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Study: Flavanol-Rich Foods Shield Men’s Vascular Health Against the Detrimental Effects of Prolonged Sitting

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Prolonged sitting can lead to a temporary decline in blood vessel function and blood pressure. Implementing specific eating strategies while in a sitting position may either alleviate or exacerbate these effects on vascular health. Recent research indicates that dietary cocoa flavanols, consumed prior to two hours of uninterrupted sitting, effectively counteract the deterioration in vascular function seen in young, healthy men. The beneficial effects of flavanols were consistent across individuals with varying levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, suggesting that even those with high fitness do not escape the decline in vascular function or blood pressure associated with sitting.

Consuming flavanol-rich foods during sedentary periods can be an effective method, used alone or alongside other strategies (such as reducing sedentary time), to mitigate the adverse effects of inactivity on the vascular system. Image credit: Daniele et al., doi: 10.1113/JP289038.

Sedentary behavior has become exceedingly common in contemporary society.

Over the past two decades, it has been reported that the time spent sitting among young Americans has escalated from an average of 5.5 to 6.5 hours per day (an increase of 18.2%).

Sitting encompasses not only professional or commuting scenarios but also leisure activities like watching television or playing video games.

Previous studies indicate that a 1% decrease in vascular function (measured via brachial flow-mediated dilatation, which reflects arterial elasticity) correlates to a 13% rise in the risk for cardiovascular diseases such as heart disease, stroke, and heart attack.

Researchers, including Catarina Rendeiro and her team at the University of Birmingham, sought to determine if diet—as specifically influenced by flavanol-rich foods—could mitigate the vascular risks associated with extended sitting.

Flavanols are polyphenolic compounds naturally found in certain fruits, teas, nuts, and cocoa beans.

Research has shown they provide cardiovascular benefits, notably in protecting vascular health during mental stress.

“We spend significant amounts of time seated, whether at a desk, driving, traveling, or relaxing on the couch,” Dr. Rendeiro notes.

“Even while inactive, our bodies can experience stress.”

“Identifying methods to alleviate the impacts of prolonged sitting on vascular function might significantly lower cardiovascular disease risk.”

To investigate this, researchers assessed whether ingesting flavanols shortly before two hours of sitting could preserve blood vessel function in the arms and legs.

A total of forty healthy young men (20 with high fitness and 20 with low fitness) were given either a high-flavanol (695 mg total flavanols per beverage) or low-flavanol cocoa beverage (5.6 mg total flavanols per beverage) before undergoing a two-hour sitting test.

This study focused solely on men due to potential fluctuations of estrogen during women’s menstrual cycles, which might impact how flavanols affect vascular health while sitting. Future trials will address this aspect.

The research team conducted various vascular measurements pre- and post-sitting, including (i) superficial femoral and brachial artery FMD, (ii) arterial resting shear rate and blood flow, (iii) systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and (iv) leg muscle oxygenation.

For both groups that consumed low-flavanol cocoa before sitting, there was a decrease in FMD in arm and leg arteries.

This indicates that even high fitness levels do not shield individuals from the effects of seated inactivity.

Both groups also exhibited a significant rise in diastolic blood pressure, reduced shear rate and blood flow in both arteries, and lower muscle oxygenation.

However, participants who consumed the high-flavanol cocoa drink retained their FMD levels in both the arm and leg arteries, demonstrating the protective effects of flavanols across various fitness levels.

This is the first instance where flavanols have been recognized for their ability to prevent vascular dysfunction linked to prolonged sitting in healthy young men.

Professor Sam Lucas remarked: “Our findings reveal that even those with high fitness levels are not immune to the temporary vascular impairments caused by sitting and consuming only low-flavanol cocoa.”

“Remarkably, after consuming the high-flavanol beverage, both fit and unfit participants maintained their FMD levels, unaffected by two hours of sitting.”

This study also uniquely demonstrated that pre-existing cardiorespiratory fitness levels do not influence how flavanol intake affects vascular function.

This means everyone, irrespective of fitness levels, can reap the rewards of flavanol consumption.

“Integrating flavanol-rich foods into your diet is quite simple,” asserts Alessio Daniele, a PhD candidate at the University of Birmingham.

“Cacao products that retain flavanol levels are readily found in supermarkets and health stores.”

“If cocoa isn’t your preference, consider incorporating apples, plums, berries, nuts, or black and green teas, which are common in kitchens.”

“Our findings suggest that consuming flavanol-rich foods and beverages during sedentary periods is an effective strategy to mitigate the impacts of inactivity on vascular health,” Dr. Rendeiro indicates.

“Given the upward trend in sedentary lifestyles and the associated risks to vascular health, integrating flavanol-rich foods and beverages with short breaks for walking or standing can promote long-term well-being, regardless of physical fitness levels.”

The study was published in October 2025 in the Journal of Physiology.

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Alessio Daniele et al.. Dietary flavanols maintain endothelial function in the upper and lower extremities during sitting in healthy men with high or low physical fitness. Journal of Physiology published online October 29, 2025. doi: 10.1113/JP289038

Source: www.sci.news

mRNA Drugs: A Shield Against Nearly All Viral Infections

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Illustration of a protein complex binding to DNA in the production of vital signaling molecules known as interferons.

Martin McCarthy/Getty Images

Weekly inhaler puffs, similar to those used for asthma, might safeguard you against viral infections that could make winters challenging.

This promising idea stems from encouraging animal studies involving mRNA therapies aimed at activating our natural viral defenses. “We can consider this a universal antiviral agent,” states Dusan Bogunovic from Columbia University in New York.

To fully realize this potential, the development of mRNA technology used in vaccines will be essential, but recent funding cuts in the US for mRNA vaccine initiatives pose a significant concern. “I would be surprised if this doesn’t impact such progress,” Bogunovic mentioned.

Beyond recognizing and neutralizing viruses with antibodies, our bodies have multiple inherent defenses. For instance, upon detecting a viral invasion, cells emit a critical signaling molecule called interferons. This activates around 1000 genes, resulting in the production of various antiviral proteins, each playing distinct protective roles. Some obstruct viral entry into cells and hinder the release of other viral particles.

While not all antiviral proteins are effective against every virus, their strategic combination can yield significant results. “Our innate immune system is remarkably robust,” Bogunovic observes.

Bogunovic points out that the rapid replication of respiratory viruses presents a challenge. However, if the body can proactively prepare these defenses, it could reduce viral replication and ensure that infections remain less severe, even before the immune system fully kicks in.

There were hopes of using interferon as a broad-spectrum antiviral, but the potential for severe side effects warranted caution. Thus, Bogunovic and his team are focusing instead on creating an antiviral agent composed of a select group of 1000 proteins induced by interferons.

They chose 10 specific proteins and introduced them into cells via mRNAs that encode these proteins. The mRNA delivery system allows for temporary protein production within targeted cells, which is critical as preformed proteins are often too large to enter cells in adequate amounts.

Experiments where human cells were infected with a range of viruses, including influenza and Zika, demonstrated that this mRNA cocktail effectively enhanced viral protection. This could provide the necessary head start in the body.

The team subsequently administered these mRNAs to the lungs of Golden Hamsters. The mRNA combination afforded strong protection against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes Covid-19, drastically reducing viral loads in comparison to untreated counterparts. “I thought, ‘This could actually be a universal antiviral,’” Bogunovic says.

Present antiviral medications are typically limited to specific viruses; hence, broad-spectrum treatments are immensely valuable. The breakthrough of antibiotics such as penicillin, which can eliminate a wide array of bacteria, has transformed medical practice.

Moreover, some combinations of proteins activated by interferons may work particularly well against specific viruses, Bogunovic mentions. This same methodology could also help in formulating specialized antiviral agents.

Effectively delivering mRNA to a significant number of vulnerable cells remains crucial. Further advancements are required, as targeting specific cell types with mRNA continues to be challenging.

“This scenario is certainly intriguing and could lead to significant developments, but we are still a distance from implementing practical and adaptable solutions,” states Aris Katzourakis from Oxford University. “This research emphasizes the vast potential of mRNA technology extending beyond vaccines. The current trend of mRNA vaccine funding in the US will likely and regrettably hinder progress in both domains.”

While antibiotic resistance remains a pressing issue, Bogunovic believes it is unlikely that viruses will develop resistance to this type of antiviral approach, given its combination of various interferon-triggered proteins that target multiple phases of the virus’s lifecycle. This combined strategy has already yielded successes in HIV treatments.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

New ‘Molecular Shield’ Offers Relief from Hay Fever Symptoms in the Nose

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Sneezing and coughing are prevalent symptoms of hay fever

Mohammad Hosein Safaei/Unsplash

Individuals suffering from hay fever may find relief with a novel “molecular shield” designed to stop pollen from penetrating the nasal lining, likely with fewer side effects than traditional treatments.

Hay fever is an allergic response triggered by pollen interacting with IgE antibodies found in the nose, mouth, and eyes, leading to inflammation and symptoms like sneezing and itching. Common treatments, such as antihistamines and steroids, help reduce inflammation but often come with side effects, including drowsiness.

Seeking alternatives, Kaissar Tabynov from Kazakh National University of Agricultural Research and his team first collected blood samples from mice. They then isolated antibodies that did not participate in the allergic response but could bind to major mugwort pollen allergens, the primary trigger for hay fever. This binding action inhibited allergens from connecting with IgE antibodies in laboratory tests. “It acts as a molecular shield,” Tabynov explains.

To evaluate the shield’s effectiveness, the researchers induced mugwort pollen allergies in 10 mice by injecting them with allergens and chemicals to stimulate an immune response.

After a week, they administered small amounts of liquid containing the pollen-blocking antibodies into the noses of half the mice, gradually increasing the dosage over five days. The other group received saline solutions. An hour following each droplet, the mice were exposed to mugwort pollen at concentrations similar to those encountered during peak pollen seasons, according to Tabynov.

Following the final injection, the mice receiving the antibody treatment showed an average of 12 nose rubs over five minutes, in stark contrast to 92 in the saline group.

The researchers aimed to diminish inflammation and confirmed their success by imaging the nasal tissues collected from the mice at the study’s conclusion. This imaging revealed that the treatment not only had localized effects but also systemic ones. “Our research is the first to show that allergen-specific monoclonal antibodies can be administered intranasally to achieve both local and systemic protection against plant pollen allergies,” states Tabynov.

While the researchers did not assess potential side effects, they do not anticipate the adverse reactions associated with oral hay fever treatments, since the antibodies act at the site of allergen entry.

“This study represents a significant breakthrough and underscores the promise of intranasal therapies for allergic rhinitis. [hay fever] It lays the groundwork for early clinical trials exploring this method in humans,” remarks Sayantani Sindher from Stanford University in California.

Nonetheless, translating success in mice to human applications may prove challenging, and the antibodies will need to be modified to ensure they do not provoke an unexpected immune response in humans, Tabynov notes. If all goes well, the team hopes to advance this method to a nasal spray for human use within the next two to three years, he adds.

Such sprays could also address additional pollen types responsible for hay fever. “We envision a future where tailored antibody sprays can be made for individuals with sensitivities to different pollen varieties,” muses Tabynov.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Minor Incentives Can Shield the Grid from the Electric Vehicle Surge

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Challenging charging patterns: Why night charging eases grid pressure

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Offering small financial incentives encourages many electric vehicle owners to charge their cars during off-peak hours, despite the lesser impact of motivational nudges.

This finding emerged from a practical trial illustrating how minor financial rewards can alleviate grid demand during peak times. Such flexibility will become increasingly crucial as the number of electric vehicle users escalates globally.

“Incentivizing nighttime charging led to a 50% reduction in charging periods and a substantial increase in off-peak usage,” says Blake Sheaffer from the University of Calgary, Canada.

Sheaffer and his team engaged 200 electric vehicle owners in Calgary, dividing them randomly into three groups. One group received a financial incentive of 3.5 cents per kilowatt-hour (roughly $10 monthly). The second group was given informational nudges about the societal benefits of off-peak charging, while the third group served as a control, tracking standard charging behaviors without intervention.

Surprisingly, the nudging strategy proved “entirely ineffective,” according to Shaffer. “Simply encouraging them to act out of goodwill didn’t yield significant results.” However, he posits that more frequent reminders than the initial one might have improved outcomes.

In contrast, the financial incentives brought a marked change in charging timings but only while recipients were receiving the money; once the incentives ceased, many reverted to their previous habits.

“The study compellingly demonstrates how small financial rewards can influence electric vehicle charging behavior,” notes Kenneth Gillingham from Yale University. Such rewards might have felt like “easy money” since nighttime charging was largely convenient.

This is particularly significant, as “many energy grids require substantial upgrades,” warns Andrea La Nause from Deakin University in Australia. She points out that her study highlights how financial incentives can lead Australian electric vehicle owners to charge during the day when solar energy inflows peak.

Meanwhile, utility companies like Con Edison and Orange & Rockland in New York have already initiated similar incentive programs to promote off-peak charging.

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  • Action/
  • Electric Car

Source: www.newscientist.com

New Insights into Paleolithic Fishing Techniques Revealed by Ancient Carved Shield from 15,800 Years Ago

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Scientists from the Leibniz Center for Archaeology and Durham University conducted a study on a collection of 406 carved schist tablets discovered at the Magdalenian site in Gennersdorf, Germany. These ancient carvings depict fishing techniques and tools used by Paleolithic people, showcasing nets with interlaced diamond and square mesh. This provides valuable insight into the transformation of their culture.

Placket 341 from the Magdalenian ruins of Gennersdorf, Germany. Image credit: Robitaille others., doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0311302.

“Prehistoric fisheries introduced a variety of techniques and strategies for capturing fish. It can be summarized as active fishing, which requires active fishing, passive fishing with trapping methods, or a combination of both,” said Dr. Jérôme Robitaille of the Leibniz Center for Archaeology and colleagues.

“Some methods have been developed for individual fishing, such as fishing, while others have been improved to maximize yields using collective nets and traps.”

“The choice of a particular method was influenced not only by the fish species targeted, but also by the distinct habitats and topography in which particular aquatic resources thrive.”

“Evidence for fishing in the Upper Paleolithic (20,000 to 14,500 years ago) is not abundant, but there is direct and indirect evidence of several fishing methods, including barbed tips and harpoons, bows and arrows, traps, and fishing nets. exists sporadically.”

In their study, the authors analyzed carvings carved into 406 schist plaquettes from the Magdalena site in Gennersdorf, on the north bank of the Rhine River in central-western Germany.

These plaquettes feature a unique artistic style and iconographic theme depicting both terrestrial and aquatic animals and humans.

The new imaging technique allowed researchers to see intricate carvings on the fish, with grid patterns interpreted as depictions of fishing nets or traps.

This discovery suggests that fishing may have had symbolic meaning in the Upper Paleolithic.

These expand the known repertoire of Ice Age art and provide surprising insights into the symbolic and social practices of early hunter-gatherer societies.

“A comparative analysis including other sites from the same period, such as Altamira and Lascaux, highlights Gennersdorf’s contribution to the understanding of Paleolithic art and survival strategies,” the scientists concluded.

“Unlike famous locations known for their vivid depictions of fish, Gennersdorf’s abstract, minimalist style offers a fresh perspective on the sociocultural dynamics of the Magdalene community.”

“Net fishing, which originates from a wide range of economies, reveals the diversity, adaptability, and creativity of prehistoric communities, and their proficiency in utilizing a variety of fishing methods to sustainably exploit aquatic resources.”

“This research not only increases our understanding of the diverse survival strategies of Paleolithic societies, but also contributes to a broader discussion about the complexity and richness of their cultural practices.”

“By highlighting often overlooked aspects of fishing practices and the representation of those practices in art, our research adds to a more comprehensive and dynamic picture of Upper Paleolithic subsistence and contributes to the field. opens new avenues for future research in the field. “

“Clearly fishing plays a more important role in shaping social and cultural practices than hitherto recognized, as evidenced by population patterns around rich fishing grounds, and is therefore a subject worthy of further investigation.” It is.”

of study Published in an online journal PLoS ONE.

J. Robitaille others. 2024. Upper Paleolithic fishing techniques: Insights from carved plates from the Magdalenian site of Gennersdorf, Germany. PLoS ONE 19 (11): e0311302;doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0311302

Source: www.sci.news

Giant Shield Volcano Found on Mars by Planetary Scientists

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The newly discovered volcano, tentatively designated Noctis Mons, is located in the eastern part of Mars, just south of the equator. noctis labyrinthwest of Valles Marineris, the planet's vast canyon system.

Noctis Mons. Image credit: NASA / USGS / Lee other.

Mount Noctis reaches an altitude of 9,022 m (29,600 ft) and is 450 km (280 miles) wide.

Its enormous size and complex modification history indicate that it has been active for a very long time.

To its southeast are thin recent volcanic deposits, beneath which glaciers may still exist.

The combined potential of this giant volcanic and glacial ice discovery is an exciting prospect for studying Mars' geological evolution over time, searching for life, and exploring it in the future using robots and humans. important because it marks a new location.

“While investigating the geology of the area where glacier debris was discovered last year, we found ourselves inside a huge, deeply eroded volcano,” said the SETI Institute and Mars Planetary Scientists. Dr. Pascal Lee said. Laboratory based at NASA Ames Research Center.

Taken together, several clues reveal the volcanic nature of this eastern portion of the Noctis Labyrinth, a jumble of layered mesas and canyons.

The central summit area is characterized by several raised mesas forming an arc, reaching the highest regional heights and descending away from the summit area.

The outer, gentle slopes extend 225 km (140 miles) away in various directions.

The remains of a caldera, a collapsed volcanic crater that once contained a lava lake, can be seen near the center of the structure.

Lava flows, pyroclastic flow deposits (consisting of volcanic particulate material such as ash, cinders, pumice, and tephra), and hydrated mineral deposits occur in several areas around the structure.

“This region of Mars is known to contain a wide variety of hydrated minerals spanning Mars' long history,” says Saurabh Shubham, a graduate student at the University of Maryland.

“These minerals have long been suspected of being in a volcanic environment. So finding a volcano here may not be all that surprising.”

“In a way, this big volcano is the clincher that has been long awaited.”

Topographic map of Noctis Mons. Image credit: Lee other.

In addition to the volcano, the authors found 5,000 km2 (1930 square miles) of volcanic deposits surrounding the volcano, including numerous low, round, elongated, blister-like hills.

This blistered landform is formed by an area of ​​rootless cone, i.e., when a thin blanket of hot volcanic material comes to rest on a water- or ice-rich surface, caused by explosive steam ejection or steam expansion. It is interpreted as a generated hill.

Mount Noctis has a long and complex history of modification, likely through a combination of destruction, thermal erosion, and glacial erosion.

“In fact, it's the combination of factors that makes the Noctis volcanic site so exciting,” Dr. Lee said.

“This volcano is an ancient, long-lived volcano, and it's so deeply eroded that it's hard to hike, drive through, or fly to examine different parts of the volcano's interior, take samples, and date it. “We can study the evolution of Mars over time.”

“It also has a long history of heat interacting with water and ice, making it a prime location for astrobiology and the search for signs of life.”

“Finally, glaciers are likely still preserved near the surface in Mars' relatively warm equatorial regions, making this site a very attractive location for robotic and human exploration.”

The researchers announced that their discoveries Today is 55th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Located in The Woodlands, Texas, USA.

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Pascal Lee other. Massive eroded volcanic complex and buried glacial ice in the eastern Noctis Labyrinth: evidence of recent volcanic activity and glaciation near the Martian equator. LPSC 2024Abstract #2745

Source: www.sci.news

Shield AI secures $200 million funding with $2.7 billion valuation to advance military autonomous flight technology expansion

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Shield AI The company has secured $200 million in fresh funding to expand its autonomous flight systems for the U.S. military and its allies.

Established in 2015, the startup currently holds a valuation of $2.7 billion. The latest funding round was led by US Innovation Technology Fund (USIT) with significant participation from Riot Ventures, a previous investor in Shield AI. Other contributors include existing investors Disruptive and Snowpoint, as well as new investor ARK Invest, an investment management company founded by Cathie Wood.

USIT, guided by billionaire Thomas Tull, served as the sole investor in Shield AI’s initial $60 million Series E funding. This substantial Series F round is a testament to the company’s successful track record of fundraising – the Series E raised a total of $225 million, and its Series D ranged between $210 million and $300 million.

It also highlights the capital-intensive nature of defense-focused startups, even for companies like Shield AI that offer more affordable systems compared to their traditional counterparts.

The startup specializes in developing hardware and software to transform drones and aircraft into autonomous systems capable of carrying out missions in conflict zones. The company’s flagship product is Hivemind, an AI pilot software that enables drones and aircraft to operate autonomously without relying on GPS assistance. Shield AI has also introduced a drone swarm feature called V-Bat Teams, which allows a single human operator to command at least four V-Bat drones (developed by Martin UAV, acquired by Shield AI in 2021).

“Our nation faces the challenging reality of having insufficient pilots, and rule-based autonomous solutions are insufficient for the existence of such swarms,” said Ryan Tseng, CEO and co-founder, when announcing V-Bat Teams earlier this month. “Shield AI changes this. For nearly nine years, Shield AI has been building the world’s most advanced AI pilots using a unified AI foundation that is applicable and deployable across all aircraft types, from quadcopters to F-16s. We’ve been steadfastly focused on that.”

The San Diego-based company is also working on integrating Hivemind into unmanned fighter jets and other aircraft. The Shield AI technology stack has garnered significant interest from the Department of Defense due to increasingly sophisticated counter-drone technologies that focus on disrupting drone communications and navigation.

“The battlefield is increasingly dominated by drone warfare, and adversaries are turning the battlefield into a hostile environment by disrupting communications and GPS,” stated Stephen Marcus, co-founder and general partner at Riot Ventures. “We are doing everything we can to address this. Modern Air Forces are operating blindly. Shield’s AI pilots are intelligent and adaptable to their environment, requiring no GPS or communications. Their AI is trainable and adaptable for diverse missions, and they have successfully flown teams of copters, V-BATs, and modern fighter jets. The most comparable technology we have seen thus far is what Tesla is doing with their self-driving stack.”

The new funding arrives amidst a surge in investor support for defense technology startups, driven in part by escalating geopolitical tensions and the U.S. lagging behind its adversaries. Engineers and the Pentagon are keenly aware of the risks at hand. In fact, some Shield AI executives have made noteworthy comparisons: Back in 2021, co-founder Ryan Tseng drew parallels between the Chinese military and Netflix, and the U.S. military and Blockbuster.

Source: techcrunch.com