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Remarkable Advances in Developing Practical Quantum Computers

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Quantum Computing Advancements

Practical Quantum Computers Approaching Reality

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The quantum computing industry is concluding the year with renewed hope, despite the absence of fully operational quantum systems. At December’s Q2B Silicon Valley Conference, industry leaders and scientists expressed optimism regarding the future of quantum computing.

“We believe that it’s highly likely that someone, or perhaps several entities, will develop a genuinely industrially viable quantum computer, but we didn’t anticipate this outcome until the end of 2025,” stated Joe Altepeter, program manager for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency’s Quantum Benchmarking Initiative (QBI). The QBI aims to evaluate which of the competing quantum computing approaches can yield practical devices capable of self-correction or fault tolerance.

This initiative will extend over several years, involving hundreds of professional evaluators. Reflecting on the program’s initial six months, Altepeter noted that while “major roadblocks” were identified in each approach, none disqualified any team from the pursuit of practical quantum devices.

“By late 2025, I sense we will have all major hardware components in place with adequate fidelity; the remaining challenges will be primarily engineering-focused,” asserted Scott Aaronson, a key figure in the field, during his presentation at the University of Texas at Austin. He acknowledged the ongoing challenge of discovering algorithms for practical quantum applications, but highlighted significant progress in hardware developments.

Though quantum computing hardware advancements are encouraging, application development is lagging, according to Ryan Babush from Google. During the conference, Google Quantum AI alongside partners unveiled the finalists for the XPRIZE competition, aiming to accelerate application development.

The research by the seven finalists spans simulations of biomolecules crucial for human health, algorithms enhancing classical simulations for clean energy materials, and calculations that could impact the diagnosis and treatment of complex health issues.

“A few years back, I was skeptical about running applications on quantum computers, but now my interest has significantly increased,” remarked John Preskill, a pivotal voice in quantum computing at Caltech, advocating for the near-term application of quantum systems in scientific discovery.

Over the past year, numerous quantum computers have been employed for calculations, including the physics of materials and high-energy particles, potentially rivaling or surpassing traditional computational methods.

While certain applications are deemed particularly suitable for quantum systems, challenges remain. For instance, Pranav Gokhale at Inflection, a company manufacturing quantum devices from cryogenic atoms, is implementing Scholl’s algorithm—a classic method capable of breaking many encryption systems used by banks today. However, this initial implementation still lacks the computational power necessary to effectively decrypt real-world encrypted information, illustrating that significant enhancements in both hardware and software are essential.

Dutch startup Quantware has proposed a solution to the industry’s major hardware challenge, asserting that increasing quantum computer size can enhance computational capacity while maintaining reliability. Their quantum processor unit design aims to utilize 10,000 qubits, roughly 100 times the capacity of most current superconducting quantum computers. According to Matt Reilersdam, QuantWare anticipates having its first device operational within two and a half years. Other firms, such as IBM and Quantinuum, are working toward similar large-scale quantum systems, while QuEra aims to fabricate 10,000 qubits from ultra-cold atoms within a year, intensifying the competitive landscape.

Moreover, the quantum computing industry is projected to expand significantly, with global investments expected to rise from $1.07 billion in 2024 to approximately $2.2 billion by 2027, as noted in a Quantum Computing Industry Survey by Hyperion Research.

“More individuals than ever can now access quantum computers, and I believe they will accomplish things we can scarcely imagine,” said Jamie Garcia from IBM.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Box, Run, Crash: Chinese Humanoid Robot Games Highlight Advances and Challenges

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A swift left hook, a front kick to the chest, a series of cross jabs, and the crowd erupts in cheers. However, it isn’t traditional kickboxing skills that determine the outcome of the match; instead, an attempted roundhouse kick goes awry, leading to the kickboxer from a prestigious university team tumbling to the floor.

While conventional kickboxing involves risks like bloodshed, sweat, and severe head injuries, competitors in Friday’s match at Beijing’s inaugural world humanoid robot game encountered a unique set of challenges, including balance, battery life, and a deeper philosophical purpose.

The compact humanoid robot named Kickboxer, entered by a team from a leading Chinese University of Technology, is part of the Jamboree—a humanoid event showcased at China’s latest tech gatherings. This government-backed competition kicked off after an audience of 12,000 national speed skaters, training for the 2022 Winter Olympics, performed to the Chinese national anthem on Friday morning.

“I came here out of curiosity,” remarked Hong Yun, a 58-year-old retired engineer seated in the front row. He mentioned that watching a robot compete was “far more thrilling than seeing real humans doing the same.”

The robot is set to compete in five soccer matches on the event’s first day in Beijing. Photo: Tingshu Wang/Reuters

The event showcases China’s proficiency in humanoid robotics, a sector prominently featured within the country’s artificial intelligence landscape. The promotional efforts are in full swing.

Similar to kickboxing, humanoids engaged in various sports, including athletics, soccer, and dance. One robot stumbled during a 1500-meter event, losing its head mid-course. “Maintaining [the head] was our goal,” shared Wang Ziyi, a 19-year-old student from Beijing Union University who was part of the robotics team.

A troupe of humanoid dance robots took to the stage during the 2025 Spring Festival Gala, a televised celebration that captivated nearly 1.7 billion viewers online.

One robot got derailed midway through a 1500m event as its head detached. Photo: Kevin Frayer/Getty Images

These social media-friendly activities reflect more serious geopolitical dynamics, highlighting the intensifying technological rivalry between the US and China, which may reshape the AI landscape.

This technology has become a pivotal factor in relations between the two nations. Despite the US’s continued lead in frontier research, Beijing is heavily investing in practical applications like robotics, partly driven by restrictions on Washington’s advanced chip exports to China.

Several cities, including Beijing and Shanghai, have created 100 billion yuan (around 1 billion pounds) funds for the robotics industry. In January, state-owned banks revealed plans to offer 1 trillion yuan in financial support for the AI sector over the next five years.

“If there’s a sector where [Beijing] has heavily invested, it’s this one,” noted Kyle Chan, a researcher at Princeton University.

The robot is seen being transported after a kickboxing match during the competition’s opening day. Photo: China News Service/Getty Images

There’s something inherently unsettling about witnessing a jerky, human-like robot with two arms and legs, being dragged out of the ring by a human operator.

In the realm of humanoids, the Chinese industry possesses many strengths. While US firms like Tesla and Boston Dynamics remain dominant overall, several Chinese companies—including Ubtech and Unitree Robotics, who provided the boxing robots for Friday’s match—are swiftly catching up.

Tesla relies on China for numerous components needed to produce its physical humanoids. According to investment bank Morgan Stanley, the China-based supply chain is projected to manufacture robots using a third of its non-Chinese suppliers. “It appears remarkably challenging to disentangle this area from China completely,” Sheng Zhong, head of Chinese Industrial Research at the bank, noted in a recent report.

The robot, developed by the Chinese firm Unitree Robotics, is seen playing traditional drums. Photo: Tingshu Wang/Reuters

Beyond just generating positive attention on social media, China envisions humanoids as potential solutions to challenges posed by its aging population and shrinking workforce. A recent article from the People’s Daily, the mouthpiece of the Chinese Communist Party, suggested that robots could provide both practical and emotional support to the elderly. “The vision for robot-assisted elderly care is not far off,” it asserted. Humanoid robots could also replace factory workers as China seeks to retrain its workforce for more advanced technological roles.

However, there remains a significant gap between humanoids that can stumble through a sports match and those capable of managing everyday tasks. Ensuring safe interactions with vulnerable populations represents another considerable challenge. “The home is likely one of the last environments where humanoid robots will be welcomed for safety reasons,” Chan stated. “Overall, I maintain a somewhat skeptical view regarding the humanoid explosion.”

A technician works on humanoid robots in the vicinity of the game. Photo: Kevin Frayer/Getty Images

Two significant obstacles to deploying technology that is useful beyond PR stunts are the complexity of human environments and the dexterity required to navigate them.

While other forms of AI, like large language models, can be trained using vast amounts of digital data, there are far fewer datasets available to train algorithms for walking through crowded restaurants or maneuvering stairs. China’s initiatives to integrate robots into everyday settings might assist businesses in gathering more data, yet that remains a major bottleneck, according to Chang.

Dr. Jonathan Aitken, a robotics lecturer at the University of Sheffield, echoed this sentiment. “The current AI state is not yet prepared for humanoids operating in uncontrolled environments,” he asserted.

While impressive displays, such as a robot jumping or kicking, showcase remarkable capabilities, executing mundane tasks—like using a knife or folding laundry—demands a level of finesse. Human hands possess approximately 27 “degrees of freedom,” enabling independent movements. In contrast, one of the most advanced models available, Tesla’s Optimus Humanoid, has only 22.

Nevertheless, China has defied the odds before with rapid advancements. Just a decade ago, the nation exported fewer than 375,000 cars annually. Today, China stands as the world’s largest automotive supplier, shipping nearly 6 million vehicles each year. In response, the European Union has raised tariffs on electric vehicles produced in China to curb this trend.

In China, both the government and the populace are firmly behind the push for humanoids. Zhan Guangtao attended the Humanoid Games alongside her two daughters on Friday. “It’s essential to expose my kids to advanced robotics from around the world,” Zhan remarked. “Such exposure broadens their perspectives.”

Additional research by Lilian Yang

Source: www.theguardian.com

As Technology Advances, Early Humans Developed Enhanced Teaching Skills.

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As technology evolves, humans enhance their ability to teach skills to others

English Heritage/Heritage Images/Getty Images

Research into human evolution spanning 3 million years illustrates that advancements in communication and technology have occurred simultaneously. As early humans developed more sophisticated stone tools and various techniques, they also refined their abilities to communicate and educate the next generation on these new skills.

“There exists a scenario for the evolution of modes of cultural transmission throughout human history,” states Francesco Dalico, from the University of Bordeaux, France. “It seems there’s a co-evolution between the complexity of cultural traits and the complexity of their transmission methods.”

A defining characteristic of humanity is the progression toward more complex tools and behaviors. For instance, ancient humans crafted sharp stones for cutting or stabbing and affixed them to wooden shafts to create spears.

Crucially, the ability to instruct others in these skills is vital. For more intricate tasks like playing the violin or coding, extensive education and practice are typically necessary. However, in prehistoric times, the capacity for effective communication was limited, particularly before intricate languages emerged.

Furthermore, Ivan Colagè from the Pope University of the Holy Cross in Rome, along with D’Errico, investigated how the transmission of cultural information has evolved over the last 3.3 million years, aligning with changes in behavior and technology. They examined 103 cultural traits, such as specific types of stone tools, decorative items like beads, and burial customs. They documented the initial appearances of each trait in the archaeological record, indicating common practices.

The researchers assessed the complexity involved in learning each trait. Some simple tools, like stone hammers, require minimal instruction. “They don’t need much explanation,” D’Errico notes. In contrast, demonstrating the creation of more advanced tools is necessary, and the most intricate behaviors, such as deeply symbolic burials, demand explicit verbal explanations.

To analyze this, D’Errico and Colagè outlined three dimensions of learning: First, spatial proximity—can tasks be learned from a distance, or does one need to be physically present? Second, temporality—does one brief lesson suffice, or are multiple sessions necessary, perhaps emphasizing various steps? Third, the social aspect—who learns from whom?

They evaluated these traits and consulted a panel of 24 experts for assessment, whose consensus reinforced their findings. “I believe the conclusion is quite robust,” says D’Errico.

Recent studies indicate two significant shifts in cultural communication. The first occurred around 600,000 years ago when early humans began teaching one another, likely without relying on spoken language; gestures may have sufficed. This predates the emergence of our species, Homo sapiens, and aligns with the onset of hafting.

The second shift happened between 200,000 and 100,000 years ago, coinciding with the development of modern languages, which became essential for performing complex tasks like burials. “These actions involve many detailed steps, requiring explanation,” D’Errico explains.

“The relationship between cultural communication and cultural complexity is strong,” asserts Ceri Shipton from University College London. He emphasizes that while the timeline for language development remains uncertain, this new estimate provides a “reasonable timeframe.”

topics:

  • Human evolution/
  • Ancient humans

Source: www.newscientist.com

Despite Advances in Technology, AI Hallucinations Are Intensifying

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Last month, AI bots managing technical support for cursors, emerging tools for computer programmers, informed numerous customers about alterations to the company’s policy. They stated that using cursors on a different computer was no longer permitted.

In a frustrated post on the Internet Message Board, a customer expressed their discontent. Some users even canceled their cursor accounts, and others were irate upon discovering the misunderstanding. AIBOT had mentioned a non-existent policy change.

“Such a policy does not exist. Users can indeed utilize their cursor across multiple devices.” I posted on Reddit. “Regrettably, this is an inaccurate response from the AI support bot.”

Two years post the launch of CHATGPT, tech companies, office workers, and everyday users have increasingly turned to AI bots for a diverse array of tasks. Yet, there remains no reliable mechanism to guarantee the accuracy of the information these systems provide.

The latest advanced technologies—so-called inference systems from firms like OpenAI, Google, and the Chinese startup Deepseek—are producing fewer errors. The connection to factuality has sharpened as the mathematical capabilities have enhanced. The exact reason for this improvement remains somewhat unclear.

Contemporary AI bots are built upon intricate mathematical structures that learn by analyzing vast amounts of digital data. They lack the ability to discern truth from falsehood. Sometimes, they fabricate information, leading some AI researchers to describe it as ‘hallucination.’ In one assessment, the hallucination rate for the new AI system reached 79%.

These models utilize mathematical probabilities to deduce the most appropriate response instead of adhering strictly to guidelines established by human engineers. Thus, errors are inevitable. “Despite our efforts, hallucination will always persist,” said Amr Awadallah, CEO of Vectara, a startup developing AI tools for enterprises and a former Google executive. “It’s unavoidable.”

For years, this issue has raised doubts concerning the reliability of these systems. While they can be beneficial in specific contexts, such as drafting term papers, summarizing office documents, or coding, their inaccuracies pose significant challenges.

AI bots integrated with search engines like Google or Bing can generate laughable and erroneous search results. If you inquire about a popular marathon on the West Coast, they might point you to a race in Philadelphia. When asked for household statistics in Illinois, they could cite a source that doesn’t contain that information.

While these hallucinations may not significantly affect many users, they present serious concerns for those relying on technology for legal documents, medical data, or sensitive business information.

“We invest substantial time discerning which responses are factual and which are not,” remarked Pratik Verma, co-founder and CEO of Okaff, a firm assisting businesses in navigating hallucination issues. “If these inaccuracies are not adequately addressed, the value of an AI system diminishes. The goal is to automate tasks.”

Cursor and Truell did not respond to requests for comments.

Over the past two years, firms such as OpenAI and Google have consistently enhanced their AI systems and decreased the frequency of these errors. However, the latest inference systems are showing an uptick in mistakes. According to internal evaluations, OpenAI’s newest systems hallucinate more often than their predecessors.

The company determined that O3 (its most advanced system) exhibited a 33% hallucination rate during the PersonQA benchmark tests, which involve answering questions about public figures—over twice the hallucination rate of their previous inference system named O1. The newly released O4-MINI showed an even steeper hallucination rate of 48%.

Another evaluation, SimpleQA, which poses more generalized questions, revealed hallucination rates of 51% and 79% for O3 and O4-MINI, respectively, while the earlier system, O1, came in at 44%.

In a paper outlining the tests, OpenAI noted that further research is required to understand these results. Given that AI systems learn from more data than a human can process, it is challenging for technicians to discern their behavior.

“Hallucination is not inherently common in reasoning models, but we are actively striving to decrease the percentage of hallucinations observed in O3 and O4-MINI,” Gaby Raila commented. “We will continue our exploration of hallucinations across all models to enhance accuracy and reliability.”

Hannane Hajisiltzi, a professor at the University of Washington and a researcher at the Allen Institute of Artificial Intelligence, is part of a team that recently developed methods to monitor the behavior of these systems. Trained individual data allows for some tracking. Nevertheless, this tool cannot clarify everything because the systems learn from a vast dataset capable of generating almost any output. “We still do not fully understand how these models operate,” she remarked.

Tests by independent organizations and researchers reveal that inference models from companies including Google and Deepseek are also showing rising hallucination rates.

Since late 2023, Vectara, Awadallah’s company, has been monitoring how frequently chatbots deviate from the truth. They assign these systems simple, verifiable tasks, such as summarizing particular news articles, yet chatbots continually fabricate information.

Initial surveys by Vectara estimated that, in this context, chatbots presented incorrect information at least 3% of the time and sometimes as high as 27%.

Over the next eighteen months, companies like OpenAI and Google reduced these figures to a range of 1% to 2%. Startups in San Francisco, such as Humanity, floated around 4%. Nevertheless, hallucination rates for this assessment have been rising alongside the advancement of inference systems. Deepseek’s reasoning model, R1, hallucinated 14.3% of the time, while OpenAI’s O3 reached 6.8%.

(The New York Times has filed a lawsuit against OpenAI and its partner Microsoft, claiming copyright infringement over news content related to AI systems. Both OpenAI and Microsoft have denied these allegations.)

For years, companies like OpenAI operated under the simplistic assumption that feeding more internet data into AI systems would enhance performance. However, they eventually exhausted nearly all online English text and required alternative methods to improve their chatbots.

Consequently, these companies are increasingly adopting what scientists refer to as reinforcement learning. In this approach, the system learns through trial and error, proving effective in specific domains like mathematics and computer programming, but lacking in others.

“The training approach for these systems tends to focus on one task while neglecting others,” commented Laura Perez-Bertracini, a researcher at the University of Edinburgh, who is part of a team investigating hallucination issues in depth.

Another drawback is that inference models are crafted to spend time “thinking” through complex problems before reaching answers. Consequently, as they solve problems step by step, they risk hallucination at each stage. Errors can compound as they linger over them.

The latest bots transparently reveal each step to users, meaning users can witness each mistake made. Researchers often assert that the steps indicated by bots are unrelated to the final answer.

“The system’s perception of ‘thinking’ does not necessarily equate to actual cognitive processing,” remarked Aryo Pradipta Gema, an AI researcher and fellow at the University of Edinburgh.

Source: www.nytimes.com

Argentina’s lithium industry accelerates to fulfill electric vehicle demand, reshaping competitive dynamics

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IIn the vast white desert of Salinas Grandes, 45-year-old Antonio Carpanchay raises an axe and chips away at the earth. He has worked the land since he was 12, splitting and collecting salt, replenishing it for the next season and teaching his children to do the same.

“Our whole indigenous community works here, even the elders,” he says, shielding his sunburned face from the sun. “We’ve always done it. It’s our livelihood.”

As his son watches warily, Karpanchai points north, to a pile of black stones and mud that stands out from the stark whiteness of the plains. “They started mining for lithium in 2010,” he says. “We made them stop because they were destroying the environment and affecting the water quality. But now they’re coming back, and I’m scared. We could lose everything we have.”

Antonio Carpanchay and his son mine and sell salt in Salinas Grandes, Argentina.

The Salinas Grandes are the largest salt flats in Argentina, stretching over 200 miles and containing a biodiverse ecosystem. Sitting in the Lithium Triangle The same goes for parts of Chile and Bolivia.

Lithium is a silvery metal known as platinum and is a vital element in batteries for mobile phones and electric cars. By 2040, global demand is predicted to increase more than 40-fold. But that exploitation has also raised moral debates, pitting the transition to green energy against the rights of local and indigenous peoples.

The sign reads “No to Lithium.”

Thirty-three indigenous communities in the Atacama and Cola regions, fearful of losing or polluting their water resources and being forced off their lands, have banded together for 14 years to try to halt the mining operations. “Please respect our territory” and “No to lithium” are scrawled on dozens of road signs, abandoned buildings, and murals.

But now, with more than 30 global mining conglomerates moving into the region at the instigation of “anarcho-capitalist” President Javier Milley, the battle lines are being redrawn. Offers of jobs and investment are increasingly dividing communities, with some already reneging on agreements and more expected to follow.

“Businesses are moving in,” Karpanchai said. “I worry about my grandchildren’s future.”

TThe biggest concern for indigenous peoples is water. Approximately 2 million liters of evaporation is required per tonne of lithium. This threatens to dry up the region’s wetlands and already dry rivers and lakes. Industrial-scale pumping also threatens to contaminate fresh groundwater, endangering livestock and small-scale agriculture. The impacts will likely reach farther than the immediate source of the water: as locals say, “water knows no borders.”

Clemente Flores, a 59-year-old community leader, says water is the most important part of Pachamama, which means “Mother Earth.” “Water nourishes the air, the soil, the pastures for the animals and the food we eat,” he argues.

“If we used all the water for mining, the salt flats would dry up. We need water to grow salt. Without salt, there are no jobs,” said Karpanchai, who relies on the freshwater resources to raise llamas and sheep. “Chemicals from mining could pollute the water and pastures. We could lose everything.”

Flavia Lamas, 30, a tour guide on the salt flats, remembers when lithium companies began exploring around 2010. “They said mining lithium would not affect Mother Earth, but then water became a problem. Water was running off the salt flats and after just one month our land started to degrade,” she says.

Flavia Lamas, who guides tourists through the Salinas Grandes salt flats, compares the mining companies to the Spanish colonial army of the 1500s.

According to Pia Marchegiani, director of environmental policy at the NGO: Environment and Natural Resources Foundation (Fern) Environmental assessments leave gaps in understanding the full impact of large-scale development. “This region is a watershed. Water comes from everywhere, but nobody is looking at the whole picture,” Marchegiani says. “You have Australians, Americans, Europeans, Chinese, Koreans, but nobody is adding up their water use.”

Wildlife within the ecosystem may also be affected. A 2022 study found that flamingosLithium mining in Chile is slowly killing off coral reefs that feed on microorganisms in seawater.

Communities also fear their land will disappear. Indigenous people consider the land sacred and ancestral, and have lived on it for centuries, but they worry they will be forcibly removed. “We can’t sacrifice our community land. Do you think that’s going to save the planet? Instead, we’re destroying Mother Earth herself,” Flores says.

A painting welcoming visitors to the village of El Moreno features an anti-lithium message.

youUntil recently, the 33 communities fought together as one, but over the past year, cracks have appeared as mining companies have offered economic incentives. “Companies are approaching,” Karpanchai said. “They approach us alone, they come in disguise. People are feeling the pressure.”

Lamas says mining companies are descending on the region like conquistadors in the 1500s. “The Spanish brought mirrors as gifts. Now the miners come by truck,” she says. “We’ve been offered gifts, trucks, and houses in the city, but we don’t want to live there.”

Marchegiani accuses the companies of deploying “divide and conquer” tactics. Alicia Chalabet, an indigenous lawyer from Salinas Grandes, says the community is under “constant pressure” to agree to the demands. “We’re flooded with lithium companies here. It’s increased a lot in the last five years,” said Chalabet, who is currently handling 20 cases. “The community is just an obstacle.”

The community of Lipan was the first to agree to let mining company Rishon Energy explore the waters beneath the saltwater in exchange for promises of jobs and essential services, but some residents say the decision was controversial, and some community members claim not all residents were allowed to vote.

A facility set up by Rishon Energy to explore lithium potential near the village of Lipan. The company claims to employ staff from the local area and invest in their training.

Rishon denies that its decision to mine in Lipan was controversial and says it complied with all regulations that require it to seek local community support in lithium exploration. The company has previously told reporters that it has invested in 15 secondary school and 15 university scholarships, provided computers to local schools, and hired 12 workers from Lipan.

Anastasia Castillo, 38, grew up in Lipan and now lives in a nearby commune. She says neither she nor her parents, who remain in the village, agreed. “I’m very sad. My children’s future is ruined. We have 100 cows and 80 llamas in the area, which is my main job. I’m afraid they’ll die,” Castillo said. “Now we’re separated.”

Anastasia Castillo believes that

Source: www.theguardian.com

Ancient Canoe Uncovers Early Advances in Navigation Technology

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More than 7,000 years ago, Neolithic people used technologically sophisticated boats to navigate the Mediterranean Sea, according to a new study.

The 7,300-year-old canoe Marmotta 1 is on display at the Museum of Civilization in Rome. It is a huge dugout canoe made from an oak trunk, approximately 10.43 meters long, 1.15 meters wide at the stern, and 0.85 meters wide at the bow. Depending on the part of the canoe, the height is 65 to 44 cm. Image credit: Gibaja other., doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299765.

Many of Europe's most important civilizations were born along the Mediterranean coast.

The Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, and Carthaginians took advantage of the virtually enclosed sea to move quickly between islands along the coast.

At various times in history, the Mediterranean Sea has been a space of travel and a means of communication.

However, one of the major migration phenomena in history occurred during the Neolithic period, when rural societies began to spread around Europe and North Africa.

The beginning of the Neolithic period is recorded in the Near East around 10,000 BC, but communities from that region gradually occupied the entire Mediterranean Sea around 7500-7000 BC, reaching the coast of Portugal around 5400 BC.

In a new study, Dr. Juan Guibaja and colleagues from Spain's National Research Council dug out a tree from La Marmotta, a Neolithic lakeside village near Rome, Italy, between 5700 and 5100 BC. Five dugout canoes that were built were investigated.

Analysis revealed that the canoe was constructed from four types of wood, which is unusual for similar sites, and incorporated advanced construction techniques such as lateral reinforcement.

Three T-shaped wooden objects are also associated with one canoe, each with a series of holes that may have been used to secure ropes tied to sails or other nautical elements. there is.

These features, together with previous reconstruction experiments, indicate that these are seaworthy vessels, a conclusion supported by the presence of stone tools associated with nearby islands.

“These canoes are exceptional examples of prehistoric vessels, and their construction required a well-organized and specialized workforce, as well as a detailed understanding of structural design and wood properties,” the researchers said. said.

“The similarities between these canoes and modern navigation technology support the idea that many major advances in sailing took place during the early Neolithic period.”

“Direct dating of a Neolithic canoe discovered at La Marmotta reveals it to be the oldest in the Mediterranean and provides valuable insight into Neolithic navigation,” the study said. they added.

“Our research reveals the remarkable technological sophistication of early agricultural and pastoral communities, highlighting their woodworking skills and complex shipbuilding.”

of study Published in an online journal PLoS ONE.

_____

JF Gibaha other. 2024. The first Neolithic ship in the Mediterranean: the settlement of La Marmotta (Anguillara Sabazia, Lazio, Italy). PLoS ONE 19 (3): e0299765; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299765

Source: www.sci.news

AI deepfake technology advances as billions get ready to vote in a packed election year | 2024 US Elections

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“How awful!”

Gail Huntley picked up the phone and immediately recognized Joe Biden's raspy voice. Huntley, a 73-year-old New Hampshire resident, had planned to vote for the president in the state's upcoming primary and was perplexed when she received a prerecorded message urging her not to vote.

“It's important to save your vote for the November election,” the message said. “Only this Tuesday's vote will allow the Republican Party to seek re-election of Donald Trump.”

Huntley quickly realized the call was fake, but thought Biden's words had been taken out of context. She was shocked when it was revealed that the recording was generated by AI. Within weeks, the United States outlawed robocalls that use AI-generated voices.

The Biden deepfake was the first major test for governments, tech companies, and civil society groups. Governments, technology companies and civil society organizations are grappling with how best to police an information ecosystem where anyone can create photorealistic images of candidates or replicate their voices. It is embroiled in a heated debate. Terrifying accuracy.

As citizens of dozens of countries, including the US, India and possibly the UK, go to the polls in 2024, experts say democratic processes are at serious risk of being disrupted by artificial intelligence. .

AI fakes are already being used in elections Slovakia,Taiwan, Indonesiaand they are thrown into an environment where trust in politicians, institutions and media is already low.

Watchdog groups have warned that more than 40,000 people have been laid off at the tech companies that host and manage much of this content, and that digital media is uniquely vulnerable to abuse.

Mission Impossible?

For Biden, concerns about the potentially dangerous uses of AI spiked after watching the latest Mission: Impossible movie. Over the weekend at Camp David, the president relaxed in front of a movie in which Tom Cruise's Ethan Hunt takes on a rogue AI.

After watching the film, White House Deputy Chief of Staff Bruce Reid said that if Biden wasn't already concerned about what could go wrong with AI, “he has much more to worry about.” It turns out there are a lot of them.”

Since then, Biden has signed an executive order requiring major AI developers to share safety test results and other information with the government.

And the United States is not alone in taking action. The EU is about to pass one of the most comprehensive laws to regulate AI, but it won't come into force until 2026. Proposed regulations in the UK have been criticized for moving too slowly.

But because the United States is home to many of the most innovative technology companies, the White House's actions will have a major impact on how the most disruptive AI products are developed.

Katie Harvath, who spent a decade helping shape policy at Facebook and now works on trust and safety issues at tech companies, says the U.S. government isn't doing enough. Concerns about stifling innovation could play into this, especially as China moves to develop its own AI industry, she says.

Harvath discusses how information systems have evolved from the “golden age” of social media growth, to the Great Reckoning after the Brexit and Trump votes, and the subsequent efforts to stay ahead of disinformation. I watched what happened from my ringside seat.

Her mantra for 2024 is “panic responsibly.”

In the short term, she says, the regulators and polices for AI-generated content will be the very companies developing the tools to create it.

“I don't know if companies are ready,” Harvath said. “There are also new platforms whose first real test will be this election season.”

Last week, major tech companies signed an agreement to voluntarily adopt “reasonable precautions” to prevent AI from being used to disrupt democratic elections around the world, and to coordinate efforts. We took a big step.

Signatories include OpenAI, the creator of ChatGPT, as well as Google, Adobe, and Microsoft, all of which have launched tools to generate AI-authored content. Many companies have also updated their own rules to prohibit the use of their products in political campaigns.. Enforcing these bans is another matter.

OpenAI, which uses its powerful Dall-E software to create photorealistic images, said its tool rejects requests to generate images of real people, including candidates.

Midjourney, whose AI image generation is considered by many to be the most powerful and accurate, says users should not use the product to “attempt to influence the outcome of a political campaign or election.” Says.

Midjourney CEO David Holtz said the company is close to banning political images, including photos of leading presidential candidates. It appears that some changes are already in effect. When the Guardian asked Midjourney to produce an image of Joe Biden and Donald Trump in a boxing ring, the request was denied, saying it violated the company's community standards. A flag was raised.

But when I entered the same prompt, replacing Biden and Trump with British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak and opposition leader Keir Starmer, the software produced a series of images without a problem.

This example is at the center of concerns among many policymakers about how effectively tech companies are regulating AI-generated content outside the hothouse of the U.S. presidential election.

“Multi-million euro weapons of mass operation”

Despite OpenAI's ban on using its tools in political campaigns, its products were used to create campaign art, track social media sentiment, build interactive chatbots, and engage voters in Indonesia's elections this month. Reuters reported that it was widely used as a target.

Harvath said it's an open question how startups like OpenAI can aggressively enforce their policies outside the United States.

“Each country is a little different, with different laws and cultural norms. When you run a US-focused company, you realize that things work differently in the US than they do in other parts of the world. can be difficult.”

Last year's national elections in Slovakia pitted pro-Russian candidates against those advocating stronger ties with the EU. Ballot papers include support for Ukraine's war effort, and EU officials say the vote could be at risk of interference by Russia and its “multi-million euro weapons of mass manipulation” emphasized by those.

As the election approached and a national media blackout began, an audio recording of pro-EU candidate Michal Šimeka was posted on Facebook.

In the recording, Simechka appears to discuss ways to rig elections by buying votes from marginalized communities. The audio was fake, and AFP news agency reported that it appeared to have been manipulated using AI.

However, media outlets and politicians are required to remain silent under election concealment laws, making it nearly impossible to uncover errors in the recording.

The doctored audio appears to have fallen through a loophole in how Facebook owner Meta Inc. polices AI-generated material on its platform.below it community standardsprohibits posting content that has been manipulated in a way that “the average person wouldn't understand,” or that has been edited to make someone say something they didn't say. However, this only applies to videos.

Pro-Russian candidate Robert Fico won the election and became prime minister.

When will we know that the future is here?

Despite the dangers, there are some signs that voters are better prepared for what's to come than officials think.

“Voters are smarter than we think,” Harvath said. “They may be overwhelmed, but they understand what's going on in the information environment.”

For many experts, the main concern is not the technologies we are already working on, but the innovations that are on the other side of the horizon.

Writing in MIT's Technology Review, academics said the public debate about how AI threatens democracy is “lacking imagination.” The real danger, they say, is not what we already fear, but what we cannot yet imagine.

“What rocks are we not examining?” Halvath asks. “New technologies emerge, new bad guys emerge. There are constant high and low tides, and we have to get used to living with them.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

Paleontologists Say Early Dinosaurs Thrived and Survived Due to Advances in Motor Skills

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Early dinosaurs were faster and more dynamic than their competitors, according to a study led by University of Bristol researcher Amy Shipley.

By adopting more diverse limb morphologies and styles, dinosaurs may have been able to occupy more terrestrial habitats and greatly diversify extinction events. Image credit: Sergey Krasovskiy.

In their study, Shipley and colleagues compared the limb proportions of a wide range of Triassic reptiles. The Triassic period is the period from 252 million years ago, when dinosaurs first appeared and became famous, to 201 million years ago.

They determined which of these ancient beasts were quadrupedal (quadrupedal) or bipedal (bipedal), and also examined the cursority index, a measure of running ability.

Researchers found that not only were dinosaurs and their relatives bipedal from the beginning, meaning they had limbs adapted for running, but they also We found that it showed a much wider range of running styles. pseudostia.

Pseudonesians also included the ancestors of modern crocodiles. Although there were some small bipedal animals that ate insects, most were medium to large carnivores or herbivores, and they were diverse throughout the Triassic.

The authors believe that dinosaurs and their relatives bird metatarsal maintained a higher range of motor modes throughout this period.

“When the crisis hit 233 million years ago, the dinosaurs won,” Shipley said.

“At that time, the climate changed from wet to dry and there was severe pressure on food.”

“For some reason, dinosaurs, which had been living in small numbers for 20 million years, appeared, but no pseudo-dinosaurs appeared.”

“Like many reptiles and birds today, early dinosaurs may have been good at conserving water.”

“However, our evidence shows that their high adaptability during walking and running played an important role.”

“After the mass extinction at the end of the Triassic period, dinosaurs expanded again,” added Professor Mike Benton from the University of Bristol.

“With the exception of the crocodile ancestors, most of the pseudodinosaurs went extinct in mass extinctions, and we found that these surviving dinosaurs once again expanded their range and took over many of the niches that had been vacated.”

“When we looked at the rate of evolution, we found that dinosaurs were not actually evolving particularly rapidly,” said co-author Dr Armin Elsler, a researcher at the University of Bristol.

“This was a surprise because we expected to see rapid evolution in ornithopods and slower evolution in pseudopods.”

“What this means is that while dinosaur locomotion style was advantageous for dinosaurs, it was not the driving force behind intense evolutionary selection.”

“In other words, when the crisis happened, they were in a better position to take advantage of the opportunities after the crisis.”

“We always think of dinosaurs as large, mobile animals,” says co-author Dr Tom Stubbs, also from the University of Bristol.

“This reminds us that dinosaurs actually started out as nifty little insect-eaters.”

“The first dinosaurs were only a meter long and walked bipedally with their legs raised high. Their leg posture meant they could move quickly and capture prey while fleeing from larger predators. I meant it.”

“And of course, dinosaurs' postural diversity and focus on fast running mean that dinosaurs could diversify given the opportunity,” said co-author Suresh Singh, also from the University of Bristol. the doctor said.

“After the mass extinction at the end of the Triassic period, truly gigantic dinosaurs emerged, over 10 meters long, some with armor, many quadrupedal, but many still bipedal, like their ancestors. Walking.”

“Their diversity of posture and gait means they are highly adaptable, and this ensured their great success for a long time on Earth.”

of study It was published in the magazine Royal Society Open Science.

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Amy E. Shipley other. 2024. Archosauromorph migration and early Mesozoic success. R. Soc. Open Science 11(2):231495; doi: 10.1098/rsos.231495

Source: www.sci.news

Scientists Find Worsening Ice Melt in Greenland as Research Advances

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According to a new study, Greenland’s ice sheet has lost approximately 1,965 square miles to glacier retreat since 1985, which is about the same area as the state of Delaware. The study utilized satellite images to track the retreat and discovered that iceberg collapse is accelerating in Greenland, with previous analyses potentially underestimating its impact. The authors of the study noted that the current estimates of ice sheet mass balance may underestimate recent mass loss from Greenland by up to 20%. In recent decades, nearly all of Greenland’s glaciers have thinned or retreated.

The study, published in the journal Nature, is another indication that Greenland’s ice is melting at a rapid rate. There is growing concern among scientists that global warming could trigger a major ice sheet tipping point. If Greenland’s ice completely melts, sea levels could rise by almost 7 feet and change ocean circulation patterns. Additionally, the study suggests that the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change may be underestimating how much ice is being lost in Greenland.

Several studies published last year highlighted Greenland’s rapid changes, including one that found the rate of glacier retreat in the 21st century to be twice as fast as the 20th century. Another study showed that floating ice shelves in northern Greenland have lost over 35% of their total volume and are weakening, which could threaten ice sheet stability.

In November, a report by 60 leading snow and ice scientists raised concerns about the fate of the world’s ice sheets, warning that if global average temperatures rise to about 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial baselines, the planet could see sea level rise of more than 40 feet in the coming centuries. The report also indicates that by 2 degrees Celsius, most of Greenland, most of West Antarctica, and vulnerable parts of East Antarctica will have a very long-term chance of warming, leading to relentless sea level rise and decline.

Source: www.nbcnews.com