Tag Archives: cool

AI Assists in Discovering Paint Formulas for Keeping Your Building Cool

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Researchers contend that with the rapid development of machine learning, new materials can be engineered for various applications, from electric motors to carbon capture technologies. AI-generated paints could help mitigate the effects of urban heat islands and lower air conditioning costs.

Experts in materials science are harnessing artificial intelligence to create innovative coatings that can maintain building temperatures 5°C to 20°C cooler than conventional paint after exposure to direct sunlight. This technology is also applicable to vehicles, trains, electrical devices, and other entities that need enhanced cooling in a warming world.

Through machine learning, interdisciplinary teams from institutions in the US, China, Singapore, and Sweden have developed a new paint formulation optimized for reflecting sunlight and radiating heat, as evidenced by peer-reviewed research. Published in Science Journal Nature.

This represents the latest instance of AI circumventing traditional trial-and-error methods in the pursuit of scientific innovation. Last year, UK-based Matnex employed AI to design a new type of permanent magnet for electric vehicle motors, aiming to reduce reliance on carbon-heavy rare earth elements.

Microsoft has also released AI tools tailored for researchers to swiftly create novel inorganic materials—such as crystal structures commonly utilized in solar panels and medical implants. There’s optimism surrounding the potential for new materials to enhance carbon capture capabilities and improve battery efficiency.

Investigations into paint were conducted by scholars at the University of Texas at Austin, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National University of Singapore, and Umeå University in Sweden. In scorching locations like Rio de Janeiro and Bangkok, researchers determined that applying one of the newly developed AI-enhanced paints to the roof of a four-story apartment building could conserve 15,800 kilowatt-hours of electricity annually. When this paint is used on 1,000 buildings, it saves enough energy to power over 10,000 air conditioning units each year.

“As a scientist at the University of Texas and a co-leader of this research,” said Yuebbing Zeng, “our machine learning framework signifies a significant advancement in thermal meta-emitter design. By automating processes and broadening the design landscape, we can generate materials with exceptional properties that were previously unfeasible.”

He mentioned that what previously took a month can now be achieved in days using AI to innovate new materials, including those that might not have been uncovered through traditional exploration methods.

“Now we follow the machine learning outputs; its directives can be executed without numerous design and manufacturing test cycles,” he added.

Dr. Alex Ganoce, a lecturer at Imperial College London, emphasized: “We are also leveraging machine learning to innovate new materials. Developments in this field are occurring rapidly. Over the last year, numerous startups have emerged aiming to utilize generative AI for materials creation.”

He noted that the journey to design new materials can involve assessing millions of potential combinations. AI empowers material scientists to overcome limitations associated with computing resources and allows them to specify desired characteristics to the AI upfront, thereby reversing the conventional method of material creation and trait testing.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Creating Something We Thought Was Cool: The Story of Monolith Productions | Games

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lLast month, Warner Bros. announced the closure of three game development studios – WB Game San Diego, Player First Studio, Monolith Production. Amid a wave of layoffs and closures in the gaming industry, the news of Monolith shutting down caused shock and anger. The belief that Monolith would always exist was pervasive, with one of the founding members expressing surprise at the possibility of its closure.

Monolith was known for its unique approach to game development, combining visual talent, mechanical originality, and pop culture themes since its founding in 1994. The studio was unpredictable in its game releases, producing a variety of genres from first-person shooters to platformers, dungeon crawlers, and open-world games.

The earthquake led me to my toes…blood. Photo: Monolith Productions/Gog

Monolith’s early days were marked by the release of unique games like “Claw,” a 2D platformer about Pirate Cats, and “Blood,” a first-person shooter that gained popularity for its visual style and creative weapons. The success of “Blood” led Monolith to focus on FPS development, leading to the creation of several acclaimed games between 1998 and 2003.

Inspired by anime…Shogo: Mobile Armor Division. Photo: Monolith Production

One of Monolith’s standout games was “Operative: No One Lives Forever,” which offered a unique blend of spy fiction and shooter elements. The studio continued to create innovative games like “Fear” and “Dreaded,” showcasing its ability to immerse players in compelling and terrifying experiences.

Arguably the best of Monolith… Alma from fear. Photo: Sierra Game

However, Monolith’s later years saw a shift towards working on licensed games and adaptations, with titles like “Middle Earth: Shadow of Mordor” showcasing the studio’s creativity and whimsical flair. The innovative Nemesis AI system introduced in the game set a new standard for enemy interactions in open-world games.

Highlights of the Monolith's later years… Middle Earth: Shadow of Mordor. Photo: Monolith Production

Despite its success, the closure of Monolith marked the end of an era in the gaming industry. The studio’s closure raises questions about modern industry practices and the pressure to deliver blockbuster games that cater to a wide audience. Monolith’s legacy of creativity and innovation will continue to resonate in the gaming world long after its closure.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Unlocking the Power of Aura: Aristotle’s Influence on the New Currency of Cool | Life & Style

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You can track your calories, steps, and even the number of streams on your favorite songs. Now, you can also quantify your awesomeness with Aura Points, which determine your level of attractiveness. (It’s basically charisma, and if you didn’t know that, you just lost 100 Aura points.)

Asking someone out and getting a “yes” results in losing 100 aura points. Using Snapchat after the age of 19 is frowned upon and leads to a deduction of 1,000 aura points. Answering a question confidently in class, even if it’s wrong, puts you in the negative.

According to a TikTok explanation, this trend has caused a 378% spike in posts with the hashtag #aurapoints between May and June. It’s all about exuding a positive, carefree, and confident attitude to earn points and gain entry into the cool-kids club.

The concept of Aura Points is a modern twist on the elusive “it” factor, popularized by stars like Clara Bow and Evelyn Nesbitt, now reimagined for the younger generation. Gain your Aura Points to join the cool club, or risk losing them and facing consequences.

Stories on TikTok illustrate how people earn and lose points. Acting breezy and confident in tough situations earns you points, while staying with a cheating partner results in a deduction that no aura person would accept. Some scenarios are absurd but entertaining.

While Aura Points are mostly light-hearted, some creators use them to symbolize personal growth moments. It can be a way to reflect on important life choices and behaviors that define one’s character positively.

Young TikTok users share anecdotes of their point-earning and losing experiences. The trend aligns with Gen Z’s interest in cosmic belief systems like astrology. It offers a playful yet insightful approach to evaluating personal growth and character development.

Aura Points may seem like a modern TikTok fad, but they draw parallels to ancient virtue ethics from Greek and Roman philosophy. It’s more than just a superficial trend; it encourages self-reflection and moral alignment with personal values.

The concept of Aura Points also relates to moral credit, where positive actions counterbalance potential negative ones. It serves as a gamified system to assess behavior and invite constructive criticism.

Just like Alain de Botton’s notion of “status anxiety,” Aura Points reflect the ongoing concern for how others perceive us and our quest for self-worth. It’s a way for individuals to navigate social evaluation and engage in status transactions.

Understanding the philosophy behind this TikTok trend? Congratulations, you’ve earned 1,000 Aura points!

Source: www.theguardian.com

The most effective method to cool cities: White and reflective roofs.

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White roofs in London would help keep the city cool during the hottest days.

NagyxMe/Imago/Alamy

In cities like London, painting roofs white or adding reflective coatings is the best way to cool them down during the heatwaves, and these “cool roofs” could work better than solar panels, green roofs or adding more trees to the ground.

Oskar Bruss Researchers at University College London ran a climate simulation to look at how temperatures in London would have changed on the hottest two days of the summer of 2018 if the city had implemented widespread cooling measures, from cooled roofs to air conditioners to cooling solar panels. The highest temperature was 35.6℃ (96.1°F).

The researchers found that the cool roofs outperformed all other countermeasures, reducing the city's average outdoor temperature by 1.2°C over the two days, and by as much as 2°C in some places. By comparison, adding more trees reduced temperatures by just 0.3°C, and solar panels reduced temperatures by 0.5°C.

The study found that while widespread air conditioning may keep indoor temperatures lower, it could increase outdoor temperatures by up to 1°C in parts of central London. “In London, cool roofs were the most effective at reducing outdoor temperatures at pedestrian level,” Bruce says.

While the study only used two days of data for its simulations, Bruce said: Similar published studies.

Applying reflective coatings or brightening roof surfaces across cities would be a relatively simple, low-cost climate adaptation measure, Bruce says. “In fact, I think it's probably the easiest thing to implement,” he says. “I see very little reason not to do this more widely.”

Beyond cooling, he says there are other reasons to install technologies: trees and green roofs can boost biodiversity and resident well-being, for example, and solar panels can provide clean electricity.

2023 Report A report by the Greater London Authority suggests that cool roofs could become a policy focus for the city government as summer temperatures rise due to climate change. “As temperatures in London are expected to rise and heatwaves become more frequent, reflective roofs are likely to become a key element of climate adaptation strategies,” the report said.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

4 quick ways to cool off

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Feeling uncomfortably hot due to the soaring temperatures in the UK and the US heatwave is totally understandable. As humans evolved for tropical climates, working in such heat can be challenging. According to Professor Mike Tipton from the Extreme Environments Institute at the University of Portsmouth, our bodies were not designed for physical labor or office work in such hot conditions.

To stay cool during the heatwave, apart from the obvious tips like staying hydrated, seeking shade, and closing curtains, here are four science-backed techniques to help you beat the heat.

1. Cool your hands first, not your face

Cooling your face with a fan might seem instinctual, but immersing your hands in cold water for 15-20 minutes can be a more effective way to cool down. This method helps in dissipating heat from your body as your blood flows through your hands, providing quicker relief than cooling your face.

2. Avoid cold showers

Contrary to popular belief, taking cold showers is not the ideal way to cool down during extreme heat. Immersing too much of your body in cold water reduces blood circulation to the skin, hindering the cooling process. Opt for lukewarm showers instead to maintain adequate blood flow to your skin and regulate your body temperature effectively.

3. Choose hot drinks

Drinking hot beverages can actually help cool you down faster than cold water by triggering mechanisms like sweating and increased blood flow to the skin. While hydrating with water at any temperature is beneficial, hot drinks activate these cooling responses more effectively.

4. Let the wind blow to encourage sweating

Using a fan to create airflow and encourage sweat evaporation can be more helpful than just focusing the fan on your face. The wind aids in evaporating sweat from your body, facilitating the cooling process during extreme heat conditions. Natural air movement or non-electric fans can be effective in promoting sweat evaporation and overall cooling.

About our experts

Mike Tipton, a Professor of Human and Applied Physiology at the University of Portsmouth, has extensive research experience in thermoregulation, environmental physiology, and occupational health. With over 40 years of work in survival and thermal medicine consulting for the RAF and UKSport, Tipton is a leading expert in the field.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Cool brown dwarf emits methane detected by Webb

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Astronomers using the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope detected methane emissions from the. CWISEP J193518.59-154620.3 (W1935 for short) is an isolated brown dwarf star with a temperature of about 482 K. Their findings also suggest that W1935 could produce auroras similar to those seen on our planet, Jupiter, and Saturn.

Artist's impression of the brown dwarf W1935. Image credit: NASA/ESA/CSA/L. Hustak, STScI.

W1935 is located about 47 light-years away in the constellation Sagittarius.

This brown dwarf was co-discovered by Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 citizen science volunteer Dan Caselden and NASA's CatWISE team.

W1935's mass is not well known, but it is probably in the range of 6 to 35 times the mass of Jupiter.

After observing numerous brown dwarfs observed by Webb, Dr. Jackie Faherty Researchers at the American Museum of Natural History found W1935 to be similar, with one notable exception. It was emitting methane, which had never been seen before in brown dwarfs.

“Methane gas is expected to be present in giant planets and brown dwarfs, but we typically see it absorbing light rather than absorbing it,” Faherty said.

“At first we were confused by what we were seeing, but eventually it turned into pure excitement when it was discovered.”

Computer modeling provided another surprise. W1935 may have a temperature inversion, a phenomenon in which the atmosphere becomes warmer as altitude increases.

Temperature inversions easily occur in planets orbiting stars, but brown dwarfs are isolated and have no obvious external heat source.

“We were pleasantly shocked when the model clearly predicted a temperature inversion,” said Dr Ben Burningham, an astronomer at the University of Hertfordshire.

“But we also needed to figure out where that extra upper atmosphere heat was coming from.”

To find out, astronomers turned to our solar system. In particular, they focused on the study of Jupiter and Saturn. Both show methane release and temperature inversions.

Since the aurora is likely the cause of this feature on the solar system's giants, the researchers speculated that they had discovered the same phenomenon in W1935.

Planetary scientists know that one of the main drivers of Jupiter and Saturn's auroras are high-energy particles from the sun that interact with the planets' magnetic fields and atmospheres, heating the upper layers.

This is also the reason for the aurora borealis we see on Earth. Auroras are most unusual near the poles, so they are commonly referred to as aurora borealis or southern lights.

However, W1935 does not have a host star, so solar wind cannot contribute to the explanation.

There's another fascinating reason why auroras occur in our solar system.

Both Jupiter and Saturn have active moons that occasionally eject material into space, interacting with the planets and enhancing the auroral footprints of those worlds.

Jupiter's moon Io is the most volcanically active world in the solar system, spewing fountains of lava tens of miles high. Also, Saturn's moon Encereadus spews water vapor from geysers that freeze and boil as soon as they reach space.

Although more observations are needed, researchers speculate that one explanation for W1935's aurora may be an active moon that has yet to be discovered.

“Every time astronomers point an object at the Webb, new and surprising discoveries can occur,” Dr. Faherty said.

“When we started this project, we weren't concerned about methane emissions, but now that we know that methane emissions can exist and the explanations are very attractive, we're always paying attention. That's part of how science moves forward.”

a paper The survey results were published in a magazine Nature.

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JK Faherty other. 2024. Methane emission from cool brown dwarfs. Nature 628, 511-514; doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07190-w

Source: www.sci.news

Cool Payment: LA’s Reflective Material to Beat the Heat and Stay Cool

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In the Pacoima neighborhood of Los Angeles, Jose Damian, a street vendor for the past five years, braves temperatures of up to 105 degrees while selling Mexican snacks and shaved ice under the scorching midday sun. He recently experienced heat-related health issues when he felt dizzy and sweaty on his way to Sarah Coughlin Elementary School, prompting him to seek medical attention after losing all the salt in his body.

Residents in Pacoima have long endured extreme heat, with some taking multiple showers a day and struggling to stay cool due to the lack of trees and expensive air conditioning. The neighborhood holds the unfortunate title of being the hottest in Los Angeles and is disproportionately affected by heat-related illnesses, particularly in low-income communities of color like Pacoima.

A recent study shows that areas with a large Latino population, such as Pacoima, are significantly warmer than others in Los Angeles County. This disparity in temperature is exacerbated by the lack of tree canopies and green spaces in the neighborhood, further contributing to the heat island effect.

To combat the extreme heat, community organizations and local officials have joined forces to implement a cooling plan for Pacoima. Initiatives like the “Cool Pavement” project, in partnership with roofing manufacturer GAF, aim to reduce heat absorption in the neighborhood by repaving city blocks with solar reflective coating. This multi-year project not only helps cool the area but also adds vibrant murals and colored pavers to brighten up the community.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

The Threat of Cool Star’s Strong Winds to Exoplanets

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Artist’s illustration of a stellar planetary system. You can clearly see the stellar wind orbiting the star and its effect on the planet’s atmosphere.Credit: AIP/ K. Riebe/ J. Fohlmeister, editor

A groundbreaking study reveals that cold stars with strong magnetic fields generate powerful stellar winds, providing important information for assessing the habitability of exoplanetary systems.

A study led by scientists at the Potsdam Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics (AIP) uses cutting-edge numerical simulations to systematically characterize the properties of stellar winds in a sample of cold stars for the first time. Ta. They found that stars with stronger magnetic fields generate stronger winds. These winds create unfavorable conditions for the survival of planetary atmospheres, thus affecting the habitability of these systems.

Cool star classification

The Sun is one of the most abundant stars in the universe, known as “cool stars.” These stars are divided into four categories (F-type, G-type, K-type, and M-type) that differ in size, temperature, and brightness. The Sun is a fairly average star and belongs to category G. Stars that are brighter and larger than the Sun belong to category F, while K stars are slightly smaller and cooler than the Sun. The smallest and faintest star is the M star, also known as a “red dwarf” because of the color in which it emits most of its light.

Solar wind and its effects

Satellite observations have revealed that, apart from light, the sun continuously emits a stream of particles known as the solar wind. These winds travel through interplanetary space and interact with the planets of our solar system, including Earth. The beautiful displays of the Northern Lights near the North and South Poles are actually produced by this interaction. But these winds can also be harmful, as they can erode Earth’s stable atmosphere. Mars.

We know a lot about the solar wind, thanks in part to missions like Solar Orbiter, but the same isn’t true for other cool stars. The problem is that we can’t see these stellar winds directly, so we’re limited to studying their effects on the thin gas that fills the cavities between stars in galaxies. However, this approach has some limitations and can only be applied to a small number of stars. This has encouraged the use of computer simulations and models to predict various properties of stellar winds without the need for astronomer observations.

Pioneering research on the properties of stellar winds

In this regard, in collaboration with Cecilia Garaffo of the Harvard University Center for Astrophysics, doctoral student Judy Chevely of AIP’s Stellar Physics and Exoplanet Division, and scientist Julián D. Alvarado Gomez Dr. Katja Poppenhager, head of the department, assisted. The Smithsonian Institution conducted the first systematic study of the expected stellar wind properties for F, G, K, and M stars.

To this end, they performed numerical simulations using one of the most sophisticated models currently available, driven by the observed large-scale magnetic field distributions of 21 well-observed stars. I used it. The simulations were performed at the AIP and Leibniz-Rechenzentrum (LRZ) supercomputing facilities.

The research team investigated how star properties such as gravity, magnetic field strength, and rotation period affect the properties of the wind in terms of velocity and density. The results include a comprehensive characterization of stellar wind properties across spectral types and, in particular, challenge previous assumptions about stellar wind speeds when estimating associated mass loss rates from observations. This indicates that it needs to be reconsidered.

In addition, the simulations can predict the expected size of the Alfvén surface, the boundary between the stellar corona and the stellar wind. This information is the basis for determining whether planetary systems are affected by strong magnetic star-planet interactions. This interaction can occur when a planet’s orbit enters or is completely embedded in the Alfvén surface of its host star.

Impact on planetary systems

Their findings show that stars with magnetic fields larger than the Sun have faster winds. In some cases, stellar wind speeds can be up to five times faster than the average solar wind speed (typically 450 km/s). The study revealed how strong these stars’ winds are in their so-called “habitable zone,” defined as the orbital distance at which a rocky exoplanet can maintain liquid water on its surface and provide an Earth-like atmospheric pressure. It was evaluated as being strong. They found milder conditions around F- and G-type stars, comparable to those experienced by Earth around the G-type Sun, and increasingly harsh wind environments around K- and M-type stars. discovered. Such intense stellar winds have a strong impact on any atmosphere a planet might have.

Broader implications for exoplanet research

This phenomenon is well documented in heliophysics between rocky planets and the Sun, but not in exoplanetary systems. This requires estimates of stellar winds to assess processes similar to those seen between the solar wind and planetary atmospheres. This study is important from the perspective of habitability, as no information on stellar winds has been known for main-sequence stars F to M until now.

Although the study presented in this paper was performed on 21 stars, the results are general enough to apply to other cool main sequence stars. This study paves the way for future studies of stellar wind observations and their effects on planetary atmosphere erosion.

References: Judy J Chebly, Julián D Alvarado-Gómez, Katja Poppenhäger, and Cecilia Garraffo, “Quantifying the wind properties of cool main-sequence stars,” July 19, 2023. Royal Astronomical Society Monthly Notices.
DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stad2100

Source: scitechdaily.com