How Parenting Can Enhance Brain Health for Moms and Dads

Posted on June 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Parenting Challenges and Cognitive Reserve

Craig Boylan

Pregnancy brings significant changes: hormonal surges, physical growth, and increased appetite are just the beginning. Previously, it was believed these changes resolved quickly postpartum, restoring the body and mind to pre-pregnancy states. Recent research has shown this is far from the truth.

Inside the skull, the brain experiences extensive remodeling during pregnancy, enhancing a mother’s caregiving abilities. Notably, many of these transformations can be long-lasting or even permanent. Fathers, too, undergo cognitive alterations as they embrace parenthood. According to Emily Jacobs, a neuroscience professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara, “Very few areas of the brain remain untouched.”

The prevailing understanding of the parental brain has evolved dramatically over the last decade. Once viewed merely as a state of disarray—“mother’s brain”—characterized by forgetfulness and sleep deprivation, it is now recognized as a complex network of adaptations that enhance everything from empathy to memory and even Alzheimer’s risk.

Beginning in early pregnancy, changes in gray matter—the brain’s neural connectivity fabric—start. Shrinking regions indicate a fine-tuning of brain functions rather than damage. Jacobs compares this to Michelangelo’s approach in sculpting: removing excess to reveal intrinsic beauty.

A series of studies, including Jacobs’ research where women’s brains were scanned from before pregnancy to two years postpartum, reveal that the most notable developments occur within the default mode network, crucial for introspection and emotional cognition.

These neural changes profoundly affect how mothers connect with their infants, enhancing the ability to respond to child cues. The greater the brain’s adaptability, the stronger the maternal bond. “Instead of impairing function, the brain becomes more specialized,” explains Lauren Mahoney, a psychologist at the City University of New York. “It prioritizes information crucial for caregiving, threat detection, and emotional insights.” New mothers may misplace their keys but often become keenly aware of subtle changes in their baby’s demeanor.

Current studies by Jacobs and colleagues are evaluating the brains of both first-time and seasoned mothers, alongside fathers and those without prior pregnancy experience. Unpublished findings revealed that 97% of the observed 400 brain regions in first-time mothers underwent notable alterations, while second-time mothers exhibited fewer changes, only partially reverting postpartum.

These discoveries reshape how we comprehend motherhood. “The antiquated view of the ‘mommy brain’ as dysfunctional is debunked,” states Jacobs, illustrating that the maternal brain is adaptable and continuously evolving.

Furthermore, emerging evidence indicates that fathers also experience similar neurological shifts upon assuming parental roles. Like mothers, they show decreased gray matter volume post-birth, which correlates with more attentive caregiving behaviors characterized by sensitivity and nurturing touch. Interestingly, paternal brain activity becomes increasingly similar to that of mothers with hands-on childcare involvement.

The Impact of Parenting on Fathers’ Brains

GFC Collection/Alamy

Notably, most research so far has primarily involved heterosexual couples, leaving questions about the brain changes in same-sex couples and non-binary parents unanswered.

The permanence of these brain changes is also uncertain; however, evidence suggests longevity. A 2021 study indicated that pregnancy-related gray matter loss persists six years postpartum. Additionally, neuroscientist Edwina Orchard from the Ann S. Bowers Women’s Brain Health Initiative has found that certain brain structures transform during pregnancy and early parenting. Research shows that differences between parents and non-parents can still be observed in their 70s, indicating some changes may endure for a lifetime.

Importantly, parental brain transformations are linked to enhancements in cognitive function. Studies demonstrate that mothers exhibit superior attention and “executive function”—the brain’s ability to manage tasks—compared to childless women. Such capabilities are crucial for multitasking, whether cooking, managing children’s behaviors, or organizing the home environment.

Cognitive Resilience Against Aging

The challenges of parenting can foster a “cognitive reserve,” enhancing the brain’s resilience to injury and cognitive decline later on.

Raising children is inherently demanding, involving increased responsibilities, acquiring new skills, and juggling numerous priorities, all while coping with limited resources and sleep deprivation. This sustained cognitive engagement may create robust neural networks akin to learning a second language or mastering an instrument, potentially lowering dementia risk.

While demonstrating this connection in humans is complex—due to genetics, socioeconomic factors, and lifestyle choices—the evidence remains intriguing. For instance, Orchard’s study on maternal brain activity in later life revealed that women with more children exhibit brain activity patterns associated with youth. Orchard posits this signifies an ongoing benefit of motherhood contributing to lifetime cognitive reserve.

Parenting: Continuous Cognitive Training

plainpicture/LaSalle, Benedict

In a 2025 study involving nearly 28,000 participants, led by Orchard, both mothers and fathers displayed younger brain characteristics in middle and later life compared to their childless peers. This suggests that the impact of parenthood extends beyond pregnancy and may positively influence overall brain health.

However, certain nuances must be considered, including genetics, which might predispose individuals to reproduce and experience these brain changes. Interestingly, some research indicates a U-shaped relationship exists between the number of children and dementia risk, as stated by sociologist Mieke Thomeer from the University of Alabama at Birmingham. The greatest risks seem associated with childlessness or having many children (typically four or more), although conflicting findings exist.

This variance results from diverse definitions of cognitive decline and the types of populations studied, according to Thomeer. When her studies accounted for these variables, many connections vanished. She summarized, “Multiple childhood and developmental factors influence whether someone becomes a parent, how many children they have, and their cognitive health later in life.”

Trends may shift across generations. Recent findings presented at the Society for Cognitive Aging conference indicated that in newer birth cohorts, being childless correlates with improved cognitive health in later years.

Thomeer speculates this trend may reflect changing socioeconomic factors, as women without children today are often more educated than in previous generations, potentially indicating unique modern parenting stressors.

Biologically, parenting may also influence brain aging. Fetal cells cross the placenta and integrate into the mother’s body, including her brain—a phenomenon known as microchimerism. These cells may transform into neurons and immune cells, possibly aiding brain repair. A 2012 study suggested that women with Alzheimer’s exhibited fewer male cells, likely from their sons, in their brains, hinting at protective benefits.

The quest to decode the parental brain continues. While having children may not guarantee dementia prevention, and cognitive decline is a complex biological issue needing attention, becoming a parent enhances empathy, multitasking abilities, and quite possibly cognitive reserve. Ultimately, children leave lasting imprints not only on homes and routines but also on the brain itself.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Simple Strategies to Combat Brain Decline: Discover What Most People Overlook

Posted on June 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Have you ever recalled the feelings of your first day at school when you caught a whiff of clay? Or perhaps a perfume from a passing stranger instantly transported you to thoughts of a long-lost love?

This experience highlights the powerful connection between smell and memory.

Neuroscientists have confirmed for over a century that our olfactory system is closely linked to brain regions managing memory and emotions, like the hippocampus and amygdala.

When we inhale, odor receptors in our noses connect with odor molecules, such as those from clay. This triggers olfactory neurons to send rapid electrical signals to varied brain areas in mere milliseconds.

“These are very direct connections between the olfactory system and areas of the brain associated with memory and emotion,” says Professor Thomas Hummel, who has explored the olfactory system at the Dresden University of Technology for decades.

The deep link between smell and memory suggests that losing the sense of smell might be an early indicator of cognitive decline. This is associated not only with normal aging but with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease.

Image credit: Joe Waldron

But what if the reverse is true? Strengthening your olfactory system could not only heighten your ability to enjoy fragrances but also enhance your memory and overall cognition?

This idea has gained traction in laboratories recently, piquing the interest of researchers who believe there’s merit to it.

Several studies, albeit small-scale, have shown that olfactory training can significantly impact cognitive abilities and even alter the brain’s physical structure.

A 2023 review of 18 studies concluded that olfactory training can improve cognitive functions like verbal fluency and language learning.

It has also been shown to increase the volume of specific brain areas, including the hippocampus and olfactory bulb, as well as enhance inter-region connectivity.

Notably, these cognitive enhancements are not limited to individuals experiencing cognitive decline; olfactory training can benefit the general population as well.

“It’s not a magic solution,” Hummel notes. “Enhancing your ability to smell doesn’t automatically make you smarter, but it can aid certain cognitive functions.”

“This concept is appealing because it represents a change that can occur through a simple activity,” he adds. “Anyone can do it, and there are no side effects.”

Enhanced olfactory function may also improve cognitive functions – Image courtesy of Joe Waldron

Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain this effect. One aspect suggests that increased sensory input generally promotes better brain health.

It could also relate to our evolutionary background, wherein our ancestors navigated largely by their sense of smell. Additionally, since the olfactory system has direct access to the hippocampus, it might directly stimulate brain circuits associated with learning and memory.

Amid this exploration, many startups are identifying potential opportunities and are developing scent-training products.

One such startup, Osmo, features an AI-powered digital scent engine, securing $70 million in a recent funding round. Meanwhile, researchers at UCL are advancing the my scent digital olfactory training platform.

You can start training your nose at home with a simple odor training protocol—select about four distinct and familiar odors.

“Stronger scents are more effective than weaker ones,” Hummel advises. Common scents used for research include clove, lemon, coffee, and eucalyptus.

Dedicate five minutes twice daily, focusing intently on each scent for at least 20 seconds. Consider what each scent evokes: How should it smell? What notes can you identify? Is it more intense or milder than expected?

“Consistency is key; change scents every two months for optimal results,” Hummel suggests. While he emphasizes the need for larger studies, he reassures, “This practice certainly won’t cause any harm.”

A wise old wizard once said: “When in doubt, always follow your nose.”

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Understanding Early Brain Development: When Do Babies Start to Think?

Posted on June 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A newborn baby’s brain closely resembles that of an adult

Craig Bolan

At birth, a critical brain structure is already in place. In just nine months, approximately 100 billion neurons develop from a mere 3-millimeter “neural tube,” forming a blueprint for the entire central nervous system.

This impressive neuron count is surpassed only by the 100 trillion connections they form, akin to a city’s subway system. “It’s designed efficiently to enhance functionality,” explains developmental neuroscientist Moriah Thomasson from New York University.

Shortly before birth, the brain exhibits a remarkable similarity to the adult brain, with the fetal connectome sharing 61% of the same functional organization. “It’s astonishing,” says Thomasson. However, the fetal brain should not be mistaken for a miniature adult brain. Some species, such as foals, are able to walk and feed shortly after birth. In contrast, humans experience significant dependency due to our extensive childhood.

“The unfinished nature of our brains is intentional; we need our environment to shape them,” remarks mind philosopher Timothy Bain at Monash University, Australia. “Evolution has equipped us to adapt to various languages; being born in a bilingual environment should not restrict our potential.”

Birth triggers significant transformations in the brain. “It’s almost overwhelming,” Thomasson notes. The newborn, reliant on the buoyancy of the womb, now faces gravity, temperature changes, and a deluge of new visual stimuli. Consequently, layered myelin sheaths form, enhancing connections across the nervous system and refining specialized brain networks. “These pruning processes intensify rapidly,” Thomasson remarks. “You’re solidifying connections.”

As development progresses, our skill in navigating the world becomes increasingly sophisticated, relying on foundational cognitive abilities. Initially, the brain distinguishes objects, tracking their movements and identifying faces and emotions. “Early recognition of emotions is crucial; it offers insights into others’ mental states,” Bain observes.

Brain imaging technology enables researchers to examine the formation and connectivity of brain networks in adults and fetuses alike. However, deciphering the implications for experiential development remains complex. Evidence of prenatal brain activity suggests some levels of consciousness may be present in fetuses. Bain proposes that while fragments of consciousness may exist, a true awareness does not emerge until exposure to the world post-birth.

Despite advancements in understanding brain biology’s role in conscious experience, philosophical debates around thought and consciousness persist. “Can thought exist without consciousness? Can consciousness exist independently of thought?” questions consciousness philosopher Philip Goff at Durham University, UK. Bain believes that thought is primarily about our interactions with the world. For instance, a few months after birth, a baby might exhibit unique actions to explore moving objects. “I wonder if the initial thoughts of a baby are tied to intentions or the joy of achieving them,” he muses.

The perspective that thought and consciousness do not manifest meaningfully until birth seems intuitive. However, cognitive scientist Anna Chaunika from the University of Lisbon warns that this view is biased and overly adult-centric. We often presume experience is rooted solely in the brain, overlooking the layers of full sensory interaction. Research indicates that sensory experiences integrate into a fundamental sense of self as early as the first trimester, Chaunika asserts. Interaction and learning form the core of experience and survival. The evolutionary origins of our neurons and the rapid specialization of our olfactory system during fetal growth underscore this. “Existence precedes knowledge,” she posits.

Ultimately, a fetus’s world is intertwined with its mother. “In the womb, we continuously engage with other beings,” Chaunika explains, noting research that indicates newborns cry distinctly if their mothers speak multiple languages. “Our first realization is, ‘I am not alone.'”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Transformative Brain Changes: What Happens from Your 20s to 40s

Posted on June 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

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Our Brains Mature Beyond Adolescence

Craig Bolan

When do we truly become adults? Is it when you turn 18 and leave home, or the moment you realize that you’re responsible for your own appointments? Or perhaps, like my father, you still feel young, despite the mirror revealing your age?

Legally, adulthood often starts at 18 or 21 in various countries, giving you the power to vote, marry, and make medical decisions. However, the journey of brain development is far more intricate. The brain transitions from a juvenile to an adult state gradually, without a definitive moment of transformation. Some brain networks mature in early adolescence, while others develop well into your 20s and beyond.

When can we begin to hold ourselves accountable for our actions as adults? The timeline is more extended than you might estimate.

Until recently, neuroscientists believed that brain maturity was reached around age 25, though there was no solid biological benchmark for this claim. This notion gained traction in the early 21st century from studies that analyzed brain development up to age 20. Since the data was limited, the age 25 estimate offered a broad buffer for individual variations.

Recent research aims to identify precise ages by examining behavior linked to specific brain development stages. For instance, gray matter—dense tissue rich in neurons and synapses—typically thins during the teenage years before stabilizing in the 20s. According to research led by Christian Tamnes from the University of Oslo, gray matter thickness tends to decrease through adolescence and plateau in adulthood.

This brain thinning isn’t alarming; it indicates a transition from a tangled web of connections in childhood to a more streamlined network in adulthood, akin to upgrading from a winding back road to a well-designed highway.

Nevertheless, gray matter doesn’t mature uniformly, revealing that maturity isn’t a fixed point. Factors like socioeconomic status, culture, and social circles play significant roles in brain development. For example, stressful experiences during adolescence may promote gray matter reduction, particularly in lower-income households.

It might be more pertinent to ask: when does the brain begin to exhibit adult behaviors? We can define adulthood through executive function—the capacity for rational decision-making, self-control, and future planning. “Executive function serves as a valuable indicator of brain maturity,” notes Brenden Tervo-Clemens, a researcher focused on normative brain growth at the University of Minnesota.

To explore this, Tervo-Clemens and his team analyzed data spanning four significant datasets involving over 10,000 individuals aged 8 to 35. Their findings reveal that executive function evolves rapidly between ages 10 and 15, experiences smaller but noteworthy changes from 15 to 17, and stabilizes around 18 to 20. Thus, according to this scale, the adult brain reaches full maturity by age 20.

Another facet of adult development is the social cognition intricacies within brain networks, enabling interpersonal interactions. A study by Philip Jackson and colleagues at Université Laval explored brain maturity from ages 12 to 30, revealing varying rates of social function maturation. Skills such as understanding others’ intentions tend to solidify during early adolescence, while the capacity for empathy continues developing post-18.

However, focusing on a singular ability for adult definition can oversimplify the complex nature of the brain. “The brain operates as an intricate system with multifaceted interactions,” observes Tervo-Clemens. “Attempting to find a single measure of brain maturity will always be reductive.”

To gain a comprehensive overview, Alexa Mousley, a developmental neuroscientist at the University of Cambridge, recently analyzed brain scans from infancy to 90 years. Their study, published last year, explored white matter pathways—vital connections facilitating communication between various brain regions.

They identified four critical transformation periods during development, occurring around ages 9, 32, 66, and 83. The timeline from ages 9 to 32 seems especially relevant for defining adulthood, as the brain transitions from fragmented communication during childhood to a more integrated network in adulthood, peaking in global efficiency at age 29.

A separate study from May further corroborates these findings, indicating that while certain white matter areas achieve peak maturity in our 20s and 30s, others continue developing into our 40s. This reinforces the understanding that brain refinement extends well beyond the legal definition of adulthood.

Despite the discrepancies in timelines, these studies indicate that full brain maturity does not occur at age 18, with tangible effects in everyday life. According to Katia Rubia, a Cognitive Neuroscience professor at King’s College London, the limbic system, responsible for emotional processing and reward generation, often matures during adolescence. In contrast, frontal lobe networks governing emotion regulation, impulse control, and foresight may continue developing much later, resulting in an imbalance where adolescents often engage in impulsive actions.

Rubia urges policymakers to consider these brain development insights, suggesting that legal driving ages should be revised. She notes that many accidents involve adolescents whose frontal lobes aren’t yet fully developed, leading to riskier driving behavior.

Some scientists propose developing brain growth charts akin to regular height and weight measurements, facilitating comparison against normative data in contexts like criminal sentencing. However, this remains a challenge. The 2020 report for the Scottish Sentencing Council indicated that logistic concerns make widespread implementation impractical, but as research grows, this may become feasible.

Fundamentally, our legal, medical, and social frameworks require a clearer definition of adulthood, one that the nuances of neurology currently can’t provide. Brain development is uneven and personal, shaped by genetics, culture, and experiences. Certain networks mature faster than others, and some brain functions, like white matter pathways, may not reach full maturation until the 40s, while others decline earlier. Adulthood, therefore, isn’t a fixed endpoint but a continuous journey of growth and change.

Emotionally, research indicates that individuals often feel they reach a sense of maturity around age 29. Thus, while legally we transition to adulthood at 18, neuroscience suggests this development continues well into our 20s and even into the 40s, with personal growth unfolding at its own pace. My father, now 81, still waits for his moment of maturity.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Menopause Affects the Brain: Understanding Changes and Post-Menopausal Effects

Posted on June 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Significant Brain Changes During Menopause

Craig Boylan

New Scientist: Explore in-depth science news and features on technology, health, and the environment. — Significant Brain Changes During Menopause

Craig Boylan

From cognitive fog to heightened anxiety, the mental health effects of menopause are well-documented. However, recent findings indicate that the neurological changes are more severe than previously understood, possibly explaining the increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease in women.

Roberta Brinton from The University of Arizona explains that these brain changes can be compared to renovating a house: “It becomes a different brain.”

These findings underscore the impact of midlife on brain health and the astonishing resilience of this organ.

“Menopause often reveals neurological vulnerabilities,” Brinton states. “This phase is critical for identifying and addressing neurological risks in women.”

Menopause, which typically occurs around age 50, marks the end of menstruation and is associated with diminished production of reproductive hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This leads to a spectrum of symptoms, including sleep disturbances, hot flashes, and mood swings.

Symptoms can start in the perimenopausal phase, characterized by significant estrogen fluctuations, which greatly affect brain function, especially since estrogen is essential for various brain activities. This hormone contributes to energy production in the brain by facilitating glucose conversion, making up about 25% of its energy supply. A sudden drop in estrogen can initiate a “bioenergetic crisis,” as Brinton describes.

Evidence of this energy crisis is apparent in MRI studies. In 2021, Brinton and colleagues analyzed the brain activity of 161 women, identifying three distinct groups: premenopausal, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal.

On average, postmenopausal women exhibited about 20% lower glucose metabolism in memory-related brain regions compared to their premenopausal counterparts. Perimenopausal women showed a 10% decrease.

Animal studies suggest that the brain adapts to energy deficits by shifting to alternative fuel sources, primarily lipids. Brinton notes that during menopause, the brain utilizes lipids for energy from the white matter.

White matter acts as a communication network in the brain, facilitating message transmission. In Brinton’s research, a notable 10% reduction in white matter was observed post-menopause compared to pre-menopause, emphasizing the menopausal brain’s dependence on lipids.

Related findings imply potential links between menopause and Alzheimer’s disease, suggesting that hormonal changes might set the stage for cognitive decline. This may help explain why women represent two-thirds of Alzheimer’s cases, and those who enter menopause early face a higher risk.

Despite the assertions about the menopausal brain’s fuel needs, skepticism exists among researchers. In a groundbreaking long-term study, Pauline Maki scanned the brains of 242 women aged 40 to 60. Preliminary findings indicated no significant differences in brain volume, including white matter, across different menopausal stages.

This discrepancy may result from variations in study demographics, leading to the ongoing need for deeper investigation. As more studies are released, the understanding of these findings may evolve.

Regardless, evidence indicates that the loss of estrogen can impair verbal memory, particularly during perimenopause. Maki emphasizes, “These cognitive abilities are highly sensitive to declining estrogen levels.”

However, it’s important to note that most women in perimenopause score within normal ranges on verbal memory tests. “It’s not indicative of dementia,” Maki clarifies, “but there are still noticeable changes.”

Impact of Decreased Estrogen on Memory in Perimenopause

Fatemeh Bahrami/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images

In a recent study, Maki and her team assessed the brain activity of nearly 200 postmenopausal women performing memory tasks. The results indicated that higher estrogen levels correlated with improved memory performance and enhanced activation of brain areas linked to memory.

Another unpublished study from Maki’s team has connected lower postmenopausal estrogen levels to diminished connections between the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, which are essential for memory function.

These findings illuminate how hormone replacement therapy (HRT), which restores estrogen levels, can enhance cognitive performance in perimenopausal women. Research indicates a connection between HRT and a reduced likelihood of Alzheimer’s disease. However, timing plays a crucial role; most studies suggest that the protective effects of HRT are strongest for those who initiate treatment up to 10 years before menopause.

Early estrogen introduction may help the brain maintain its energy supply to white matter, according to Brinton; once this adjustment occurs, it may be too late for intervention.

Additionally, HRT alleviates hot flashes, which can severely disrupt sleep. “Chronic sleep deprivation is detrimental to brain health,” notes Maki.

Maki’s research has also indicated that local anesthetics can interrupt neural systems responsible for temperature regulation in the spinal cord, potentially aiding in memory improvement for menopausal women. Brinton’s team is also exploring non-hormonal agents that target estrogen receptors to minimize hot flashes and possibly lower Alzheimer’s risk, currently undergoing Phase II trials.

Encouragingly, the brain seems capable of adaptation even without HRT, with studies showing shifts in brain structures after menopause. A recent investigation involving around 11,000 women discovered that gray matter volume decreases during perimenopause, but some areas may rebound after menopause.

The research indicates no significant disparity in memory performance between premenopausal and postmenopausal women. However, those in the latter group appeared to recruit more pronounced activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, crucial for memory tasks. This suggests that the brain may adapt to hormonal changes by integrating additional neural circuits to compensate.

While the transition may elevate Alzheimer’s risk for some, Maki emphasizes the importance of managing other potential risk factors like high blood pressure and hearing loss.

Despite the rapid cognitive alterations associated with menopause, enduring cognitive issues are not universally anticipated. “All women undergo menopause,” Maki asserts. “However, not all will develop dementia or persistent brain fog. The brain’s transition during menopause highlights its remarkable capacity for reorganization and adaptation in response to change.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Fecal Transplants Boost Brain Health and Revitalize Aging Mice

Posted on June 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Scanning Electron Micrograph of the Intestinal Lining of a Mouse

CJC Copyright: IKELOS GmbH/Dr. Christopher B. Jackson/Science Photo Library

Fecal microbiome transplantation (FMT) shows promise in enhancing brain adaptability in older adults, similar to that seen in younger individuals. The gut microbiome is linked to mental health and personality traits. A groundbreaking study reveals that older mice receiving FMT from younger counterparts exhibited improved brain plasticity, potentially aiding in the treatment of conditions such as amblyopia, typically treatable only in childhood.

According to Parisa Gazelani, a professor at Oslo Metropolitan University, “This study indicates that microbial communities may regulate critical periods in brain development, shaping when windows of increased plasticity open and close.” This positions the gut microbiome as a key player in neural development, alongside sensory experiences and immune responses.

Neuroplasticity, the brain’s ability to rewire itself, enables effective amblyopia treatment in children by temporarily occluding the stronger eye, forcing the brain to forge new connections with the weaker eye. While plasticity is at its peak during youth, it declines during adolescence as the brain naturally refines unused connections.

Research from the Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies in Pisa, Italy, led by Paola Tonini, aimed to explore the influence of the gut microbiome on adult brain plasticity. They administered high doses of broad-spectrum antibiotics to 21-day-old mice, inducing significant alterations in their gut microbiota compared to control mice on untreated water. Notably, there was a reduction in bacterial families like Lachnospiraceae, which are involved in producing neuroprotective short-chain fatty acids.

After sealing one eye of each mouse for three days, imaging revealed neuroplasticity responses only in control mice, whose brains demonstrated increased responsiveness to the unsealed eye’s stimulation.

To uncover underlying mechanisms, researchers conducted RNA sequencing, revealing over 1,000 differentially expressed genes linked to myelination and blood-brain barrier permeability in antibiotic-treated mice. “The changes observed were substantial,” stated Tonini.

In a final experiment, fecal microbiota from 30-day-old mice was transplanted into four-month-old adult mice. Only those receiving the younger microbiota exhibited neuroplasticity in response to the eye closure experiment.

If these findings translate to humans, the implications could be profound, as highlighted by Harriet Schellekens from University College Cork, Ireland: “This hints at the microbiome’s potential in enhancing learning, recovery from injuries, and improving resilience against aging and neurological diseases.” However, discerning specific microbial metabolites or strains behind such effects remains a challenge.

Gazelani cautions against premature human extrapolations, noting the complexity of human brains and the significant influence of diet and lifestyle on microbiomes.

Furthermore, the study raises important considerations regarding the long-term implications of childhood antibiotic exposure, particularly in high, prolonged doses. “While antibiotics are crucial for health, these results underscore the need for their judicious use during critical developmental phases,” emphasized Gazelani.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Cooling Therapy with Medications Can Minimize Brain Damage After a Stroke

Posted on June 18, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Innovative Stroke Treatment: How Rapid Cooling Could Mitigate Brain Damage

BSIP SA/Alamy

Stroke Recovery — Innovative Stroke Treatment: How Rapid Cooling Could Mitigate Brain Damage

BSIP SA/Alamy

The combination of two medications commonly used to treat hay fever and psychosis has shown promising results in lowering core body temperature in animal models, subsequently reducing brain damage after a stroke. Early-stage trials in humans are currently underway to explore this innovative treatment further.

Over the years, researchers have focused on various cooling methods to protect the brain post-stroke. The goal is to induce a hibernation-like state in brain cells, minimizing their need for oxygen and glucose during a stroke when blood supply is compromised. Keeping brain cells viable until blood flow can be restored could help prevent extensive brain damage and potential long-term disabilities.

Traditional cooling methods, including cooling blankets and ice packs, have proven ineffective due to discomfort and uncontrollable shivering. According to Kirsten Cupland from the University of Newcastle, Australia, “Physical cooling often leads to severe discomfort, making it impractical. It’s encouraging to see alternative cooling therapies being researched for stroke treatment.”

Shivering is the body’s natural response to combat hypothermia, creating challenges in lowering body temperature effectively. “Understanding this limitation, I find the testing of alternative drugs for cooling therapy refreshing,” Coupland adds.

Research led by Shuaili Xu at Capital Medical University in Beijing tested promethazine and chlorpromazine, both established drugs known for their ability to reduce body temperature. This combination was administered to mice and rhesus macaques following induced strokes.

In both animal models, the drug combination successfully lowered core body temperature, decreased intracellular glucose metabolism, and significantly minimized brain damage caused by strokes. Notably, the treated monkeys exhibited improved limb functionality compared to untreated counterparts.

The research team subsequently conducted a trial involving 32 recent stroke patients who received either the drug combination or a placebo alongside standard clot-removal therapies.

Unfortunately, the combination therapy only produced a minor body temperature reduction of 0.3°C (approximately 0.5°F) without significant stroke damage reduction. Xu believes that the prolonged 12-hour infusion may have hindered the cooling process: “Faster admin could yield more substantial therapeutic effects,” he suggests.

His team is embarking on a new trial to investigate the potential of a rapid infusion method over one hour to enhance cooling effectiveness and therapeutic benefits. Coupland expressed optimism, noting, “The established safety profile of these drugs, already in human use for various conditions, supports the continuation of further clinical trials.”

Promethazine, a sedating antihistamine, alleviates hay fever and aids sleep, while chlorpromazine, an antipsychotic, treats schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Both medications target the central nervous system to effectively lower core body temperature without causing shivering or cold sensations.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How to Keep Your Brain Sharp in Old Age: Proven Tips for Mental Vitality

Posted on June 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Neuroscientist Emily Rogalski reveals the secrets of superagers

Craig Boylan

As people age, memory often declines, with the ability to recall information significantly reduced by the time one reaches their 80s. However, a unique group known as superagers—individuals over 80 with memory capacity akin to those in their 50s or 60s—remains sharp. One such pioneer in this research is Emily Rogalski.

As a neuroscientist at the University of Chicago and the director of ongoing studies in the Super Ager Research Project, Rogalski is uncovering how these remarkable individuals maintain cognitive sharpness despite exhibiting signs of Alzheimer’s disease in their brains. Her team’s findings indicate that superagers possess larger cerebral cortices and hippocampi, essential areas tied to memory. In her interview with New Scientist, Rogalski delves into what defines a superager and shares insights on enhancing one’s chances of joining their ranks.

Alexandra Thompson: What defines a SuperAger?

Emily Rogalski: A superager is someone over 80 who retains memory capabilities comparable to those in their 50s or 60s. Other cognitive areas like language skills and executive function should also be age-appropriate. Most people can recall at least one incredibly active individual in their lives who they cannot believe is 90 yet behaves like they are just 50.

Reports abound of older individuals achieving impressive physical feats, from running marathons to climbing mountains. Why focus on exceptional memory instead of other characteristics?

Forgetfulness often perplexes older adults, representing a major indicator of Alzheimer’s disease. My research investigates how those over 80 with exceptional memories defy the age-related cognitive decline. One approach to Alzheimer’s research focuses on understanding the breakdowns; another explores those who thrive and asks, “What’s the secret?”

How do you identify superagers?

We engage with communities like farmers’ markets and retirement areas to hold classes on healthy aging, and that’s where we meet these remarkable individuals. Word of mouth also plays a vital role as our current superagers often assist us in locating others. Initially focused in the Chicago area, we’ve expanded to five sites across the U.S. and Canada, ensuring diversity in regional and ethnic representation.

What assessments do candidates undergo to qualify as superagers for your research?

Potential superagers participate in cognitive tests and surveys, undergo clinical interviews, brief neurological examinations, MRI scans, and provide blood samples for genetic studies. Surprisingly, many were previously unaware of their exceptional memory, often expressing pride at having been identified as such.

Participants remain engaged with our study over their lifetimes, returning every two years for evaluations. They also participate in biannual phone assessments and agree to donate their brains posthumously, allowing close examination of cellular and molecular factors.

What insights do autopsy results typically provide?

In superagers, overall levels of tau—a protein linked to Alzheimer’s—tend to be lower. Some may show pathology associated with Alzheimer’s, yet remain unexpectedly cognitively healthy. Conversely, there are instances of patients whose cognitive function is profoundly better than anticipated for their age.

Although genetics may protect some from Alzheimer’s, superagers sometimes show pathological signs without symptoms.

When we began the SuperAger Project, it was often suggested that superagers simply have a low risk of Alzheimer’s. But our research shows no significant genetic differences compared to the general elderly population. Some high-risk individuals still belong to the superager category. This raises questions about potential protective factors that mitigate genetic risks.

Identifying unique cellular markers related to hyperaging, we’ve found the presence of an abundance of von Economo neurons in superagers. These neurons reside in areas like the anterior cingulate cortex, which exhibits thicker structure in superagers than in younger adults. This region is crucial for attention, directly influencing memory.

Socializing promotes healthy aging

Grant Rooney/Alamy

What lifestyle choices do superagers typically share?

Among the key traits of superagers is their social engagement. Maintaining connections with others, including younger generations, helps stave off loneliness. Many superagers thrive in environments with vibrant social interactions, often mentoring or volunteering alongside younger individuals.

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You might assume everyone had life handed to them on a silver platter. That’s not what we see.
“

Adaptability, perseverance, and resilience also characterize superagers. Their stories often reveal life challenges—ranging from surviving the Holocaust to personal losses—but they consistently demonstrate the ability to bounce back and find joy in their lives.

Dietary habits among superagers vary; not all adhere to strict healthy eating guidelines. Many enjoy their favorite foods, sometimes citing childhood favorites. Physical activity habits differ, ranging from gentle exercises to rigorous fitness routines.

Hearing the stories of Holocaust survivors is incredibly impactful.

One survivor I met, over 90 years old, was filled with life and running a gift shop in a retirement community, showcasing a remarkable ability to connect and share her narrative.

Why is social interaction beneficial for cognitive health?

Engaging in new and challenging activities invigorates our brains. Much like physical exercise strengthens muscles, socializing enhances cognitive resilience. Conversations stimulate brain activity, benefiting overall cognitive function.

How do interactions with younger individuals enhance cognitive engagement for the elderly?

Interactions between generations serve as mutual mentoring opportunities. For instance, an older adult living with their family can help bridge knowledge gaps spanning music and cultural references, providing enriching conversational experiences.

Is it possible for cognitively advantaged individuals to become more social rather than socialize to become cognitively proficient?

We must carefully differentiate between correlation and causation. While cognitive abilities may facilitate social interactions, sustaining those connections appears to play a crucial role in cognitive decline mitigation.

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The daily martini is how they make connections and find a calming point.
“

Do superagers indulge in unhealthy habits, or do they strictly adhere to a healthy lifestyle?

Many superagers assert that their longevity is a product of balance. Some mention enjoying daily martinis as a social ritual rather than endorsing alcohol consumption. These moments provide them with a sense of connection and relaxation.

What advice would you offer those seeking to become superagers?

Genetics, once perceived as determining fate, is now understood to be more intricate. While not entirely in our control, our environments and choices can influence outcomes significantly. Social connections are paramount; make an effort to reach out and nurture friendships rather than isolating yourself.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring Two Distinct Autism Subtypes Linked to Varying Brain Activity

Posted on June 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

New research indicates divergent brain connectivity in people with autism, showing both enhanced and diminished inter-brain region connections.

Puwadol Jaturautchai/Alamy

Brain Scans of Autism — New research indicates divergent brain connectivity in people with autism, showing both enhanced and diminished inter-brain region connections.

Puwadol Jaturautchai/Alamy

Recent studies show that individuals diagnosed with autism may present either strong or weak neural connectivity patterns. These variations are linked to distinct mechanisms within the brain, hinting at the existence of multiple autism subtypes.

“We have identified major autism subtypes associated with differing biological mechanisms,” notes Alessandro Gozzi from the Italian Polytechnic University in Rovereto.

Autism, often viewed through the lens of neurodiversity, affects approximately 780 individuals per 100,000. Common traits include social interaction challenges, sensitivity to sensory stimuli, and restricted interests. However, the intensity and manifestation of these traits vary widely.

For years, neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have been used to identify unique autism signatures in the brain. “No definitive single signature has yet been identified,” Gozzi states. Some researchers have observed hyperconnectivity in some brain regions, while others have noted low connectivity or a combination of both patterns.

Many previous studies overlooked autism’s diversity, according to Gozzi. To address this, his team studied 20 mouse models with mutations in genes linked to human autism. fMRI results showed variations in connectivity; eleven strains demonstrated primarily hypoconnectivity while nine showed hyperconnectivity.

“These conflicting connectivity signatures are indicative of different underlying mechanisms,” Gozzi explains. They mapped protein interactions associated with the mutated genes. Mice with lower connectivity showed interactions with synapse-related proteins, while hyperconnected mice interacted with proteins linked to gene regulation and immune function.

Furthermore, the research team analyzed fMRI data from 940 autism patients compared to 1,036 age-matched controls. Among the autistic participants, 24% exhibited hypoconnectivity and 17% hyperconnectivity. “At least two biologically distinct autism subtypes are evident,” Gozzi asserts.

Nevertheless, 59% of the autistic population does not fit into these classifications, potentially due to the specific genes selected for study. “Our findings do not suggest these are the only subtypes,” Gozzi clarifies. These were merely the ones detectable through their research methods.

Natalie Sauerwald, a researcher at New York’s Flatiron Institute, concurs that there may be additional, yet unidentified, subtypes of autism. She emphasizes that this work sheds light on autism’s heterogeneity and the biological factors involved.

Challenges persist in utilizing animal models for autism research. Humans have numerous genes, each with minimal individual effects on autism risk. Consequently, studied mice may not represent the full spectrum of autism, as noted by Sauerwald.

Some of the genes examined also relate to developmental delays. Thus, studies like this may only reflect individuals with autism who experience developmental deviations, rather than those without.

Looking ahead, connecting genetics, brain connectivity, and behavioral traits will be crucial to fully understanding autism’s diversity, according to Sauerwald.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Iron Age Britons: Evidence of Brain Removal Practices in Burial Rituals

Posted on June 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Skull fragment (left) and scapula (right) of a woman buried in Lough Boralee, UK

Credit: Rebecca Ellis-Haken

Iron Age Burial Discovery — Skull fragment (left) and scapula (right) of a woman buried in Lough Boralee, UK

Credit: Rebecca Ellis-Haken

Unusual scratches found on the interior of a woman’s skull, discovered in Scotland and dated to 2,000 years ago, indicate that brain removal may have been a part of Iron Age funerary traditions in Britain.

The Iron Age in Britain, spanning from around 800 BC until the Roman conquest in 43 AD, remains shrouded in mystery due to the scarcity of preserved human remains from that era.

Evidence shows that many individuals from this time were buried alongside their maternal relatives rather than their spouses. Excavations at Iron Age sites like Suddern Farm and Danebury in southern England reveal that bodies were sometimes exhumed after burial, or left exposed until final interment, suggesting complex funerary practices.
The findings suggest a rich cultural tradition surrounding death.

A research team led by Laura Castells Navarro from the University of York reevaluated remains of an adult woman and a teenage boy buried in a low cairn at Loch Borralee in Scotland. These remains were initially excavated in 2000, with both individuals estimated to have died between 50 BC and 70 AD.

The team discovered distinct striae and abrasions inside the woman’s skull. According to Castells-Navarro, this suggests purposeful brain removal.

“The scratches are so regular and straight that they likely result from the use of a sharp tool,” Castells-Navarro explains.
Adele Bricking of the Museum of Wales commented on the significance of these findings, stating that the uniformity of the marks indicates intentional manipulation.

However, Richard Maggwick, a professor at Cardiff University, expresses caution, suggesting that while the marks indicate manipulation, it remains uncertain if they definitively relate to brain removal.

The study also revealed that some of the woman’s long bones, including the femur, tapered towards their tips, possibly indicating they were crafted into tools.

Castells-Navarro posits, “They likely took a long bone, broke it in half, and processed it until it tapered smoothly.” Conversely, Maggwick suggests these bones may have been incidental to tool-making rather than intentional modifications.

Despite speculation around the purpose behind these bone alterations, the woman’s remains were ultimately reassembled and placed in a cairn, indicating a respect for her identity.

This research provides valuable insights into relationships between the living and the dead during the Iron Age.
Andrew Lamb from the University of Edinburgh highlights parallels with postmortem practices found throughout Europe, suggesting a complex view of death and identity in prehistoric societies.

Furthermore, genetic analysis of the individuals revealed they were likely second cousins on the maternal side, and connected to Iron Age communities from Orkney and Applecross. This agrees with archaeological findings of maritime trade and cultural exchanges during the Iron Age.

Lamb notes these communities likely used small wooden-framed boats for navigation, which were suitable for coastal sailing.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Boost Your Brain Power: Essential Tips for Strengthening Cognitive Health in Middle Age

Posted on June 2, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

New Scientist - Explore the latest in science news, technology, health, and environmental developments.

Neuroscientists are increasingly investigating the midlife brain, focusing on the subtle yet significant changes that occur from ages 40 to 65. These findings suggest that midlife may be a crucial period for identifying cognitive challenges that can arise later in life. As Sebastian Dohm-Hansen, a bioinformatician at University College Cork, Ireland, notes, “We kind of jumped through middle age.”

While much research has centered on childhood brain development and age-related degeneration, midlife changes warrant attention. As cognitive decline often manifests dramatically post-age 60, recognizing subtler shifts during midlife can enhance long-term brain health.

“Think of midlife as the apex of an inverted U-curve,” says Ahmad Hariri, a professor of neuroscience at Duke University. The first decades focus on growth and refinement of brain functions, followed by gradual decline. “Targeting midlife is like extending the flat section at the top of the curve to slow the downward trajectory.”

Research such as the recent study conducted by Dohm-Hansen and colleagues highlights changes in neural connectivity, impacting how neurons transmit signals across long distances. This connectivity peaks in middle age but starts declining thereafter, which can correlate with cognitive abilities and memory recall.

Detecting cognitive decline in midlife is potentially transformative. As Dohm-Hansen mentions, “The brain enters a kind of tipping point,” offering a prime opportunity to identify future issues. However, tracking these variables is complex, as some brain networks may compensate for others, with changes differing from person to person.

Promising developments include blood-based biomarker tests that detect misfolded amyloid beta and tau proteins associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Such tests could enable early detection of dementia symptoms, perhaps before significant cognitive decline occurs, as highlighted in recent studies.

While these tests may play a role in clinical screenings, neurologists emphasize cautious interpretation, noting that most research has focused on older adults. Not everyone with protein accumulation will develop Alzheimer’s.

Innovatively, tools to measure biological aging rates have emerged, allowing assessments from brain MRI scans. Hariri’s team developed a technique to gauge a person’s biological aging at age 45, finding significant correlations between accelerated aging, hippocampal atrophy, and decreased cognitive test performance. These results suggest a relationship between midlife biological changes and later dementia risk, although further longitudinal research is essential.

While we await reliable biomarker tests and effective dementia treatments, maintaining awareness of psychological symptoms is crucial. A study recently indicated that specific midlife psychological and cognitive changes may signal a heightened dementia risk years ahead, as Gil Livingston, a professor of psychiatry at University College London, points out.

Additionally, established health indicators such as blood pressure and cholesterol remain vital, as their monitoring can help mitigate dementia risk. It is essential not to overlook these factors.

Adopting a healthy lifestyle in midlife is another avenue for dementia prevention. The latest Lancet Commission on Dementia suggests that addressing lifestyle factors could prevent 45% of dementia cases—especially crucial during midlife.

In the quest for cognitive health, proactive measures in midlife are paramount. Investing in brain health early, such as managing blood pressure, can yield significant long-term benefits against cognitive decline, as Livingston emphasizes: “Waiting reduces your cognitive reserve. Doing it sooner makes a difference.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking Creativity: The Importance of ‘Aha!’ Moments for Brain Function

Posted on May 25, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Understanding the “Aha!” Moment: How Insights Impact Our Brain

Harold M. Lambert/Lambert/Getty Images

Recently, my editor Chelsea expressed a compelling concern regarding the rise of AI. Unlike typical journalistic worries about job loss, copyright infringement, or dull writing, she highlighted a unique issue: the potential loss of joy from experiencing those delightful “aha!” moments. “For me, it’s almost a physical sensation, like a wave of euphoria washing over my brain,” she noted.

Her thought-provoking question was: If we increasingly delegate idea generation to AI, will our dopamine rush from solving problems diminish? What else might our brains be missing if we experience fewer of these revelatory moments?

As it turns out, these “aha!” moments provide much more than momentary joy. Research shows that they can fundamentally alter our brains, enhance our learning, and contribute to long-term health. Thankfully, even in an AI-centric world, there are steps we can take to mitigate losses, aside from forgoing tools like ChatGPT altogether.

Chelsea’s vivid description aligns well with scientific findings. As Carola Salvi, a researcher at John Cabot University in Italy, explains, while not every insight triggers a dopamine release, numerous studies indicate that dopamine plays a crucial role in these eureka moments.

For instance, research by Martin Tick and his team at the Medical University of Vienna in 2018 demonstrated that individuals solving problems designed to spark “Eureka” moments displayed noticeable changes in dopamine-related brain activity during fMRI scans. Activity peaks in the midbrain coincided with the sensation of saying, “Ah!” In contrast, when participants reached conclusions without any prior hunch, brain activity significantly dropped.

These “aha!” moments are not just pleasurable; they also offer considerable cognitive advantages related to learning and memory. Salvi suggests that they serve as an internal “selection signal,” allowing accurate and satisfying solutions to stand out. Thus, the brain, possibly aided by dopamine, marks these insights as significant.

This theory makes sense, given that ideas perceived as “aha!” are generally deemed more accurate than others. However, it’s essential to note that while “eureka!” moments offer useful signals, not all ideas that feel right are valid. Empirical evidence supports the role of sudden insights, or even “What the heck!” moments, in enhancing memory retention. Essentially, the emotional thrill Chelsea spoke of activates areas in the brain that help solidify memories of those moments. Brain scans during these insights indicate transformative changes in the neural pathways involved in memory and vision, linked to how effectively individuals recall learned information later.

“From an evolutionary standpoint, this makes perfect sense,” argues Salvi. “When your brain uncovers a beneficial new pattern, it’s crucial for that information to become ingrained.” Hence, the “aha!” moment acts as a tagging mechanism for valuable insights.

This brings us back to AI. By excessively relying on large-scale language models (LLMs) for generating ideas and solutions—even for minor dilemmas—are we depriving ourselves of essential learning and memory opportunities?

For insight, I reached out to Hannah Critchlow, a neuroscientist from the University of Cambridge and the author of The 21st Century Brain: How to Future-Proof Your Mind in the Age of AI.

She cited a fascinating study comparing neural activity in a group of 18 participants tasked with essay writing using only their cognitive abilities, with assistance from a search engine, or through ChatGPT. Those utilizing AI exhibited consistently lower brain activity compared to those relying solely on Google or their own intellect. Over four sessions conducted across four months, participants using ChatGPT faced challenges in accurately citing their work and displayed decreased performance across neurological, linguistic, and behavioral metrics.

Although the small sample size warrants caution, these findings highlight a potential paradox: while LLMs may seem to facilitate swift insights, they might inadvertently hinder long-term learning and memory retention.

So, how can we counter this trend without completely dismissing ChatGPT and similar tools? Critchlow emphasizes research indicating that collaborative idea discussions—held in non-competitive settings—can lead to greater flexibility of thought. Brain waves often synchronize during such exchanges.

The Power of Collaborative Discussions in Enhancing Brain Health

Richard Gray/Alamy

This observation sheds light on the unique cognitive value human interactions provide, which cannot be duplicated by AI. Facilitating opportunities for brain synchronization proves advantageous. Critchlow asserts that a brain’s synchronization with others can be predictive of future cognitive health. “This synchronization may help guard against dementia and significantly influences adolescents’ ability to learn and bond with peers,” she concludes.

In essence, the solution is not merely to diminish our engagement with LLMs but to bolster human connections. Critchlow argues that educational institutions should foster a learning environment that prioritizes small, interactive group settings. “Perhaps paradoxically, these advanced tools are illustrating that our species’ success hinges on our capacity to connect and communicate. By sharing ideas and collaborating, we can unlock those gratifying ‘aha!’ moments, allowing us to solve problems collectively for the betterment of humanity.”

For those resonating with Chelsea’s sentiments, a simple takeaway emerges: while it might be tempting to lean on LLMs for quick insights, actively engaging your mind to discover answers autonomously not only boosts your immediate dopamine levels but also enhances your long-term learning and cognitive health.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Why 90% of Humans Are Right-Handed: The Impact of Upright Walking and Brain Size

Posted on May 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent research from the University of Oxford and the University of Reading reveals that bipedalism and increased brain size are key factors contributing to the notable predominance of right-handedness in humans.

Reconstruction of Homo erectus.

According to Thomas Püschel, a researcher at the University of Oxford, “Approximately 90% of individuals globally show a preference for using their right hand.”

“Some researchers propose that this trend has existed since the Neolithic period, while others suggest it has been constant throughout human history,” he adds.

The research highlights that the pronounced lateralization of hand use in humans results in rare occurrences of ambiguous hand preferences or forms of ambidexterity, a stark contrast to findings in other primate species.

Despite some level of hand lateralization in certain primate groups, the consistent handedness seen in humans stands out as a remarkable evolutionary phenomenon that remains largely unexplained.

The study analyzed data from 2,025 individuals representing 41 different monkey and ape species.

Employing Bayesian modeling, the researchers explored evolutionary relationships across species to examine existing hypotheses regarding handedness evolution, including aspects like tool use, diet, habitat, body weight, social structures, brain size, and locomotion.

Interestingly, humans deviated from typical primate patterns, a difference that disappeared when brain size and the relative limb lengths—key indicators of bipedalism—were involved in the model.

Essentially, the upright walking and larger brains of humans clarify our evolution and no longer categorize us as anomalies.

The researchers also estimated the likely handedness of our extinct ancestors, indicating a gradual shift: Ardipithecus and Australopithecus likely exhibited a mild right-handed preference akin to modern great apes.

However, the emergence of the Homo genus, including species such as Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, and Neanderthals, marked a significant increase in right-handedness, peaking in modern Homo sapiens.

A notable exception is Homo floresiensis, a small-brained species from Indonesia, which exhibited a much weaker handedness tendency, aligning with their unique adaptations for a mix of bipedalism and climbing.

The research team posits a two-step evolutionary narrative.

Initially, upright walking liberated human hands from locomotion tasks, introducing new selective pressures for fine manual movements.

As larger brains developed and reorganized, the inclination toward right-handedness strengthened, resulting in the nearly universal pattern observed today.

“This groundbreaking study is the first to assess several major hypotheses concerning human handedness within a unified framework,” remarked Dr. Püschel.

“Our findings indicate that our distinct handedness is likely connected to the evolution of crucial human traits, particularly bipedalism and larger brain size.”

“By examining multiple primate species, we can distinguish which aspects of handedness have remained consistent over time versus those that are unique to humans.”

For the full study, refer to the article published in PLoS Biology here.

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Püschel, T. et al. 2026. Bipedalism and brain enlargement explain human handedness. PLoS Biol 24 (4): e3003771; doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003771

Source: www.sci.news

Why Your Brain is Always a Few Seconds Behind: Uncovering Its Sneaky Strategies

Posted on May 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Does My Brain Live in the Past? Yes, your brain does live a bit in the past. This is an inherent feature of how we process sensory information.

The data we receive through our senses, like light entering your eyes or sound vibrating in your ears, is always slightly outdated. Not only does this information take time to reach your brain, but your brain also takes time to process it.

Data transmission within the brain is relatively slow. Even the fastest neurons travel at approximately 431 km/h (268 mph), which pales in comparison to copper wire, which can transmit signals at about 1.08 billion km/h (669 million mph).

This means that what you are currently experiencing actually happened in the world about 100 milliseconds ago (roughly 1/10th of a second).

While these time delays may seem minor, they pose significant challenges when interacting with the environment, especially since your body’s controls are also somewhat sluggish. Consequently, your brain has developed a strategy: it anticipates what is happening around you.

Your subjective experience blends outdated sensory snapshots with predictive guesses, often so seamlessly that you hardly notice.

For instance, one fun illustration of your brain’s anticipatory skill is that you cannot tickle yourself. This is because your brain can predict sensory effects from your own movements and neutralizes them.

Another interesting case is the disorienting wobbly sensation experienced after riding a faulty escalator. When the escalator operates smoothly, your brain stabilizes your posture effectively. However, it struggles to adjust when the escalator stops, leading to that uneasy wobbling feeling.

Not only does your brain operate with slightly outdated sensory data, but it also appears to reflect on past experiences continuously.

This phenomenon is partly due to “jerky eye movements,” known as saccades, which occur several times per second. These rapid movements cause your vision to blur, but your brain suppresses visual input during each saccade to avoid confusion.

When your gaze focuses on an object, your brain assigns how long that object has been in view by referencing up to 50 milliseconds back from when you made the eye movement. Given that most objects in a scene remain stable, this past processing often goes unnoticed—unless you’re looking at a clock’s second hand.

Have you ever felt that a used item looks like it’s been in one place for too long? That perception arises from your brain’s backdating process, making the second hand appear stuck.

In summary, while you may feel like you are fully in the moment, your brain is continually playing catch-up with past experiences.

This article addresses the question posed by Sunderland’s Karen Homer: “Does my brain live a bit in the past?”

For inquiries, feel free to email us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or connect with us on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (remember to include your name and location).

Discover more: Fun facts and more intriguing science topics!

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Must-Read This Week: ‘The 21st Century Brain’ by Hannah Critchlow

Posted on May 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Technology is profoundly changing our culture. Our brains are equipped to navigate these shifts, as noted by Hannah Critchlow.

Martin Parr/Magnum Photo

Cuba. Santa Clara. 2017. — Technology is profoundly changing our culture. Our brains are equipped to navigate these shifts, as noted by Hannah Critchlow.

Martin Parr/Magnum Photo

21st Century Brain
By Hannah Critchlow
Transworld

Cambridge neuroscientist Hannah Critchlow starts her significant book with a striking assertion: “Our species is currently undergoing a major transition.” She elaborates that our increasingly digital and interconnected lives are reshaping how we evolve. As artificial intelligence becomes prevalent, we face an unprecedented environment, unlike any in our over 300,000-year existence.

Critchlow’s engaging opening evokes discussions found in works like Susan Greenfield’s Mind Change, which posits negative impacts of digital technology on our brains. While Greenfield faced critiques for being overly alarmist, Critchlow garners praise for her optimism and scientific backing. Her initial premise is supported by peer-reviewed literature, including a 2021 review in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, asserting that culture, rather than genetics, drives human evolution.

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Humans have lived in environments unlike any other during their more than 300,000 years of existence.
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Critchlow’s optimism stems from the remarkable flexibility of the human brain. She convincingly argues that we already possess the psychological attributes essential for thriving amidst such transitions, both personally and socially. We are evolving into more socially integrated entities within highly connected environments shaped by technology.

Critchlow outlines six key chapters, emphasizing the interconnectedness of the traits she explores. She presents a range of exercises aimed at fostering these abilities.

What are these ‘spiritual superpowers’? The first is emotional intelligence, crucial for successful teamwork in our increasingly interconnected world. Her insights are firmly rooted in the latest neuroscience and cognitive psychology research, citing over 100 scientists and offering an impressive bibliography.

Other superpowers include imagination, creativity, and adaptability to uncertainty while maintaining clear, accurate thought processes. The ultimate goal is to foster wisdom, expertise, and intuition.

I found the later chapters particularly engaging. Critchlow discusses the latest science regarding diet, the gut-brain connection, and organelles like mitochondria, revealing their intricate relationships with our cognitive functions.

Importantly, the book emphasizes that future success relies not on mastering technology but on intelligently navigating the environments it creates.

Her actionable tips for enhancing mental skills are both practical and insightful, often underlining the importance of mobility at all levels—physical and social—as well as leveraging diverse ideas and experiences. These insights have become a personal touchstone for how Critchlow lives her life.

In the final chapter, she reflects on humanity’s relationship with AI, posing a critical, albeit complex, question. While her arguments here may lack persuasiveness, possibly due to external pressures, they prompt necessary considerations.

If I were her editor, I might have encouraged deeper speculation on the implications of this transformation and what our societies could resemble in the future—in 50 or 100 years.

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Recent discoveries in neuroscience and cognitive science prove we don’t need to fear transition.
“

I would also suggest exploring how to cultivate these mental skills at an organizational level, not just individually.

These critiques, however, do not detract from the book’s primary argument: that neuroscience and cognitive science show us we need not fear transitions. Our brains are equipped with skills to navigate changes, yet refining them requires effort.

We can take solace knowing that our ancestors faced significant changes throughout history, such as agriculture, civilization, and written language, emerging from those challenges not only alive but often in improved circumstances.

With Critchlow’s insightful and cautious manifesto as our guide, I remain optimistic about our ability to navigate this current transition.

Three More Insightful Books About Our Amazing Brains

Invincible Brain: A Clinically Proven Plan to Protect Your Brain from Aging and Stay Sharp for Life
Written by Majid Fotuhi

Majid Fotuhi, a neurologist at Johns Hopkins University, presents a 12-week program of lifestyle changes designed to enhance brain health and cognitive function at any age.

The Brain: User Guide
By New Scientist

This visually engaging guide explores maximizing the potential of your brain, based on an original article published in New Scientist, refined by my former colleague Alison George.

Inner Senses: How the New Science of Interoception Can Transform Your Health
Written by Caroline Williams

This fascinating book on interoception, a concept linking our internal senses to emotional intelligence, will resonate with what Critchlow discusses. It’s a delightful read for improving your awareness and health.

Graham Lawton is a former staff writer for New Scientist.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Rethinking the Cambrian Explosion: Evidence of Early Brain Development Before Shells and Limbs

Posted on May 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A groundbreaking hypothesis suggests that the Cambrian Explosion, which marked a rapid surge in animal diversity around 500 million years ago, was primarily influenced by the early evolution of complex nervous systems rather than the development of shells and limbs.

Brain First: A schematic representation of the main points of the hypothesis. Image credit: Ariel D. Chipman, doi: 10.1002/bies.70136.

“The phase between the late Ediacaran and early Cambrian periods (approximately 550 to 520 million years ago) represents the most significant evolutionary development of animals on Earth,” stated Ariel Chipman, a professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

“During this time, there was a substantial increase in animal complexity and diversity, transforming the biosphere from a realm characterized by low diversity of primarily sedentary and bottom-feeding organisms to a dynamic environment filled with various motile animals, showcasing diverse locomotor modes and occupying dynamic ecosystems with an array of feeding strategies.”

“This transformative phase is often referred to as the Cambrian Explosion.”

Instead of seeking a singular reason for the surge in animal diversity, Professor Chipman reconstructs the Cambrian period as a series of interconnected developments in which escalating ecological complexity spurred the evolution of sophisticated nervous systems, particularly the brain.

As interactions between predators and prey intensified and marine environments grew more competitive, organisms faced heightened pressures to detect, process, and respond to their surroundings.

This ecological shift enabled the evolution of intricate neural systems adept at processing increasing sensory information.

At the core of this framework lies what Professor Chipman terms the ‘Brain First Hypothesis’.

This model proposes that brain expansion and regionalization occurred early in the evolutionary timeline, significantly contributing to subsequent anatomical innovations rather than being a mere byproduct of advanced bodily structures.

Notably, the researchers indicate that the genetic mechanisms responsible for brain development were not confined to the nervous system alone.

Through a phenomenon known as co-option, these genetic toolkits were repurposed for the formation of other organ systems.

This reutilization of existing developmental pathways facilitated the emergence of more complex body plans, including specialized digestive systems, advanced sensory organs, and segmental structures.

The rise in overall biological complexity allowed certain animal groups to thrive in a broader range of ecological niches, enhancing their evolutionary success.

This trend was not uniform across all life forms; it was particularly pronounced in groups like arthropods, mollusks, annelids, and chordates—lineages known for their high structural complexity and remarkable species diversity today.

“Instead of conceptualizing a single ‘explosion’, we should consider a sequence of interlinked steps,” Professor Chipman asserts.

“As environments evolved to be more complex, animals required improved methods to process information.”

“The evolution of the brain has made this possible, paving the way for even greater diversity in body forms and lifestyles.”

“It’s crucial to note that increased complexity is not inherently superior; several organisms have thrived with simpler body designs. This highlights that evolutionary success hinges on the specific demands of an organism’s environment.”

“By refocusing from a singular dramatic event to a series of gradual changes, this study offers a fresh perspective on the origins of animal diversity.”

“Future investigations, especially in genetics and developmental biology, may verify this hypothesis and further clarify the role of the brain in shaping the trajectory of life on Earth.”

Professor Chipman’s research paper was published in April 2026 in the journal bio essay.

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Ariel D. Chipman. 2026. Throughout the Cambrian, increases in animal diversity were driven by ecologically driven brain complexity. bio essay 48 (4): e70136; doi: 10.1002/bies.70136

Source: www.sci.news

Understanding How Déjà Vu Impacts Brain Health: Benefits and Insights

Posted on April 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The term déjà vu was introduced by French philosopher and parapsychologist Émile Boirac in 1876, meaning “already seen.” This phenomenon evokes an uncanny feeling that a new experience is actually a familiar one.

For instance, visiting a specific location, such as a cafe or street, could trigger a sense of nostalgia, even if you’ve never been there before. Many might link these déjà vu moments to a “past life” or a “glitch in the matrix.”

However, there are more grounded explanations for these occurrences. The good news is that about two-thirds of the population experience déjà vu, and in most cases, it indicates healthy brain function.

Recent neuropsychological research suggests that déjà vu occurs when specific aspects of a situation trigger a sense of familiarity registered in the perirhinal cortex, part of the temporal lobe. This may happen due to similarities with previously encountered situations.

Next, the hippocampus, another vital memory structure in the temporal lobe, fails to retrieve relevant memories to account for this feeling of familiarity.

Finally, this discrepancy is processed by brain regions in the frontal lobes, such as the anterior cingulate cortex and the medial prefrontal cortex, leading to that eerie sensation of having been there before.

Psychologists refer to this last stage as metacognitive awareness, demonstrating that the brain is effectively signaling issues.

Déjà vu is common among young individuals and tends to decrease with age, indicating less efficient error-monitoring processes in the brain. – Image courtesy of Ann-Sophie De Steur

Research using memory games in brain imaging labs revealed that these frontal brain regions associated with metacognitive awareness exhibited greater activation, supporting the link between subjective déjà vu and monitoring processes.

In rare cases, an excessive form of déjà vu can occur due to pathology. For instance, individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy may experience prolonged déjà vu sensations before a seizure, described as a feeling of déjà vu that lasts for an extended period.

Moreover, some dementia patients report experiencing a syndrome known as déjà vécu (meaning “already lived”)—a more intense form of déjà vu where the person genuinely believes they have already lived through a new experience and reacts accordingly, such as turning off the TV because they think they’ve seen the news before.

If you find yourself in a typical déjà vu moment, there’s no cause for concern. Healthy déjà vu tends to be more prevalent in younger individuals and usually diminishes with age.

Psychologists suggest this decline occurs because frontal lobe error-monitoring processes become less efficient as we grow older.

So the next time you feel that strange sensation of familiarity, don’t fret. There’s nothing wrong with reality; your brain is simply operating as it should.

This article addresses the question posed by Bournemouth’s Dom Anderson: “Is experiencing déjà vu detrimental to your health?”

For inquiries, please contact us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or reach out through Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (please include your name and location).

Explore our ultimate fun facts and more fascinating science pages.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Unlock Your Productivity: Neuroscientist Tips to Trick Your Brain for Maximum Efficiency

Posted on April 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Browse social media, and you’ll encounter numerous claims about productivity hacks, such as waking up at 4 a.m., taking specific supplements, or keeping a jam-packed schedule.

However, many of these tips lack scientific support, and some are even misleading. So, what truly enhances productivity? Are there easily applicable life hacks, rooted in science, that we can incorporate into our daily routines?

While no hack will instantly transform you into the next Bill Gates, there are small yet effective changes you can make to boost your workplace productivity.

The Benefits of Background Music

There’s ongoing debate about productivity levels in home versus office environments, with each side claiming the other is more prone to distractions.

One often-overlooked aspect is that certain distractions can actually enhance productivity. While some individuals prefer a quiet setting, many find they are more productive with ambient noise.

This noise often manifests as background music, which can aid concentration rather than disrupt it. Research shows that we have two distinct attention systems: the conscious one we control, and the unconscious one that alerts us to stimuli, redirecting our focus.

Music enhances our unconscious alertness – Credit: Rachel Tunstall

When concentrating on tasks, our conscious attention can still be interrupted by unconscious inputs. In a silent environment, background noises become more pronounced, making distractions more likely and negatively impacting productivity.

Playing music can help mask these annoying sounds and redirect our unconscious focus, akin to giving a toy to a bored child. However, the genre matters; songs with lyrics can disrupt concentration because our brains respond more to verbal cues. Research indicates that music negatively affecting your mood can undermine motivation.

Interestingly, video game soundtracks tend to be the most effective for enhancing productivity, as they are designed to engage listeners while they focus on other tasks.

In conclusion, background noise or music can improve productivity instead of hindering it.

Prioritize Adequate Sleep Over Early Rising

If you’ve ever forced yourself to wake up before dawn in hopes of being more productive, you know it can backfire, leaving you fatigued and unable to accomplish tasks.

That said, any wake-up time can be productive if it follows a night of sufficient rest. Going to bed at 8 p.m. and rising at 4 a.m. certainly allows for adequate sleep.

There are numerous health benefits tied to quality sleep. Improved memory retention, focus, overall health, mood enhancement, and reduced irritability all contribute to greater productivity.

Sleep serves as the foundation for productivity – Credit: Rachel Tunstall

Sleep also enhances productivity by enabling memory processing and integrating daily experiences into existing neural pathways.

This is why the concept of “sleeping on a problem” often leads to better insights, as your brain processes the issue while you rest, as opposed to exhausting yourself by staying awake to understand it.

In summary, sleep is crucial for productivity, even more so than the time you wake up.

Nature’s Influence: Walks and Workplace Plants

Incorporating houseplants into the work environment is quite common, as is seeking a workspace with a view of nature. While some workplaces may prioritize uniformity over greenery, plants and natural sights are generally appreciated by employees.

Connecting with nature sharpens our focus – Credit: Rachel Tunstall

But why do we expend so much effort bringing nature indoors? It’s not merely aesthetic. Numerous studies indicate that introducing plants into the workplace can boost productivity.

This increase can be attributed to the restoration of attention, also known as “fascination.”

In modern environments, stimuli like screens, signs, and constant changes can hijack our focus. While our brains enjoy these distractions, they require significant mental resources to process them, leading to fatigue.

Conversely, looking at plants provides a cognitive relief, similar to the experience of reading a captivating book. This natural engagement replenishes mental energy, which is why nature enhances productivity. So, if you feel the urge to take a walk to clear your mind, you might be intuitively seeking a refreshment of your brain’s resources.

Diet and Exercise: Moving Beyond Fads for Enhanced Productivity

Many articles focus on how productivity can be improved through diet and exercise, often reflecting the habits of “highly successful people.” However, many of their recommendations can seem impractical for everyday individuals.

A balanced diet and regular exercise promote alertness more than the latest productivity fads – Credit: Rachel Tunstall

You’ve likely encountered stories about individuals with extravagant breakfast routines involving “superfoods” and elaborate preparations. These narratives can appear daunting or unattainable.

Yet, disregarding the eccentricities, it’s clear that both diet and exercise greatly impact productivity. Regular exercise has repeatedly shown to provide significant benefits for both body and brain. A healthier body can allocate more resources to cognitive tasks, thereby enhancing brain function.

Your diet also fundamentally affects your mental efficiency. Research suggests that junk food can negatively impact brain function, reducing your ability to concentrate and maintain motivation.

Thus, focus on improving your diet and exercise routine to elevate productivity rather than chasing after the newest trends.

Finding Your Productivity Zone

Bear in mind that everyone’s productivity pathway differs. What works for one person may not suit another, as individual factors play a crucial role in productivity.

Understanding your habits is key to maximizing productivity – Credit: Rachel Tunstall

Identifying the elements that work best for you is essential. Achieving a state of cognitive “flow,” often referred to as “being in the zone,” can significantly increase your productivity.

Flow represents the ultimate state of productive focus, allowing you to perform to the best of your abilities. However, reaching this state can be challenging due to the various distractions competing for your attention.

Ultimately, everyone has unique triggers for achieving this in-the-zone experience; thus, discover the specific conditions that enhance your productivity. While productivity advice can be helpful, no one knows your unique productivity style better than you.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Unlocking the Secrets of ‘Compound X’: A Breakthrough in Eliminating Parkinson’s Disease Proteins from the Brain

Posted on April 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Parkinson’s Disease: Neurological Insights and Treatment Advances

Image Credit: Dr. Gopal Murthy/Science Photo Library

A potential breakthrough drug, referred to as Compound X, has demonstrated significant improvements in mobility and balance for mice exhibiting Parkinson’s-like symptoms. This innovative treatment enhances the brain’s waste-processing capabilities, effectively removing toxic protein aggregates. However, the research team has yet to disclose the specifics of this compound.

“With intellectual property considerations, we recognize that Compound X represents a pivotal advancement, potentially serving as the first disease-modifying intervention for Parkinson’s disease,” stated Zhao Yan from Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne.

Parkinson’s disease affects over 10 million people globally, characterized by the progressive loss of nerve cells involved in movement control. This degeneration is widely believed to originate from the build-up of misfolded proteins called α-synuclein, due to a malfunction in the brain’s waste disposal system—the glymphatic system. Recent studies aimed to determine if enhancing this system could alleviate symptoms.

To explore this hypothesis, Yang and her colleagues employed a novel mouse model mimicking Parkinson’s disease. This model utilizes repeated nasal administration of misfolded alpha-synuclein, promoting its spread throughout the brain and causing severe motor deficits—more accurately reflecting human Parkinson’s disease compared to traditional models that rely on toxin exposure. Yang showcased her findings at the Oxford Glymphatic and Brain Clearance Symposium in the UK on April 1st.

The team administered weekly doses of alpha-synuclein to 20 mice over four months. After two months, they introduced Compound X—an FDA-approved drug administered four times a week in synergy with methylcellulose, which enhances drug solubility. Preliminary studies indicated that Compound X could increase slow brain waves, known to support glymphatic function, although its specific impact on brain waste clearance warranted further investigation, Yang noted.

The remaining group of mice received only methylcellulose as a control. The progression of Parkinson’s symptoms paralleled early-stage human patients, including alterations in smell and sleep patterns, according to Yang.

Subsequently, all mice underwent a locomotion test involving navigation on a slender rod. Remarkably, 80% of the mice treated with Compound X successfully completed the task, compared to only 10% in the control group.

In another assessment requiring balance on a rotating rod for five minutes, nearly all Compound X-treated mice maintained their position throughout the duration, while the control group averaged just three minutes.

Further analyses revealed that Compound X enhanced slow-wave activity during deep sleep and facilitated fluid circulation within the glymphatic system. Notably, this treatment reduced α-synuclein aggregates in the mice’s motor cortex by approximately 40% compared to the control group.

“This discovery holds significant potential,” emphasized Duan Wenzhen from Johns Hopkins University, Maryland. “The medical community requires treatments that can decelerate disease progression. Current therapies only alleviate symptoms temporarily, lacking efficacy in altering the disease’s trajectory.”

The research team aspires to obtain regulatory approval for human trials targeting early-stage Parkinson’s patients within the upcoming year. “Our ultimate goal is to provide treatment that addresses the early stages of the disease, where the most significant benefits are realized,” Yang concluded.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Enhancing Brain Detoxification: A New Approach to Migraine Relief

Posted on April 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Innovative Strategies for Migraine Relief

Sergey Khakimullin/Getty Images

Novel Migraine Research — Innovative Strategies for Migraine Relief

Sergey Khakimullin/Getty Images

About one-third of migraine sufferers find no relief from standard treatments. However, new research suggests that utilizing the brain’s waste-clearing system could introduce innovative treatment methods. A particular drug that is typically used to manage high blood pressure demonstrated the ability to effectively eliminate chemicals from the brains of mice that contribute significantly to migraines. Consequently, the mice showed minimal facial pain.

Around 60% of migraine patients experience considerable discomfort during episodes.

Globally, approximately 1 in 7 people suffer from migraines. Symptoms include pain, pressure, and tingling in areas such as the cheeks, jaw, forehead, and behind the eyes, often worsened even by light touch. “Just brushing your hair can result in excruciating pain for those living with migraines,” stated Adriana Della Pietra, who presented findings at the Oxford Glymphatic and Brain Clearance Symposium in the UK on April 1.

Conventional treatments for migraines, including triptans, aim to reduce inflammation and lower the levels of a neurotransmitter known as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a key player in migraine pathology. CGRP is a major factor driving migraines, targeted by many standard treatments. “Unfortunately, many individuals do not respond to these medications and are frequently trapped in a cycle of debilitating pain,” commented Valentina Mosienko from the University of Bristol, UK, who was not involved in the study.

In previous studies, researchers discovered that prazosin, a medication prescribed for high blood pressure, alleviated facial pain caused by traumatic brain injuries in mice. Traumatic injuries can impair the brain’s waste disposal system, known as the glymphatic system, and prazosin enhanced fluid flow from brain cells through this system. Interestingly, it also appeared to benefit some migraine models used as control groups.

To delve deeper, the research team administered prazosin to one group of mice in their drinking water over six weeks, comparing against a control group that received standard water. Subsequently, both groups were subjected to migraines induced by CGRP injections.

After 30 minutes, the researchers applied progressively thicker plastic filaments to the mice’s foreheads. This technique, normally non-painful, became more detectable as the filaments increased in thickness. The findings showed that mice receiving prazosin managed to endure significantly thicker filaments without flinching compared to control mice. Della Pietra noted that the prazosin group behaved similarly to mice that hadn’t received CGRP injections.

Further analysis revealed that prazosin not only reversed the impairment of the glymphatic system caused by CGRP but also likely enhanced the clearance of CGRP and other pain-transmitting molecules, as reported by Della Pietra.

Research teams are eager to examine whether similar results can be replicated in humans. “If it proves effective in humans, that would be a tremendous breakthrough,” Mosienko added. “Since this drug is already in use, we have established safety for its application.”

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Promising New Method for Eliminating Brain Waste in Alzheimer’s Disease

Posted on April 6, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Scanning electron micrograph of mouse nerve cells affected by misfolded amyloid and beta proteins, believed to cause Alzheimer’s disease.

Linnea Lundgren/Linear Imaging/Science Photo Library

Scanning electron micrograph of mouse nerve cells affected by misfolded amyloid and beta proteins, implicated in Alzheimer's disease. — Scanning electron micrograph of mouse nerve cells affected by misfolded amyloid and beta proteins, believed to cause Alzheimer’s disease.

Linnea Lundgren/Linear Imaging/Science Photo Library

Research is increasingly focused on utilizing the brain’s waste disposal system to potentially slow or mitigate Alzheimer’s disease. A recent technique has demonstrated success in removing toxic protein aggregates associated with Alzheimer’s from mouse brains, leading to improved memory and learning test results.

This technique targets a receptor known as DDR2, traditionally associated with lung health. “Inhibiting the DDR2 pathway could theoretically decrease amyloid beta protein levels while simultaneously enhancing waste removal,” explains Jia Li from Guangzhou Medical University, China. “We are optimistic that we can ultimately reverse Alzheimer’s disease.”

The buildup of misfolded proteins, such as amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain, is considered a primary trigger for Alzheimer’s. While existing medications can remove amyloid aggregates, they often do not significantly alleviate symptoms. Thus, research is shifting towards innovative strategies, including enhancing the glymphatic system responsible for waste clearance in the brain.

Lee and colleagues plan to further investigate receptors in cell membranes that may boost glymphatic function as one of their roles. DDR2, studied extensively for its role in pulmonary fibrosis, is also implicated in Alzheimer’s disease by Jinsu and his team at Guangzhou Medical University. Pulmonary fibrosis occurs when the extracellular matrix surrounding cells fails, leading to excessive collagen deposition and oxygen supply limitations.

Research indicates that the malfunctioning extracellular matrix is associated with amyloid and tau proteins in Alzheimer’s disease. “This restriction of oxygen can hinder cognitive functions like thinking and memory,” states Lee.

To explore DDR2’s role, the researchers reviewed human tissue databases and discovered DDR2’s scarcity. However, they found substantial amounts in brain samples from Alzheimer’s patients. “We confirmed that DDR2 is prevalent in Alzheimer’s disease brain tissue for the first time,” notes Su.

Through various experiments in human and primate cells, along with mouse models, researchers propose that DDR2 regulates the cellular dysfunction responsible for the disease’s symptoms. This is substantiated by findings that three cell types increase DDR2 in their membranes during Alzheimer’s: reactive astrocytes, surrounding amyloid beta masses; perivascular fibroblasts, which alter activity prior to Alzheimer’s onset; and choroid plexus epithelial cells that are crucial for cerebrospinal fluid production, essential for the glymphatic system.

These findings suggest that targeting DDR2 could impact multiple facets of Alzheimer’s simultaneously, as noted by Siju Gu from Harvard University. Yet, due to the complexity of the condition, he remains cautious about potential reversibility of Alzheimer’s disease.

The researchers developed a monoclonal antibody aimed at blocking the DDR2 receptor. In mouse models of Alzheimer’s, this intervention improved spatial learning and memory, alongside reduced DDR2 levels, fewer amyloid plaques, and enhanced glymphatic activity.

“The mouse model results are promising and highlight the role of glymphatic function and cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in brain health,” Gu remarked. “This suggests DDR2 could be a viable target for Alzheimer’s disease therapies.”

Cesar Cunha from Denmark’s Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research expressed appreciation for the researchers’ focus on more than just amyloid plaques, noting their model relates to a rare inherited form of Alzheimer’s that typically arises earlier. Its applicability to the more common late-onset Alzheimer’s remains uncertain.

Professor Hsu, however, indicates that DDR2 upregulation occurs in both familial and late-onset Alzheimer’s, suggesting the treatment has potential widespread efficacy. DDR2 expression appears to increase with age, a factor alongside hypoxia, both recognized risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer’s.

Currently, researchers are embarking on clinical trials that use tracers to monitor DDR2 levels in Alzheimer’s patients’ brains, aiming to determine the antibodies’ delivery paths. They are also developing smaller antibodies to facilitate more efficient crossing of the blood-brain barrier.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking the Secrets of a Memory Champion: Inside the Brain of a Memory Master

Posted on April 2, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Nelson Dellis winning the 2011 USA Memory Championship in New York.

Don Emmert/AFP via Getty Images

Nelson Dellis, a six-time American Memory Champion, has astounded the world by memorizing a shuffled deck of cards in just 40.7 seconds and recalling the first 10,000 digits of Pi. Recent studies on his brain offer insights into the extraordinary capabilities that allow such feats and how others may develop similar skills.

Dellis reports that he had an average memory until age 25, when he began rigorous memory training after observing his grandmother suffer from Alzheimer’s disease. This dedication included extensive practice memorizing numbers, names, and vocabulary. “I continue to train my memory regularly,” he states. “It’s akin to a muscle; if you don’t utilize it, it deteriorates.”

While dementia-related memory issues are well documented, the phenomena of exceptional memory are less understood. To investigate this, researchers from Washington University in St. Louis collaborated with Dellis for a comprehensive brain analysis.

Dellis participated in extensive brain scans and memory assessments over approximately 13 hours between 2015 and 2021. In one assessment, he was tasked with memorizing a series of four to seven words displayed for just over a second, employing traditional memorization techniques like repetition.

“Sitting still in a scanner while memorizing wasn’t my usual training method, but it was fascinating to contribute to the connection between memory athletes and measurable scientific outcomes,” Dellis remarked. His brain activity was compared to two control subjects with strong, yet not extraordinary, memories.

The Washington University team analyzed the results and discovered that Dellis and the controls exhibited similar brain activity during the tasks. All three individuals showed enhanced electrical signaling in the retrosplenial cortex, extrastriate visual cortex, and dorsal frontal cortex—regions associated with navigation, visual processing, and working memory. Interestingly, Dellis emphasized that rote memorization is not his preferred technique. “Rote memorization is often ineffective, yet it’s widely known,” he notes.

Dellis undertook another task unique to him, memorizing the order of a shuffled deck of cards while undergoing brain scans. He utilized the loci method, also recognized as the memory palace technique, which involves linking information to specific locations in one’s environment to facilitate recall. “This shift from abstract concepts to visual-spatial associations forms the core of almost all mnemonic strategies I employ,” Dellis shares.

This task stimulated activity in the same three cortices but altered activity in the hippocampus, a critical brain region for memory. Dellis exhibited higher hippocampal activity during the encoding phase in the first task than during recall. In contrast, the opposite was found during the second task, which activated the caudate nucleus—a brain structure involved in learning and memory. Although the researchers chose not to comment further, they speculated that the caudate’s involvement might indicate memory is an integrated skill.

Dellis after winning in 2012 by reciting the order of 104 playing cards.

Nelson Dellis

Moreover, researchers compared Dellis’s brain activity to that of 887 participants in the Human Connectome Project. Their findings revealed that memory champions demonstrate significantly enhanced functional connectivity, illustrating efficient collaboration among different brain areas.

Dellis and his colleagues advocate for the wider application of the loci method. “Considering its clear behavioral benefits, it’s surprising that techniques like this are not more commonly integrated into educational and clinical practices,” he observes. Martin Dresler from Radboud University Medical Center in the Netherlands concurs.

Dresler states that this technique can be extremely effective. It utilizes our inherent strengths. “The triumph of trajectory methods likely arises because they transform abstract data into visual-spatial concepts,” he explains. “Our brains did not evolve to remember abstract details like numbers or dates; rather, they evolved to navigate our environment for food and safety, honing our spatial awareness.”

However, Craig Stark, a professor at the University of California, Irvine, emphasizes that it’s uncertain how much of Dellis’s exceptional memory results from training versus innate ability. “We can’t discern which elements are trained skills versus inherent capabilities,” he states.

If you find traditional memory training daunting, Dellis also attributes his abilities to a healthy lifestyle that includes regular exercise. “To enhance your everyday memory, heed your mother’s advice: be mindful, maintain a healthy diet, get adequate sleep, and exercise,” he emphasizes, referencing Morris Moscovich from the University of Toronto, Canada.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Why Olive Oil is the Ultimate Choice for Boosting Brain Health

Posted on April 2, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Olive Oil: A Key Ingredient in a Brain-Boosting Diet

Alexander Prokopenko/Shutterstock

Understanding the health benefits of olive oil is essential, as it not only lowers “bad cholesterol” but also combats inflammation and safeguards against chronic diseases, including various cancers. Recent studies indicate that its advantages may extend to brain health.

What does this mean for cognitive function? Is extra virgin olive oil really necessary, and how much should one consume for optimal benefits? The answers may be more encouraging than you think, as other oils may also support brain health.

It’s important to remember that nutrition research is complex and often unreliable. For instance, participants may struggle to accurately track their food intake, leading to unreliable data. However, some patterns emerge from observational studies, especially when experimental research reinforces these findings.

Olive oil is a fundamental component of the widely acclaimed Mediterranean diet, renowned for promoting health. This diet encourages the consumption of tomatoes, whole grains, fresh fish, and generous amounts of olive oil, occasionally paired with red wine. Numerous studies link this lifestyle to reduced rates of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and even dementia.

The Mediterranean diet is particularly high in fats, primarily from olive oil, prompting scientists to investigate its specific role. According to nutrition specialist Richard Hoffman from the University of Hertfordshire, England, “The Mediterranean diet is significantly more effective when enhanced by extra virgin olive oil.”

A landmark study in Spain involved over 7,000 participants aged 55 to 80. One group ingested 1 liter of extra virgin olive oil weekly while adhering to a Mediterranean diet. Others either supplemented their meals with nuts or were advised to reduce fat intake.

After five years, participants in the olive oil group exhibited markedly lower instances of heart disease and stroke. Daily consumption of just 10 grams of olive oil correlated with a 10% reduction in cardiovascular disease risk and a 7% decrease in mortality.

Current consensus among scientists suggests that olive oil can mitigate inflammation and enhance cardiovascular health. But how does it affect the brain?

A large-scale study published in 2024 examined over 92,000 adults, evaluating their olive oil consumption every four years for around 30 years. Findings revealed that higher olive oil intake was linked to a lower risk of dementia-related mortality.

Even after accounting for variables like BMI, physical activity, smoking, socio-economic status, and overall diet, a connection remained between olive oil consumption and reduced dementia risk.

Further analysis showed benefits from substituting other fats with olive oil. According to Marta Guasch-Ferré from Harvard University, “Replacing butter or other animal fats with olive oil resulted in an 8-14% decrease in dementia-related mortality risk.”

The Mediterranean Diet: Lowering Disease Risks with Olive Oil

Imaging Ltd./NurPhoto (via Getty Images)

Olive oil’s protective properties for the brain are attributed to polyphenols, which are abundant in this oil. These bioactive compounds shield plants from stress and pests and may do the same for humans by scavenging free radicals, reducing inflammation, and preventing harmful oxidation of fats that can lead to strokes.

Additionally, polyphenols nourish gut microbes, interacting with the immune system to minimize inflammation. Chronic inflammation is a major contributor to significant health issues, including heart disease and dementia, with growing evidence linking Alzheimer’s disease to inflammation in various organs.

According to Guash-Ferré, “Evidence is accumulating to support that olive oil may alleviate Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative conditions.”

Which Olive Oil is the Best for You?

It’s essential to differentiate among olive oils. Extra virgin olive oil is the least processed, retaining the most polyphenols. In contrast, virgin olive oil is subjected to more processing, while standard variety is processed extensively, losing many health benefits.

Is the type of olive oil significant? Guasch-Ferré indicates that any olive oil consumption correlates with a lower risk of mortality. The mix of healthy unsaturated fats and beneficial bioactive compounds positions olive oil as a premier plant-based oil.

A recent study explored how different olive oils impacted the microbiome and cognitive health of seniors. It evaluated 656 individuals, revealing that those consuming virgin olive oil showed cognitive improvements. In contrast, participants using standard olive oil experienced cognitive decline. Interestingly, this was linked to changes in the gut microbiome, with specific bacteria mediating some effects.

While this research is preliminary and involved a short follow-up period, it emphasizes the connection between diet, gut health, and brain function.

So what should you take away? While standard olive oil offers some cardiovascular benefits due to its favorable fat profile, extra virgin olive oil provides additional protective compounds. The great news is that other vegetable oils, such as canola and safflower, also contain beneficial fats and moderate polyphenol levels. In substitution models, Guasch-Ferré’s team found no cognitive health drawbacks from these oils compared to animal fats.

“Other vegetable oils can also provide health benefits, especially as they are typically more affordable than olive oil,” she notes. However, further research is warranted for conclusive guidance.

Ultimately, select the highest quality extra virgin olive oil that fits your budget. Although if that’s not feasible, replacing animal fats with other vegetable oils is a beneficial step toward brain health. If you aim for premium quality, pay attention to storage; light reduces polyphenol levels over time, so choosing a dark bottle is advisable for optimum health advantages.

I’m willing to invest a little more in high-quality extra virgin olive oil, not only for its rich flavor but also for its profound brain-health benefits.

Topics:

Neuroscience /
Nutrition

Source: www.newscientist.com

The Best Olive Oil for Brain Health: Which Type Should You Choose?

Posted on April 1, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Is Extra Virgin Olive Oil the Best Choice for Brain Health?

Alexander Prokopenko/Shutterstock

Olive oil - a brain-boosting diet — Is Extra Virgin Olive Oil the Best Choice for Brain Health?

Alexander Prokopenko/Shutterstock

Olive oil is renowned for its health benefits, including lowering “bad cholesterol,” combating inflammation, and protecting against chronic diseases such as cancer. New evidence also suggests olive oil positively impacts brain health.

I explored how olive oil could enhance cognitive function. Is extra virgin olive oil really essential? How much do we actually need?

Surprisingly, olive oil may not be the only oil with brain health benefits.

All nutrition research has its challenges, often relying on food diaries that participants may inaccurately report. Therefore, definitive studies can be rare.

However, observable patterns can still emerge from observational studies complemented by biological experiments, helping us understand the health impacts of various foods.

Olive oil’s popularity skyrockets largely due to its pivotal role in the Mediterranean diet, widely regarded as one of the healthiest dietary patterns. This diet encourages the consumption of fresh vegetables, fish, and olive oil, along with occasional red wine, correlating with reduced rates of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and dementia.

While the Mediterranean diet is high in fat, most of it comes from olive oil. As nutritionist Richard Hoffman points out, “The Mediterranean diet’s effectiveness is amplified when extra virgin olive oil is included,” highlighting its significant role.

A pivotal study involving over 7,000 Spanish participants aged 55 to 80 examined the effects of olive oil on heart health. One group received 1 liter of extra virgin olive oil weekly and was encouraged to consume 4 to 5 tablespoons daily. In contrast, other groups replaced olive oil with nuts or reduced their overall fat intake.

Over five years, those who consumed olive oil showed lower rates of heart disease and stroke, achieving a 10% reduction in cardiovascular disease risk for every 10 grams consumed daily.

While olive oil’s anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular benefits are clear, what does it mean for the brain?

The upcoming large-scale study set for 2024 analyzed data from over 92,000 adults regarding olive oil consumption tracked across nearly 30 years. Results indicated a lower risk of dementia-related mortality among regular olive oil consumers.

While healthier lifestyles typically correlate with higher olive oil intake, controlling for variables such as BMI, activity level, and overall diet still showed a strong association with reduced dementia risk.

Moreover, replacing other fats with olive oil provided additional benefits; researchers found an 8 to 14 percent reduction in dementia risk when substituting a teaspoon of margarine or mayonnaise with olive oil, according to Marta Guasch-Ferré from Harvard University.

Olive Oil: A Vital Component of the Mediterranean Diet

Imaging Ltd./NurPhoto (via Getty Images)

Olive oil exhibits protective effects on the brain, primarily due to its rich content of polyphenols, the highest among edible oils. These compounds protect plants and humans from various stressors, reduce inflammation, and prevent harmful fat oxidation leading to plaque formation.

Polyphenols also nourish gut microbes, supporting a healthy immune system and mitigating inflammation. Chronic inflammation is linked to major health issues, including heart disease and dementia, suggesting that Alzheimer’s could stem from inflammation in distant organ systems.

“Growing mechanistic evidence indicates that olive oil may alleviate the underlying pathology of Alzheimer’s and similar neurodegenerative diseases,” says Guash-Ferré.

Choosing the Right Olive Oil

All olive oils are not equal. Extra virgin olive oil is the least processed variety, preserving polyphenols. Virgin olive oil is slightly more refined, while standard olive oil undergoes further processing, stripping it of many beneficial properties.

Is there a significant difference in health benefits among these types? “Consumption of any type of olive oil correlates with a lower mortality risk,” Guash-Ferré states. The blend of healthy fats and bioactive compounds makes olive oil a top choice among plant-based oils.

However, recent research from January revealed intriguing insights comparing various olive oils’ effects on the microbiome and cognitive function in older adults. The study involving 656 overweight participants with metabolic syndrome demonstrated that those consuming more virgin olive oil exhibited cognitive improvements, while standard olive oil users faced accelerated cognitive decline.

The beneficial impacts are associated with shifts in microbial diversity; those drinking virgin olive oil saw increased diversity, whereas standard olive oil led to reduced diversity, with a specific bacterial group, adlerkreuzia, mediating about 20% of virgin olive oil’s cognitive effects.

Although this preliminary study is small and short-term, it hints at a captivating relationship between diet, gut bacteria, and brain health.

What does this mean for us? While standard olive oil provides health benefits, especially for heart health, extra virgin olive oil offers an added dimension through its polyphenols that may safeguard brain function.

The good news for your wallet is that the health benefits aren’t exclusive to olive oil. Other plant-based oils like canola and corn also contain healthy fats and moderate polyphenol levels. Guash-Ferré’s team found no additional brain health benefits when replacing olive oil with these oils; instead, they emphasized that while olive oil is beneficial, other vegetable oils are also acceptable alternatives.

“Incorporating other vegetable oils can be a healthy substitute for animal fats and are generally more affordable,” she cautions, yet further studies are necessary to bolster these findings.

The simplest advice? Opt for the highest quality extra virgin olive oil you can afford. If that’s not feasible, replacing animal fats with other vegetable oils still promotes brain health. It’s also wise to consider packaging; light can diminish polyphenol levels, so choose dark bottles when possible to preserve health benefits.

I confidently invest in high-quality extra virgin olive oil, not just for its exquisite flavor but also for its potential cognitive advantages.

Topics:

neuroscience /
Eating and drinking

Source: www.newscientist.com

Top 6 Neuroscience-Backed Habits for Maintaining a Healthy Brain as You Age

Posted on March 29, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Have you ever worried that your mental sharpness isn’t what it used to be? Perhaps you find it difficult to recall the names of actors or politicians, or you struggle with basic mental arithmetic. If so, you might be contemplating the current state of your brain and whether cognitive decline is inevitable.

It’s crucial to address these concerns early, as brain development typically concludes in your 20s, with cognitive functions gradually declining with age. Additionally, there’s an increasing risk of dementia, particularly with conditions like Alzheimer’s disease, especially in countries experiencing aging populations.

Fortunately, research indicates that both cognitive decline and dementia risk are influenced by what experts categorize as “modifiable risk factors.”

This means there is hope! By adopting certain lifestyle habits, you can keep your brain sharp and significantly reduce your risk of developing dementia.

Stay Mentally Active to Enhance Your Cognitive Reserve

Psychologists and gerontologists often speak of cognitive reserve. This refers to the brain’s ability to adapt to aging and disease.

Those with a high cognitive reserve can perform well on mental tests even if they display biological markers of Alzheimer’s disease, suggesting they can cope with brain challenges effectively.

Many activities can enhance your cognitive reserve; including reading, learning to play an instrument, solving complex puzzles, acquiring a new language, and traveling. Essentially, the adage “use it or lose it” holds true.

Discover more about brain health:

Engage Socially

Socializing is an ultimate brain-training activity © Getty Images

You may have encountered brain-training games designed to sharpen your cognitive abilities. However, the benefits of these games do not transfer to daily life and could potentially hinder real-life social engagements. Interacting with others is the most effective form of brain training.

Research indicates that social isolation is a significant risk factor for dementia. A comprehensive review by a team at the University of Groningen concluded that “individuals who are less socially engaged, have fewer interactions, and experience greater loneliness display an increased risk of developing dementia.”

Therefore, prioritize engaging conversations with friends and family. Such interactions not only stimulate your brain but also enhance your emotional well-being. If you’re unsure where to begin, consider volunteering or joining a club.

Stay Physically Active

A sedentary lifestyle can accelerate cognitive decline © Getty Images

Your brain requires oxygen and nutrients to function optimally. Maintaining good cardiovascular health supports brain health. In contrast, a sedentary lifestyle and obesity have been linked to faster cognitive decline and increased dementia risk.

Consider incorporating more physical activity into your routine. Whether through running, cycling, swimming, or simply walking more often, staying active is essential. Engaging in hobbies such as gardening or even singing can promote an active lifestyle.

Eat Well

The Mediterranean diet provides essential nutrients for brain health © Getty Images

Nourishing your brain with a balanced diet is vital. Reducing saturated fat helps prevent arterial blockages, while consuming plenty of fruits and vegetables provides antioxidants necessary for brain health.

The World Health Organization recommends a “Mediterranean diet” rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and olive oil, while low in saturated fat and meat. If implementing this seems daunting, start with small changes, like adding an extra piece of fruit daily or limiting processed foods.

Stay Curious

Surprisingly, personality traits also correlate with brain health. Individuals high in openness to experiences—traits linked to curiosity and creativity—exhibit a lower risk of dementia. According to a study from the University of Georgia, “Higher openness is associated with superior psychomotor speed, cognitive flexibility, and working memory in both depressed and non-depressed older adults.”

Fortunately, you can cultivate curiosity. Seek awe-inspiring experiences, explore unfamiliar places, or engage in culturally enriching activities like live theatre.

Think Positively

Positivity completes the puzzle of brain health © Getty Images

If you’ve established positive habits like staying socially and physically active, maintaining a healthy diet, and nurturing curiosity, there’s much to feel optimistic about regarding the future of your brain. This mindset is crucial.

Research increasingly shows that your attitude towards aging significantly impacts your brain health. Expecting cognitive decline can create a self-fulfilling prophecy.

However, recognizing your influence over brain health through lifestyle choices increases your likelihood of enjoying cognitive vitality. Embracing this knowledge benefits your brain.

Surround yourself with positive older role models and apply the strategies outlined in this article to empower yourself to train your brain effectively. By doing so, you may realize your full cognitive potential.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Breakthrough in Mammal Brain Preservation: A Major Step Towards Resuscitation After Death

Posted on March 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Will we someday preserve our thoughts, emotions, and perceptions?

Thumbnail/Science Photo Library

Brain Preservation Technique — Will we someday preserve our thoughts, emotions, and perceptions?

Thumbnail/Science Photo Library

Recent breakthroughs in brain preservation methods have enabled an entire mammalian brain to be successfully stored. This innovative technique will soon be accessible to terminally ill patients, aimed at gathering essential neural data to one day reconstruct the essence of the individual.

According to Boris Lobel of Nectome, a San Francisco-based company pioneering memory preservation, patients will need to donate their brains and bodies for scientific research. “Our vision is to preserve their bodies and brains indefinitely, with the hope that one day we can decode the information stored in their brains,” he stated.

Timing is critical for preserving the delicate structure of the brain; just minutes without blood flow can lead to irreversible damage as enzymes destroy neurons and cells begin self-digestion.

Typically, cryonics aims to preserve bodies at subzero temperatures post-mortem, allowing for the possibility of revival if future treatments are developed. However, rapid action is essential, as brain deterioration begins almost immediately following natural death.

To mitigate these challenges, Lobel and his team have created a physician-assisted protocol that allows terminally ill individuals to choose the timing of their passing. This ensures immediate intervention, enhancing the likelihood of maintaining the brain’s condition close to its living state.

Lobel’s team performed tests using pigs, which possess brain and cardiovascular systems similar to humans. The procedure involved inserting a cannula into the heart shortly after cardiac arrest, flushing out blood, and introducing a preservation solution. This concoction contains aldehyde chemicals that create molecular connections, effectively locking cellular activity.

A cryoprotectant is later introduced to replace water within the tissue, preventing ice crystal formation that could harm cells upon cooling. The treated brains are then cooled to approximately -32°C, allowing cryoprotectants to achieve a glass-like state for indefinite preservation.

To evaluate the technique’s success, researchers analyzed samples from the brain’s outer layer under a microscope. Initial trials commencing 18 minutes post-mortem indicated significant cellular damage, but when the delay was shortened to under 14 minutes, the tissue displayed excellent preservation of neurons and synapses.

Theoretically, Lobel suggested this protocol could aid in “reconstructing the three-dimensional map of neural connections,” referred to as the connectome, potentially illuminating how the brain generates thoughts, emotions, and cognitive functions. So far, scientists have achieved the mapping of only a fraction of the mouse brain, which took seven years to complete, as documented in this study.

Despite advancements in cryonics and computational technology, true “resuscitation” remains unfeasible. “Our method is akin to embalming, preserving the brain’s structural integrity without restoring biological viability,” explains João Pedro de Magalhães from the University of Birmingham. He further asserts that even a perfect mental replica would exist as a distinct entity.

Nonetheless, Lobel’s team is hopeful about the future, positing that human consciousness could eventually be recreated digitally or biologically. “We are open to various resurrection strategies, as we believe we can preserve all necessary information for this,” Wróbel asserts.

Nectome plans to invite terminally ill patients to Oregon, allowing them to spend time with family before undergoing the new preservation protocols. “They receive medications prescribed by an independent physician before we initiate the surgery,” Lobel notes.

This groundbreaking research brings forth profound philosophical inquiries regarding our understanding of death. “Declaring death based solely on the absence of blood circulation oversimplifies the complexities involved,” remarks Brian Wok, from 21st Century Medicine. “The ability to preserve the brain’s intricate structure and molecular makeup after circulation ceases raises essential questions about the nature of life and death.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Enhancing the Blood-Brain Barrier: A Key to Preventing Brain Damage in Athletes

Posted on March 18, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Repeated Heading of a Soccer Ball Linked to Brain Damage

René Nijhuis/MB Media

Soccer heading associated with brain injury — Repeated Heading of a Soccer Ball Linked to Brain Damage

René Nijhuis/MB Media

Consistent head impacts in sports can compromise the blood-brain barrier and lead to chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a neurodegenerative disorder affecting numerous retired athletes from soccer, rugby, and boxing. This crucial finding raises hopes for new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, as CTE is typically diagnosed only post-mortem.

“Numerous drugs are being developed to restore the blood-brain barrier for neurological treatment, which may offer promising futures if they receive approval,” notes Matthew Campbell from Trinity College, Dublin.

Campbell and his team conducted brain scans on 47 former athletes from contact sports, retired an average of 12 years ago, and compared them with those from non-contact sports like rowing and individuals without sports backgrounds.

Participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), utilizing a contrast agent that reveals blood-brain barrier breaches. Results showed that 17 athletes experienced significant contrast dye leakage, indicating severe damage, while non-contact athletes exhibited minimal leakage.

Those former athletes displaying greater blood-brain barrier impairment performed worse on cognitive assessments, pointing to a potential early link to CTE characterized by memory difficulties, emotional instability, and depression. “Previous evidence has shown that breaches in the blood-brain barrier correlate with CTE, and this supports that notion,” says Michael Buckland from the University of Sydney.

Mechanics of head impacts and whiplash during contact sports can physically damage the blood-brain barrier, explains Chris Greene from the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. “It’s better to view the blood-brain barrier as a dynamic system rather than a rigid wall,” he states, noting that impact forces can disrupt the cellular seal within the barrier, leading to increased permeability.

Once compromised, proteins, immune cells, and inflammatory mediators may invade the brain, causing inflammation and cell damage. Their study also analyzed brain tissue from individuals who succumbed to CTE, revealing prominent immune and blood protein infiltration within affected regions. The characteristics of CTE resemble those of Alzheimer’s disease, suggesting similar underlying mechanisms involving blood-brain barrier degradation with age.

Like in Alzheimer’s, CTE is marked by abnormal tau protein accumulation in the brain, with head trauma potentially triggering incorrect tau folding and aggregation.

If a head injury concurrently endangers the blood-brain barrier, blood proteins and inflammatory agents may enter the brain, exacerbating tau misfolding, further complicating the cognitive issues associated with CTE, according to Greene. His previous findings suggested that patients who died from CTE displayed a genetic signature linked to breaches in the blood-brain barrier, corroborating recent research.

Currently, CTE diagnosis is limited to post-mortem examinations revealing tau abnormalities. Nevertheless, Campbell and Greene assert that their MRI advancements could facilitate earlier diagnosis for individuals exhibiting cognitive or mood-related changes. In the future, this imaging technique might also evaluate CTE risk among active athletes, pending further research confirmation.

If deterioration of the blood-brain barrier signifies an initial CTE risk factor, adapting existing or developing new medications aimed at reinforcing the barrier could help prevent or slow its progression, suggests Greene. A compound like bevacizumab, known for diminishing blood vessel permeability, could be explored further. Additionally, other anti-inflammatory medications like minocycline are gaining traction amid ongoing developments.

“By focusing on strengthening vascular integrity and suppressing harmful signals before tau pathology solidifies, we may shift towards preventive measures,” concludes Professor Greene.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Startup Innovates with First Data Center Powered by Human Brain Cells

Posted on March 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Exploring Biological Computers

Floriana/Getty Images

Close-up of an artificial brain illustrating neural activity and orange light dots, representing artificial intelligence. Synapses and neurons are crafted from cubic particles rendered in 3D format. — Exploring Biological Computers

Floriana/Getty Images

As energy demands soar in data centers and the need for chips intensifies, could biological cells offer a solution? Australian startup Cortical Labs is pioneering this concept by establishing two innovative biological data centers in Melbourne and Singapore. These facilities will utilize chips populated with reproducible neurons for data processing.

Cortical Labs stands out as a leader in the emerging field of biological computing, using nerve cells linked to microelectrode arrays to both stimulate and record cellular responses during data input. Recently, the company showcased its flagship computer, the CL1, demonstrating its ability to learn to play games like Doom within a week.

The Melbourne data center is set to feature approximately 120 CL1 units, while a collaboration with the National University of Singapore will launch with 20 units, aiming for a total of 1,000 CL1s, pending regulatory approval. This ambitious expansion is designed to enhance their cloud-based brain computing services.

Michael Barros from the University of Essex remarks, “Biological computers like CL1 have been developed by multiple research teams globally but pose construction challenges for widespread adoption.” He continues, “Cortical Labs is making biocomputers more accessible, set to be the first company to do this at scale.”

These biological systems can be trained for tasks like playing Doom, although understanding the optimal training methods for neurons remains a complex issue. Reinhold Scherer, also from the University of Essex, notes, “Having access can facilitate explorations in learning and programming, yet neurons cannot be programmed as traditional computers.”

Moreover, Cortical Labs asserts that its biological data centers are significantly more energy-efficient than conventional computing systems, with each CL1 unit consuming just 30 watts compared to thousands of watts used by state-of-the-art AI chips.

Paul Roach from Loughborough University highlights that scaling up these systems to function like traditional data servers could lead to remarkable energy savings, even if they require nutrients to sustain the neuron chips. However, the cooling requirements are expected to be much lower than in traditional setups, indicating considerable power conservation according to Cortical Labs’ estimates.

Yet, the technology is still nascent. Tjeerd Olde Scheper, who has collaborated with a competitor, FinalSpark, poses questions about efficacy, stating, “We’re still in early development stages.” He emphasizes that transitioning from a small network managing simple tasks to a larger-scale language model is a substantial leap.

A primary challenge remains: the capacity to save training outcomes and utilize these neurons for computational algorithms beyond specific tasks like gaming. Retraining these neurons after their life cycle is another hurdle, as Scherer points out, “If retraining is needed every month, longevity of use becomes an issue.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Revolutionary Startup Develops First Data Center Powered by Human Brain Cells

Posted on March 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A small number of companies are developing biological computers

Floriana/Getty Images

Close-up of an artificial brain showcasing neural activity and orange light dots, illustrating the concept of artificial intelligence. 3D rendering of synapses and neurons made up of cubic particles. — A small number of companies are developing biological computers

Floriana/Getty Images

Data centers consume vast amounts of energy while the demand for computer chips continues to soar. Could utilizing brain cells be the solution?
Australian startup Cortical Labs is pioneering this field, planning to establish two innovative “biological” data centers in Melbourne and Singapore. These cutting-edge data centers will feature chips integrated with reproducible neurons.
Pon vs. Doom.

Cortical Labs stands out as one of the few firms creating biological computers that link nerve cells to microelectrode arrays, enabling the stimulation and measurement of cell responses during data input. Recently, the company successfully showcased that its primary model, the CL1, can learn to play games like Doom within just a week.

The first data center in Melbourne is set to accommodate around 120 CL1 units, while a second facility in collaboration with the National University of Singapore will initially support 20 CL1 systems, with plans to expand to 1,000 pending regulatory approval. This initiative aims to enhance cloud-based brain computing services.

According to Michael Barros from the University of Essex, UK, while biological computers have been constructed and tested globally, they remain challenging to build and use. He states, “We invest a lot of time and resources developing these systems.”

Barros further elaborates that Cortical Labs is democratizing access to biocomputers at scale, pioneering an accessible approach in the industry.

These systems can be trained for simple tasks, such as playing Doom, yet there are challenges in understanding how neurons function and training them for more complex tasks like machine learning. Reinhold Scherer, also from the University of Essex, notes, “When you access this technology, it opens doors to exploration in learning, training, and programming, but neurons cannot be programmed like standard computers.”

Cortical Labs asserts that its biological data centers use significantly less energy than traditional computing systems, with each CL1 requiring only 30 watts compared to thousands needed by leading conventional AI chips.

Paul Roach from Loughborough University, UK, emphasizes that scaling biocomputers into entire rooms, akin to traditional data servers, could yield substantial energy savings. Notably, while biological data centers may necessitate nutrients to sustain neuron chips, they require less cooling energy than conventional computing infrastructures, suggesting significant potential for energy conservation.

Nevertheless, experts like Tjeerd Olde Scheper, who holds a PhD from Oxford Brookes University, recognize that the technology remains nascent. “Will it perform as expected? We are still in the early developmental phase,” he comments.

Although direct comparisons between the sizes of biological and silicon AI systems remain complex, it’s notable that the envisioned biological data center would integrate hundreds of biological chips in contrast to the hundreds of thousands of GPUs typically found in large-scale AI data centers.

“We have a long way to go before these systems are production-ready. Transitioning from a small network playing games to a large language model is a substantial leap,” says Steve Furber from the University of Manchester, UK.

A pressing concern is the lack of clarity on how to store training outcomes within neurons as memory, or how to execute computational algorithms beyond specific tasks, such as video gaming.

Additionally, retraining neurons post-task completion poses challenges, as their training and learning may be lost upon the end of their lifespan. “Proper retraining is essential,” Scherer states. “If retraining is required every 30 days, it may hinder technological continuity.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Understanding How the Brain Recognizes Blocked Objects: Insights from Sciworthy

Posted on March 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The human brain plays a crucial role in interpreting our surroundings, primarily through our five senses: sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste. However, these senses often provide incomplete information. For instance, many objects we perceive are only partially visible. Our brains utilize prior knowledge and expectations to bridge these gaps in perception, a process known as sensory reasoning.

We engage in sensory reasoning so frequently that it often goes unnoticed. Consider a coffee table: without sensory reasoning, recognizing it when you place your drink down would be challenging. Despite its commonplace nature, the mechanisms behind sensory reasoning remain unclear. Recently, a team from the University of California, Berkeley, embarked on a quest to uncover the brain processes that underpin sensory reasoning in mice.

Earlier studies have shown that mice, much like humans, experience phenomena such as the Kanizsa illusion. This optical illusion highlights sensory reasoning, displaying a white triangle that appears to be present, even though only three incomplete circles and angles are visible. Researchers have identified similar responses to such illusions in mice. The Berkeley team aimed to further this research by observing mouse brains to draw parallels with human sensory reasoning.

“Kanizsa Triangle” by Fibonacci is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0. Most observers perceive a white triangle in the center rather than three incomplete circles.

To investigate sensory reasoning, researchers utilized two primary methods to monitor brain activity in mice. First, a device called Neuropixel was surgically implanted into the heads of 14 mice, facilitating the observation of numerous neurons simultaneously. The second method involved two-photon imaging, utilizing a specialized microscope to examine individual neuronal activity in four other mice.

These techniques offer complementary advantages and limitations. While Neuropixels provide a comprehensive overview of brain activity, two-photon imaging focuses on single neurons or small groups. The research team conducted experiments on two distinct groups of mice: one utilizing Neuropixels and the other employing two-photon imaging.

To decode sensory reasoning mechanisms, the researchers pinpointed neurons in mice that responded to the perceived white triangle in the Kanizsa illusion. They monitored brain activity while presenting two types of visuals: illusions and real shapes. They discovered that area V1, located at the back of the brain, exhibited similar activity patterns in response to both the illusion and actual shapes.

The study identified two distinct neuron types in area V1 contributing to sensory reasoning. The first type, known as optical illusion shape encoders, only activated upon viewing illusions—essentially shapes that don’t exist. The second neuron type, called segment responders, displayed consistent activity regardless of illusions, responding to specific shapes within the images.

Employing machine learning algorithms, the research team compared both neuron types. They found that optical illusion shape encoders, believed to facilitate the perception of illusions, have stronger connections to regions responsible for higher-level visual processing beyond V1. This insight implies that similar neurons may assist the brain in leveraging expectations to compensate for missing information, though the exact mechanisms remain unclear.

The researchers postulated that partial visual inputs could activate the optical illusion shape encoder, which, in turn, stimulates other neurons in V1, creating the sensation that an illusory shape genuinely exists. To validate this, they used a laser to stimulate the optical illusion shape encoders in resting mice, prompting activation across V1 and inducing the experience of viewing a tangible shape.

Their findings revealed that three interconnected circuits facilitate the experience of sensory reasoning in mice. Initially, segment responders detect shapes and alert higher processing regions of the brain regarding missing information. These advanced regions subsequently activate the optical illusion shape encoder, which completes the pattern and triggers the overall V1 activation, giving the impression of observing a real shape.

Although the study concentrated on illusions, the researchers posited that their discoveries are relevant to sensory reasoning more broadly. As our scientific grasp of brain functions like sensory reasoning evolves, future research may extend these findings to encompass additional cognitive processes, such as memory and language.

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Source: sciworthy.com

Webb’s Infrared Vision Uncovers Planetary Nebula That Looks Like a Celestial Brain

Posted on February 28, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The remarkable sensitivity of the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope in near- and mid-infrared light offers new insights into PMR 1, a little-explored nebula in the constellation Vela.

These web images depict PMR 1, a planetary nebula located about 5,000 light-years away in the Vela constellation. Image credit: NASA/ESA/CSA/STScI/Joseph DePasquale, STScI.

PMR 1 is a fascinating planetary nebula situated approximately 5,000 light-years from our Earth in the Vela constellation.

Also known as IRAS 09269-4923, this nebula was previously captured in infrared light by the now-retired Spitzer Space Telescope in 2013.

The advanced technology of the Webb Telescope reveals striking details that enhance the nebula’s brain-like appearance.

According to Webb astronomers, “The nebula exhibits distinct regions that illustrate various stages of its evolution; the outer shell, largely composed of hydrogen, is initially blown out while the inner cloud is more refined, containing a mix of gases.” They stated.

“Webb’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) and MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument) identify unique dark lanes traversing vertically through the center of the nebula, accentuating the brain-like shape of its left and right hemispheres.”

“These dark lanes may be linked to an explosive event or outflow from the central star, often triggered by twin jets moving in opposite directions.”

“This phenomenon is notably apparent at the top of the nebula in Webb’s MIRI images, where gas seems to be jetting outward.”

Despite remaining mysteries surrounding this nebula, it is evident that it was formed by a star nearing the end of its fuel-burning phase.” The astronomers added.

“During this final phase, the star sheds its outer layers, a dynamic process that occurs relatively quickly from a cosmic viewpoint. Webb captured this crucial moment in stellar evolution.”

“The ultimate fate of the star hinges on its mass, which is still undetermined.”

“If the star is massive enough, it will eventually go supernova.”

“Conversely, a less massive, Sun-like star will continue shedding layers and cooling until only a dense white dwarf remains.”

Source: www.sci.news

Revolutionary Brain Cells on a Chip Master Doom in Just One Week

Posted on February 27, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

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Human Neurons Playing Doom on a Chip

Cortical Research Institute

A cluster of human brain cells has been demonstrated to play the classic game Doom. While the performance doesn’t yet match human ability, experts believe this breakthrough gets us closer to practical applications for biological computers, such as controlling robotic arms.

In 2021, researchers from the Cortical Research Institute employed a computer chip featuring neurons known as Pon. The chip, comprising over 800,000 living brain cells on a microelectrode array, was capable of both sending and receiving electrical signals. The researchers meticulously trained the chip to manipulate the paddles on the screen’s edges.

<p>Recently, Cortical Labs introduced an easier interface to program these chips using the widely-used programming language Python. Independent developer <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/sean-cole-8985a4207/">Sean Cole</a> utilized this interface to teach the chip how to play <em>Doom</em> in just about a week.</p>
<p>“Unlike the <em>Pon</em> project that involved years of rigorous scientific labor, this new demonstration was achieved in mere days by individuals with limited prior experience in biology,” said <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=bvWRHNcAAAAJ&amp;hl=en">Brett Kagan</a> from the Cortical Institute. “This accessibility and flexibility is incredibly exciting.”</p>
<p>The neuron-based computer chips utilized approximately a quarter of the neurons found in traditional chips. While the <em>Pon</em> demonstration yielded better results in <em>Doom</em> than random input from players, its performance still lagged behind that of top human gamers. However, it can learn significantly faster than conventional silicon-based machine learning systems, and new learning algorithms are expected to enhance its performance, according to Kagan.</p>
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<p>Comparing these biological chips to the human brain can be misleading, he suggests. "While it is indeed living tissue, the mechanisms it employs for information processing are dissimilar to those of silicon," he explains.</p>
<p><em>Doom</em> poses a substantial challenge compared to prior example games, and the ability to successfully engage with it marks a significant advancement in controlling and training living neural systems, states <a href="https://people.uwe.ac.uk/Person/AndrewAdamatzky">Andrew Adamatzky</a> from the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.</p>
<p>Researchers like <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jLnsiBEAAAAJ&amp;hl=en">Steve Farber</a> from the University of Manchester concur, noting that the ability to play <em>Doom</em> represents significant progress. He also pointed out that many unanswered questions remain regarding how neurons comprehend gameplay expectations and how they interface with a screen without visual organs.</p>

<p>Regardless, the leap in capabilities is promising. <a href="https://www.reading.ac.uk/biomedical-engineering/staff/yoshikatsu-hayashi">Yoshikatsu Hayashi</a> from the University of Reading is working towards practical applications like using biological computers to control robotic arms. His team is experimenting with a similar computer made of jelly-like hydrogel. “[Playing <em>Doom</em>] serves as a simpler analogy for controlling an entire arm,” Hayashi articulates.</p>
<p>“The significance here goes beyond just biological systems playing <em>Doom</em>,” adds Adamatzky. “It demonstrates the potential to navigate complexities, uncertainties, and real-time decision-making—skills essential for future biological or hybrid computing solutions.”</p>

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Stem Cell Patch Successfully Repairs Brain Damage in Spina Bifida Fetuses

Posted on February 27, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

False color radiograph illustrating large neural tube defects (red) on both sides of the lower back in a spina bifida patient

Science Photo Library

A groundbreaking trial utilized a patch made from donor placenta stem cells to treat a fetus suffering from severe spina bifida in utero. This innovative technique appears to reverse brain complications associated with congenital disorders, showing potential to improve long-term mobility in affected children.

The mother of a now four-year-old boy named Toby, who was diagnosed with spina bifida during pregnancy, was initially prepared for him to rely on a wheelchair. “But Toby is thriving. He has met all his developmental milestones, including walking, running, and jumping, and remarkably has no issues with bladder control, which is rare among those with this condition,” she commented.

Spina bifida, affecting approximately 1 in 2,800 births annually in the United States, occurs when a baby’s spine and spinal cord do not fully develop in utero. The most severe form, myelomeningocele, involves the spinal cord and surrounding tissues protruding through vertebrae, often leading to mobility challenges and bowel or bladder control issues. The precise cause of spina bifida remains unclear, although a deficiency in folic acid during pregnancy can heighten risks.

Standard treatment often involves in-utero surgery where the spinal cord and surrounding tissues are repositioned before closing the skin. “However, many children still struggle with mobility, and often bowel or bladder control remains unimproved,” notes Diana Farmer of the University of California, Davis.

To explore alternatives, Farmer and her team proposed the addition of stem cells to enhance growth and repair of spinal cord tissue. They enlisted six pregnant women carrying fetuses diagnosed with myelomeningocele.

By approximately 24 weeks of gestation, all fetuses exhibited a common complication known as hindbrain hernia. This condition causes excess fluid to accumulate in the skull, pushing the cerebellum through an opening at the base of the skull. While standard surgical procedures can often help alleviate hindbrain hernias, many children continue to face complications post-surgery.

In this latest trial, all fetuses received standard surgery along with a patch, measuring several centimeters, that included stem cells from the donated placenta, set within a matrix of sticky proteins. The surgeons applied this patch to the spine before suturing the skin around it. “The cells release what we like to call ‘magical stem cell juice’,” Farmer explains.

Upon birth, all babies showed positive surgical site healing with no indications of abnormal cell growth. “Our primary concern was that adding stem cells would lead to excessive cell proliferation, but we did not observe this,” Farmer reported. MRI scans of their brains demonstrated complete resolution of hindbrain herniation.

“In my opinion, this will enhance long-term outcomes compared to standard methods,” added Panicos Shangaris from King’s College London, citing evidence from animal studies.

The research team is optimistic about conducting a trial aimed at administering the stem cell patch to 35 fetuses with myelomeningocele, comparing results with prior studies that utilized traditional surgery, as stated by Farmer.

However, Professor Shangaris suggests that a more suitable approach would involve head-to-head trials to thoroughly assess safety and efficacy between the two techniques, providing clear pathways for treatment approvals.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

The Aging Brain: Essential Insights You Need to Know

Posted on February 26, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent research reveals that older adults may have a genetic edge, showcasing enhanced cognitive abilities as they age.

A study conducted by scientists at the University of Illinois at Chicago School of Medicine found that individuals aged over 80, referred to as “very old people,” produce double the number of new neurons in the hippocampus—an area crucial for learning and memory—compared to the average elderly individual. The findings were published in the journal Nature on Wednesday.

Study co-author and UIC director, Orly Lazarov, stated, “This discovery indicates that very old individuals possess molecular capabilities that enhance their cognitive performance, evidenced by increased neurogenesis. Neurogenesis represents one of the most profound forms of brain plasticity.”

In essence, the brains of very old individuals are more adaptable, fostering improved cognitive functions.

The term “super-elderly” describes those over 80 who exhibit memory capabilities comparable to individuals 20 to 30 years younger, determined by a delayed word recall test, according to Dr. M. Marcel Mesulam, founder of the Meshulam Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Institute. This designation was introduced by a professor from Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine.

In this groundbreaking study, Lazarov and colleagues analyzed 38 brains from five distinct groups: healthy adults under 40, healthy older adults, those in early cognitive decline, Alzheimer’s disease patients, and super-elderly individuals. Notably, six super-aged brains were contributed by Northwestern University’s Super Aging Program, which celebrated its 25th anniversary last year.

The researchers investigated neurons at varying developmental stages within brain tissue samples, discovering that very old individuals possess twice as many “immature” neurons compared to healthy older adults, and 2.5 times more than Alzheimer’s patients.

A super-aged brain in a research lab.Shane Collins, Northwestern University

Historically, it was believed that mammals had a fixed number of neurons from birth, but research in the 1960s and 1970s unveiled adult neurogenesis in rodents and primates.

Subsequent studies have indicated that this phenomenon occurs within the human hippocampus’s dentate gyrus, although evidence remains mixed, and the underlying processes are still unclear.

“We’ve affirmed the existence of neurogenesis and its involvement in learning and memory in animal models,” Lazarov commented. “Determining if the human brain functions similarly is a pivotal question for our research.”

Lazarov’s findings suggest that the adult brain can generate new neurons in response to age and cognitive status.

The study revealed that very old brains exhibit “signs of resilience,” allowing them to cope with aging while maintaining superior cognitive performance.

Moreover, the research identified changes in astrocytes and CA1 neurons that regulate memory and cognition within the aging hippocampus.

Despite the study’s advancements, authors noted limitations, such as small sample sizes and significant variability among human brain samples.

Very Old Individuals Provide Insights Beyond 25 Years

According to the Northwestern Super Aging Program, this research marks the first identification of genetic distinctions between very old and conventional older adults.

Tamar Geffen, co-director of the program and co-author of the study, stated, “These individuals, aged 80 and above, exhibit immature neurons that continuously rewire, making their hippocampus distinct from that of other seniors.”

The program has also uncovered various discoveries related to these exceptionally healthy seniors, ranging from personality traits to neurological anomalies. For instance, Geffen noted that very elderly individuals often describe themselves as extroverts, with other research highlighting Von Economo Neurons linked to social behavior.

“We’ve repeatedly heard about the importance of social interactions for healthy aging, while isolation can have adverse effects in old age,” she noted.

Furthermore, these seniors tend to embrace change and remain receptive to new experiences, often identifying as low-level neurotics, according to Geffen.

While a typical human brain shrinks with age, a phenomenon exacerbated by Alzheimer’s, researchers at Northwestern discovered that the brains of very old individuals exhibit significantly slower shrinkage rates.

In a 2017 study published in the American Medical Association Journal, Northwestern researchers noted that very old individuals demonstrate resilience against neurofibrillary tangles, or tau protein changes associated with Alzheimer’s.

Concerning immunity, very elderly individuals have numerous questions, with their brains containing microglia—immune cells that activate during neurodegenerative diseases. A 2019 study in Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience revealed that very old individuals had fewer activated microglia compared to dementia patients, paralleling amounts found in those 30 to 40 years younger.

Staying Sharp Without Being Super Old

The findings suggest that the very elderly may have won the genetic lottery regarding cognitive health.

Sel Yackley, an 86-year-old participant in Northwestern’s Super Aging Program, noted, “We feel fortunate; we’re forming new neurons.”

Residing in Chicago, Yackley humorously remarked on her “super-senior duties,” which include knitting, going to the gym, crafting jewelry, singing, and managing her daily to-do list. Although she has faced limited in-person interactions, she’s prioritized keeping in touch via phone, email, and Zoom.

While she proudly identifies as a super senior citizen, Yackley acknowledges that age-related cognitive impairment can still affect her.

“At times, my memories feel fresh, and other times they slip away,” she stated.

Importantly, there are several wellness strategies individuals can adopt throughout adulthood to preserve cognitive health, noted Dr. Jennifer Paul-Durai, medical director of the Inova Brain Health and Memory Disorders Program in Northern Virginia. “Now is the moment to focus on enhancing cognitive function, long before natural decline or dementia occur,” she advised.

Dr. Paul-Durai emphasized, “The concept of super-aging provides a sense of regained control. With rising dementia and Alzheimer’s rates correlating with increased lifespan, maintaining cognitive sharpness is vital.” She encourages discussions focused on strategies to mitigate cognitive decline rather than solely highlighting the lack of a cure for Alzheimer’s disease.

This latest research underscores the brain’s capacity for adaptability, with Paul-Durai likening it to a ball of clay. “While some inherit better quality clay than others, it remains moldable throughout life to foster and shape neural pathways.”

However, if left unattended, clay solidifies and becomes hard to work with, similar to how our brains respond when we neglect cognitive engagement and physical activity.

“Our brains require active use and continuous cognitive engagement to remain flexible,” Paul-Durai explained.

Prioritizing overall health is also crucial for fostering brain plasticity, as factors like unmanaged chronic illnesses and untreated psychological traumas can hinder neuron development.

“It’s essential to advocate for preventive brain health measures before significant societal fractures emerge,” she advised. “We must emphasize the importance of taking proactive steps over merely highlighting the absence of Alzheimer’s solutions.”

Yackley, a former journalist, attributes her cognitive resilience to her career path, sharing, “My curiosity led me to explore numerous stories and conduct many interviews, which may have contributed to my neuronal health.”

Her advice to those who aren’t super seniors is to remain actively engaged, both mentally and physically.

“Don’t get caught up in counting the years. Stay active, both mentally and physically,” Yackley encouraged.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

How Birdwatching Can Transform Your Brain and Combat Aging

Posted on February 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

How Birdwatching Can Enhance Your Cognitive Reserve

Steve Young/Alamy

Recent research suggests that
birdwatchers exhibit distinct brain differences that could explain their remarkable skill in identifying unfamiliar birds. This indicates that engaging in birdwatching may alter brain structure, akin to the effects of learning a new language or musical instrument. Such activities are believed to enhance cognitive reserve—the brain’s capacity to combat aging and adapt to damage.

As individuals learn or practice new skills, neural pathways in the brain reorganize, strengthening relevant connections. This phenomenon, known as neuroplasticity, facilitates the acquisition of specialized knowledge. For example, professional musicians display structural changes in brain regions associated with auditory processing, while athletes experience similar adaptations in their motor cortex.

To explore the effects of birdwatching on brain structure, Eric Wing and his team from York University, Canada, examined the brain function and structure of 48 recreational birdwatchers, with participants categorized into experts and beginners. The age range of participants was between 22 and 79 years, ensuring balanced variables like gender, age, and education.

During brain scans, participants viewed bird images for less than four seconds. Following this, they attempted to identify the same bird from four options, each depicting a different species. “We purposefully selected bird species that were quite similar,” states Wing.

This identification task was done 72 times, utilizing images from 18 distinct bird species—six being local and twelve non-native.

As anticipated, expert birders outperformed novices, with an average correct identification rate of 83% for native bird species and 61% for non-native; novices, on the other hand, correctly identified only 44% of the birds.

Notably, while identifying non-local birds, activity increased in three key brain regions for expert birders, including the bilateral prefrontal cortex, bilateral intraparietal sulcus, and right occipitotemporal cortex—regions pivotal for object recognition, visual processing, attention, and working memory. “This illustrates the diverse cognitive processes involved in bird watching,” Wing explains.

Moreover, these areas exhibited greater structural complexity and organization in expert bird watchers compared to novices, indicating that developing expertise in birdwatching may reshape the brain.

As we grow older, the complexity and organization of brain structures typically diminish, a trend observed in both novice and expert birdwatchers. Nonetheless, the decline appeared less significant in birdwatchers, suggesting that engaging in birdwatching contributes to building cognitive reserve, enhancing the brain’s resilience against aging.

“This implies that staying mentally active in specialized areas may help mitigate the effects of aging,” asserts Robert Zatorre at McGill University in Canada. “While this has been a controversial topic, this paper provides new evidence that supports this concept.”

Broadly participating in other hobbies that demand similar skills—like attention, memory, and sensory integration—may drive comparable brain changes. Wing notes, “Birdwatching taps into numerous cognitive domains, potentially benefiting various cognitive abilities. However, the cognitive enhancement might not be exclusive to birds; if other activities engage similar processes, we could expect similar brain changes there.”

Nevertheless, this study reflects merely a snapshot in time. It’s possible that structural changes occurred prior to participants taking up birdwatching, or that other lifestyle factors leading to brain changes are more prevalent among birdwatchers. To determine if brain changes are directly linked to birdwatching, longitudinal studies involving multiple scans over several months or years are necessary, Wing asserts.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

New Research Unveils How Bird Watching Enhances Brain Function and Boosts Cognitive Abilities

Posted on February 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Becoming a birdwatching expert transcends mere hobby; it’s a transformative activity that can significantly enhance brain structure and function. Recent studies reveal that engaging in birdwatching may promote cognitive improvements, even as we age.

In a study conducted in Canada with 58 participants, brain imaging showed that expert birdwatchers exhibited increased tissue density in regions linked to attention and perception compared to novices. This heightened density suggests enhanced communication between neurons, which correlated with superior bird identification skills.

These groundbreaking findings were published on Monday in the Journal of Neuroscience.

Lead author Eric Wing, while a postdoctoral fellow at the Rotman Institute of Baycrest Academy of Research and Education in Toronto, states, “Our brains are incredibly malleable.”

Learning a new skill triggers neuroplasticity, the brain’s ability to reorganize itself. While previous research has focused on professionals like athletes and musicians, Wing’s team aimed to study birdwatchers due to the unique cognitive challenges birdwatching presents.

“Birdwatching combines fine discrimination, visual searching, environmental attention, movement sensitivity, and intricate pattern detection,” Wing explained. “It also requires recalling what we’ve seen and comparing it to internal cognitive templates.” He is now a researcher at York University in Toronto.

MRI Scans Reveal Brain Differences

The study included 29 expert birdwatchers aged 24 to 75, recruited from organizations like the Toronto Ornithological Club and Ontario Field Ornithologists. Novices ranged from 22 to 79 and were from similar outdoor or hiking clubs.

While some participants had decades of birdwatching experience, expertise was assessed through screening tests rather than time spent birding.

During a bird matching task, experts demonstrated superior accuracy in identifying both local and exotic bird species compared to novices.

Surprisingly, Wing noted distinct neurological activity among the expert birdwatchers.

The researchers employed two types of MRI scans—diffusion and functional—to assess the participants’ brains.

Diffusion MRI revealed greater density in brain areas involved in working memory, spatial awareness, and object recognition among experts.

Functional MRI data highlighted active regions in expert brains during bird-matching tasks, especially when identifying unfamiliar species.

“These findings offer insights into the significance of these brain regions in developing expertise,” Wing noted. “Such skills are crucial for recognizing new and unidentified bird species.”

Cognitive Benefits for Older Birdwatchers

Experts showed structural brain differences irrespective of age. Though this study doesn’t definitively prove birdwatching prevents cognitive decline, it does suggest potential benefits for brain health in older adults, according to Molly Mather, a clinical psychologist from the Meshulam Institute for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine.

“As populations age in the U.S. and globally, we lack treatments to halt or reverse aging and Alzheimer’s-related changes,” Mather, who wasn’t involved in the study, emphasized. “Establishing a scientific basis for recommendations is invaluable.”

Mather noted a chicken-and-egg dilemma in this study: Do brain differences stem from birdwatching, or do individuals with certain neural traits become adept birdwatchers?

Moreover, participants were drawn from active outdoor groups, potentially reflecting healthier lifestyles.

Benefits of Nature Engagement

Benjamin Katz, an associate professor at Virginia Tech’s Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, pointed out that other factors in birding could enhance brain health. Immersion in nature boosts alertness, walking mitigates cognitive decline risk, and social interactions might expedite processing speed.

“Birdwatching isn’t a one-dimensional activity,” Katz, also not part of the study, remarked. “Numerous cognitive factors are involved.”

Katz urged that future research should track novice birdwatchers over time to observe potential brain changes as they gain expertise.

“We lack clarity on baseline differences,” he pointed out. “Long-term data is essential for strong conclusions regarding the impacts of birding.”

The study authors suggested their methodology could explore brain reorganization related to other complex skills.

“Our passions and experiences, especially those cultivated over countless hours or years, leave a lasting imprint on our brains,” Wing concluded. “Identifying ways to leverage this accumulated knowledge can bolster cognitive function.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Understanding Brain Adaptation: How to Overcome Cognitive Biases When It Matters

Posted on February 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Neurological Tricks to Manage Chaos

Olaser/Getty Images

While scrolling through TikTok, I stumbled upon a video featuring Donald Trump accusing CNN journalist Caitlan Collins of “not laughing” after she questioned him about the convicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein.

Without a pause, I continued scrolling. I wasn’t angry, nor did I contemplate the implications of a president making such derogatory remarks. Yet, as I reflected on those comments while writing this piece, I realized how abhorrent, unprofessional, and sexist they truly were.

My brain didn’t fail to react out of indifference; it succumbs to a neurological phenomenon known as habituation. This led me to explore how it shapes our lives and our capacity to navigate it effectively.

Habituation is our brain’s method of normalizing experiences, allowing us to engage with life without becoming overwhelmed. It acts as a neural shortcut that enables us to filter out irrelevant information, preventing sensory overload.

At the café where I work, trance music plays, my ski jacket feels weighty, and bright lights flicker nearby. However, until I consciously recognized these stimuli, my brain had adapted to ignore them, allowing me to focus more readily.

This capability develops even before birth. Research indicates that fetuses display brain activity indicating early habituation, honing in on new stimuli while filtering out the familiar sounds and lights.

Habituation liberates neural resources, enabling us to promptly detect new stimuli vital for survival. “This mechanism is essential for survival across all species,” states Tali Shallot from University College London.

This habit-forming capability assists us in managing grief, chronic pain, and in normalizing suffering, making life more navigable. A striking example arises from studies on individuals with locked-in syndrome; despite being entirely conscious yet unable to communicate verbally or move, most report satisfaction. Notably, those who’ve endured this condition longer are more inclined to express contentment with their quality of life.

Habit formation also fuels progress. As the initial excitement of a new job diminishes, satisfaction levels stabilize due to habituation. Shallot notes that this waning enthusiasm propels the desire for advancement. “Our responses to pleasure decrease over time, motivating exploration and progress.”

However, forming habits isn’t always beneficial. Ignoring chronic pain may result in delayed medical intervention, while normalizing detrimental behaviors at home or work can lead to accepting intolerable situations.

Compounding this issue, habituation can be a mental health concern. “Most mental health disorders involve some form of habituation disorder,” notes Shallot. Research indicates that those with depression are slower to recover from negative events, highlighting the struggle to adapt to distressing news.

Shallot’s recent, unpublished findings reveal another concerning aspect: frequent financial risk-takers become desensitized to risks over time. “I can see this pattern in stockbrokers,” Shallot remarks.

On a lighter note, habituation explains why our homes feel smaller over time and why new clothes quickly lose their appeal, often prompting excessive consumption.

Take a Step Back and Slow Down

Short Breaks Enhance Focus

Michael Wheatley/Alamy

How can we break the cycle of habituation? How do we train our brains to regain awareness?

One effective method is mindfulness, which encourages heightened awareness of the present. Research shows that awareness can influence eating habits. Consider how easily we overindulge when we’re not truly savoring our food.

Another strategy is to take breaks, which may seem counterintuitive. Researchers, including Leaf Nelson from UC Berkeley and Tom Meyvis from NYU, found that interrupting pleasurable activities, like music or holidays, can enhance enjoyment. Breaks disrupt routines, aiding in the process of novelty, while stepping away from unpleasant experiences may hinder habit formation and increase irritation.

Injecting novelty into your routine is also beneficial. Repeating the same route can dull excitement; try varying your jogging path or rearranging your furniture. “These small changes can reveal unexpected joys, presenting fresh information to the brain,” Shallot advises.

Particularly concerning, however, is our increasing habituation to social media. “In recent years, society has grown normalized to rude online behavior,” Shallot explains. Constant exposure to negative events dulls our reactions and alters our response to significant global issues, especially for children, who experience desensitization towards violence due to media exposure. Studies correlate media violence exposure with increased risks of violence later in life.

The simplest solution? Take a break. “We need to engage with the world anew,” Shallot concludes. “Small shifts can lead to impactful changes.”

I embraced this advice, deleting social media apps from my phone, planning several short vacations instead of one lengthy break, and even switching gyms for a change of scenery. I aspire that upon my return to social media, I will not just feel greater joy, but also experience a heightened emotional response, allowing my brain to discern what truly deserves my attention.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Board Games Boost Brain Activity More Effectively Than Puzzles

Posted on February 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Whether you’re strategizing your chess moves, exploring high-scoring options in Scrabble, or crafting your investment plan in Monopoly, board games are an excellent avenue for enhancing your cognitive skills. Engaging in these games demands a variety of mental faculties, including problem-solving, critical thinking, decision making, memory retention, and concentration, while also providing a valuable platform for face-to-face social interaction.

Given their cognitive and social advantages, it’s no wonder that playing board games can support brain health as you age.

A study conducted in 2013 found that players over 65 who engage in board games have a 15% lower risk of developing dementia. Furthermore, a 2025 Spanish research project revealed that nursing home residents attending bi-weekly board game sessions experienced improved cognitive function and quality of life. But the benefits of board games extend to all age groups; for instance, they’ve been shown to enhance preschoolers’ numeracy skills.

Board games are essential for brain development – Photo credit: Getty Images

Specific games, such as chess, have been extensively studied for their ability to strengthen mental skills. A 2025 review of neuroimaging studies comparing expert and novice chess players revealed that seasoned players exhibit higher brain activity and connectivity in regions related to visual processing, spatial awareness, and decision-making.

For enthusiasts of tabletop role-playing games like Dungeons & Dragons, there’s encouraging news as well. A 2024 study from University College Cork found that these games offer escapism, creative expression, and social support, significantly enhancing players’ mental health.

The board game industry is flourishing, with countless options available and dedicated cafes and bars emerging where you can enjoy them. If you’re searching for a delightful way to spend a rainy afternoon, immersing yourself in a good game is definitely a worthwhile option.

This article addresses the question, “Are board games good for the brain?” posed via email by Ray Townsend.

To submit your questions, please email questions@sciencefocus.com or connect with us on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (don’t forget to include your name and location).

For more amazing science insights, check out our Ultimate Fun Facts page.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

How Endurance Brain Cells Impact Your Running Stamina

Posted on February 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Your Limits When Exercising Can Be Mental

Cavan Images/Alamy

Neuroscience Research on Exercise — Your Limits When Exercising Can Be Mental

Cavan Images/Alamy

Recent research has unveiled specific neurons in mice that enhance endurance following exercise, suggesting that similar cells may exist in humans. These findings could pave the way for targeted drugs and treatments to amplify exercise effects.

Traditionally, the understanding has been that brain changes from physical activity differ from those occurring in muscles. However, Nicholas Betley from the University of Pennsylvania contends that these brain changes regulate all physical responses.

To investigate further, Betley and his team observed neuronal activity in mice before, during, and after treadmill sessions, concentrating on neurons located in the ventromedial hypothalamus. Previous research revealed that developmental issues in this area hinder fitness improvements, a finding likely applicable to humans due to the structural consistency across mammals.

Post-exercise, the researchers noted that a specific group of neurons with SF1 receptors exhibited increased activity. These neurons, critical for brain development and metabolism, activated more significantly with each subsequent run. By day 8, approximately 53% of neurons were activated compared to under 32% on day 1. As Betley emphasizes, “Just as your muscles get stronger through exercise, your brain’s activity adapts as well.”

Utilizing optogenetics, which uses light to manipulate neuron activity, the researchers turned off these neurons in another mouse cohort trained on the treadmill five days weekly for three weeks. Observed post-session, neuron inhibition lasted an hour, followed by endurance tests.

The findings showed that these inhibited mice improved their running distances by around 400 meters, compared to control mice whose neuron activity remained unaffected.

While the exact function of these neurons remains ambiguous, team member Morgan Kindel, also at the University of Pennsylvania, indicates their likely role in fuel utilization. During endurance exercises, carbohydrates are depleted faster, necessitating a shift to fat for fuel. However, when these neurons were inhibited, mice utilized carbohydrates earlier, leading to performance limitations. They also discovered that inhibiting these neurons hindered the release of a muscle protein, PGC-1 alpha, which optimizes fuel use, while also facilitating energy replenishment and muscle recovery.

Although optogenetics isn’t applicable to humans due to its invasive nature, Betley suggests potential alternative interventions could be developed to target these neurons. “If we can identify methods, like supplements, to activate these neurons, we could significantly boost endurance,” he states.

In experiments boosting neuron activity instead of suppressing it, the mice exhibited extraordinary endurance, able to run over twice the distance of control subjects.

Such advancements may particularly benefit individuals struggling with exercise, including the elderly or stroke survivors, as noted by Betley.

Nevertheless, several challenges remain. First, the applicability of these findings to humans is not confirmed. There are concerns about potential side effects, highlighted by Thomas Barris at the University of Florida. These neurons seem to regulate cellular energy uptake, and overstimulation might pose risks like dangerously low blood sugar levels.

Even if safely activatable in humans, Betley believes it won’t serve as a stand-alone solution for health. “Exercise fosters a wide array of benefits: reducing depression and anxiety, enhancing cognitive function, improving cardiovascular health, and strengthening muscles,” he notes. However, stimulating these neurons alone won’t unlock all the positive outcomes associated with exercise.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unexpected Discovery Unveils Mysterious Brain Structure

Posted on February 18, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Lymphatic-like Structures in a Healthy Brain

Siju Gan/Harvard University

Lymphatic-like structures in a healthy brain — Lymphatic-like Structures in a Healthy Brain

Siju Gan/Harvard University

Your brain might contain a previously unknown network of blood vessels that assist in the elimination of metabolic waste. If further research substantiates this finding, it could transform our understanding of brain function and lead to novel treatments for conditions like Alzheimer’s disease.

“If this is confirmed, it’s a game-changer,” states Per Christian Eide from the University of Oslo, who was not part of the study. “This could signify a paradigm shift in our grasp of all neurodegenerative disorders, including stroke and traumatic brain injury, as well as our normal brain functions.”

The brain has its mechanisms for self-cleaning, utilizing the glymphatic system—a network of channels surrounding the brain’s blood vessels that integrates with the lymphatic system, which serves as the body’s drainage and filtration system.

Traditional imaging techniques have primarily focused on the protective outer layer of the brain without revealing lymphatic vessels. However, new research from Harvard University may have uncovered a concealed network of blood vessel-like structures akin to lymphatic vessels that connect to the glymphatic system. “This could be the most significant discovery of my three-decade career,” shares Lunn. “It’s a scientist’s ultimate dream.”

Researchers from Siju Gu‘s team at Harvard stumbled upon these structures while investigating beta-amyloid proteins in brain sections from mice exhibiting Alzheimer’s-like symptoms. Beta-amyloid is essential for neuronal function but can aggregate into toxic clumps associated with Alzheimer’s disease, often due to inadequate waste clearance.

Repeating their experiments in both mice with Alzheimer’s-like conditions and those without revealed consistent blood vessel-like structures across every brain region analyzed—highlighting areas like the hippocampus, crucial for memory formation, and the hypothalamus, which regulates sleep and body temperature.

These structures appear to envelope the brain’s blood vessels and meningeal lymphatic vessels, indicating they may play a role in waste removal via the glymphatic and lymphatic systems, according to Lunn.

Moreover, the research team identified similar tube-like formations in post-mortem samples from individuals who succumbed to Alzheimer’s disease, suggesting these structures are also present in asymptomatic individuals, Lunn adds.

The team postulates that these formations could be either a new type of lymphatic vessel lined with beta-amyloid or a protein that evolves into solid fibers relevant to Alzheimer’s pathology. These structures have also been documented in healthy brains.

To investigate further, they utilized protein markers specific to lymphatic vessels on mouse brain slices, resulting in consistent staining of the tubular structures, although not as prominent as recognized lymphatic vessels. Consequently, they coined the term nanoscale lymphatic vessels (NLVs) for these formations and determined they are unlikely to be beta-amyloid.

However, NLV markers may also attach to non-lymphoid tissues, suggesting that the faint staining might imply these NLVs are not traditional lymphatic vessels, as noted by Eide. “This is a completely new type of structure that was previously unknown. The question remains: what exactly are these?”

One theory posits that these formations could be artifacts resulting from the imaging method employed. According to Christopher Brown from the University of Southampton, UK, uneven swelling of tissue samples may introduce cracks that mimic blood vessels.

This could potentially clarify why prior brain imaging research utilizing more dependable methods, like electron microscopy, has not previously identified NLVs, Brown suggests. The research team aims to employ these techniques in the near future; Gu supports this notion, indicating that past studies may have misidentified NLVs as axons, which are long projections from similar-looking neurons.

“We’re approximately 90% confident in our findings,” Lunn confirms, referencing other research conducted by his team demonstrating that fluorescently tagged beta-amyloid in mouse brains appears to infiltrate nearby NLVs, indicating that NLVs may aid in waste fluid transport.

If further validations by other research teams confirm these results, it could enhance comprehension of Alzheimer’s disease and other protein misfolding conditions, such as Parkinson’s disease. For instance, if dilation of blood vessels aids waste clearance, it might pave the way for developing therapeutic drugs for these neurological disorders, Brown concludes.

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Source: www.newscientist.com