation of a comprehensive “aging atlas” that maps DNA methylation (chemical tags that regulate gene activity) across 17 different types of human tissues while tracking age-related changes.
“DNA methylation, simply put, is a chemical modification on DNA,” said Dr. Jesse Poganic, co-author of the study and a medical instructor at Harvard Medical School, as reported by BBC Science Focus.
“At a fundamental level, their primary role is to regulate which genes are activated and which are not.”
If you stretched all the DNA in your body, it would span over 300 times the distance from Earth to the sun and back – Photo credit: Getty
Despite a few mutations, each cell shares essentially the same genetic information in the form of its genome. So how do lung cells recognize their identity while stomach cells act as stomach cells? This is where methylation plays a crucial role.
“The methylation or unmethylation status at a specific point on the genome determines whether a particular gene is turned on or off,” Poganik noted.
But what does all this reveal about the aging process?
DNA methylation serves as one of the body’s essential epigenetic mechanisms, acting as a molecular switch that toggles genes on or off without altering the DNA sequence itself. By adding and removing tiny molecules known as methyl groups, cells can adjust which genes are expressed in response to diet, exercise, infections, and other environmental influences.
As time passes, these methylation patterns alter in specific ways, forming the basis of the so-called epigenetic clock, which serves as a molecular measure of biological age. Until now, most of these clocks relied on blood samples, leaving scientists uncertain if other organs followed similar patterns.
“DNA methylation patterns differ from tissue to tissue. They are specific to both the tissue and the cell type,” said Professor Nir Eynon, the study’s senior author and research group leader at Monash University, as reported by BBC Science Focus. “Thus, blood measurements don’t necessarily represent what happens in your liver, muscles, or brain.”
This gap prompted the team to gather all publicly available datasets on methylation within reach, complemented by new data from global collaborators.
The analysis covered nearly 1 million points across the genome, encompassing 17 organs, from the brain and heart to the skin, liver, stomach, and retina.
Atlas of Aging
The researchers discovered that the proportion of genomes with methylation tags varied significantly across tissues, ranging from approximately 38 percent in the cervix to over 60 percent in the retina. Surprisingly, age-related changes were quite uniform, with most tissues becoming increasingly hypermethylated as they age, resulting in more tagged DNA sites and the silencing of certain genes.
However, two organs defied this trend. Both skeletal muscle and lung tissue can experience a loss of methyl tags over time, leading to excessive or irregular gene expression.
“Most tissues show hypermethylation with age,” explained Dr. Max Jack, the study’s lead author. BBC Science Focus via email. “Yet when you refine it down to methylation rates, distinct tissue-specific patterns emerge.”
Different organs age at varying rates. An aging atlas begins to elucidate why – Credit: Getty
For instance, adipose tissue predominantly shifts toward hypermethylation, while changes are more balanced in the brain. These patterns may illuminate how different organs react to common aging stressors, such as inflammation, according to Jacques.
Overall, significantly age-related methylation changes were observed in brain, liver, and lung tissues, with skin and colon tissues also showing marked alterations. Conversely, pancreatic, retinal, and prostate tissues exhibited the least detectable age-related changes, possibly due to limited data or greater resilience to aging.
Correlation, Not Causation (For Now)
At first glance, the data imply that some organs age quicker than others. However, researchers caution that these distinctions cannot yet be interpreted as a direct rate of aging.
This is partly due to statistical factors. Some organs represent thousands of samples, while others are represented by only a handful.
Moreover, “We know that methylation changes occur as we age,” Poganik states. “What we don’t know is the extent to which they contribute to aging.”
In other words, while scientists are aware of the methylation alterations linked to aging, it’s still unclear whether those changes induce aging or whether aging triggers those changes.
Poganik believes that alterations in methylation likely account for at least some of the observable phenomena associated with aging. “Even cautious scientists would suggest there’s an element of causation,” he remarks.
The allure of this new atlas lies in its revelation of common molecular themes threading throughout the body, he adds.
“One of the most compelling aspects of this study is that it demonstrates some universality in the aging process. When we analyze various tissues, we encounter numerous similar methylation changes, suggesting a universal quality to aging.”
Nevertheless, he warns that not all alterations are causal. With so many ongoing methylation changes, some are almost certainly part of aging, while others may not hold significance.
Old atlases might not pinpoint which changes are critical and which are not, but they offer an invaluable collection of data for researchers to delve deeper into the issue than ever before. The atlas is now openly accessible through an online portal for other scientists to explore and utilize.
“We have consistently prioritized open-source research,” Jack states. “With this, we aim to make it accessible to everyone, not only to advance research but also to foster collaboration.”
Going forward, the research team plans to examine some universal associations prevalent across all tissues as we age, alongside other biomarkers that may be influencing the aging process.
“Advancements in aging pale in comparison to those in cancer,” Poganik adds. With the assistance of this atlas, scientists may finally bridge that gap.
The clouds in our atmosphere host a myriad of bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
George Pachantouris/Getty Images
Scientists have for the first time measured the colors of microbes residing in high-altitude clouds, providing insights that could aid the search for extraterrestrial life.
Microorganisms have been found in Earth’s atmosphere at densities reaching up to 100,000 per cubic meter, contributing to cloud formation.
These tiny life forms produce pigments to shield themselves from intense ultraviolet radiation present at high altitudes.
Thus, if similar airborne organisms are present in the atmospheres of other planets, they might be detectable from afar by studying the light wavelengths, or spectra, reflected by those planets. Ligia Coelho from Cornell University in New York notes.
“Essential pigments are robust and surprisingly universal biosignatures,” Coelho explains. “Ultraviolet light is a common stressor for life on any planet with a star, suggesting that reflective pigments serving similar roles could evolve elsewhere.”
To investigate the colors of airborne microorganisms on Earth, Coelho’s team cultured microbes collected by Brent Kritner from the University of Florida and colleagues. Kritner’s team employed helium balloons to collect microorganisms attached to sticky rods at altitudes between 3 and 38 kilometers above the Earth.
Subsequently, Coelho’s team analyzed the reflectance spectra of the colored compounds produced by these microbes, observing a spectrum of colors from yellow to orange to pink, manifested by carotenoid pigments like beta-carotene, commonly found in carrots.
Finally, the team simulated how these spectra might alter across various planetary conditions, including wetter and drier environments.
“For the first time, we possess actual reflectance spectra of pigmented microorganisms in the atmosphere, which can serve as reference points for modeling and detecting life forms within clouds,” stated Coelho.
Astronomers are actively searching for signs of life beyond our solar system by analyzing light reflected from planets, which reveals the chemical footprints of gases—like oxygen and methane—that may be produced by biological activities, as well as indicators of surface life such as green chlorophyll generated by vegetation and microorganisms.
Up until recent findings, clouds surrounding exoplanets were perceived as obstructions, hindering the identification of atmospheric and surface-level biosignatures.
“Our planetary simulations indicate that when exoplanetary clouds are rich in these microorganisms, their spectra can change in identifiable ways,” Coelho elaborates.
Forthcoming space telescopes, such as NASA’s proposed Habitable World Observatory, could bolster efforts to search for life in other star systems.
Nevertheless, even with advancements in technology, the concentrations of airborne microorganisms need to be significantly high to be detected from extensive distances. “The concentrations of these organisms present in Earth’s atmosphere are currently below our detection limits,” Coelho remarked.
“According to the expected resolution of NASA’s Habitable World Observatory (which we modeled in this study), we would require microbial cell densities akin to those found in oceanic algal blooms, which are typically detectable from space.”
Claire Fletcher, a researcher from the University of New South Wales, suggests that it may be advantageous to search for carotenoids produced by microbes in the stratosphere alongside chlorophyll from plant life. “However, while we assume that life on these exoplanets will mirror that of Earth, this assumption may not hold true,” she cautions.
Peter Tuthill, a professor at the University of Sydney, expresses skepticism regarding the utility of the stratospheric biosignatures identified in the study for extraterrestrial life detection. “I appreciate the fact that we don’t need to engineer devices to detect biosignatures amidst noise from distances of 20 parsecs,” he remarks.
Workers were sent home, examinations were postponed, coffee machines required manual activation, and users of language apps feared that their hard-earned progress might be lost due to Monday’s global outage of Amazon Web Services. Meanwhile, some brushed off their temporary technological difficulties.
A malfunction in the AWS cloud service disrupted apps and websites for millions worldwide, impacting over 2,000 companies, including Snapchat, Roblox, Signal, the language app Duolingo, and various Amazon-owned businesses.
While many sites were operational again within a few hours, several continued to experience problems throughout the day. By Monday evening, Amazon reported that all cloud services had “returned to normal operations.”
However, amid the chaos disrupting essential services globally, there was an unexpected twist.
Amazon employees shared videos on TikTok enjoying a slow workday. Some were dancing in quiet warehouses, while others informed CNN that they had been dismissed.
“Those of us working at Amazon Flex have been sent home because the system can’t check us in or release us for pay. Due to this outage, we are uncertain if the 80 of us here will receive compensation,” James, a Texas resident, shared with the network.
Tiffini from Florida mentioned she had planned to start her Amazon delivery shift at 3:30 a.m., but the system was down. “I submitted a ticket, but due to issues with Amazon’s system this morning, I still don’t know if I’ll be paid for the missed block.”
Other social media users reported delays in medical and veterinary appointments, while some customers using Amazon’s virtual assistant Alexa encountered smart home disruptions.
“I use an Alexa-enabled smart plug to control my room lamps,” Christina, who requires crutches, told CNN. “During the outage, my smart plugs stopped responding. Before I could figure out the problem, I tried to reset one and ended up failing. Now they don’t work at all.”
Nonetheless, some Alexa users downplayed the incident.
“Because of the Amazon outage, Alexa wasn’t functional this morning, so I had to stumble out of bed in the dark, head to the kitchen, and manually turn on the coffee maker. I can’t live like this. You all can do without me,” one user shared. Posted by user X.
“I had to turn the lights on manually without Alexa’s assistance. It was a rough beginning to the day,” another user remarked on Reddit.
Many devoted Duolingo users, who track their consecutive practice days, were anxious about their progress being affected.
Some threatened to “riot” if their practice streaks were interrupted, others lamented that streaks exceeding 900 days had reset to zero, while one user on X targeted Amazon founder and CEO Jeff Bezos, saying, “What if I lost my 1,300-day Duolingo streak due to AWS? [Amazon Web Services] If the power goes out, I’ll personally throw an egg at Bezos’ bald head.”
TA few years back, I turned my fixed workspace into a dynamic setup with rotating tables at airport terminals, train stations, and cafés. As a freelance journalist constantly in transit, I’ve discovered that having the right equipment not only simplifies travel but is essential for sustaining this fast-paced lifestyle. Luckily, being a technology critic allows me to test an array of travel gear.
From coastal towns in Asia to corporate trips across the US and Europe, these items are perfect for packing light, staying productive, and keeping your sanity intact. Regardless of whether you work from a backpack or just want to stay connected during your vacation, there’s something here for you.
Item Trackers
When you’re on the move, losing track of your backpack, wallet, or smartphone is inevitable. An item tracker can assist in swiftly locating missing belongings during those nerve-wracking moments of panic.
Apple users can depend on AirTag, while Android users might lean toward Chipolo, which is compatible with both systems. I prefer the Chipolo Pop for its extra functionalities. It can also serve as a remote button for your camera and offers an option to locate your phone by pressing it twice.
Apple AirTag
Photo: Provided by Apple $24.99 on Amazon$29.00 at Apple
Chipolo Pop
Photo: Provided by Chipolo $29.00 at Chipolo$29.00 on Amazon
I also recently started using the new Chipolo Loop. With USB-C charging, there’s no need for frequent battery replacements. Additionally, I appreciate the slim Nomad Tracking Card in my wallet for the same convenience, although it’s only compatible with iOS and also supports wireless charging.
Chipolo Loop
Photo: Provided by Chipolo $39.00 at Chipolo$39.00 on Amazon
Nomad Tracking Card
Photo provided by: Nomad Goods $29.00 at Nomad$29.00 on Amazon
Peak Design Packing Cubes
Photo: Provided by Peak Design
Though organization isn’t my strong suit, I initially had little interest in packing cubes until I tried Peak Design’s. Captivated by the compact size of the small cubes, I eagerly opted for the larger ones too. They feature intelligent designs to keep you organized while traveling.
For instance, they come with dual compartments to separate clean from dirty clothes, alongside a compression zipper for when you need extra space. Peak Design claims their packing cubes will withstand years of use; I’ve been using mine for about two years without any issues.
$23.96 on Amazon$29.95 at Peak Design
Moment Tech Organizer
Photo: Prakhar Khanna/The Guardian
If you find yourself with an abundance of small gadgets, the Moment Everything Tech Organizer is designed to keep you organized. It offers specific compartments for wires and pockets tailored for your GoPro and Insta360 batteries. Its low-profile design ensures that it won’t bulk up your backpack, plus the dual-layer, waterproof ripstop fabric guards against moisture.
Currently $60.00$40.00 on Amazon
Google Pixel Buds Pro 2
Photo: Prakhar Khanna/The Guardian
The Google Pixel Buds Pro 2 fit me perfectly and deliver exceptional audio along with surprisingly efficient active noise cancellation (ANC). I appreciate the stem design that allows control over playback, ANC, volume, and accessing my voice assistant without being intrusive. They have aided my sleep during multiple long-haul flights. Currently, I’m testing the new Apple AirPods Pro 3, which may be a comparable option; however, at $249 (currently reduced to $189), they represent a more significant investment.
Photo: Provided by Apple $249.00 at Apple$249.00 on Amazon
Insta360 X5 360 Degree Action Camera
Photo: Prakhar Khanna/The Guardian
While I use Ray-Ban Meta glasses for first-person videography, they’re not suitable for adventurous outings. That’s where the Insta360 X5 excels. It captures 360-degree footage in 8K resolution, offering a unique angle that standard phones or sunglasses cannot compete with. The latest version boasts enhanced low-light capabilities, intuitive in-app editing, and an interchangeable lens design, allowing you to replace a damaged lens without hassle. Although pricey, it’s an excellent choice for anyone looking to document their travels in an innovative way.
I own a white Casio G-Shock 2100 series GA-2100-7A7, which I take on every adventure. From surf lessons at Mantra Surf Club in India to kayaking in Sri Lanka to work-related trips in the US and Europe, this G-Shock has been the perfect companion. It’s sporty, comfortable, easy to switch time zones with just a few button presses, and delivers a premium feel at a budget price.
$110.00 at Casio$110.00 at Reed’s Jewelers
Apple MacBook Air M4
Photo: Prakhar Khanna/The Guardian
For years, the Apple M2 MacBook Air has been my most dependable laptop, particularly for battery life and user-friendliness. I recommend the M4 model for its enhanced power and value as we approach 2025. As a digital nomad, I need a lightweight laptop that’s readily available, and the MacBook Air exceeds both criteria. Windows enthusiasts would likely recommend the Asus Zenbook A14; it’s even lighter and has a superior battery life than the Apple laptops.
Apple MacBook Air M4
Photo: Provided by ASUS $899.00 at Apple$899.00 at Apple
It’s hard for many in India to envision life before Aadhaar. Digital biometric IDs, which claim to be accessible to all Indians, were rolled out just 15 years ago, yet they have become an integral part of daily life.
An Aadhaar number is now essential for purchasing a home, securing employment, opening a bank account, paying taxes, receiving benefits, buying a vehicle, obtaining a SIM card, booking priority train tickets, and enrolling children. Infants receive their Aadhaar number immediately after birth. Although it is not obligatory, lacking an Aadhaar effectively renders one invisible to the state, according to digital rights advocates.
For Umesh Patel, 47, a textile businessman in Ahmedabad, Aadhaar has been a welcome change. He reminisces about the days of hauling stacks of paperwork to government offices just to verify his identity, often with little success. Now, with a quick glimpse of his Aadhaar, “everything flows smoothly,” he said, viewing it as “a testament to how our nation utilizes technology for its citizens’ benefit.”
“It’s a solid system that has simplified our operations,” Patel asserts. “Moreover, it enhances our country’s security by minimizing the risk of forged documents.”
“Aadhaar has become an integral part of Indian identity.”
The initiative has been deemed so effective that it caught the attention of the UK government, which considered the introduction of mandatory ID cards for its citizens. However, digital rights groups, activists, and humanitarian organizations highlight a less favorable perspective of Aadhaar and its effects on Indian society.
For some of India’s most underprivileged and least educated individuals (those unable to engage with the Aadhaar system due to issues like illiteracy, lack of education, or missing documentation), the system can be exclusionary and punitive, denying essential access to welfare and employment. With increasing moves to link Aadhaar to voting rights and citizenship, concerns arise that it may further disenfranchise and stigmatize the impoverished.
Apal Gupta, founder and director of the Internet Freedom Foundation in Delhi, stated that Aadhaar has become a digital obligation for many people in India, as Aadhaar-based verification is required to access government services, enter public venues, or carry on with their daily activities.
Mr. Gupta asserted that Aadhaar has “metastasized” since its inception, morphing into an extensive bureaucratic network of unique IDs required for business operations. “The essence of your existence is scrutinized at every juncture,” he remarked.
Critics contend that the current draft of India’s data protection and privacy law is inadequate for safeguarding privacy or preventing potential misuse of the invaluable Aadhaar database, which includes biometric data such as photos, facial and iris scans, and fingerprints of over a billion Indians.
Indian media has uncovered multiple instances of Aadhaar data breaches over the years, including a 2018 incident where data pertaining to 1.1 billion individuals was found to be sold online for a mere 500 rupees (£5).
Keir Starmer met Narendra Modi in Mumbai last week. During his visit, Mr. Starmer described the Aadhaar system as a “huge success”. Photo: Stéphane Rousseau/AFP/Getty Images
“According to this yet-to-be-notified law, there is no mechanism to ascertain if a data breach has been documented, and there is a lack of oversight on how Aadhaar data is consolidated with other databases, risking broader public surveillance and tracking,” Mr. Gupta noted. “Transparency is entirely absent.”
Although Aadhaar was initiated before Prime Minister Narendra Modi assumed office in 2014, his governing Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has significantly promoted and expanded the digital ID initiative. As India prepares to host the G20 summit in 2023, Prime Minister Modi referenced Aadhaar as one of the flagship achievements of ‘Digital India’, which he describes as an incubator for innovation. He asserts that India has saved over $22 billion by combating corruption in the welfare system.
The government highlights the extensive uptake of Aadhaar as an indicator of its success and inclusivity. As of last month, more than 1.42 billion Aadhaar numbers had been generated, corresponding to roughly the entire population of India, making it the largest digital identity program globally. Before this initiative, over 400 million Indians lacked any official identification and were unable to access banking services.
Yet the reality, particularly in rural and tribal regions, diverges sharply from the image portrayed by the government, as noted by Chakradhar Buddha, a senior researcher at Livetech India, an organization aimed at assisting those marginalized by India’s transition to digitalization.
“The deprivation of Aadhaar is pervasive among tribal communities, people in mountainous regions, and those in remote areas, and this reality is largely overlooked,” Buddha stated.
“This situation arises partly from a lack of proper documentation or incomplete documentation capture. Moreover, technological advancements create further obstacles that disproportionately affect the most vulnerable populations. Ultimately, this system undermines access to crucial social security and welfare for those most in need.”
Mr. Buddha challenged the government’s assertion that Aadhaar represents an infallible form of identification, recounting numerous instances where incorrect names and details led to significant issues for communities. For instance, in one village, tribal individuals lacked birth certificates and were assigned January 1 as their birthdate, while tribal names are often misspelled on Aadhaar cards due to unfamiliarity among officials.
Highlighting the recent example of millions of impoverished workers being erroneously removed from government support systems after the implementation of Aadhaar certification, Buddha cautioned that using Aadhaar as the universal standard for voting rights could result in “mass purges of the poorest from electoral registers.”
“These individuals have already been stripped of social equality. Now, Aadhaar is being utilized to deny them their right to political equality and universal suffrage,” Buddha stated.
Among those recently at risk of lacking an Aadhaar card was Ahram Sheikh, 34, an uneducated worker, who had important identification documents, including his Aadhaar card, stolen while on a train.
The aftermath was a nightmarish experience. He couldn’t recall his Aadhaar number from a decade earlier, rendering him unable to obtain a replacement card. Without it, he had to discontinue his construction job, losing crucial income for his family, and as a result, his son ultimately dropped out of school.
Months later, after traveling thousands of miles back to his village, Sheikh remained unable to resolve the issue and secure a new card. He now lives in constant fear of being declared an illegal alien without it.
“This Aadhaar system has turned into a nightmare for us. Why can’t the government establish proper institutions?” Sheikh lamented. “Everything in this country works against the poor, and this Aadhaar card is no exception.”
Researchers focused on the quest for extraterrestrial life are actively searching, as aliens have yet to appear on Earth to join us in a galactic federation. Nonetheless, there remains a chance that scientists will find extraterrestrial life close enough for observation, through numerous probes and satellites dispatched throughout our solar system. The anticipation of visitors from the cosmos often generates a constant buzz within the scientific community.extrasolar celestial body passing near the sun.
Many astronomers and astrobiologists are venturing even farther, beyond our solar system and into the realms of other stars. As they cannot deploy instruments to such distant locations for at least several centuries, scientists rely on telescopes to search for indicators of life. These indicators are referred to as biosignatures, which can include elements, molecules, or other characteristics. However, caution is necessary when seeking biosignatures, as measurement inaccuracies and overlooked variables can lead to false positives.
A hypothetical false positive might involve: Exoplanets possessing atmospheres rich in carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas, as well as some hydrogen-oxygen molecules, none of which necessarily indicate life. A powerful burst of matter and energy from an exoplanet’s host star, known as an exoplanet flare, could emit energy that impacts the atmosphere and triggers chemical reactions producing oxygen gas, O2, and ozone, O3. Should astronomers detect these compounds in an exoplanet’s atmosphere, they might mistakenly consider the planet a candidate for life.
Recently, a group of scientists explored how such a scenario could manifest on exoplanets and the potential for false life indicators. They conducted a series of six simulations to create plausible scenarios of a flare impacting an uninhabited Earth-like planet. They selected red dwarfs, the most prevalent star type near Earth, and analyzed data on Earth’s atmospheric and surface chemical composition from 4.5 to 4 billion years ago, during a period dominated by carbon dioxide, N2, and water. They positioned the planet within proximity to its star to receive comparable light levels to what Earth receives from the sun today.
In five of the simulations, they modified the presence of CO.2 and N2, adjusting CO2 levels to make up 3%, 10%, 30%, 60%, or 80% of the atmosphere. The sixth simulation looked at a different atmospheric composition with minimal water. This variant checked for possible extremes in O2 and O3 levels, considering that hydrogen from water can bind with stray oxygen atoms. All simulated atmospheres contained trace amounts of O2 and O3.
Each simulated atmosphere was then subjected to two flares: one of typical strength observed from real red dwarfs, and the other, known as a super flare, which is 100 times stronger and exceedingly rare. The chemical outcomes of these flares were calculated using specialized software called atmos. Following this, they employed the Spectral Mapping Atmospheric Radiative Transfer (SMART) model to simulate observable effects from Earth-based telescopes.
During standard flare events, O2 and O3 levels initially decreased but reverted to their original state approximately 30 years later. Nevertheless, five months post-flare, a slight overshoot in oxygen levels was noted before they normalized.
Analyzing the variations in CO levels, 2, hydrogen gas, and water within exoplanet atmospheres revealed that each can significantly alter the detectability of oxygen molecules by astronomers. Consequently, the impacts of typical flares are subtle and challenging to discern on actual exoplanets. However, in the unique instances simulated involving super flares, notable increases in O2 and O3 occurred, though these levels also nearly returned to pre-flare conditions within 30 years.
Ultimately, the researchers concluded that flares likely have only a minimal and fleeting impact on life detection efforts on these exoplanets. Even if astronomers observed an exoplanet struck by a flare five months prior, the O2 and O3 levels, considering potential measurement errors, would not present as distinctly elevated. Nonetheless, the results from super flare scenarios indicate that further examination of false positives in biosignatures is warranted, as high-energy events can substantially disrupt the environmental conditions of exoplanets.
WThe temperatures are plummeting, and we all crave a bit more comfort. For some, it’s about getting a plush bed with a fresh memory foam mattress topper or an ergonomic office chair. For others, it’s a chic waterproof hooded scarf to style your wet hair, or a hair dryer that’s ready to return to action.
And for some of you, that might just mean a fringe party skirt and a cheese box arriving in the mail. Who are we to judge? These are your top picks for the month.
When Jane Hoskin, an insomnia sufferer and filter reviewer, experimented with the best (and odd) sleep aids, she didn’t expect a simple sub-£10 eye mask to afford her a solid 9-hour slumber. “The best masks truly obstruct all light without feeling flat or too tight on your eyes,” she shares, calling MyHalos her “ideal match.”
If you’re astonished to find an advent calendar among your favorite products for September, it seems the beauty advent calendar craze has evaded you. People shell out extensively for a selection of these products, which promise significant savings on their contents. Your top choice is, unsurprisingly, the “shockingly affordable” W7 calendar. Reviewer Sarah Matthews noted that the included items “stand shoulder to shoulder with some of the industry’s finest,” albeit they are mostly miniatures.
Office Chair Upgrade
Slouching Task 1
£289 on Slouch
If you’re still working from home on a dining chair, it’s time for a change. Your work chair needs to be as supportive and comfy as your most-used pieces of furniture, like your mattress.
Reviewer Stuart Andrews spends extended hours at his desk, and he was the right person to evaluate the best office chairs. The Slouching Task 1 emerged as his top choice, providing him “everything you desire from a work chair.”
Eco-Friendly Scourers
Non-Kilo Scourers
£13.47 on eBay£3.75 on Amazon
Cotton scourers serve as an excellent way to cut down on plastic waste in your kitchen. “These are amazing for cleaning,” says Maggie, a filter reader and Sustainable Swaps guide. “They’re not packed with food like typical sponge scourers, and I toss them in the wash weekly to keep them fresh.”
Chic Rain Cover
Waterproof Hooded Scarf
£39.15 on Etsy
Looking stylish in the rain can be challenging. However, our fashion writer, Charlotte Gornoll, has crafted the ultimate guide to staying fashionable in wet weather. Your top styling tip was this waterproof hooded scarf. “If your jacket lacks a hood, why not complement it?” Charlotte suggested, likening it to “the late Queen Elizabeth’s stylish touch.”
Letterbox Cheese Board
Perfect British Cheese Board
£10 at Butlers
Of all the gifts that fit through a letterbox, is there anything better than a quality cheese board? A standout from our guide features three exquisite cheeses (Blacksticks Blue, Button Mill, Sunday Best) accompanied by track-reading figure relish and Peter’s yard crackers.
Top Budget Hair Dryer
Babyliss Hydro-Fusion
£60 on Look Fantastic£31.99 on Amazon
“In my years of reviewing beauty products, upgrading my hair dryer brought the most significant change to my routine,” stated Sarah Matthews in his guide to the finest hair dryers. “Modern hair dryers have changed the game.” Sarah’s favored budget option, Babyliss Hydro Fusion, is “sturdy and powerful,” and is currently priced at £31.99 on Amazon.
Mattress Toppers
Panda Bamboo Topper, Double
£139.95 for Panda
“A mattress topper is like the cheese slice on a burger,” wrote reviewer Jane Hoskin. “While not essential, it can be a game changer, particularly if your mattress feels worn out.” Jane found the Panda bamboo topper to be the coolest option in her mattress topper tests despite being memory foam based. Clearly, many of you were drawn to the idea of “not feeling your restless partner’s movements.”
Party Skirt
Fringe Detail Mini
£50 on M&S
“This M&S skirt is an absolute winner,” noted Jess Cartner Morley in the style essentials for September. “I mean, look at it. All the tassels, perfectly cheeky (short but not too short), in chic off-white colors.” Clearly, many shared this sentiment, as this stylish party skirt emerged as a favorite.
Quick Clothing Steamer
Russell Hobbs Steam Genie
£28 at John Lewis
“I determined to be an ironed-clothes kind of woman,” writes Kate McCusker in the Green to the Grand Style Guide for All Ages. “Yet, I’m still waiting for that transformation, so I rely on this steamer in the morning to prevent my clothes from looking like I just rolled out of bed.” It appears many filter readers are still on that journey.
Ceramic Frying Pan
Procook Elite Tri-Ply
£48 on Procook
Trendy kitchen gadgets come and go, yet a dependable frying pan remains an essential kitchen item. We look for durability, easy cleaning, and hopefully no harmful chemical coatings. Is that too much to wish for? Dale Berning Sawa examined twelve premier frying pans under rigorous conditions. Your top pick was this Procook ceramic frying pan, praised for its impressive quality and reasonable price.
MP3 Player – Seriously
Snowsky Echo Mini
£66.99 on eBay
If you thought you’d stepped into a time machine upon seeing the advent calendar, wait until you come across an MP3 player (especially one with a cassette tape design). Yet, digital audio players are staging a comeback, appealing to those who want to unplug from streaming services while taking control of their music. This economical pick from the sub-brand Snowsky offers a “nostalgic vibe” while Alan Martin noted in his review, “delivers a much richer sound compared to other budget gadgets I’ve tested.”
The Apple Watch Series 11 introduces a highly requested feature: extended battery life.
Aside from that, the new model serves as a direct successor to the Series 10, retaining its design, dimensions, and features. Most enhancements are software-based, solidifying its position as one of the top smartwatches available, despite limited physical changes.
Starting at just 369 pounds in the UK (449 euros/$399/$679), the Series 11 sits below the watch SE at the low end and 749 pounds Ultra 3 at the high end.
The Series 11 is available in Space Gray, a hue first seen with the iPhone 5s in 2013. Old trends make a comeback. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
Similar to last year’s Series 10, this new version is only 9.7mm thick, making it comfortable to wear at night and easily tucked under cuffs. It’s lightweight and user-friendly.
The vibrant 2,000 knit OLED display is bright for indoor and outdoor use, and remains legible from various angles. The glass is reportedly twice as scratch-resistant as its predecessors, though it doesn’t quite match the hardness of the sapphire used in more expensive titanium models.
The new watch incorporates the same S10 chip as previous versions, now with optional 5G connectivity, ensuring strong reception for outdoor activities. Battery capacity has increased by 9% for 42mm models and 11% for 46mm models.
In sleep tracking tests without exercise, the 46mm version lasted two days. Most users can expect around two days and nights before needing a recharge, which takes 66 minutes with a power adapter over 20W (not included), reaching about 70% in just 30 minutes. During a run, it tracks for roughly eight hours—enough for one or two marathons.
Connectivity: Bluetooth 5.3, WiFi 4, NFC, UWB, Optional 5G
WatchOS 26
The Flow Watch face is engaging, though reading the time at a glance can be challenging. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
The Series 11 ships with WatchOS 26, compatible with all models from the Series 6 onward. A new liquid glass design introduces semi-transparent elements and two additional monitoring interfaces: a large digital face called Flow that reacts to movement, and an Analog Face that segments hours, minutes, and seconds into custom dials.
One of the standout features is the wrist flick gesture. This allows you to quickly twist your wrist to dismiss notifications and return to the watch face without lifting your wrist to look at it, enabling you to silence alarms with a satisfying motion.
Hypertension, Sleep, and AI Workouts
Hypertension alerts utilize the optical sensor located on the back, the same one used for heart rate and blood oxygen readings; no pressure cuffs needed. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
The Apple Watch retains the extensive health monitoring tools of its predecessor while introducing new features and a revamped training app.
Hypertension alerts now observe potential high blood pressure over 30 days, notifying users if heart rate data indicates possible hidden issues.
The updated sleep score metric simplifies Apple’s sleep tracking, akin to offerings from competitors like Google and Samsung. Each morning, users receive a score out of 100 based on factors such as duration, bedtime, and interruptions, all easily understood within the iPhone health app.
A sleep score helps you gauge sleep quality, allowing for detailed assessments as needed. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
Workout Buddy acts as an AI coach, leveraging past training data to offer motivational talk before and after workouts. It tracks your training frequency and effort level, providing audible updates during your exercise, including alerts for milestones like pace, heart rate, distance, and time.
Three voice options deliver updates through Bluetooth headphones in any of the 12 supported activities, including walking, running, and cycling. However, functionality may depend on being in proximity to an iPhone 15 Pro or later to avoid interruptions while training.
Sustainability
The recycled aluminum frame offers a premium, slim, and comfortable fit. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
Apple states that the battery should last for 1,000 or more charge cycles while retaining at least 80% of its original capacity, and can be replaced for £95. Repair costs range from between £295 and £389, depending on the model.
The watch comprises over 40% recycled materials, including aluminum, cobalt, copper, glass, gold, lithium, rare earth elements, steel, tin, titanium, tungsten, among others. Apple provides trade-in options and free recycling of devices, addressing the environmental impact of its products.
Price
The Series 11 is available in two sizes (42 and 46mm) with options for materials and 5G support, which necessitates a compatible phone plan for eSIM. Prices start at £369 (€449/$399/$679), with the 5G model requiring an additional £100 (€120/$100/$170).
For reference, the Apple Watch Ultra 3 retails at £749, while the Apple Watch SE 3 starts at £219, and the Google Pixel Watch 4 is priced at £349. The Samsung Galaxy Watch 8 is available for £294.
Verdict
The Series 11 keeps the successful Apple Watch formula intact, enhancing it with improved glass and longer battery life.
With its slim profile, quick charging, and two-day battery life, it proves convenient for sleep tracking and silent alarms. The wrist flick gesture stands out as a feature every watch should embrace, and compatibility with earlier Apple Watch straps and chargers is a significant advantage. Price drops in the UK are also appreciated.
Users may need time to adjust to the glass-like appearance of WatchOS 26, but the software operates similarly while introducing valuable additions like hypertension alerts. The Workout Buddy proves particularly useful, offering positive experiences though reliant on mobile exercise.
Overall, the Series 11 ranks among the finest smartwatches for iPhone users. Those with older models, like the Series 6, can expect a substantial upgrade. However, this year, it faces competition from the revamped Watch SE 3, which serves as a compelling alternative.
Pros: Exceptional screen visibility, sleek design, double tap and wrist flick gestures, top-notch health monitoring, impressive activity tracking, AI coaching via Workout Buddy, 50m water resistance, two-day battery life, optional 5G connectivity, long software support, eco-friendly materials, and backward compatibility with previous Apple Watch straps.
Cons: Premium pricing, limited to iPhone users, lacks customizable faces for third-party watches, and maintains a similar aesthetic to prior models.
However, researchers Fabian Kratz and Josef Brüderl at Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich argue that this belief may not hold true.
Kratz feels compelled to reevaluate the U-curve claim. The researchers analyzed self-reported happiness data from 70,922 adults who took part in the Socio-Economic Panel Survey in Germany from 1984 to 2017, modeling how happiness evolved over individuals’ lifetimes.
Contrary to the U-shaped model, they discovered that happiness typically declines during adulthood, only beginning to rise again in the late 50s.
Kratz believes that prior research may have drawn erroneous conclusions by oversimplifying the happiness trajectory and neglecting deaths due to suicide or illness. “It can seem that happiness increases after a certain age simply because those who are unhappy have already passed away,” Kratz explains.
“In the social sciences, there’s been considerable debate over conflicting findings—results often evaporate with new data collection,” says Julia Roller at the University of Leipzig. “Yet, another overlooked issue is that researchers may analyze data in ways that are systematically flawed. This can yield replicable findings, but still mislead.”
Others posit that these findings raise important questions. “This study provides an excellent opportunity to reconsider our understanding in this field,” remarks Philip Cohen at the University of Maryland, highlighting the need to explore why our happiness shifts throughout life and how we can ameliorate low points. Both Kratz and Brüderl express a desire to avoid speculation on the reasons behind these observed changes.
Oswald notes that the study presents “interesting results” worthy of consideration, but he emphasizes that factors such as marriage and income are beyond his control.
Furthermore, he points out that the study focuses on a single country, leaving it unclear whether these results are applicable elsewhere. Kratz suggests this may provide a useful foundation for future research. Notably, the findings could inform policy. “Previous scholars argued for the importance of proactive policies to help individuals navigate mid-life crises,” Kratz mentions. “While we do not dismiss this urgency, our results indicate that addressing declining well-being in older adults should be a priority.”
Do you need someone to talk to? In the UK, contact Samaritans at 116123 (Samaritans.org); in the US, reach out to the Suicide and Crisis Lifeline at 988 (988lifeline.org). For services in other countries, visit bit.ly/suicidehelplines.
Researchers have brought ancient microorganisms back to life from permafrost cores dating back up to 40,000 years, extracted from four sites within the permafrost research tunnel near Fairbanks, Alaska. They found that as underground permafrost melts, microbial activity begins with a slow “awakening”, but significant transformations in the microbial community occur within six months.
Archaeal abundance in whole samples collected from a permafrost research tunnel near Fairbanks, Alaska. Image credits: Caro et al., doi: 10.1029/2025jg008759.
Currently, permafrost across the globe is melting at an alarming pace due to climate change driven by human activities.
Scientists are concerned that this could initiate a dangerous feedback loop. When permafrost thaws, the microorganisms within the soil begin to decompose organic matter and release it into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide and methane, both potent greenhouse gases.
“This is one of the biggest uncertainties in climate response,” stated Professor Sebastian Copp from the University of Colorado at Boulder.
“How does the thawing of this frozen ground, which contains significant amounts of stored carbon, impact the ecology and climate change rate in these areas?”
To investigate these uncertainties, researchers visited the US Army Corps of Engineers’ permafrost tunnels, a distinctive research setting.
The facility has been extended over 107 meters (350 feet) and continues toward the frozen ground below central Alaska.
Scientists have gathered permafrost samples ranging from thousands to tens of thousands of years old from the tunnel walls.
The samples were then treated with water and incubated at temperatures of 4°C and 12°C (39°F and 54°F).
“We aimed to replicate scenarios that would occur during Alaska’s summers under projected future climatic conditions that allow these temperatures to penetrate deeper into permafrost,” explained Dr. Tristan Caro, a postdoctoral researcher at Caltech.
The researchers utilized water containing unusually heavy hydrogen atoms, referred to as deuterium, to track how microorganisms absorbed water and used hydrogen to construct lipid membranes surrounding all living cells.
In the initial months, these colonies grew slowly, with some even replacing only one cell for every 100,000 daily.
In laboratory settings, most bacterial colonies can be entirely replenished in a matter of hours.
However, by the six-month mark, everything had transformed. Some bacterial colonies even developed visible biofilms.
“These microorganisms likely pose no threat to human health, but they were kept in sealed environments nonetheless,” remarked Dr. Karo.
“The colonies don’t seem to wake up quickly in warmer temperatures.”
“These findings may provide insights regarding thawing permafrost in real-world conditions. It appears that after a warm period, microorganisms can take several months to start emitting significant quantities of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.”
“This means that a longer Arctic summer increases risks for the planet.”
“While a single hot day might occur during an Alaskan summer, the primary concern is the prolonged summer season, with warm temperatures extending into autumn and spring.”
“Many questions remain unresolved about these microorganisms, such as whether ancient organisms exhibit similar behavior in different global locations.”
“There is an abundance of permafrost worldwide. In Alaska, Siberia, and other northern cold regions, our sampling covered only a small fraction of that.”
The findings were published on September 23rd in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences.
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Takaro et al. 2025. Microbial resuscitation and growth rates in deep permafrost: Lipid-stable isotope probing results from the permafrost research tunnel in Fox, Alaska. JGR Biogeosciences 130 (9): e2025jg008759; doi: 10.1029/2025jg008759
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