A recently unearthed partial skeleton from the Koobifora Formation in northern Kenya provides paleoanthropologists with the most comprehensive insight into Homo habilis—one of the earliest human ancestors. This specimen highlights the significant physical differences between Homo habilis and later humans like Homo erectus.
Facial reconstruction of Homo habilis. Image credit: Cicero Moraes.
This newly discovered partial skeleton, cataloged as KNM-ER 64061, represents the most complete remains of Homo habilis to date.
Dating back approximately 2 million years, this fossil was found in the Upper Burgi Formation of the Koobi Formation near Illeret, Kenya.
The specimen was discovered alongside KNM-ER 64060, which consists of a nearly complete set of teeth and jaw fragments attributed to Homo habilis.
Geological, taphonomic, and geochemical analyses suggest that the teeth and postcranial bones likely belonged to the same individual.
Researchers refer to these finds as a “possible fourth individual” of Homo habilis, marking a rare combination of diagnostic tooth remains and associated postcranial bones preserved in the early Pleistocene fossil record.
“Currently, there are only three other fragmentary and incomplete skeletons known of this significant species,” stated Professor Fred Grein from Stony Brook University.
The KNM-ER 64061 skeleton includes the humerus, both the radius and ulna, parts of the shoulder girdle, and pelvic and sacral fragments, among other elements.
Although no leg bones were recovered, the pelvic characteristics suggest that the mechanics of the lower limbs are more akin to later members of Homo than to earlier australopiths.
Interestingly, the upper limbs indicate a more primitive adaptation. The forearm is relatively long compared to the upper arm, a pattern identified as high brachial index, suggesting that Homo habilis is closer to early humans than to Homo erectus.
The arm bones exhibit unusually thick cortical bones, a trait reminiscent of australopiths and other early Homo fossils.
Based on the length of the humerus, scientists estimate that this individual stood around 1.6 meters tall.
The estimated weight ranges from 30.7 to 32.7 kg, significantly lighter than other known Homo habilis specimens and smaller in comparison to estimates for Homo erectus.
“The upper limbs of Homo habilis are notably more pronounced, indicating that KNM-ER 64061 possessed longer and stronger arms,” remarked Dr. Ashley Hammond from the American Museum of Natural History, the Miquel Crusafont Catalan Institute of Paleontology, and the Avanta Catalunya de Recerca Institute.
“However, the dimensions and proportions of the lower limbs remain elusive.”
“Further discoveries of lower limb fossils from Homo habilis may reshape our understanding of this important species.”
These findings reinforce the view that Homo habilis displayed a mosaic of ancestral and derived traits.
While skeletal features suggest a locomotion style resembling modern humans, the overall body proportions and smaller size imply that this early species had not yet developed the larger, heavier body types seen in later humans.
Between approximately 2.2 million and 1.8 million years ago, multiple hominid species existed in eastern Africa, including Paranthropus boisei, Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis, and possibly early Homo erectus.
This new skeleton underscores that Homo habilis occupied a distinct evolutionary niche among these species, both physically and genetically.
“To our knowledge, the Homo habilis partial skeleton exhibits a postcranial anatomy that diverges from other members of our genus, such as Homo rudolfensis, whose characteristics remain largely unidentified,” the authors stated.
Their research paper was published online on January 13, 2026, in Anatomical Records.
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Frederick E. Gline et al. discovered a new partial skeleton of Homo habilis from the Upper Burgi Formation of the Koobi Fora Formation in Illeret, Kenya. Anatomical Records published online on January 13, 2026. doi: 10.1002/ar.70100
The Hubble team has unveiled breathtaking new images of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. This marks only the third instance of such a comet being observed.
This image of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS was captured by Hubble on November 30, 2025. At that time, the comet was around 286 million kilometers (178 million miles) from Earth. Image credits: NASA / ESA / STScI / D. Jewitt, UCLA / M.-T. Hui, Shanghai Observatory / J. DePasquale, STScI.
Discovered on July 1, 2025, by the NASA-funded ATLAS (Asteroid Terrestrial Impact Last Alert System) survey telescope in Rio Hurtado, Chile, 3I/ATLAS is a remarkable interstellar comet.
At the time of its discovery, the comet had a heliocentric distance of 4.51 astronomical units (AU) and an eccentricity of 6.13.
This object, also referred to as C/2025 N1 (ATLAS) and A11pl3Z, approaches from the direction of the constellation Sagittarius, traveling at an impressive radial velocity of about 58 km (36 miles) per second.
3I/ATLAS passed near Mars at a distance of 0.194 AU on October 3 and reached its closest encounter with the Sun, known as perihelion, on October 30.
On March 16, 2026, this interstellar visitor will approach Jupiter at a distance of 0.357 astronomical units.
“Hubble tracked a comet across the sky,” they stated.
“As a result, the background stars appear as streaks of light.”
“Hubble had previously observed 3I/ATLAS in July, shortly after its discovery, and several NASA missions have also studied the comet since then.”
“Observations are expected to persist for several more months as 3I/ATLAS journeys out of the solar system.”
“This image displays a teardrop-shaped glowing halo extending toward the sun,” stated Harvard University Professor Avi Loeb about the new Hubble images.
“This extension of the tail toward the sun was also noticeable in the pre-perihelion Hubble images taken on July 21, where 3I/ATLAS was approaching the Sun from a distance 56% greater than that of Earth.”
“The new radius of the glow is estimated to be around 40,000 km (24,855 miles), with its retro tail extension reaching approximately 60,000 km (37,282 miles).”
“In recent papers, I suggested that the coma teardrops in the 3I/ATLAS post-perihelion images are linked to numerous macroscopic non-volatile objects that have separated from the Sun due to measurements of non-gravitational accelerations moving away from the Sun,” he elaborated.
“I predicted that if the object overlapped with 3I/ATLAS at perihelion, by November 30th, the swarm would be about 60,000 km closer to the Sun than 3I/ATLAS.”
“This separation aligns perfectly with the teardrop-shaped anti-caudal extension visible in the new Hubble image.”
Thanks to data gathered by the Color Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS) on board ESA’s Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) spacecraft orbiting Mars, scientists have enhanced the predicted location of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS by a factor of 10.
This image of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS was captured on October 3, 2025, by the CaSSIS instrument aboard ESA’s Trace Gas Orbiter. Image credit: ESA/TGO/CaSSIS.
3I/ATLAS was discovered on July 1, 2025, by the NASA-funded ATLAS (Asteroid Terrestrial Impact Last Alert System) telescope located in Rio Hurtado, Chile.
Prior to September, researchers depended on Earth-based telescopes to track the positions and orbits of interstellar comets.
From October 1 to 7, TGO concentrated on 3I/ATLAS from its orbit around Mars.
The comet came relatively close to Mars, achieving a distance of roughly 29 million km at its closest approach on October 3.
The Mars rover observed 3I/ATLAS from approximately 10 times closer than Earth telescopes and from a fresh vantage point.
By triangulating data from TGO/CaSSIS and Earth-based observations, scientists significantly improved the accuracy of the comet’s predicted trajectory.
Initial expectations were for a modest improvement, but the findings revealed an impressive tenfold increase in precision.
“Utilizing data from the Mars rover made it challenging to refine the interstellar comet’s path through space,” stated TGO team members.
“The CaSSIS instrument is crafted to provide high-resolution observations of the nearby Martian surface.”
“This time, the camera was directed high above Mars, capturing the minute, distant 3I/ATLAS streaking across the star-filled sky.”
Planetary Defense Team Astronomer from ESA’s Near Earth Object Coordination Center was already adept at determining asteroid and comet orbits, necessitating consideration of the spacecraft’s unique position.
“Generally, orbital observations are conducted from fixed terrestrial observatories, but occasionally from spacecraft in near-Earth orbit, such as the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope or the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope,” the researchers noted.
“Astronomers excel at factoring in the positions of celestial bodies to ascertain their future positions, known as ephemerides.”
“In this instance, the accuracy of the 3I/ATLAS ephemeris—especially its predictions—relied on accounting for the precise location of TGO, including Mars and its rapid orbit around it.”
“Achieving this required a collaborative effort from various ESA teams and partners, ranging from flight mechanics to science and instrumentation.”
To attain the highest possible accuracy, we needed to address challenges and nuances typically overlooked and minimize margins as much as we could.
“Textbooks indicate that RNA is highly unstable and generally degrades within minutes of exiting a living cell,” remarked Marc Friedlaender, a computational biologist at Stockholm University and one of the study authors. “It’s truly remarkable that we discovered RNA dating back 40,000 years. No one thought this was feasible.”
This research may open up new avenues into historical understanding. Erez Eiden, a professor of biochemistry and molecular biology at the University of Texas Medical Branch, who was not involved in the study, noted that scientists will continue to refine the techniques used to analyze ancient RNA, similar to how they have done for years with ancient DNA.
Incorporating RNA analysis into the study of ancient genetics could fundamentally alter our perception of the biological history of the Earth, Eiden stated.
“We will be able to construct a more comprehensive and quantitative narrative of life’s history on our planet,” he added. “Suddenly, the Rosetta Stone appeared.…This is like an ancient hieroglyph of life.”
The discovery of RNA was facilitated by the find of Yuka in 2010, when members of the Yukagir community unearthed a mammoth in melting permafrost near the Arctic Ocean. Yuka was found resting on a cliff, partially mummified, and encased in a mat of strawberry blonde hair and flesh that remained pink until her discovery.
Paleontologists believe Yuka was pursued to death. Some evidence points to the creature being chased by a cave lion or possibly killed by modern humans. There are indications supporting both theories, with each species potentially playing a role in the extinction of this ancient animal.
In a world populated by cave lions, this creature experienced significant stress prior to its death.
Indeed, recent RNA analyses indicate that the profiled RNA displayed signs of physiological stress. The researchers utilized samples taken from the animal’s slow-twitch muscle fibers.
“We discovered that stress genes were activated,” Friedlander stated.
Laboratory work in an ultra-clean environment at the Paleogenetics Center in Stockholm where ancient RNA was extracted. Provided by: Jens Olof Razin
RNA is synthesized from its DNA template through a process known as transcription. During transcription, certain genes are activated while others remain dormant.
This process is dynamic, and the genes expressed can fluctuate from day to night, according to Marmol Sanchez.
The researchers also identified a novel form of microRNA (a type of RNA governing gene expression) in mammoths that is unknown in modern elephants.
The RNA technology being developed may assist efforts to revive the woolly mammoth, as noted by Eiden, who is a member of the scientific advisory board for Colossal Biosciences, the company aiming to “resurrect” the woolly mammoth.
Professor Friedlander remarked that further research could also shed light on how some ancient viruses, which lack DNA, evolved over time.
“To understand the history of RNA viruses like SARS-CoV-2, we must detect these RNA molecules in historical and ancient samples to comprehend their evolution,” Friedlander explained.
Viruses such as Ebola, HIV, and influenza possess RNA genomes.
More research is required. In this study, the scientists investigated 10 mammoths but only obtained reliable RNA signals from three, including Yuka, the best-preserved specimen.
Since 2010, Yuka has been thought to be a female mammoth, but RNA and DNA analyses have revealed that she is, in fact, male.
Eiden highlighted that the RNA study underscores how little is understood about death and the varying rates of molecular breakdown after an organism’s demise.
“Our theories about what occurs to the physical matter of an organism post-mortem are still inadequate,” Eiden said. “What information is retained, and how legible can it remain over time? These are some intriguing questions.”
Many individuals find it challenging to discuss Adolf Hitler without losing the argument. If you feel the need to sequence Hitler’s DNA to grab attention for your TV program, you’ve likely lost the plot.
Yet, this is precisely what Britain’s Channel 4 has undertaken. The documentary Hitler’s DNA: The Dictator’s Blueprint is set to air this Saturday. While I’m reluctantly preparing to watch it, feel free to skip it.
DNA comes from a piece of cloth soaked in blood, cut from the sofa where Hitler shot himself in 1945 and now housed in a museum in the United States. Although the resulting genome contains gaps due to the sample’s age, the Y chromosome reportedly matches that of a male relative of Hitler, suggesting its authenticity.
If this endeavor had been purely academic, aimed at expanding our knowledge—perhaps to verify if Hitler had a rumored Jewish grandfather (he didn’t, according to DNA)—it might have been acceptable. Instead, we are presented with a sensational two-part documentary claiming this DNA evidence “will change the way we perceive Hitler.”
The issue lies in the implication of genetic determinism, suggesting Hitler was predestined to commit horrific acts due to his genes. While this documentary does not directly assert this claim, it comes perilously close. What else could the phrase “dictator’s blueprint” imply?
This line of reasoning is akin to arguing that cloning Hitler would lead to the emergence of numerous murderers. While ethically we disdain such an experiment, the world contains clones in the form of identical twins sharing the same DNA. Studies on twins have been used to assess the degree to which various traits and conditions arise from genetics instead of the environment.
Now, there are numerous challenges with twin research. It’s impossible to entirely disentangle genetic influences from environmental ones, especially as twins generally grow up in similar surroundings. Nonetheless, the best estimates indicate that the heritability of criminal behavior, which likely aligns closely with that of genocidal dictators, is less than 50%. Thus, there is no basis to expect that most clones of Hitler would be tyrants.
Additionally, our grasp of the human genome remains primitive. We still lack the ability to predict straightforward traits like eye color with absolute certainty, let alone more complex characteristics arising from brain and environmental interactions.
What we can do is identify genetic variations statistically associated with higher risk for conditions like autism. Individuals receive a “polygenic score” for each condition. However, possessing a high polygenic score for autism does not guarantee a diagnosis. This situation arises from various factors, including the importance of environmental influences, potential misleading associations, and incomplete identification of significant variants.
“It is crucial to emphasize that, in their current form, autism polygenic scores have no clinical applicability due to inconsistent associations and restricted generalizability,” as concluded in a recent meta-analysis.
The documentary claims that Hitler’s genome rates exceptionally high for autism, alongside mental health issues such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and antisocial behavior or psychopathy. His ADHD score is also reported to be above average. However, historical accounts have long suggested that Hitler exhibited such characteristics based on his actions. Genetic data does not yield definitive proof, and established diagnostic criteria do not incorporate genetic information.
More critically, what if he did display these symptoms? Are there alternative explanations for these classifications? As Simon Baron-Cohen from Cambridge University argues in the documentary, the neglect and abuse Hitler faced from his alcoholic father make it “crucial to comprehend why he developed such hatred and anger.”
He further pointed out that traits often linked to schizophrenia might connect with creativity and unconventional thought, possibly accounting for Hitler’s political and military achievements. Is this mere speculation?
For me, this represents the core issue with analyzing Hitler’s genome. We can speculate about potentially valid connections to his personality and behavior, but these could all be entirely incorrect. Moreover, this could worsen the stigma around conditions like autism, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder.
This documentary undermines its assertions as it largely reiterates established information about Hitler. The main novelty lies in the assertion that Hitler suffered from Kallmann syndrome, a condition affecting sexual development. Yet, this condition’s physical effects are extensive, and there is already documentary evidence suggesting Hitler had undescended testicles. Thus, history proves more enlightening than genetics.
Additionally, the broader question this documentary raises is whether Hitler was uniquely evil or entirely accountable for World War II and the Holocaust. Unfortunately, history reveals that genocidal dictators do not operate in isolation; they need the backing of numerous individuals.
Millions supported Hitler, other politicians enacted laws enabling his rise, and many authorities aided in enforcing the racist legislations that resulted in the Holocaust. We shouldn’t search within our genes for reasons why so many opt to become dictators; the pressing issue lies in why we allow them to do so.
Geothermal power could become a crucial aspect of the UK’s future energy mix
Jim West/Alamy
purify the air Hannah Ritchie, Chatto & Windus (UK); MIT Press (USA, published March 3, 2026)
A few weeks prior, while dining with friends, the conversation turned to renewable energy—quite fitting as we had a climate journalist, an activist, and two civil servants at the table.
As expected, my dinner companions were well-versed in the perils of climate change and the pressing necessity to transition to cleaner energy sources. However, a question lingered: Does the UK still require gas as a backup fuel for the electricity grid? Can we rely solely on wind, solar, and batteries during those dreary winter months?
In such discussions, it’s timely that data scientist Hannah Ritchie’s new book has been released. Clearing the Air: A hopeful guide to solving climate change with 50 questions and answers serves as an excellent resource. Thanks to my well-thumbed copy, I was able to guide a friend through various storage solutions that maintain grid power when wind and sunlight are scarce, highlighting the roles of pumped storage, geothermal energy, and hydrogen.
In her previous work, it’s not the end of the world, Ritchie provided a swift education on addressing the planet’s environmental challenges. purify the air, though it maintains the same optimistic outlook, functions more as a practical guide with data-driven answers regarding the journey to achieve net-zero emissions.
Topics are categorized, covering fossil fuels and renewable energy to electric vehicles and domestic heating. Reading through, it’s evident that Ritchie aims to counter the deluge of misinformation and misleading media narratives surrounding the net-zero transition. Her work dispels myths, such as the idea that electric cars will frequently run out of power on highways, heat pumps are ineffective in colder climates, and that there isn’t enough land available for solar energy installations.
purify the air wields the power of scientific research and solid data to combat this misinformation. For instance, one of her addressed questions is whether wind farms pose a threat to birds—a commonly cited criticism from figures like US President Donald Trump. The response is yes; while wind turbines do unfortunately kill some birds, the figure is minimal compared to annual deaths caused by cats, buildings, vehicles, and pesticides.
Nevertheless, wind turbines do threaten certain species, including bats, migratory birds, and birds of prey. Ritchie emphasizes that measures can be taken to mitigate these risks, such as repositioning wind farms, utilizing black paint on turbines, and deactivating blades during low wind conditions. Such nuances are often lost in headlines or political jests, yet they are key to comprehending the advantages and drawbacks of transitioning to clean energy.
The Q&A format of the book makes it approachable, although repetition may set in if read in one sitting. purify the air proves to be a handy reference when dealing with climate-change skeptics during family gatherings.
Throughout, Ritchie’s characteristic optimism shines prominently. She clarifies that viable decarbonization options are available in nearly every facet of the net-zero transition, all without shying away from real challenges or indulging in wishful thinking. The impact is profound; readers will depart informed, hopeful, and reassured that humanity can prevail in the face of the climate crisis. In a landscape rife with fake news and political deception, this book truly brings a breath of fresh air.
IIf you accept the notion that the Game Awards serve as an interactive industry Oscar, then it’s reasonable to liken the Independent Game Festival to Cannes, with the Sumas MacNary Grand Prize being the equivalent of Parmedollar. Hence, one might expect that this year’s winner would receive significant attention upon release. Surprisingly, that’s not the case. Apparently, it’s an overwhelmingly early sale and I’m astonished by the absence of reviews. This highlights ongoing challenges regarding discoverability and the issues faced by critics during the busy fall season, rather than focusing on the game itself. Truly, it’s an absolute delight.
It’s certainly easy to sound like you should play this game rather than expressing a desire to want to play it. Crafted over a decade by Jenny Ziao Fusia in collaboration with Ap Thomson, Jie en Lee, Violet WP, and Ken Snyder, this semi-autobiographical narrative follows an Asian American high school student navigating weight loss amid the challenges of adolescence. It’s infused with effective energy and time management mechanics. Content notifications inform players of themes such as bullying, fat phobia, and dietary restrictions. Notably, it’s also one of the most humorous games of 2025.
The pizza date leads to watching her eat for the rest of the week… consuming me. Photo: 66
Consumes adeptly navigates a complex emotional landscape. The main character, Jenny, experiences meal times interpreted as puzzles. Reminiscent of Leon’s attachment case in Resident Evil 4, groceries shaped like Tetris blocks must fit into a grid symbolizing Jenny’s stomach. L-shaped kale and S-shaped tomatoes help her stay within her daily targets (notably, she focuses on “bites” instead of calories). Junk food, with its appealing form, can lead to regret as filling it results in precious time being consumed and potentially using up one of her limited cheat days. Any gaps in her stomach notification mean she might need a snack later.
Beyond merely managing her hunger, Jenny must also oversee her energy and mood levels, which is initially simple. Participating in chores, studying, and applying makeup turns into an enjoyable mini-game akin to Nintendo’s Warioware series, though it rarely presents a challenge. Items created or purchased with in-game currency help maintain Jenny’s happiness and health. However, time is relentless, making it increasingly tough to balance needs against wants. For example, reliance on energy drinks often leads to caffeine headaches. This creates unhappiness during activities other than resting.
A contest on the sinkside with an overwhelming mother… consumes me. Photo: 66
Regardless of whether things are going smoothly or not, the observations are artfully portrayed. The foreboding music accompanies weekly weigh-ins, physically pulling Jenny towards the scale. After cleaning the bathroom, her critically evaluating mother is there to inspect her work, even pressing a finger on the sink to confirm cleanliness. When Jenny first meets Oliver’s affluent parents, even the simple introduction of anxiety meters raises the heart rate, especially as she imagines her own mother as a detective in a trench coat. During their first outing, their awkwardness on-screen guides players toward a sweet kiss.
Love quickly transforms into another responsibility, creating tension that evolves in each chapter. Jenny must prioritize potential dates in her calendar, yet a visit to a pizzeria forces her to strictly monitor her meals for the week ahead. As Oliver heads off to college, their long-distance relationship means that every night brings the potential for “poison damage” as she struggles to prioritize valuable text messages or video calls. (By night, she presses her face against the glass, tearfully observing the rose petals falling from inside, brilliantly encapsulating the path of all adolescents during such times.)
Although it’s a game centered on routines, the continual repetition never makes me feel fully settled. It continually finds creative ways to utilize the system to convey themes without sacrificing humor. If you grapple with food-related issues or fitness, there are moments that resonate deeply. It’s about more than just what you consume or how much you exercise; life’s essentials often take precedence over personal desires.
Again, I’m cautious about framing this as a mere obligation to consume. This thought-provoking, engaging, and boldly original game provided an evening filled with laughter and tears, leaving me with lasting memories.
With the rise of retail simulators, the gaming landscape has become quite dense. On the Comet Trail in Stardew Valley, this genre flourishes, featuring protagonists who revive their lives and careers in a semi-rural setting filled with pastoral charm, often taking on blue-collar jobs. Players engage with the locals, influence their lives, and resolve community issues—perhaps even uncovering a mystery or two. They might even find love along the way. Essentially, these characters are pixelated heirs to the legacy of Harvest Moon, yet recent titles from Crinkle Cut Games offer a slightly different take on the cozy shop simulation experience.
In Dissevery, you find yourself taken under the wing of your cunning aunt and joining the franchise’s supermarket brunch initiative. The game’s unique twist focuses on building up local supermarkets rather than community centers, given the quaint absence of roadways in Stardew Valley. Dissiventy weaves a narrative focused on revitalizing the economy of a small town, balancing sharp challenges within a cozy game framework.
Sharp elements…discounts. Photo: Crinkle Cut Game
The aspect of building a supermarket is indeed satisfying. Stock your store, open its doors, and let the customers in. The till system initially functions like a tricky little math puzzle, but it evolves into something more intricate as you progress. Speed becomes crucial—you’ll need to keep customers satisfied, ensure shelves are stocked, floors are tidy, and everything runs efficiently. After a busy day, the store closes, allowing you to breathe, clean up, and retreat to a cozy trailer outside your aunt’s grand home. Aunt Terror is a savvy businesswoman with grand ambitions, and you’ll need to navigate her disputes with the locals, some of whom she dismisses to let you take charge. This unique tone is quite refreshing; it strays from the typical cute aesthetic, focusing instead on supermarket management rather than a whimsical farm life.
The graphics can be somewhat misleading. While the pixel art may initially suggest a sweet and innocent vibe, the town you inhabit is far from pristine. There are dilapidated docks, shuttered shop fronts, and peeling posters on the walls, hinting at a deeper narrative. Even the music complements this atmosphere, providing ambient yet engaging background sounds that enhance the overall experience.
Consulting with locals involves addressing their concerns, often requiring some tact due to your aunt’s tricky nature. This task carries significant responsibility and demands intense focus. At times, the controls can feel a bit awkward. I found the touchscreen options on the Steam Deck somewhat challenging to navigate, particularly in the early game stages where there aren’t many options and you’re juggling basic tasks. However, the initial resistance isn’t overwhelming. I was impressed by how the challenges gradually become more manageable, emphasizing the rewarding nature of everyday tasks.
Dissiventy serves as a noteworthy addition to the cozy life simulation genre, presenting a hands-on experience filled with ambition. It deviates from typical tropes while maintaining an engaging focus. While romance may not be a primary theme in managing a supermarket, there’s plenty to accomplish, ensuring it still offers an enjoyable gaming experience.
Sneezing and coughing are prevalent symptoms of hay fever
Mohammad Hosein Safaei/Unsplash
Individuals suffering from hay fever may find relief with a novel “molecular shield” designed to stop pollen from penetrating the nasal lining, likely with fewer side effects than traditional treatments.
Hay fever is an allergic response triggered by pollen interacting with IgE antibodies found in the nose, mouth, and eyes, leading to inflammation and symptoms like sneezing and itching. Common treatments, such as antihistamines and steroids, help reduce inflammation but often come with side effects, including drowsiness.
Seeking alternatives, Kaissar Tabynov from Kazakh National University of Agricultural Research and his team first collected blood samples from mice. They then isolated antibodies that did not participate in the allergic response but could bind to major mugwort pollen allergens, the primary trigger for hay fever. This binding action inhibited allergens from connecting with IgE antibodies in laboratory tests. “It acts as a molecular shield,” Tabynov explains.
To evaluate the shield’s effectiveness, the researchers induced mugwort pollen allergies in 10 mice by injecting them with allergens and chemicals to stimulate an immune response.
After a week, they administered small amounts of liquid containing the pollen-blocking antibodies into the noses of half the mice, gradually increasing the dosage over five days. The other group received saline solutions. An hour following each droplet, the mice were exposed to mugwort pollen at concentrations similar to those encountered during peak pollen seasons, according to Tabynov.
Following the final injection, the mice receiving the antibody treatment showed an average of 12 nose rubs over five minutes, in stark contrast to 92 in the saline group.
The researchers aimed to diminish inflammation and confirmed their success by imaging the nasal tissues collected from the mice at the study’s conclusion. This imaging revealed that the treatment not only had localized effects but also systemic ones. “Our research is the first to show that allergen-specific monoclonal antibodies can be administered intranasally to achieve both local and systemic protection against plant pollen allergies,” states Tabynov.
While the researchers did not assess potential side effects, they do not anticipate the adverse reactions associated with oral hay fever treatments, since the antibodies act at the site of allergen entry.
“This study represents a significant breakthrough and underscores the promise of intranasal therapies for allergic rhinitis. [hay fever] It lays the groundwork for early clinical trials exploring this method in humans,” remarks Sayantani Sindher from Stanford University in California.
Nonetheless, translating success in mice to human applications may prove challenging, and the antibodies will need to be modified to ensure they do not provoke an unexpected immune response in humans, Tabynov notes. If all goes well, the team hopes to advance this method to a nasal spray for human use within the next two to three years, he adds.
Such sprays could also address additional pollen types responsible for hay fever. “We envision a future where tailored antibody sprays can be made for individuals with sensitivities to different pollen varieties,” muses Tabynov.
Influenza virus particles observed through an electron microscope, color enhanced
John G/Imago/Alamy
A promising long-term antiviral medication may offer protection against all strains of influenza, providing hope for the most vulnerable populations.
The flu results in the loss of thousands of lives annually, and the swift emergence of new variants poses a risk for future pandemics. Each year, scientists reformulate flu vaccines to correspond with the strains that are projected to be prevalent in the upcoming season. These vaccines prompt the immune system to generate antibodies that block the virus from infiltrating the cells.
Efforts are underway to develop a universal influenza vaccine capable of safeguarding individuals from all strains, yet these vaccines face challenges.
“Even if the first approved universal influenza vaccine is created, individuals exhibit varying immune responses, meaning not everyone will be effectively protected,” says Jeffrey Stein, CEO of Cidara. For instance, vaccines often show reduced efficacy in older adults or in those with compromised immune systems.
To tackle this issue, Stein and his team have developed a treatment known as CD388, which includes Zanamivir, an antiviral drug authorized for treating infections caused by all influenza variants that affect humans. Normally, Zanamivir is eliminated from the body within hours, but the research team has modified it to rapidly neutralize the invasive influenza virus. “It’s not part of the immune system,” Stein explains.
For testing, the team enrolled 5,000 participants aged 16-64 from the US and the UK at the beginning of the 2024 flu season. None of the participants were at elevated risk for flu-related complications or had received that year’s flu vaccine. They divided the participants into four approximately equal groups. Three groups received one injection of CD388 at low, moderate, or high doses, while the final group received a placebo.
About six months later, researchers assessed the number of individuals with symptomatic flu infections during the flu season, defined by the presence of influenza virus DNA in nasal swabs and flu-like symptoms such as cough and fever.
Thirty-three individuals in the placebo group reported symptomatic flu, whereas only eight participants in the high-dose CD388 group did, marking a risk reduction of around 76%. The moderate and low-dose groups saw a 61% and 58% decrease in risk of symptomatic infections, respectively. “All doses demonstrated significant protection against influenza illness,” states Nicole Dhabapana, Chief Medical Officer of Sidara. Side effects, such as injection site tenderness, were consistent across both the treatment and placebo groups.
The results indicate that CD388 may offer a more straightforward means of protecting individuals compared to vaccines. “[Unlike vaccines, it] does not need to match the circulating strain, and could be more effective during a ‘poor match’ year or for pandemic preparedness, especially if new flu strains, such as H5N1, transmit to humans,” remarks Pennyword from King’s College London. She adds that, based on previous data on Zanamivir, it is unlikely that influenza strains will develop resistance to it.
This approach is likely to be effective for older individuals and those known to have poor vaccination responses, including the immunocompromised. Davalpana mentions that the team plans to conduct tests on individuals aged 12 and older with compromised immune systems.
Instead of replacing vaccines, Stein suggests that the drug may work best in conjunction with them, although this has yet to be tested. Nevertheless, the findings are timely given the growing hesitance surrounding vaccinations. “We aim to bypass the controversy that unfortunately surrounds vaccines,” Stein remarks.
RAchel Reeves and her fellow government officials are eager to promote stock market investments among more Britons. She recently stated, “When you invested in stocks and stock markets, you could achieve better returns and had a substantial amount in your cash savings account.”
The encouraging news is that the emergence of DIY tools and mobile applications has made investing simpler than ever. However, the extensive range of options can make it challenging to determine where to begin.
For novice investors lacking the time or confidence to manage their portfolios, a “robo-advisor” is a wise choice. These may seem like concepts from sci-fi films, but they are essentially online platforms that utilize technology to automate processes. Most are app-based and typically provide pre-designed investment portfolios customized to individual preferences.
Generally, you complete a brief questionnaire to identify your objectives and determine the level of investment time and risk you’re comfortable with.
In most cases, the longer your investment horizon, the more risk you can afford to take. However, it’s crucial to assess your personal approach to risk. Historically, stocks have generated more significant returns than savings accounts, but they also carry the potential for losses and fluctuations.
A pre-assembled portfolio usually invests in a range of exchange-traded funds (ETFs). These low-cost funds track the performance of specific indices, such as the UK or US stock markets, government bonds (like UK gilt or US Treasury bills), or commodities such as gold.
The app consolidates these fund selections to formulate a balanced portfolio that distributes funds across diverse assets.
So, which app (if any) is the right fit for you? We’ve explored some of the most popular options and compared their offerings.
Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) track selected indices, such as the UK and US stock markets or government bonds. Photo: Hannah McKay/Reuters
Nutmeg
Who? Nutmeg, one of the pioneers in the robo-advisor market, launched in 2012 and was acquired by investment firm JPMorgan Chase in 2021. The UK platform boasts over 200,000 users and has seen more than £4.5 billion invested through the app.
Minimum investment: ISAs and pensions start at £500, while lifetime ISAs and junior ISAs require £100.
Investment Choice: Nutmeg offers various service tiers that influence costs. With fully managed options, investors can select from 1 to 10 risk levels, and the team actively monitors and adjusts the portfolio. The fixed allocation option features five risk levels, with the portfolio determined by the investment team annually.
Fee: For the fully managed option, Nutmeg charges a total fee of 0.98%. If investing £3,000, the annual fee would be about £29.40. The fee for fixed allocations is 0.65%, roughly £19.60 in the same scenario.
We like: Nutmeg’s transparency regarding performance allows users to see how a fully managed portfolio has performed over the past decade. For instance, a 6/10 risk portfolio yielded 43.4% over ten years, significantly exceeding the average return of 36.7% with similar funds. The 5/10 risk portfolio grew by 31.9% during the same timeframe, against a comparison of 36.7% with its peers.
Any other? Those seeking additional assistance can access complimentary guidance for general inquiries or receive full financial advice starting from £900.
MoneyBox
MoneyBox reportedly has over 1.5 million customers. Photo: Mundishima/Arami
Who? Founded in 2016, MoneyBox focuses on savings and investment, boasting over 1.5 million users and overseeing assets exceeding £10 billion.
Minimum investment: You can initiate an account with just £1.
Investment Choice: MoneyBox provides three primary options: cautious, balanced, and adventurous. The cautious option minimizes risk with a portfolio comprising only 15% company stock, 40% bonds, and 40% cash, whereas the adventurous option allocates 80% to stocks, 15% to cash, and 5% to bonds.
Fee: A single monthly subscription fee encompasses transaction costs. Subsequently, in addition to a platform fee of 0.45%, there’s an actual investment cost of 0.17% for core funds. Thus, anyone investing £3,000 in a balanced fund will incur approximately 0.85% in total costs, around £25.60 annually.
We like: The Roundup function. By linking your bank account or credit card to the app, you can round up your spending to the nearest pound, automatically investing the difference. For instance, if you spend £1.87, 13p will be rounded up to £2 and invested. This is a convenient method to enhance your contributions.
Any other? Confident investors may opt to select their own ETFs to invest in rather than choosing a pre-made portfolio. Alternatively, those interested in picking specific companies have limited options, as only US stocks are currently available.
Doddle
Who? DODL, a newcomer that debuted in 2022, is operated by wealth management powerhouse AJ Bell, established in 1995. DODL simplifies the process with lower minimum investment amounts than its parent firm, although it offers limited investment choices.
Minimum investment: Direct debits can start from £100 or £25 per month.
Fee: The annual fee includes 0.15% for management, £1 monthly, and 0.31% for core investments, totaling around £19.30 yearly for those investing £3,000.
Investment Choice: DODL offers a selection of off-the-shelf funds categorized by risk, from cautious to global growth. You can also pick individual stocks, browsing by region (UK or US) and sector (financial, health, technology, etc.).
We like: The variety of themed investment options. This enables access to relevant ETFs based on emerging trends. For example, the “Above the World” theme invests in the HSBC FTSE All-World index, comprising multiple large companies globally, with a fee of 0.13%. Other themes include the “home team” for UK-centric investments and the “robo revolution” for funds focused on robotics companies.
Any other? Enjoy competitive interest rates of 4.25% (variable) on uninvested cash.
DODL’s “Robo Revolution” fund invests in robotics companies. Photo: costfoto/nurphoto/rex/shutterstock
Wealthify
Who? Established in 2014 and currently owned by insurance leader Aviva, Wealthify serves around 100,000 users with a strong emphasis on simplicity and avoiding jargon.
Minimum investment: Currently, ISAs start at £1, and pensions require £50, but from June 25th, junior ISAs will also start at £1 while stocks and shares ISAs and pensions will begin at £500.
Investment Choice: Wealthify has five risk levels: cautious, tentative, confident, ambitious, and adventurous. The cautious portfolio contains 85% government debt assets and just 5% company stock. In contrast, the adventurous options comprise 74% stocks and 14% government bonds, including investments in real estate and infrastructure.
Fee: A platform fee of 0.6% covers portfolio management costs. The investment cost can be 0.16% for typical portfolios and 0.7% for ethical options. This results in an annual fee of £22.80 for a £3,000 investment in a standard portfolio or £39 for ethical options. There’s no minimum fee.
We like: The Outlook page provides a concise overview of investment regions and assets, offering a convenient way for investors to gain insights without extensive research.
Any other? Wealthify showcases numerous customer service awards on its site—a reminder to consider factors beyond fees and investment variety. Always conduct your own research and review independent evaluations before choosing a provider.
MoneyFarm
Who? Originating in Italy, MoneyFarm expanded to the UK market in 2016. It currently supports around 160,000 active users and manages over £5 billion in assets, backed by major investment firms including M&G and Allianz.
Minimum investment: £500.
Investment Choice: Managed funds feature seven risk levels, regularly revised by their investment teams. For example, the 6/7 risk option includes 72% developed market company assets and 10% from emerging markets, while the 2/7 risk option primarily invests in bonds.
Fee: Those investing £3,000 in a proactively managed option incur a 0.3% fee in addition to a 0.75% management fee, totaling approximately £31.56 a year. For fixed allocation options adjusted annually, the management fee ranges from 0.17% to 0.45%, resulting in a total of around 0.62% or about £18.60 annually.
We like: The platform provides a clear breakdown of each portfolio, detailing investments by asset type, region, and sector, along with concise explanations.
Any other? Similar to many of these apps, MoneyFarm allows you to apply environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria to your investments, which can lead to tailored options excluding industries like heavy polluters and companies with poor human rights records. However, opting for this may increase costs.
Some ETFs (Exchange Traded Funds) track the prices of products, such as gold. Photo: LeonhardFöger/Reuters
You need to know
Before opting for a robo-advice app or service, ensure that the firm is regulated by the UK’s Financial Conduct Authority (FCA).
Make sure the provider is a member of the Financial Services Compensation Scheme (FSC), which safeguards up to £85,000 in funds should the provider collapse.
Most platforms have various account types available, but ISA stocks and shares typically offer the best returns. You can contribute up to £20,000 per year into an ISA, allowing all interest and growth to be exempt from HMRC, keeping all your earnings intact.
Regarding fees, expect a percentage of your investment to be charged. For instance, investing £1,000 with a 1% fee would incur a £10 annual charge. However, be sure to verify the exact fees, as minimum charges may apply.
Upon receiving a diagnosis of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in 2023, particle physicist and Oxford University professor emeritus Frank Close underwent three weeks of radiation therapy, which provided him with a new understanding of radiation’s capabilities.
His 10-year-old grandson shared a detailed account of Emperor Bomba, a 50-megaton nuclear device tested by the Soviet Union in 1961, marking the most powerful human-made explosion. This prompted Close to elucidate the complexities of nuclear energy, highlighting its dual nature as both a power source and a peril.
A three-time winner of the British Science Writers Association Award, Close is well-versed in the intricacies of subatomic physics. His latest work, Destroyers of the World: Deep History of the Nuclear Age 1895-1965, starts with the Trinity Test Blast in July 1945, signifying the moment chemical explosions transitioned to nuclear ones. He takes readers on a historical journey beginning with 1896, when the first atomic traces sparked interest in the nuclear age.
The narrative features 19th-century scientist William Crookes, who delved into spiritualism after his brother’s death, observing “bright green clouds” in a gas-filled, charged vacuum tube. He believed he had synthesized external organisms and discovered phantoms. Theoretical physicist George Gamow is also mentioned, demonstrating that uranium can release charged alpha particles without contradicting energy conservation principles.
Close’s primary focus, however, revolves around the often-overlooked contributions of female physicists in the nuclear arena. He discusses Lise Meitner, who, despite holding a PhD, was banned from a male-only room at the University of Vienna. This didn’t thwart her efforts alongside Otto Hahn to provide X-rays for World War I injuries or her 1917 discovery of protactinium, element 91. In 1925, she was awarded the Lieven Prize, which marked a significant academic achievement.
He also highlights Elaine Joliot-Curie, the daughter of Marie Curie and Pierre Curie, who possessed her parents’ scientific prowess. In a notable scandal in 1910, Marie faced exclusion from the French Academy of Sciences due to her relationship with a married physicist. Elaine sought to defend her family’s legacy, underscoring work she conducted with her husband, Frédéric Joliot. The 1932 announcement of the neutron by James Chadwick shifted the course of nuclear physics.
Furthermore, Close examines the contributions of chemist Aida Noddack, who argued that uranium nuclei could be split into lighter isotopes but faced backlash from a male-dominated field. Noddack’s position as an industrial chemist challenged the established norms of elite nuclear physics.
In Destroyers of the World, Close also addresses the enigma surrounding Ettore Majorana, a theoretical physicist revered by Enrico Fermi, who mysteriously vanished in 1938. Speculation about Majorana’s fate has ranged from suicide to escaping fascism in Italy, but as with many similar cases, certainty eludes us.
As we navigate through the radioactive haze, one fact remains evident: many extraordinary individuals played pivotal roles in unleashing the Nuclear Demon from its confines.
George Bass is a writer based in Kent, UK.
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Kidney disease can result in hypertension and infections
Mohammed Haneefa Nizamudeen/Getty Images
Recent animal research suggests that damage caused by the most prevalent hereditary kidney disease may not be as irreversible as previously thought. Researchers are using CRISPR gene editing to potentially reverse certain mutations responsible for the condition.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) gradually alters kidney function, leading to debilitating effects. “It was generally believed that correcting the mutations would not change the outcome,” says Michael Kaminski from Berlin University of Medicine.
PKD results in the formation of fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys and liver, leading to organ failure and necessitating dialysis or transplants. Besides organ failure, damage and swelling can lead to other severe issues, including high blood pressure and infections.
The disease typically affects adults, with approximately 12 million individuals globally estimated to be affected. Symptoms may not manifest until the cysts reach significant size in one’s 30s, by which point there may already be extensive damage to the kidneys and liver.
Kaminski’s team has utilized a CRISPR method known as base editing to correct mutations in the PKD1 gene in mice models.
This technique successfully corrected mutations primarily in the liver, resulting in a reduction in both the size and number of cysts post-treatment. Kaminski noted potential improvements in the kidneys as well.
Specifically, Xiaogang Li’s team at Mayo Clinic conducted a similar study using more precise methods targeting the kidneys, indicating a reduction in cyst size and quantity, according to Li.
Both teams employed viral vectors to deliver gene-editing tools, which poses challenges with repeated doses due to immune responses might hinder treatment. “This is a legitimate concern,” Li notes. “However, we’ve observed limited immune responses in our animal models so far.”
Utilizing lipid nanoparticles instead of viral vectors, as seen in mRNA vaccines, could mitigate immune-related issues, but Kaminski warns that these particles may struggle to penetrate deeply into the kidneys through the bloodstream. “I believe that the delivery method using [lipid nanoparticles] might become more feasible through urinary pathways,” he says.
Another limitation is that base editing primarily addresses single-character mutations, rendering it ineffective for individuals with longer mutation sequences. However, Li reports successful outcomes using a technique known as Prime editing.
These findings are poised to be published shortly in scientific journals, with plans for human trials to follow. “After our publication, I aim to organize a small clinical trial,” he states.
The broader implications of this research suggest that if PKD can indeed be reversed, it could ignite more research into this potential therapeutic avenue. Currently, the only approved treatment is tolvaptan, which only slightly slows disease progression and requires significant fluid intake.
Antimatter particles are fundamentally similar to their normal matter counterparts, differing primarily in their opposite charges and momentum.
Although extremely rare, physicists routinely generate antiparticles using particle accelerators. Additionally, anti-Dutters occur naturally in high-energy processes near the event horizons of black holes.
The question of how and why the universe is predominantly made up of normal matter remains unresolved.
Creating antimatter is a complex and costly endeavor. The European Institute of Particle Physics (CERN) plays a crucial role in this process. Using an anti-proton decelerator, a proton beam strikes a metal target, resulting in the generation of anti-protons.
However, this process only yields tens of thousands of particles.
One of the significant challenges with antimatter is that when it interacts with normal matter, it vanishes instantly, releasing energy. Therefore, the task of preventing its annihilation and storing it long-term poses a substantial technical hurdle.
Nonetheless, CERN engineers are working on methods to store and transport small amounts of anti-protons.
The challenge with antimatter is that it completely disappears upon contact with normal matter, releasing energy. – Image credits: Getty Images
To achieve this, researchers cool anti-protons to approximately -269ºC (-452.2°F) to nearly halt their motion. They then contain them in a high-vacuum enclosure to avoid contact with normal matter, using superconducting magnets to trap them.
This process must be managed while maintaining the capability to extract particles and introduce new ones into the enclosure.
Despite these challenges, CERN aims to develop “traps” capable of storing billions of anti-protons simultaneously. Recent techniques have been validated by transporting regular matter across the Swiss CERN facility.
With advancements in vacuum systems, antimatter storage and transport may soon become routine activities in the upcoming year.
This article addresses the question posed by Leighton Haas of Hamburg: “How is antimatter preserved?”
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Archaeologists have unveiled the first tangible evidence that Roman gladiators confronted lions, following the identification of bite marks on skeletons unearthed in York, England, attributed to a large feline.
The remains discovered on Driffield Terrace, one of the best-preserved gladiator burial sites in Rome, date back around 1,800 years and belong to a man who likely faced a gruesome death at the jaws of a lion.
A recent analysis of the skeleton, excavated over two decades ago, indicates that he probably succumbed to a lion’s attack. The research team compared three-dimensional scans of bite marks on the warrior’s hip bones with lion bite samples from a zoo, confirming a match.
The puncture on the gladiator’s bones provides the first direct evidence of Roman battles involving lions. -Thompson et al
“This is a very exciting discovery,” said Marine Horst, a lecturer in osteophytes at York University and managing director of York Bone Artisans.
“We can now start to paint a clearer picture of what these gladiators experienced in life. We also observe that in urban arenas like York, the existence of big cats and possibly other exotic animals posed a threat they had to defend against.”
The skeletons belonged to men aged between 26 and 35, buried alongside two others and covered with horse bones, indicating a burial practice.
In life, he likely faced malnutrition as a child and exhibited signs of spinal injury, inflammation, and physical stress.
Unhealed lion bites are believed to be the cause of death, after which he seems to have been beheaded—a practice noted in Roman burials, although its significance remains unclear.
Driffield Terrace has long drawn interest, with excavations that began in 2004 revealing over 80 young, robust male skeletons.
While depictions of gladiators battling lions are common, concrete evidence of such encounters is rare. – Councillor of the British Museum
Dental enamel analysis confirmed that these individuals originated from the Roman Empire, and many experienced atypical funerals.
The latest findings bolster the theory that these men were gladiators, referred to as Bestiarius: a class of fighters who faced wild animals often stemming from enslaved backgrounds.
“For years, our comprehension of Roman gladiator combat and animal spectacles relied heavily on historical texts and artistic illustrations,” remarked Professor Tim Thompson from Maynooth University, Ireland.
“This discovery offers the first direct physical evidence proving such events took place during that era, reshaping our understanding of the entertainment culture in the region during Roman times.”
Though no amphitheater has yet been found in York, historical documentation suggests the city hosted arena events from the fourth century onward.
During this period, York served as a pivotal center of the empire, home to prominent Roman generals, including Constantine the Great, who was declared emperor in 306 AD.
David Jennings, CEO of York Archaeology commented on the gladiators: “You may never know that this man fought in an arena for the entertainment of others, but it’s noteworthy that the first osteological evidence of this type of gladiator combat has emerged far from the Colosseum in Rome.”
The study documenting these findings is published in the journal PLOS 1.
Last year presented significant challenges for Acadia Healthcare, one of the nation’s leading providers of mental health services.
A New York Times investigation in September revealed that multiple federal agencies were looking into accusations of Acadia unlawfully detaining patients in mental health hospitals. This led to a sharp decline in Acadia’s stock value and rattled investors.
Despite these troubles, Acadia’s CEO, Christopher Hunter, benefitted from the situation. As indicated in the recent financial report, he received a $1.8 million bonus from the board to deal with the “unprecedented government inquiries.” This bonus was on top of his regular compensation, exceeding $7 million in 2024.
Other top executives at Acadia, including the CFO and Legal Advisor, also received substantial bonuses, with the COO promised a bonus as well. These bonuses were given to prevent key leaders from leaving before the investigation was concluded, according to Acadia.
The board of directors at Acadia believed that retaining the current leadership team was in the best interest of the company, its patients, and communities. They emphasized the use of peer market data for evaluating performance and benchmarking.
The Times investigation uncovered that Acadia had been holding patients against their will to maximize insurance payments. This practice had started before Hunter took over as CEO in April 2022 but continued under his leadership.
Following the allegations, Acadia stated that they would vehemently deny fraud and cooperate with the investigation. Hunter assured investors that the claims of holding patients longer than necessary were false and contradicted their commitment to patient care.
After the investigation was initiated, Acadia disclosed that various government agencies, including the Department of Justice and the Securities and Exchange Commission, were investigating the matter. Additionally, shareholders filed a class action lawsuit against the company, accusing them of withholding information from investors.
Issues were also uncovered in other areas of Acadia, such as a methadone clinic overbilling the government for services not rendered. Inadequate staffing levels at one of the company’s women’s facilities led to tragic incidents, as reported by The Times.
Since September, Acadia’s market value has plummeted by approximately $5 billion, now valued at around $2 billion.
Hunter’s compensation is tied to Acadia’s stock performance, but the company’s stock decline in 2024 caused him to miss his targets. Critics, like Sarah Anderson from the Institute of Policy Research, argue that linking compensation to stock prices can incentivize risky behavior and undermine performance.
During a rare sit-in interview with CBS News, National Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. recommended getting a measles vaccine and stated that he was “unfamiliar” with reducing state and local public health programs.
The conversation took place after a visit to West Texas, where he attended the funeral of an eight-year-old girl who succumbed to measles. An intense outbreak in the area has resulted in over 500 illnesses and the deaths of two young children.
In a clip from the interview released on Wednesday, Kennedy emphasized the importance of the measles vaccine. He stated, “People should receive the measles vaccine, but the government shouldn’t mandate it.”
However, he also expressed concerns about the safety of the vaccine, as he has done previously.
Kennedy has been heavily criticized for his handling of the West Texas outbreak by health professionals who believe that lack of full support for vaccinations is hindering efforts to control the virus.
Additionally, he has promoted unproven treatments for measles like cod liver oil. Physicians in Texas have linked its use to signs of liver toxicity in some children admitted to local hospitals.
Throughout the outbreak, Kennedy has often combined his support for vaccines with discussions about safety concerns and an alternative “miraculous” treatment.
Recently, he took to social media to declare that measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines are the “most effective way” to prevent the spread of measles. This statement has relieved infectious disease experts but angered vaccine opponents.
That evening, he posted again, this time praising “two extraordinary healers” who claim to have successfully treated around 300 children with measles using antibiotics.
Scientists argue that there is no cure for measles and promoting alternative treatments undermines the importance of vaccination.
In a CBS interview, Kennedy was questioned about the recent suspension of over $12 billion in federal grants to state programs addressing infectious diseases, mental health, and childhood vaccinations.
(The cuts were temporarily blocked after a lawsuit was filed by a state coalition against the Trump administration.)
Kennedy claimed to be unaware of the suspension and suggested it was primarily aimed at cutting diversity, equity, and inclusion programs targeted by the administration.
Dr. Jonathan Lapook, a medical correspondent for CBS, inquired about specific research cuts at universities, including a $750,000 grant for diabetes research in adolescents at the University of Michigan.
Kennedy responded, “I was not aware of that, and that’s what we’re seeing. There were many research projects that caught our attention and did not deserve to be cut, and we are reinstating them.”
The Biden administration has urged coal and oil-fired power plants to cut back on toxic chemical emissions, including mercury.
Today, the Trump administration is offering a special opportunity for businesses. By sending an email, you could receive permission from President Trump to bypass new restrictions and other major clean air regulations.
The Environmental Protection Agency announced this week that a vague section of the Clean Air Act allows the president to temporarily exempt industrial facilities from new regulations if the necessary technology is unavailable and if it is for national security reasons.
In notifications to businesses, the agency provided templates for seeking approval, including what to include in the subject line of an email. “The president will make a decision on merit,” stated a notice issued by the EPA on Monday.
Joseph Goffman, former executive director of the Harvard Law School Environment and Energy Law Program, expressed concern that President Trump is establishing a process that lacks scrutiny.
Goffman noted that government agencies typically set more specific standards for exemptions from regulations. He argued that Congress intended to include conditions in the Clean Air Act that would ensure some level of pollution control.
He stated, “It’s strongly indicated that decisions will be made on an ad hoc basis at best, as the provision doesn’t currently exist. This contradicts Congress’ intent, disregards the public health needs of affected communities, and goes against the EPA’s historical practices.”
EPA spokesperson Molly Vaseliou disagreed with this perspective, asserting that there is no explicit requirement for such conditions in the law. “This type of legal analysis seems in line with the responsibilities given,” she stated in an email addressing the interpretation of the law.
Under the latest policy, businesses can apply for up to two years of exemptions from various new restrictions on the emission of toxic substances like mercury and arsenic. This includes ethylene oxide, a carcinogen used in sterilizing medical devices.
Former New York Congressman Zeldin also mentioned that coal-fired power plants could seek exemptions from new regulations requiring them to address the health risks associated with coal ash, a toxic byproduct of electricity production through burning.
The EPA plans to eventually revise many of these same regulations, a complex process that will take time. While this process unfolds, companies are able to avoid complying with certain rules.
Critics like Pugh find it difficult to justify these exemptions, especially since the Biden administration had already identified feasible alternatives for the new rules. They also question the notion that contamination is in the national interest.
As of Thursday, it remained unclear whether companies had begun applying for exemptions, if any were granted, or if they would be made public. The deadline for applying for exemptions is by the end of the month, according to the EPA.
Alexa Lopez, spokesperson for the National Association of Manufacturers, expressed gratitude for the EPA’s consideration of exemptions for affected manufacturers. “NAM is prepared to collaborate with the administration to find a sustainable solution that protects the environment and supports manufacturers in global competition,” Lopez stated.
Humans and puppies share a special bond that inspires viral videos, artwork, and adoration. Despite this strong connection, it turns out that humans may not be as good at understanding dogs as they think.
Recent research from Arizona State University (ASU) has revealed that people often misinterpret dog emotions more frequently than previously believed. The study suggests that humans may not accurately perceive what their dogs are feeling.
According to researchers like animal welfare scientists Holly Molinaro and ASU Professor of Psychology Clive Wynne, people tend to focus on external cues rather than the actual emotions of dogs. This can lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations of dog behavior.
Through experiments involving positive and negative scenarios, researchers found that participants often misinterpreted dog emotions based on external factors rather than the dogs’ actual behavior. Context played a significant role in how people perceived dog emotions.
Despite these findings, many participants projected their own emotions onto the dogs, further complicating their ability to accurately assess dog behavior. Even dog owners were not immune to these biases, as personal experience showed that they too could misinterpret dog emotions.
To improve understanding of dog emotions, researchers recommend humility and careful observation of a dog’s individual behavior cues. Each dog is unique, and it is essential to pay close attention to their subtle cues to truly understand their emotions.
Our dogs may be happy when we play with them, but we judge this more about the situation and our own feelings than what our puppies do. – Credit: westend61 via Getty
Learning to interpret a dog’s emotions accurately takes time and practice. By paying attention to subtle behavioral cues and staying open-minded, dog owners can build a stronger bond with their furry companions.
About our experts:
Holly Molinaro is a doctoral student, former professor, and animal welfare scientist at Arizona State University’s Department of Psychology.
I was captivated by Lonely Mountains: Downhill, a simplistic mountain biking game that was released in 2019. obsessed I played those tracks repeatedly until I mastered the art of braking, skidding a tire on a rock, getting stuck in a tire and being flung off, speeding down a straight path, and carefully navigating over ledges. Like a Lycra-clad mountain goat. The serene soundtrack of chirping birds and rustling leaves (occasionally interrupted by the harsh thud of riders colliding with rocks) made the experience very soothing for me. However, what truly drew me in was the Zen-like focus required to descend the mountain, speeding down without crashing 300 times. I honed my skills to perfection, finely tuning my trajectory to make the difference between cutting a second off my run and veering off track, leading to a crumpled heap.
For years, I had eagerly anticipated the release of a snow sports-themed sequel. Instead of sun, rocks, and dirt, there was now glistening snow, and bicycles were replaced with skis. It seemed unbelievable at first, but after a few initial runs on the snowy mountains, I humbly realized I had a lot to learn. I struggled with turns while applying the brakes, found myself sliding backward on hills, constantly bumped into trees, missed jumps, and tumbled across frozen lakes in confusion. The challenges in each course seemed daunting, and my first multiplayer race was a humiliating experience.
Just you and nature…single player mode. Photo: Megagon Industries
However, after a few hours of practice, I found myself gracefully carving through more challenging courses while immersing myself in the soothing sounds of snow. Achieving a seamless run down the mountain, with the wind in my ears, felt exhilarating. But when I missed a turn and ended up in a ditch, the enchantment was quickly shattered, prompting me to return to the checkpoint and start over.
This rhythm of triumph and failure still resonates with me in Lonely Mountains: Snow Riders. The minimalist soundscape, visually stunning representation of natural landscapes, and the sense of achievement from conquering a course remain as captivating as ever. While there are areas that could be improved, such as adding more customization options for the skier, the high difficulty from the start and precise controls pose challenges for new players in progressing through the mountain. Additionally, the introduction of multiplayer racing and team skiing comes with its own set of drawbacks.
Currently, the multiplayer aspect is plagued by technical issues shortly after release. When multiple players appear on screen at once, such as at the start of a race, the game experiences shaking or freezing temporarily. In a game where every millisecond counts, losing control, even momentarily, can make it unbearable to play. I encountered crashes while loading courses, got kicked out of multiplayer games, and saw other players mysteriously lose connection. While these issues may be addressed by developers in the future, for now, they remain a hindrance to the overall experience. The core problem lies in the wide variability of player skill levels.
In an 8-player race, 3 participants may swiftly descend the mountain within 3-4 minutes, while others take considerably longer. Once you cross the finish line, you can either skate aimlessly or watch lower-ranked players struggle in the same section repeatedly. This can be disheartening, especially if you happen to be the unlucky last player.
Massive Freeze…Multiplayer options need fixing. Photo: Megagon Industries
The team mode requires cooperation to navigate mountains, set checkpoints, and revive fallen players, but the concept seemed lost on the players I encountered. I found myself descending the mountain like a medic while others raced past me, eventually regrouping at base camp with players who seemed content to linger. Thank you all for your company and assistance!
British citizens will soon have the option to store their passport digitally on their phone, along with their driving license, Universal Credit account, marriage certificate, and birth certificate.
These plans were revealed by Peter Kyle, Secretary of State for Science, Innovation, and Technology, as part of a new smartphone app to streamline interactions with government services. This move aims to eliminate the need for physical government letters and long wait times for basic appointments.
Initially, people will be able to access their driver’s licenses and veterans cards with the new digital wallet starting in June. The government’s digital service will later expand to include accounts related to student loans, car tax, benefits, childcare, and local councils.
Mr. Kyle mentioned that his department is collaborating with the Home Office to authorize a digital passport version. While physical copies will still be valid, their use for crossing borders will depend on other countries’ border systems.
An example of a digital driving license page stored in a smartphone wallet in the Gov.uk app, due to be released this summer. Photo: Faculty of Science/PA
Kyle stated: “We are closely monitoring international standards, and as those standards become clearer, governments will naturally want to benefit from them as much as possible.”
The digital wallet, similar to Apple and Google wallets, will be linked to a person’s ID to verify their identity. This will enable instant sharing of necessary certificates and benefit claims with ease. However, there are no immediate plans to use it for proving immigration status.
In case of a lost phone, a recovery system is in place to prevent loss of the digital wallet. Kyle reassured users about data breaches, mentioning that the app’s design complies with existing data laws.
“We are revolutionizing the interaction between citizens and the state,” said Kyle during a launch event in east London, drawing inspiration from Silicon Valley product launches.
He added that individuals under 18, accustomed to smartphones, would view current government and paper-based systems as outdated.
“Moving government services online doesn’t mean leaving behind those without internet access,” he emphasized. “Easier online access allows us to enhance public services and focus human resources where necessary, ensuring better service for all.”
The technology has been developed over the last six months since the Labor party took office and includes modern smartphone security features like facial recognition checks.
Despite the availability of affordable cell phones, parents have new ways to stay connected with their children. However, this development has also sparked debates on screen time, safety, and social media.
As worries about phone usage rise and the age at which children get their first mobile phone decreases, countries worldwide are considering ways to address this issue in schools and homes.
While there’s no single solution, various action plans and suggestions are being explored, ranging from strict laws to grassroots initiatives.
Our correspondent delves into some of the noteworthy solutions to screen time as Australia and Spain gear up to implement stringent laws to combat the problem.
Australia: “Ensuring our children have a good childhood.”
In a significant move, Australia recently passed a law prohibiting social media use for under-16s, although specifics regarding its implementation and application are unclear.
While some Australian states already ban mobile phones in schools, a new federal ban aims to completely restrict social media usage for children under 16 by year-end. The law grants the communications minister authority to determine which platforms are restricted, likely including Snapchat, Instagram, Facebook, and TikTok.
YouTube is expected to be exempt due to its claimed educational benefits.
The legislation mandates platforms to verify users’ ages and take necessary steps to ensure compliance, with penalties of up to A$50m for non-compliance. Trials for age verification technology are ongoing, including facial age estimation and other authentication methods.
Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese emphasized that the ban aims to offer children “a childhood”, encouraging them to engage in outdoor activities and sports instead of being glued to their phones.
Josh Taylor, Melbourne
Spain: “You can use ours.”
Spain’s government is proposing a bill to raise the minimum age for social media account registration from 14 to 16, along with mandatory age verification measures for tech companies.
Additionally, the bill suggests default parental controls on smartphones and a national education campaign to educate children and teens on responsible social media usage.
An expert panel has recommended including warning labels on digital devices sold in Spain to inform consumers of the health risks associated with social media and technology.
In Barcelona’s Poblenou district, parents initiated a campaign to delay children’s access to mobile phones until age 16. This movement quickly spread across Catalonia, emphasizing the importance of holding off on phone ownership until a later age.
Major project spokesperson Nuria González Rojas noted the significant impact of delaying mobile phone ownership, with over 72% of Spanish children owning smartphones by age 12.
In another initiative, Basque parents’ organization Archa Brua is piloting schemes to delay mobile phone ownership with support from schools, families, and local businesses.
Sam Jones, Madrid
France: “Take back control of your screen”
French President Emmanuel Macron commissioned a report urging a reassessment of screen usage to safeguard children’s well-being and democracy’s future.
The report advocates for delaying smartphone usage until age 13, restricting access to social media until 18, and banning mobile phones with internet access until after school hours.
Experts stress the need to shield children from profit-focused tech influences due to adverse effects on vision, sleep, and overall health.
Macron urges ministers to consider and implement the report’s recommendations.
Angelique Chrysafis (Paris)
Italy: school ban
Italy has issued a blanket ban on smartphones and tablets in primary and middle school classrooms, citing disruptive incidents like physical altercations between students and teachers.
Education Minister Giuseppe Valditara supports efforts to ban mobile phones for children under 14 and social media profiles for those under 16.
Angela Giuffrida (Rome)
Germany: “The longer we can delay children from using smartphones, the better.”
German schools can’t outright ban cellphones, but restrictions on their use in classrooms and during breaks are in place.
Efforts to enhance digital literacy among youth are encouraged, with calls in some regions for total bans on mobile phones in elementary schools.
Pediatric experts advocate delaying smartphone ownership until age 11 to protect children’s development, noting adverse effects on mental health and well-being from early exposure to social media.
Despite concerns surrounding smartphones, Germany’s decentralized governance system means a national policy remains elusive.
aAt some point, most mobile games will die. Apple’s iOS software updates have removed thousands of App Store games over the years. Old games simply disappear unless developers make them compatible with all new devices and software. (Most games can’t or won’t devote such resources to it.) Also, in the case of live mobile games that encourage users to log in every day, the popularity of the game will inevitably decline and the developer will stop updating it, leaving the game sluggish and unplayable. Sometimes there is no warning. Games exist one day and disappear the next. A truly dark fate.
Mobile gaming has a high mortality rate. 83% of them Research shows that most games fail within the first three years. But maybe there’s another way. In 2017, Nintendo released a mobile version of its best-selling relaxing life simulation game, Animal Crossing: New Horizons. The service, called Pocket Camp, ran for seven years before Nintendo ended support for it last month. But instead of ending the game, the company released a complete version for £8.99 that packages years of content and allows players to transfer data to keep their memories or start anew. The game lives on.
Pocket Camp is an excellent replica of the console Animal Crossing games, closer to a Happy Home Designer spin-off with a lighter touch than the DS and Switch versions. Your super cute character will be in charge of the campsite and decorate it with furniture and cuteobjects. If your campsite is set up to their liking, the animals will come hang out and talk trash with you. You can gift them anything you find lying around, such as fruit, fish you catch, or, better yet, live insects. Guitar-playing dog KK Slider (who, interestingly, is a caricature of Kazumi Todaka, one of Nintendo’s composers) performs at a campfire concert.
The main difference between Pocket Camp and, say, Animal Crossing on Switch is that there’s no cold in Pocket Camp. Performing insignificant missions, collecting more materials, and crafting more things will always bother you. As is tradition in mobile games, you get some kind of reward every few minutes, and every action in the game is tracked in some kind of progression tree to encourage you to keep playing. Twelve currencies, tasks, locations, and seasonal events are possible at any given time. However, it is nevertheless surprisingly feature-rich. There are thousands of things to make and buy, and hundreds of animal villagers to befriend. It feels luxurious for £8.99.
Ironically, Pocket Camp would be significantly better without the insidious monetization that was used to power it. I’ve dipped in and out of this game over the years, especially when I was waiting for 2020’s New Horizons to come out, and I’ve always loved the ubiquitous countdown timer and the daily (or several) I always shied away from it because of the manufactured urgency of logging in. 1 day) Achieve your goals. Hurry up, it’s time to harvest the fruits! Look, this special event is almost over! Don’t you want limited edition items? Don’t you want to buy some leaf tokens to speed up the creation of all this? This is a standard issue in live mobile games, but even if the game itself has value, it can also be very annoying.
All of these monetization system traps still exist in Pocket Camp Complete. They are built into the game design. However, we now give away all leaf tokens, bells, and items that you previously had to wait for or pay for for free. This changes the pace of the game and allows you to play as many times as you like at once without any restrictions. Now, without warning, I can recommend the affordable Animal Crossing: New Horizons.
More developers should do this. Once you’re done with your live games, simply package everything up and sell it for a single price. This happens in the console world, where the “Game of the Year” edition delivers the old game and all its bonuses and extra content. In this way, those who were there for the first life of the game can somehow preserve it. And such games may find new players even in the afterlife.
what to play
Fashion forward…Infinity Nikki. Photo: Epic Games
dress up fairy tale adventure infinity nikki This game, released this week, is one I’ve had my eye on for a long time because there doesn’t seem to be anything else out there. There’s no combat here, but instead there’s music, fishing, balloon rides, and conversations with cats and frogs. Pink-haired Nikki is very fashion conscious and almost everything she does in her world earns her new components for various amazing outfits. It’s an interesting combination of saccharine sweetness and downright weird, and is actually similar to Animal Crossing.
Please note: This is a free-to-play game, so if you have teenagers who want to play, make sure their settings are locked, as you could actually drop hundreds of pounds on a virtual dress. Please check.
Available: PC, PS5, smartphone Estimated play time: 10 hours or more
what to read
Mobile games in particular have been accused of violating rules regarding the use of loot boxes. Photo: Blizzard Entertainment
The BBC estimates that 43 of the top 45 best-selling mobile games are break the rules Regarding disclosure of randomized information loot box in their advertising. Regulators have been slow to take action on these gambling-related features.
devolver digital has belatedly postponed some games to next year (including Baby Steps, which I’m really looking forward to). I exhaustedly applaud Devolver for the way they presented their presentation through a mock awards ceremony. 15th Annual Devolver Delay Awards 2024.
to celebrate PlayStation 30th anniversarySony has released a set of past PlayStation launch animations, including the PS1’s iconic and incredibly 90s theme. Kotaku has more.
Astro Bot is an upcoming platform game for PlayStation 5 by Team Asobi. Photo: Sony/Team Asobi
Now it’s my turn to ask a question instead of the reader’s. you.
We’re still looking for Pushing Buttons readers to submit their favorite games of 2024. That game will be featured in the final newsletter of the year. From Baldur’s Gate 3 to Astro Bot, send us a few sentences about what they mean to you. You will see results within a few weeks.
Please reply to this email or email pushbuttons@theguardian.com.
There are few high-quality studies on the effectiveness of the smallpox vaccine against smallpox.
Emanuele Contini/Nuru Photo via Getty Images
One dose of one type of smallpox vaccine appears to reduce the risk of getting smallpox by about 60 percent, although this can vary depending on mutations of the virus.
Cases of MPOX, formerly known as monkeypox, are rapidly increasing in the Democratic Republic of Congo, driven by a variant called lineage Ib. The vaccine used to prevent MPOX was originally developed for smallpox, and although the two viruses are related, it is unclear whether it is specifically effective against MPOX.
For more information, Sharmistha Mishra Researchers at the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences in Toronto, Canada, in collaboration with colleagues, focused on a vaccine called MVA-BN, also known as JYNNEOS, Imvanex, and Imvamune, which was the most widely used smallpox vaccine in Western countries during the 2022 smallpox outbreak caused by the clade IIb variant.
Studies have shown that the effectiveness of MVA-BN for mpox varies widely, from 36% to 86%. This range is likely because the studies are observational and compare results in people of different ages, locations, and health conditions.
A randomized controlled trial is being conducted among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men, who made up the majority of infections in Western countries during the 2022 outbreak.
Meanwhile, Mishra's team tried to mimic a randomized controlled trial using existing medical data. The researchers studied more than 6,000 Canadian men who were deemed to be at high risk for infection in 2022. About half received one dose of MVA-BN, and the rest did not receive the mpox vaccine. The two groups of men were matched by factors such as age and location, Mishra said.
While the official MVA-BN vaccination schedule calls for two doses administered at least 28 days apart, Mishra said the Canadian government initially opted for a one-dose vaccination protocol to spread the shots among as many at-risk people as possible.
During a follow-up period of approximately 80 days, 50 men in the unvaccinated group were diagnosed with MPOX compared to 21 in the vaccinated group, suggesting that MVA-BN reduced the risk by 58 percent.
This suggests that one dose is enough to provide protection. Adam Hacker At the London Coalition for Infectious Disease Preparedness Innovations Corinne Goertz van Kessel “Scientifically, we know that two doses are more effective,” Hacker told Erasmus MC in the Netherlands.
Geerts van Kessel says the team's approach was a good way to mimic a randomized controlled trial, but it is unclear whether some of the men, who are older than their mid-50s, were vaccinated when smallpox was a threat, which could have influenced their immune response to the 2022 MVA-BN.
Studying how the vaccine affects the severity of disease after infection with MPOX will also help assess the vaccine's overall effectiveness, she says.
It's also unclear how effective the drug is specifically against lineage Ib, Goertz van Kessel says, but both she and Hacker expect MVA-BN to be at least somewhat effective against that variant as well as it is against lineage IIb, which continues to circulate in West and Central Africa.
At a test site in Amsterdam, self-cooling artificial turf was tested against regular artificial turf.
Joris Forten
By absorbing rainwater and allowing it to evaporate on hot days, artificial turf stays much cooler than regular artificial grass. Self-cooling turf protects athletes from burns and heat stroke and helps cities manage stormwater.
Such surfaces are already in use in Amsterdam, London and Kobe, Japan, he said. Marjolein van Huygevoort At the KWR Water Resources Institute in Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
“A normal lawn stays cool because the grass itself evaporates,” she says, “so this system mimics that natural situation by letting the water rise and evaporate.”
Van Huygevoort says many cities and sports venues are installing artificial turf fields because overuse can damage natural grass. Even in warm climates like those in Northern Europe, the sun can heat the plastic surface to about 70°C (158°F), not only damaging the health of athletes but also warming the air in urban areas, a situation that will only get worse with global warming, he says.
Inspired by A “blue-green roof” that collects rainwater for a cooling effectVan Huygevoort and her colleagues built a toy-sized mock-up of the playground in a climate-controlled lab, with a water-retention unit below the surface topped with a two-centimeter-thick cushioning pad with thin irrigation cylinders embedded inside.
Filled with mineral wool fibres that act like a sponge, these “capillaries” slowly wick water up into a thin layer of sand at the bottom of the artificial turf surface. In a heated laboratory environment, the irrigated water evaporates from the sand, creating a cooling effect on the surface.
Encouraged by these results, the team built a 25-square-metre test site in Amsterdam containing irrigated natural grass. During a heatwave that recorded a maximum temperature of 29.8°C (86°F), the conventional artificial grass reached 62.5°C (145°F). The researchers found that Self-cooling lawnBut the temperature never rose above 37°C (99°F), just 1.7°C warmer than on a natural grass field. Even the air above the water-cooled turf was cooler, which helped keep temperatures down across the city, van Huygevoort said.
The system is based on a design in which the rate at which the water level rises and the evaporative cooling process depend on various natural factors, such as weather conditions. “So water only evaporates when there is a demand for cooling,” says van Huygevoort.
A reservoir beneath the grass can store about 512,000 litres of rainwater beneath the floor of a standard 100-metre by 64-metre football pitch, she says, and capillaries in the buffer pad can store another 96,000 litres, meaning the field should be useful for absorbing large amounts of water during storms, van Huygevoort says.
I’ll be 60 in just over 5 years, which is a big deal. I already have an age-related disease (high blood pressure), and the odds are good that I haven’t been diagnosed with at least one more by then. After that, the symptoms of age will pile up and bring me to my inevitable end. Many of you will no doubt be in a similar situation. We are living longer than ever before, but those extra years don’t necessarily come with good health.
But judging by recent trends, my sons may be even luckier. Instead of facing a long list of common diseases in their 70s and 80s, they may be able to immunize themselves against them. They may be able to celebrate middle age with vaccinations that immunize them against Alzheimer’s, cancer, and hypertension. What’s more, they may even have access to an anti-aging panacea that vaccinates against all of these and more, allowing them to enter old age in better health than most of us today could hope to achieve.
Suddenly, an ancient medical technique looks set to become a game changer in the fight against diseases associated with age. Vaccines, the most commonly used injections for infectious diseases like COVID-19 and measles, are now showing promise for treating non-infectious diseases, particularly those associated with age. The field is advancing rapidly, and there are signs that, in the right winds, I and others my age might be able to benefit from these vaccinations. It’s so…
The iconic baobab, also known as the upside-down tree or tree of life, is most likely native to Madagascar, according to a new study.
Baobab tree in Senegal. Image credit: Viajesunion2.
genus AdansoniaThis plant, better known as the baobab or “Mother of the Forest,” has fascinated botanists, tourists, naturalists, and passersby for centuries.
Perhaps the earliest record of humans marveling at these amazing trees can be traced back to the ancient Egyptians around 2,300 BC.
Their grotesque appearance, gigantic size, reputed longevity, and diverse uses have made baobabs one of the most charismatic species on Earth.
Embedded in folklore and tradition, baobabs have inspired countless works of art and have been associated with human settlements and cultures for thousands of years.
Adansoniaconsisting of Eight morphologically distinct species: one distributed throughout Africa, one in northwestern Australia, and six endemic to Madagascar.
However, the origin of baobabs has been debated for many years due to a lack of fossil evidence.
“Our study reveals new insights into baobab speciation patterns and shows how climate change has influenced baobab distribution and speciation patterns over millions of years.” said Dr Ilia Leech, researcher at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Dr. Leach and his colleagues conducted genomic analyzes of all eight baobab tree species and combined these datasets with ecological analyses.
As a result of the analysis, Adansonia They originated about 41 million years ago and diversified about 20 million years ago.
The researchers found that the historical population dynamics of baobabs are closely linked to both interspecific competition and geological changes in Madagascar, particularly changes in sea level.
Based on data including phylogenetic relationships, gene flow, and genetic diversity of different baobab species, they believe that the hypothesis of mainland Africa and Madagascar as the center of origin for baobabs is the most reasonable explanation for the current data. suggests providing. Australia.
The discovery also allowed scientists to reassess the baobab's conservation strategies and current status.
For example, they suggest that two endangered baobab species in Madagascar should be assigned higher conservation status. Adansonia Suarezensis and Adansonia grandidieri.
High levels of inbreeding, low genetic diversity, and population declines all mean these endangered species lack resilience to ecological perturbations and could be seriously threatened by climate change. It suggests that.
“We are thrilled to be part of this project that uncovers patterns of baobab speciation in Madagascar and the subsequent remarkable long-distance dispersal of two species, one to Africa and one to Australia. I was delighted,” said Professor Andrew Leach, a researcher at Queen Mary University. London.
“This has been accompanied by the evolution of some interesting pollination syndromes involving hawkmoths, lemurs and bats.”
An intact ax with an intact handle was found under one of the burnt structures on the grounds of Mast Farm.
cambridge archaeological unit
The ruins of a Bronze Age settlement in eastern England have been beautifully preserved after being destroyed by fire 3000 years ago. Exploring the ruins provides an incredible snapshot of how the British lived at the time, from what people ate for breakfast to the tools they used to build their homes.
Archaeologists first discovered the ancient wooden pillars in 1999 at the Mast Farm quarry near the small town of Whittlesea. A subsequent small-scale study tried to figure out if there was anything interesting there, he said. chris wakefield at the University of York, UK. But it wasn’t until his 2015 that Wakefield and his colleagues conducted serious excavations at the site.
The research team discovered the structural remains of four large circular dwellings (usually wooden circular dwellings with conical thatched roofs) dating from 3,000 to 2,800 years ago. Tree stumps suggest that it was built on raised platforms connected by wooden walkways over a small river that flows through the area. Judging by the size of the waterway, there may have been about 10 roundhouses in the settlement, Wakefield said.
Tree-ring analysis of wood taken from the structure suggests that the settlement was destroyed a year after its construction, with the houses falling into the muddy waters below. Wakefield said the waterlogged, oxygen-depleted environment prevented the settlement from deteriorating, resulting in its unprecedented level of preservation. The charring of objects by fire also served as a protective layer against environmental decay. “Almost everything that was in these people’s homes at the time of the fire has been preserved and is still being discovered nearly 3,000 years later,” Wakefield said.
The way items fell into the mud provided clues as to the layout of each house. Stepping through the door, the kitchen area tended to be on the east side of the house, with the sleeping area to the northwest and the livestock pens to the southeast.
Chemical analysis of kitchen utensils such as pots, bowls, cups and jars suggests that the settlement’s prehistoric inhabitants probably ate porridge, cereals, honey and stews made from beef, mutton and fish. .
“This is the best evidence we have for understanding prehistoric diets and cooking methods,” he says. Rachel Pope At the University of Liverpool, UK. “This is the closest you will ever get to walking through the doorways of a 3,000-year-old roundhouse and finding out what life was like inside.”
Illustration depicting daily life at one of the mast farm structures
Judith Dobie/Historic England
A toolbox filled with axes, sickles, and razors was a staple in every household. “One of the most beautiful things one of my colleagues found was an amazing two-part axe,” Wakefield says. “What’s amazing about this particular design is that the ax head itself is inserted into an additional piece of wood that can be replaced.”
The clothes recovered at the scene had a lush, velvety feel and were made from the finest fibers produced in Europe at the time, Wakefield said. Decorative beads, which may have been used in necklaces, have also been found throughout the site, and likely came from elsewhere in Europe or the Middle East.
The settlement has been likened to the ancient Roman city of Pompeii, which was buried in ash after a volcanic eruption in 79 AD. “Archaeologists sometimes talk about Pompeii-like discoveries, moments where time stood still, and this is one of them. Burnt-out settlements offer evidence of the time just before and after the fire some 2,900 years ago. It gives us a detailed look into people’s lives in the months leading up to it.” michael parker pearson At University College London.
“Mast Farm is not a once-in-a-generation site. It is very likely that there will never be another site that tells more about Bronze Age Britain.” Richard Maggwick At Cardiff University, UK.
Passengers who book special Delta flights will have the opportunity to witness the total solar eclipse in April from a unique perspective at 30,000 feet.
The airline revealed on Monday that it will be offering flights from Dallas-Fort Worth to Detroit on April 8, allowing passengers to maximize their time within the eclipse’s “total path.”
The eclipse is anticipated to be a significant event as it travels through various populated areas of North America, including parts of Mexico, the continental United States, and eastern Canada. In the U.S. alone, millions of sky gazers from Texas to Maine will have the chance to witness this rare astronomical occurrence.
A solar eclipse happens when the moon moves between the Earth and the sun, temporarily blocking the sun’s light. Within the approximately 100-mile-wide strip known as the Path of Totality, observers will witness the moon completely obscuring the sun, creating a darkened afternoon sky.
Delta Airlines is providing eclipse enthusiasts with another option to experience the April event. The flight announced on Monday will be the airline’s second full charter scheduled for April 8. The initial flight from Austin, Texas to Detroit was announced on February 19 and sold out within 24 hours, according to the company.
The Austin to Detroit flight (Delta Flight 1218) is on an A220-300 aircraft, departing from Texas at 12:15pm Central Time and arriving in Detroit at 4:20pm Eastern Time.
The flight from Dallas-Fort Worth to Detroit (Delta Flight 1010) is operated on a large A321neo plane, departing Texas at 12:30 PM (Central Time) and landing in Detroit at 4:20 PM (Eastern Time).
While the flights are designed to maximize time within the total path, they are subject to potential changes due to factors like weather conditions and air traffic control.
For detailed booking information, visit the following website: Delta.com.
The upcoming solar eclipse is poised to be a major draw for travel and tourism, with many businesses already capitalizing on it. Hotels are offering special solar eclipse packages, while state tourism departments are organizing various events tied to the cosmic phenomenon.
During the April eclipse, the total path will traverse through states like Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. In certain areas of Michigan and Tennessee, totality may be visible if weather conditions are clear.
In other parts of the continental U.S., observers will witness a partial solar eclipse, where the moon appears to “take a bite” out of the sun and only partially obscures it in the sky.
To safely observe the eclipse, use eclipse glasses or a pinhole projector to avoid eye damage. Never look directly at the sun during a solar eclipse, even when it is partially or mostly covered by the moon.
Microsoft has announced that four previously exclusive Xbox games are being made available on PlayStation and Nintendo consoles. Additionally, the company plans to reveal details about the next version of its Xbox console by the end of 2024.
In a video podcast with other Xbox executives, Phil Spencer, Microsoft gaming CEO, did not reveal the names of the four games but mentioned that each is over a year old. Two of them are live service games and the other two are smaller titles. Spencer shared that his favorite games from the selection are the multiplayer pirate adventure Sea of Thieves and the musical action game Hi-Fi Rush. It has also been confirmed that the space epic Starfield from last year and the upcoming Indiana Jones game will remain exclusive to Xbox.
This move signifies a significant shift in strategy for Microsoft, focusing on increasing sales of first-party games rather than emphasizing hardware sales for Xbox. The company has faced tough competition from PlayStation ever since the original launch of Xbox in 2001.
To strengthen its gaming business, Microsoft has been actively acquiring various studios and gaming companies, such as Minecraft developer Mojang, Elder Scrolls and Fallout studio Bethesda, and Candy Crush publisher Activision Blizzard King. The acquisition process for Activision Blizzard involved extensive legal and regulatory procedures, but Microsoft is committed to making its popular games, including Call of Duty, available on other consoles.
Sara Bond, Xbox president, reiterated that Microsoft is not planning to exit the console business. She also mentioned that the company has exciting hardware products set to be shared later this holiday season.
Researchers have discovered a unique case in a Colombian family where a woman with a genetic predisposition to Alzheimer’s disease remained cognitively healthy due to a rare APOE gene mutation, the Christchurch mutation. This mutation disrupts the typical progression of Alzheimer’s disease and suggests new prevention strategies. Dementia may be prevented by breaking the link between early and late stages of the disease.
The disease has plagued one large Colombian family for generations, killing half of them in their prime years. But one member of the family avoided what seemed like fate. She remained cognitively healthy well into her 70s, even though her relatives inherited her genetic defect that caused her to develop dementia in her 40s.
Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis now think they know why. Previous research had reported that the woman was in possession of two copies of the rare variant, unlike her relatives. Apoe A gene known as the Christchurch mutation.
In this study, researchers used genetically modified mice to show that the Christchurch mutation was associated with early stages of Alzheimer’s disease, when a protein called amyloid beta accumulates in the brain, and another protein called tau, which causes cognitive impairment. begins to decline. So the women remained mentally alert for decades, even though their brains were filled with large amounts of amyloid.
“All protective factors are very interesting because they give us new clues about how the disease works,” said lead authors Barbara Barton, Ph.D., and Reuben M. said David M. Holzman, M.D., Morris III Professor Emeritus of Neurology.
Understanding the progression of Alzheimer’s disease, the researches found thatthe main difference was the level of activity of microglia, the brain’s waste-processing cells. Microglia tend to cluster around amyloid plaques. In mice with Apoe The Christchurch mutation activated microglia surrounding amyloid plaques, making them highly efficient at consuming and processing tau aggregates.
Reference: “APOE3ch alters microglial responses and suppresses Aβ-induced tau dissemination and spread” Yun Chen, Sihui Song, Samira Parhizkar, Jennifer Lord, Yiyang Zhu, Michael R. Strickland, Chanung Wang, Jiyu Park, G By Travis Tabor, Hong Jiang, Kevin Lee, Albert A. Davis, Carla M. Huede, Marco Colonna, Jason D. Ulrich, David M. Holtzman, December 11, 2023. cell.DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.11.029
Choose what’s currently available for Waymo One riders Pick it up or drop it off? via the company’s robotaxis curbside at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport.
Waymo became the first self-driving vehicle operator in the U.S. to launch a paid robotaxis service to and from airports in November 2022. This service ran to the airport shuttle stop at his 44th Street SkyTrain station. Navigating the hectic pace of hitting the terminal’s curbs is a whole new challenge, but in order to safely deploy and learn, Waymo has set a time limit of 10pm to 6am, with only Terminals 3 and 4 in place. Start.
Waymo has already completed “tens of thousands of airport trips” and provides more than 1,000 rides each week. According to the company. Waymo says the average travel rating for airport trips is about 4.7 out of 5 stars.
Waymo’s expansion of airport services comes as former competitor Cruise laid off nearly a quarter of its employees in the wake of an Oct. 2 incident in which a pedestrian was dragged under the company’s robot taxi. This was done amid the dismissal of several executives.
Waymo’s new airport service will be fully autonomous (meaning there is no human safety operator behind the wheel) and will be available to “a select group of active riders in Phoenix, and not necessarily just trusted testers.” “It’s just not available,” said Chris Bonelli, product communications manager. Waymo told TechCrunch. Waymo’s trusted testers are riders who have been vetted by the company and signed non-disclosure agreements.
As the Alphabet-owned company gains experience at the terminal, it plans to open these pick-up locations to all passengers and expand to 24/7 service in the “coming months.”
“Last year, we partnered with Waymo to become the first airport in the world to offer travelers the ability to travel to the airport in self-driving vehicles,” Chad Makowski, director of aviation at Sky Harbor Airport, said in a statement. . “This partnership has given us confidence in the technology, and we are excited to take the next step and safely extend this innovative service to the curb of the terminal.”
Stanford Medicine and international collaborators have discovered that around 20% of individuals carry genetic mutations that reduce their risk of Alzheimer’s disease or Parkinson’s disease by 10% or more. This particular variant, known as DR4, has the potential to enhance future vaccines for these neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, the study found a potential link between the tau protein and both diseases, providing new possibilities for targeted therapies and vaccines.
The large-scale analysis included medical and genetic information from a wide range of individuals across different continents. This data analysis revealed that certain gene variants related to immune function are associated with a lower risk of developing Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Approximately one in five people possess a specific genetic mutation that provides resistance to both diseases.
The research, led by Stanford Medicine, indicates that individuals with this protective genetic mutation may be less likely to benefit from future vaccines aimed at slowing or stopping the progression of these common neurodegenerative diseases. Results from the analysis of medical and genetic data from hundreds of thousands of people from diverse backgrounds confirmed that carrying the DR4 allele increased the average chance of developing Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s disease by more than 10%. New evidence has also surfaced suggesting that the tau protein, which is known for aggregating in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients, may also play a role in the development of Parkinson’s disease.
The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, was a collaboration between researchers at Stanford Medicine and international partners. The researchers involved in this study were Emmanuel Mignot, MD, Michael Gracius, MD, Iqbal Farooq, and Asad Jamal from Stanford Medicine, as well as Dr. Jean-Charles Lambert from Inserm, University of Lille, France. The lead author was Yan Le Nguyen, Ph.D., and other contributors included Dr. Guo Luo, Dr. Aditya Ambati, and Dr. Vincent Damot.
Further findings from the study showed that individuals with the DR4 allele were more likely to develop neurofibrillary tangles, characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease, in their brains. The study also suggests that tau, a protein central to Alzheimer’s disease, may have an unknown role in Parkinson’s disease.
DR4 is a particular allele of the DRB1 gene, which is a part of the human lymphocyte antigen complex. This complex is crucial in allowing the immune system to recognize the internal contents of cells. One of the significant findings of this study was that the specific peptide fragment that DR4 recognizes and presents is a chemically modified segment of the tau protein, which plays a role in both diseases. The study suggests that the DR4 allele could be used to create a vaccine targeting this modified peptide as a potential way to interfere with tau aggregation and the development of these neurodegenerative diseases. There may be potential to delay or slow the progression of the diseases in individuals who carry the protective variants of DR4.
The study also noted that the effectiveness of the vaccine may depend on the subtype of DR4 a person carries, which varies among different ethnic groups. For example, one subtype of DR4 that is more common among East Asians may be less protective against neurodegenerative diseases.
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