Unlocking the Secrets of ‘Compound X’: A Breakthrough in Eliminating Parkinson’s Disease Proteins from the Brain

Posted on April 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Parkinson’s Disease: Neurological Insights and Treatment Advances

Image Credit: Dr. Gopal Murthy/Science Photo Library

A potential breakthrough drug, referred to as Compound X, has demonstrated significant improvements in mobility and balance for mice exhibiting Parkinson’s-like symptoms. This innovative treatment enhances the brain’s waste-processing capabilities, effectively removing toxic protein aggregates. However, the research team has yet to disclose the specifics of this compound.

“With intellectual property considerations, we recognize that Compound X represents a pivotal advancement, potentially serving as the first disease-modifying intervention for Parkinson’s disease,” stated Zhao Yan from Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne.

Parkinson’s disease affects over 10 million people globally, characterized by the progressive loss of nerve cells involved in movement control. This degeneration is widely believed to originate from the build-up of misfolded proteins called α-synuclein, due to a malfunction in the brain’s waste disposal system—the glymphatic system. Recent studies aimed to determine if enhancing this system could alleviate symptoms.

To explore this hypothesis, Yang and her colleagues employed a novel mouse model mimicking Parkinson’s disease. This model utilizes repeated nasal administration of misfolded alpha-synuclein, promoting its spread throughout the brain and causing severe motor deficits—more accurately reflecting human Parkinson’s disease compared to traditional models that rely on toxin exposure. Yang showcased her findings at the Oxford Glymphatic and Brain Clearance Symposium in the UK on April 1st.

The team administered weekly doses of alpha-synuclein to 20 mice over four months. After two months, they introduced Compound X—an FDA-approved drug administered four times a week in synergy with methylcellulose, which enhances drug solubility. Preliminary studies indicated that Compound X could increase slow brain waves, known to support glymphatic function, although its specific impact on brain waste clearance warranted further investigation, Yang noted.

The remaining group of mice received only methylcellulose as a control. The progression of Parkinson’s symptoms paralleled early-stage human patients, including alterations in smell and sleep patterns, according to Yang.

Subsequently, all mice underwent a locomotion test involving navigation on a slender rod. Remarkably, 80% of the mice treated with Compound X successfully completed the task, compared to only 10% in the control group.

In another assessment requiring balance on a rotating rod for five minutes, nearly all Compound X-treated mice maintained their position throughout the duration, while the control group averaged just three minutes.

Further analyses revealed that Compound X enhanced slow-wave activity during deep sleep and facilitated fluid circulation within the glymphatic system. Notably, this treatment reduced α-synuclein aggregates in the mice’s motor cortex by approximately 40% compared to the control group.

“This discovery holds significant potential,” emphasized Duan Wenzhen from Johns Hopkins University, Maryland. “The medical community requires treatments that can decelerate disease progression. Current therapies only alleviate symptoms temporarily, lacking efficacy in altering the disease’s trajectory.”

The research team aspires to obtain regulatory approval for human trials targeting early-stage Parkinson’s patients within the upcoming year. “Our ultimate goal is to provide treatment that addresses the early stages of the disease, where the most significant benefits are realized,” Yang concluded.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking Health Insights: What Your Body’s Natural Smell Reveals About Your Well-being

Posted on April 4, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

While we often associate body odor with being unpleasant, these natural scents can provide insightful information about our overall health.

What Causes Body Odor?

Body odor originates from sweat, but not all sweat has the same effect. Most unpleasant odors arise when bacteria interact with secretions from the apocrine glands, mainly located in the armpits and groin.

These glands emit a thicker, protein-rich fluid that initially has little odor. However, when bacteria on your skin break it down, the result is that familiar pungent scent.

In contrast, eccrine glands, found throughout the body, secrete a more diluted mixture of water and salt, which typically carries little inherent odor, although bacteria can produce a smell.

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What Can Body Odor Indicate About Your Health?

Minor changes in your odor may be your body’s way of signaling a potential health issue. For instance, poorly managed diabetes can cause a sweet or fruity aroma on the skin and breath, often likened to pear drops or nail polish remover.

This scent may indicate diabetic ketoacidosis, a medical emergency due to the buildup of ketone bodies from insufficient insulin.

Moreover, liver disease can produce a musty or “fecal” scent, while kidney failure may lead to an ammonia-like smell due to the body’s struggle to expel waste products.

Changes in odor can also be influenced by infections, pregnancy, menstrual cycles, and hormonal fluctuations, including menopause.

Interestingly, researchers are investigating whether body scent can assist in the early and accurate diagnosis of various diseases.

Your skin’s natural microbiome significantly influences your body odor, which is why some individuals naturally emit stronger scents than others – Image courtesy of Getty Images.

Recent research suggests that certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs), released by the skin, can indicate conditions like Parkinson’s disease even before noticeable neurological symptoms occur.

This investigatory field was partly inspired by individuals with heightened olfactory sensitivity, including a woman who recognized a unique musky scent from her husband long before he was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease.

Impact of Lifestyle, Diet, and Genetics

Not every odor is concerning. Foods like garlic, onions, and curry contain volatile compounds that can affect sweat’s scent. Alcohol, caffeine, and various medications can also alter your body odor.

Even stress can shift your scent due to changes in sweat composition.

Your skin’s microbiome (the diverse bacteria community on your skin) plays a crucial role in determining body odor, explaining why some individuals naturally have stronger smells than others.

What To Do If You’re Concerned About Body Odor?

Maintaining good hygiene is crucial. Regularly washing with soap, especially in areas with high concentrations of apocrine glands, can reduce bacteria responsible for strong odors.

Antiperspirants help decrease sweat production, while deodorants mask unpleasant scents.

Wearing breathable fabrics, such as cotton or moisture-wicking materials, can help minimize bacterial growth, particularly during physical activity. Keeping well-hydrated and maintaining a balanced diet can also alleviate odor concerns.

If you notice a persistent or unexplained change in body odor, especially alongside symptoms related to diabetes, liver, or kidney issues, consider consulting a healthcare professional.

This article addresses the question (by Spalding’s Scott Edwards): “Can my scent provide insights into my health?”

If you have questions or feedback, feel free to email us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or connect with us on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (don’t forget to include your name and location).

Explore our ultimate fun facts and more intriguing science content.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Unlocking the Secret: Why Your New ‘Ultra-Fast’ Wi-Fi Still Leaves You Feeling Disconnected

Posted on April 3, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

In today’s fast-paced digital world, a reliable Wi-Fi connection is essential. Dealing with slow or erratic Wi-Fi can lead to interruptions in streaming, gaming, and even smart home functionality. It’s no surprise that emerging wireless technologies promise to alleviate these connectivity issues.

Enter Wi-Fi 7, the latest wireless standard poised to revolutionize connectivity. With a staggering top speed of “up to 46 gigabits per second (Gbps),” Wi-Fi 7 can theoretically download a 4K movie in as little as 8 seconds—almost five times quicker than Wi-Fi 6/6E’s maximum of 9.6 Gbps.

However, the reality is that most households won’t achieve these headline speeds. Real-world testing typically reveals speeds in the range of hundreds of megabits per second (Mbps), considering that most UK broadband services max out at 1-2 Gbps.

So, what’s behind the discrepancy?

Understanding Real-World Performance

The gap between theoretical and actual speeds highlights that user experience is largely influenced by real-world conditions. Factors such as construction materials and radio wave interference play significant roles.

Despite the lofty claims, Wi-Fi 7—officially known as 802.11be—incorporates substantial technological advancements. Designed to manage data more efficiently, especially in dense environments with multiple connected devices, Wi-Fi 7 introduces wider channels, allowing for up to 320 megahertz (MHz) of bandwidth, doubling the capacity of Wi-Fi 6E. Think of it as expanding lanes on a busy freeway.

Struggling with poor Wi-Fi? Your home layout could be the culprit. – Photo credit: Getty

Wi-Fi 7 utilizes a feature called Multilink Operation (MLO), which optimizes the use of various frequency bands (2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz) to find the most reliable path through a congested network. Additionally, it employs a high-density encoding method called 4096-QAM, increasing data throughput under favorable conditions.

Navigating the Challenges

That said, taking full advantage of Wi-Fi 7 requires hardware upgrades across your devices. Since the benefits are hardware-dependent, you’ll need to invest in a new router as well as the latest smartphones, laptops, and smart devices.

Many users will find themselves in a mixed-environment for some time, using a combination of older and newer devices, which may limit the overall experience. The enhancements may not be as pronounced as some users expect.

Moreover, the gains in speed are heavily reliant on maintaining high signal quality. “Wi-Fi 7’s theoretical speeds were measured in ideal lab conditions,” advises Dr. Richard Rudd, a certified engineer and communications consultant.

As Dr. Rudd notes, the actual signal within a home can be severely affected by factors like building materials, interference from other devices, and layout. Frequencies above 6 GHz tend to experience faster signal degradation over distance.

In essence, Wi-Fi 7’s peak performance is contingent on optimal environmental conditions—strong signals and minimal obstructions. As with all wireless standards, there’s a disparity between maximum and actual speeds.

According to Professor Izzat Darwazeh from UCL, “The capacity of a channel is directly proportional to its bandwidth per the Shannon-Hartley theorem.” Thus, while the potential for double the capacity over Wi-Fi 6E exists, noise and interference directly reduce actual speed.

MLO optimizes network pathways—but many variables still influence performance. – Image credit: Getty

While Wi-Fi 7 cannot overcome physical barriers, it does promise real enhancements to connectivity. Research by Ookla revealed that median download speeds for Wi-Fi 7 reached 665.01 Mbps on EE’s service—four times the performance of Wi-Fi 6 in comparable scenarios, with almost double the upload speed.

Beyond Just Speed

While speed is often the focal point, other advantages may hold greater significance. Tests conducted by the Wireless Broadband Alliance (WBA) showed Wi-Fi 7 offering lower latency, reduced jitter, and improved stability across multiple rooms compared to Wi-Fi 6.

“Wi-Fi 7 transcends mere speed—it’s about delivering a consistent, predictable user experience,” says Bruno Tomas, WBA Chief Technology Officer.

“Our testing revealed speeds of 3.5 Gbps in real-world scenarios, with peaks of 4.2 Gbps in Turkey, showcasing stability across multiple rooms—this consistency is what distinguishes Wi-Fi 7 from its predecessors.”

WBA chairman Tiago Rodriguez emphasizes the need for service providers to enhance clarity around Wi-Fi 7’s capabilities. “Understanding the distinction between theoretical and real-world speeds is vital.”

Similar to a car’s fuel efficiency, the advertised speeds of Wi-Fi can’t be fully realized unless you have a compatible infrastructure in place.

In the UK, regulatory and physical limitations hinder access to the full benefits of Wi-Fi 7. The broader 6 GHz spectrum that facilitates its features is still largely unavailable. Yet, these conditions may evolve as regulatory frameworks are reassessed.

As Dr. Rudd points out, although full potential isn’t yet realized in the UK or Europe, Wi-Fi 7 still offers significant capabilities that exceed current user demands.

Top-tier Wi-Fi is crucial for environments with high demand—like concerts and lectures. – Photo credit: Getty

Navigating Reality vs. Hype

This brings us to the current dilemma surrounding Wi-Fi 7. While its advancements are clear, the practical benefits may not resonate with users, especially those already equipped with Wi-Fi 6 or 6E routers, according to Mark Jackson from ISPreview UK.

“If your devices are already Wi-Fi 6 compatible, upgrading may not be essential right now,” he notes. “However, users in environments that demand high performance, like online gamers, should consider an upgrade.”

For those using older Wi-Fi technology, it may be less about performance and more about addressing potential security vulnerabilities. Eventually, upgrading will become necessary for most households due to technology advancements.

Professor Darwazeh agrees, stating that Wi-Fi 7’s primary advantages lie in high-density environments like lecture halls and stadiums—most home users won’t notice a substantial difference unless their connection is under high strain.

“New technologies often create new use cases, and we anticipate that Wi-Fi 7 will also reframe user experience over time,” he concludes.

Ultimately, while Wi-Fi 7 represents a leap forward in technology, its tangible benefits may not be immediately recognized by the average consumer. Connectivity issues should be addressed through optimal router placement and mesh systems rather than merely chasing higher speeds.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Unlocking the Secrets of a Memory Champion: Inside the Brain of a Memory Master

Posted on April 2, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Nelson Dellis winning the 2011 USA Memory Championship in New York.

Don Emmert/AFP via Getty Images

Nelson Dellis, a six-time American Memory Champion, has astounded the world by memorizing a shuffled deck of cards in just 40.7 seconds and recalling the first 10,000 digits of Pi. Recent studies on his brain offer insights into the extraordinary capabilities that allow such feats and how others may develop similar skills.

Dellis reports that he had an average memory until age 25, when he began rigorous memory training after observing his grandmother suffer from Alzheimer’s disease. This dedication included extensive practice memorizing numbers, names, and vocabulary. “I continue to train my memory regularly,” he states. “It’s akin to a muscle; if you don’t utilize it, it deteriorates.”

While dementia-related memory issues are well documented, the phenomena of exceptional memory are less understood. To investigate this, researchers from Washington University in St. Louis collaborated with Dellis for a comprehensive brain analysis.

Dellis participated in extensive brain scans and memory assessments over approximately 13 hours between 2015 and 2021. In one assessment, he was tasked with memorizing a series of four to seven words displayed for just over a second, employing traditional memorization techniques like repetition.

“Sitting still in a scanner while memorizing wasn’t my usual training method, but it was fascinating to contribute to the connection between memory athletes and measurable scientific outcomes,” Dellis remarked. His brain activity was compared to two control subjects with strong, yet not extraordinary, memories.

The Washington University team analyzed the results and discovered that Dellis and the controls exhibited similar brain activity during the tasks. All three individuals showed enhanced electrical signaling in the retrosplenial cortex, extrastriate visual cortex, and dorsal frontal cortex—regions associated with navigation, visual processing, and working memory. Interestingly, Dellis emphasized that rote memorization is not his preferred technique. “Rote memorization is often ineffective, yet it’s widely known,” he notes.

Dellis undertook another task unique to him, memorizing the order of a shuffled deck of cards while undergoing brain scans. He utilized the loci method, also recognized as the memory palace technique, which involves linking information to specific locations in one’s environment to facilitate recall. “This shift from abstract concepts to visual-spatial associations forms the core of almost all mnemonic strategies I employ,” Dellis shares.

This task stimulated activity in the same three cortices but altered activity in the hippocampus, a critical brain region for memory. Dellis exhibited higher hippocampal activity during the encoding phase in the first task than during recall. In contrast, the opposite was found during the second task, which activated the caudate nucleus—a brain structure involved in learning and memory. Although the researchers chose not to comment further, they speculated that the caudate’s involvement might indicate memory is an integrated skill.

Dellis after winning in 2012 by reciting the order of 104 playing cards.

Nelson Dellis

Moreover, researchers compared Dellis’s brain activity to that of 887 participants in the Human Connectome Project. Their findings revealed that memory champions demonstrate significantly enhanced functional connectivity, illustrating efficient collaboration among different brain areas.

Dellis and his colleagues advocate for the wider application of the loci method. “Considering its clear behavioral benefits, it’s surprising that techniques like this are not more commonly integrated into educational and clinical practices,” he observes. Martin Dresler from Radboud University Medical Center in the Netherlands concurs.

Dresler states that this technique can be extremely effective. It utilizes our inherent strengths. “The triumph of trajectory methods likely arises because they transform abstract data into visual-spatial concepts,” he explains. “Our brains did not evolve to remember abstract details like numbers or dates; rather, they evolved to navigate our environment for food and safety, honing our spatial awareness.”

However, Craig Stark, a professor at the University of California, Irvine, emphasizes that it’s uncertain how much of Dellis’s exceptional memory results from training versus innate ability. “We can’t discern which elements are trained skills versus inherent capabilities,” he states.

If you find traditional memory training daunting, Dellis also attributes his abilities to a healthy lifestyle that includes regular exercise. “To enhance your everyday memory, heed your mother’s advice: be mindful, maintain a healthy diet, get adequate sleep, and exercise,” he emphasizes, referencing Morris Moscovich from the University of Toronto, Canada.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Quantum Computers: Unlocking Their Secrets is Closer Than You Think

Posted on April 1, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Google’s Willow Quantum Computer

Credit: Google Quantum AI

Quantum computers capable of breaking internet security codes are rapidly approaching reality. Discoveries from two research teams highlight the strides being made, indicating that current quantum machines are already over halfway to the necessary scale.

Both studies focus on cryptographic methods centered around the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (ECDLP)—a mathematical challenge ideally suited for data encryption. ECDLP has been widely adopted for securing internet communications, including banking transactions and major cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin.

While classical computers struggle to breach elliptical curve-based codes, it has been understood since the 1990s that quantum computers possess the ability to do so. However, building a sufficiently powerful quantum computer seemed a far-off challenge due to engineering limits.

Recent advancements in both theory and engineering have drastically accelerated this timeline. Theoretical research has led to optimized quantum hacking algorithms, significantly lowering the required quantum computing power. For instance, in 2019, estimates indicated a need for 20 million qubits to crack a related encryption system called RSA-2048; by February, that figure plummeted to just 100,000 qubits.

Furthermore, while the most sophisticated quantum computers in 2019 barely exceeded 50 qubits, today’s leading machines have surpassed 1,000 qubits, with the largest unused qubit array containing 6,100 qubits.

Currently, Dorev Bruchstein and his team suggest that ECDLP could require machines with only 10,000 qubits. Though this decoding would still take years, Ryan Babush and his colleagues from Google’s Quantum Research division have shown that just 500,000 qubits could perform the task in as little as nine minutes.

“Today marks a significant moment for quantum computing and cryptography,” says Justin Drake of the Ethereum Foundation, which collaborates with researchers at Google. He shared this insight via social media.

Bruchstein’s estimates are based on qubits formed from ultracold atoms manipulated by lasers, providing increased connectivity that likely reduces the number of required qubits.

Bruchstein envisions a potential array of 10,000 ultracold qubits being realized within a year, yet controlling and operating them with precision will be a significant challenge. Proper interaction between qubits is critical, eliminating the possibility of merely linking multiple existing machines together.

Bruchstein anticipates that a fully operational quantum computer may not be available until the decade’s end. “We’re making substantial progress, but it’s beginning to feel feasible to build,” he explains.

Concerns Over Cryptocurrency Security

The Google team derived their conclusions based on a different type of quantum computer using superconducting circuits. These quantum systems are often viewed as more advanced, and Google prioritizes their development.

The researchers have refrained from commenting publicly about the study. However, the paper indicates that “resource estimations could be dramatically lowered with more aggressive hardware capabilities,” implying that the 500,000 qubit target might be conservative. Notably, they refrain from providing details about the decryption algorithm for security reasons.

They also indicate that such quantum computers could potentially intercept cryptocurrency transactions and reroute funds for a brief period before recording, effectively enabling theft.

Given the findings from both studies, it’s clear that Bitcoin may be more susceptible to quantum attacks sooner than previously understood, according to Scott Aaronson from the University of Texas at Austin.

Stefano Gozioso from the University of Oxford notes that both configurations of quantum computers encounter substantial engineering hurdles before practical application is achievable, particularly the ultracold atom method, which is still largely experimental. He emphasizes the growing urgency for security in the digital realm.

Some internet browsers already implement encryption impervious to quantum attacks, termed post-quantum cryptography (PQC). While traditional banking systems may adapt post-attack, a decentralized cryptocurrency framework might be far more vulnerable, according to Gozioso. Google suggests that organizations transition to PQC by 2029 as the need intensifies.

“This is precisely why we initiated the PQC standardization project over a decade ago,” states Dustin Moody from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). “We anticipated that advancements in quantum hardware would coincide with algorithmic progress.”

NIST has identified several PQC algorithms with the potential to become future security standards as practical quantum computers emerge, with the U.S. federal government targeting a transition by 2035. However, Moody warns that organizations should act promptly. “These studies reinforce that the window for migration is limited, making immediate action imperative,” he concludes.

Topics:

Safety/
Quantum Computing

Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking the Surprising Science Behind Plant-Based Milk: What You Need to Know

Posted on March 30, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Understanding Non-Newtonian Liquids in Plant-Based Milk

Jack Andersen/Getty Images

Explore the latest science news with New Scientist, featuring insights from expert journalists on technology, health, and the environment. — Understanding Non-Newtonian Liquids in Plant-Based Milk

Jack Andersen/Getty Images

The intriguing physics behind plant-based milk reveals complexities that researchers are unraveling, aiming to create improved versions of these beverages.

Vivek Sharma from the University of Illinois at Chicago, alongside his team, has found that the viscosity and flow properties of most plant milks differ significantly from traditional animal milks.

The team analyzed eight milk types: cow, goat, pea, soy, oat, almond, coconut, and rice, focusing on their viscosity or flow resistance. Their findings indicated that all plant-based milks, except rice milk, demonstrate a phenomenon called shear thinning, where viscosity declines under pressure.

This indicates that these plant milks are classified as non-Newtonian liquids, similar to ketchup or shampoo, flowing more easily under pressure compared to the constant viscosity of cow or goat milk.

According to Sharma, the presence of minimal amounts of legume and bacterial gums (often less than 0.1 percent) in plant milks contributes to their unique properties, providing enhanced shelf stability and a richer mouthfeel.

The non-Newtonian characteristics of these milks influence everyday interactions as well. For instance, a droplet of shear-thinning plant milk spreads more when spilled, while dipping cookies into the milk can alter its coating thickness.

By investigating the diverse properties of milk and the physics of their ingredients, researchers aim to innovate new beverages with optimal characteristics. Sharma notes that while experienced food scientists possess deep empirical knowledge, they rarely utilize rigorous physical models or measurements.

Sharma presented these findings during his lecture on March 18th at the American Physical Society Global Physics Summit in Denver, Colorado.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking Happiness: A Neuroscientist’s Guide to Understanding Money and Well-Being

Posted on March 28, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The phrase “Money can’t buy happiness” is a popular notion, but is it true? Right? Scientifically, the relationship between wealth and happiness is complex.

A study from the University of Bath explores “The relationship between income and happiness.”

Up to a certain threshold, money can contribute to happiness. However, this correlation becomes less pronounced beyond a particular point.

What Truly Makes Us Happy?

At a fundamental level, happiness stems from fulfilling our basic biological needs.

Humans require essentials like food, water, air, sleep, and safety for survival. Our brains reward us when we obtain these necessities, recognizing their biological importance.

Our brains also understand that money facilitates access to these essentials.

A 2007 Wellcome Trust study reveals that money can boost our motivation and sense of well-being—two crucial components of happiness.

However, more money does not equate to more happiness. While it may seem vital, its rewarding capacity has limits.

Photo credit: Getty

For instance, eating provides pleasure until we feel full; overindulgence leads to discomfort. Similarly, excessive comfort can lead to isolation.

Moreover, our brains adapt to routine stimuli, as shown in a 2011 study by Dr. Ruth Krebs, demonstrating that surprising experiences boost happiness.

Unexpected financial windfalls tend to bring greater joy than regular income.

For those in financial distress, acquiring money can be incredibly rewarding. However, once financial stability is achieved, the joy from money diminishes, as pointed out in a study from San Francisco State University, which shows how rewards lessen with increased wealth.

Experiences—like travel, forging new relationships, and helping others—tend to produce more happiness.

While money often finances these experiences, it serves more as a means to happiness rather than a direct source.

Is There a Specific Income Level for Happiness?

The notion of a “happiness threshold” suggests that beyond a certain income, additional money won’t enhance happiness. This becomes increasingly relevant today.

As wages stagnate and costs rise, the question of how much income is essential for happiness is critical.

However, the ideal income varies widely among individuals, making it challenging to pinpoint a universal amount.

Some might find fulfillment in modest means, while others feel they’ll never reach “enough.”

The University of Bath study indicates that cultural comparisons can show how learned behaviors affect the relationship between wealth and happiness.

Interestingly, individuals with substantial wealth can sometimes experience less happiness than those with fewer financial resources, often due to anxiety.

Can Excess Wealth Lead to Unhappiness?

Interestingly, too much money might actually lead to unhappiness. Research indicates that being compensated for doing what you love can sometimes diminish overall happiness. This accounts for why some avoid turning a beloved hobby into a profession.

In today’s world, money is dynamic and rarely stagnant. Wealth translates to various assets, from investments to savings, which are often volatile.

This volatility is influenced by political and economic factors, leaving individuals with limited control over their financial situation. Such uncertainty can lead to increased stress, impacting happiness.

Instead of saying, “Money can’t buy happiness,” it might be more accurate to assert, “Money can buy safety and security,” which pave the way for happiness.

Ultimately, the connection between money and happiness is subjective, relying heavily on personal experiences and upbringing.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Unlocking the Secrets: How Your Dog Communicates with You

Posted on March 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Our beloved dogs have been part of our lives for thousands of years. While they may not speak our language, they communicate extensively through tail wags, ear flicks, and expressive eyebrows. Understanding these signals can deepen the bond between you and your canine companion.

Many pet owners believe they know their dogs inside and out. However, research indicates that dogs are often better at reading our body language than we are at interpreting theirs.

To decode the intricacies of canine communication, we consulted animal behavior specialist Dr. Zazie Todd. From their tails to paws, she elucidates the hidden meanings behind your dog’s movements.

How to Read a Dog’s Facial Expressions

Just as we scrutinize each other’s faces for understanding, can we access our dogs’ thoughts similarly? According to Todd, “Some dogs are more expressive, while others, due to their facial structure, display fewer emotions. It’s beneficial to anthropomorphize with caution to gain insight into what your dog may be feeling.”

A relaxed jaw and slightly open mouth is akin to a dog’s version of a “smile”, indicating calmness, while exposing teeth can signal discomfort or the need for personal space.

Dogs may not laugh like humans, but a relaxed, open expression suggests they feel calm and safe. Photo credit: Getty

Contrarily, a dog displaying its teeth may indicate discomfort, signaling you to back off. Todd adds that the so-called “guilty look” dogs give after a mischievous act may not mean what you think.

A 2009 study published in Behavioral Processes showed that dogs often respond based on their perception of whether they could be in trouble, rather than a true understanding of guilt.

This information highlights an essential difference in dog psychology. However, eye contact remains significant; a dog that trusts you will maintain eye contact, while a scared dog may avoid it.

Furthermore, dogs use their ears to express emotions. Ears up and forward indicate interest, while ears pinned back often suggest anxiety. While floppy-eared dogs might not express this as clearly, a forward tilt can still indicate curiosity.

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How to Tell if Your Dog is Stressed

Todd points out that while happy dogs are easy to read—think wide tail wags—recognizing stress signals can be trickier. “We often misinterpret behaviors because we assume they mean something else.”

For example, a yawn doesn’t always signify sleepiness; research shows it can indicate fear. A 2017 study found that yawn may indicate anxiety when approached by strangers.

Licking lips can signal discomfort or distaste for a situation rather than hunger, emphasizing the importance of context. Other signs of stress include moving away, sniffing the ground, shaking, and leg lifting.

How to Read a Dog’s Posture

Understanding dog posture can be straightforward. A hunched, low body may indicate fear, while a stiff body with raised hackles shows aggression. Alternatively, a “play bow”, where a dog stretches with its front legs down while raising its rear, signals a desire to play.

The play bow is a friendly signal between dogs and can also include humans—an invitation to have fun! – Image credit: Getty

Understanding Dog Tail Wagging

Despite losing tails millions of years ago, dogs use theirs for numerous purposes, including balance, communication, and social signaling. Their tails play an essential role in conveying emotions.

A loose, wild wag usually indicates happiness, while a tight, vertical tail may suggest discomfort or stress. Paying attention to the direction of the wag can also provide insights; studies found that happy dogs tend to wag to the right.

How to Understand Barks and Growls

While some dogs use soundboards, most rely on barks, growls, and whines to communicate. Todd notes that different vocalizations can be parsed into categories based on context and emotional state.

A 2017 study highlighted that dogs may use growls to communicate their size and intent accurately. In contrast, growls during play may exaggerate aggressiveness, allowing dogs to express themselves without causing harm.

Participants in the study were surprisingly accurate in interpreting growls, especially women and seasoned dog owners. Dogs, conversely, are adept at distinguishing between various vocalizations, understanding the nuances that humans may miss.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Unlocking Lunar Profits: How to Monetize the Moon Effectively

Posted on March 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

New Scientist: Your source for the latest science news and in-depth articles by expert journalists covering advancements in science, technology, health, and the environment.

Feedback is New Scientist A trusted source for the latest updates in science and technology. To provide feedback on topics of interest to our readers, please email us at feedback@newscientist.com.

Shooting Towards the Moon

It has been 54 years since humans last walked on the lunar surface. In that time, numerous robotic missions have explored the Moon, with some landing successfully while others have met disastrous ends. Currently, there are no humans residing on the Moon.

NASA’s Artemis program is projected to land astronauts on the Moon by early 2028. As more missions follow, the Moon’s human population may increase from zero to a small number.

Interestingly, accounting firm PwC released a report in January titled Monthly Market Rating, which declares, “The Moon is rapidly emerging as a potential center for future global economic activity in space.”

This statement raises questions: What opportunities exist for monetizing the Moon? PwC emphasizes that there are “ambitions centered around a sustainable human and commercial presence” on the lunar surface, exploring how expansive this new market could be.

The report adopts a scenario-driven approach to forecast market opportunities for lunar surface activities from 2026 to 2050, analyzing five vital areas: mobility, communications, housing, energy, and water. Each sector is assessed for investment requirements, technological advancements, and potential revenue streams.

Lunar entrepreneurs could see substantial financial returns, with cumulative projected revenues from lunar activities estimated between $93.9 billion and $127.3 billion by 2050—exceeding the GDP of many countries.

However, the future of the lunar economy hinges primarily on the intensity of exploration missions, both crewed and uncrewed, as noted by PwC.

While these projections may seem overly ambitious, particularly with the Artemis mission yet to launch, it’s compelling to consider that this is the second edition of PwC’s Monthly Market Review. The first edition, released in 2021, forecasted revenues totaling $170 billion by 2040.

We remain uncertain about changes over the past five years that might affect the lunar economy’s prospects, yet it’s disappointing to find our dreams of investing in lunar opportunities not yet realized.

Stranger Than Fiction

In February’s diary, the journal Pediatrics and Child Health issued two corrections, which is not unusual; journals frequently amend errors in scientific literature.

However, these corrections were noteworthy. One correction involved 15 papers, while another touched on 123 papers. The headlines indicated they were intended “to add a disclaimer.”

As readers delve through the extensive list of papers requiring disclaimers, they encounter this sentence: “All clinical vignettes featured within the CPSP Highlights section of the magazine are fictional scenarios created for educational purposes relating to Canadian Pediatric Surveillance Program (CPSP) research.”

This phrasing may obscure its importance initially, but the insightful journalists at Retraction Watch clarified that “A medical journal admits that case reports published over 25 years were indeed fictitious.”

Since 2000, the journal has presented case studies that appeared to depict real patients, some of which informed clinical guidelines and urged further medical investigations. However, these studies were fabrications, with no indication given until now.

This feedback suggests that the disclaimer about the fictional nature of these case studies should have been included all along. But perhaps this highlights a broader issue: Science often struggles for media attention, yet devoid of objective truth, it might truly captivate audiences. Imagine headlines like, “Dark Matter is Actually the Flatulence of a Cosmic Whale”: such claims are sure to resonate.

Drink Time

Feedback often revisits the theme, “Well, they would say that, wouldn’t they?” This skepticism persists as spokespersons send press releases that masquerade as objective scientific insight but often slip in ulterior motives.

Recently, another email landed in our overflowing inboxes: “In anticipation of World Sleep Day (March 13, 2026), we’re sharing expert insights on an often-overlooked factor impacting sleep quality: hydration.” The message elucidated that “even mild dehydration can contribute to discomfort, including headaches, dry mouth, muscle cramps, and general restlessness,” suggesting that it can also lead to next-day fatigue.

This press release originated from a company that produces water-soluble electrolyte tablets.

Have a story to share with Feedback?

Please send your articles to feedback@newscientist.com, including your home address. You can find this week’s and past Feedback columns on our website.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking the Mind: Discover One of Your Brain’s Sneakiest Tricks

Posted on March 13, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Historically, people couldn’t read in silence. Writing originated as a method to encode spoken language rather than abstract thoughts. In ancient times, written texts were performed to audiences, emphasizing community engagement over solitary consumption.

From religious scriptures to royal decrees and epic tales of legendary heroes, these texts were recorded for accuracy but meant to be read aloud to an audience. With literacy rates low and the production of documents labor-intensive and costly, private reading was seldom practiced.

Early writing reflected spoken language, lacking spaces, paragraph breaks, or punctuation that we recognize today. It’s fascinating that complex speech sounds likely developed around 200,000 years before the advent of writing. The earliest known written form, Cuneiform from Mesopotamia, emerged approximately 5,000 years ago, indicating that our brains process these new linguistic forms using existing cognitive mechanisms.

Reading aloud was once the standard practice – Photo credit: Ann-Sophie De Steur

In the 1970s, psychologists Dr. Alan Baddeley and Dr. Graham Hitch introduced a model of short-term memory involving a “phonological loop” that retains speech sounds for a few seconds. When listening, this mechanism decodes sounds into meaningful words—similar processes occur during silent reading.

Studies indicate that even during silent reading, the muscles in our mouth, tongue, and larynx remain active due to subvocalization, a process where we internalize the sounds of words for comprehension.

The full potential of silent reading didn’t surface until the rise of mass literacy and the printing press during the early Renaissance. Nevertheless, this skill has older roots; for instance, in 428 B.C.E., playwright Euripides depicted Theseus silently reading a letter from his late wife, while Roman leader Julius Caesar was known to read a love letter silently during Senate debates.

This article addresses the query: “Why did it take so long for people to learn to read silently?” (submitted by Kelly Peña).

To contribute your questions, please email questions@sciencefocus.com or reach out through Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram. Be sure to include your name and location.

For exciting scientific insights, visit our Ultimate Fun Facts page.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Unlocking Quantum Computing: Solutions to the Industry’s Biggest Challenges

Posted on March 13, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Quantum Computers: A Step Toward Error Correction

Image Credit: Davide Bonaldo / Alamy

Quantum error correction technology — Quantum Computers: A Step Toward Error Correction

Image Credit: Davide Bonaldo / Alamy

Quantum computing is advancing, but error correction remains a significant challenge. The current limitations of this technology are its inability to operate effectively due to persistent errors, which researchers are actively working to address.

In traditional computers, errors are managed using established redundancy techniques, leveraging extra bits to recognize when data is inaccurately switched. However, in the realm of quantum computing, the principles of quantum mechanics complicate this process, as information cannot be duplicated. Instead, error correction must utilize the unique attributes of qubits, including quantum entanglement.

Logical qubits, essential for processing in quantum systems, distribute information across multiple qubits to mitigate errors. Innovative approaches to creating and managing these logical qubits are vital for overcoming existing limitations.

Experts like Robert Schoelkopf from Yale University highlight the exciting developments in this field, indicating that both theory and application are finally converging.

However, one major challenge is the substantial number of qubits required to construct a reliable logical qubit, which raises the cost and complexity of quantum machines. Research by Summer Rain Forest Peng at the International Quantum Academy in China reveals that this requirement can be minimized.

Through innovative techniques, researchers have demonstrated that merging merely two superconducting qubits with a small resonator can yield a larger qubit with a reduced error rate and enhanced error detection capabilities. Additionally, utilizing quantum entanglement allows for increased computational efficiency without introducing additional errors.

Further advancements have been made by Schorkopf’s team, showcasing operations implemented with low-error qubits occurring only once in a million operations, significantly improving reliability in tasks essential to quantum programming.

In the quest for a functional quantum computer, it’s clear that achieving thousands of logical qubits is necessary, and some errors will inevitably occur. Companies like Quantum Elements, led by Ariane Vezvai, investigate ways to bolster error protection methods, drawing parallels to using an umbrella in the rain.

Strategically, keeping qubits active is crucial in preserving their unique quantum properties. Recent findings indicate that administering an additional ‘kick’ of electromagnetic radiation to idle qubits can enhance their entanglement reliability.

The precise methodology for engineering physical qubits into effective logical qubits is imperative, especially for high-stakes calculations, as delineated by David Muñoz Ramo from Quantinuum, who identifies a pivotal experiment involving hydrogen’s lowest energy state.

Such advancements in quantum error correction are absolutely critical for the viability of future quantum computing solutions. James Wootton at Moth Quantum emphasizes that while quantum computers are not yet free from errors, the foundational engineering is beginning to take shape.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking the Secrets: Astronomers Decode Zebra Stripes of the Crab Pulsar

Posted on March 3, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent findings from the University of Kansas have unraveled a long-standing astrophysical mystery, revealing how the intricate interplay of gravity and magnetospheric plasma divides the radio emissions of a club pulsar—a remnant of the supernova witnessed by ancient astronomers in 1054 AD—into perfectly aligned “stripes.”

This composite image showcases the Crab Nebula, with the club pulsar centrally positioned. Image credit: X-ray – NASA / CXC / ASU / J. Hester et al.; Optics – NASA / HST / ASU / J. Hester et al.

In 1054 AD, Chinese astronomers documented an exceptionally bright new star, the most luminous object in the night sky after the moon, visible even in broad daylight for 23 days. This spectacular celestial event was also noted by Japanese, Arabian, and Native American astronomers.

Today, the Crab Nebula, found where this bright star once shone, is cataloged as Messier 1 (M1) or NGC 1952, located approximately 6,500 light-years away in the Taurus constellation.

Initially identified in 1731 by British physician and astronomer John Beavis, the Crab Nebula was later rediscovered in 1758 by French astronomer Charles Messier. Its name, reflecting its appearance, is derived from a painting by Irish astronomer Lord Rose in 1844.

The central star of the Crab Nebula is the Crab Pulsar, scientifically known as PSR B0531+21.

Due to their proximity and visibility, studying the Crab Nebula and its pulsars offers astronomers vital insights into the nature of nebulae, supernovae, and neutron stars.

“Gravity alters the shape of spacetime,” states Professor Mikhail Medvedev, one of the study’s authors.

“In the presence of a gravitational field, light does not travel in straight lines because space itself is curved,” he explains.

“What seems straight in flat spacetime appears curved under strong gravitational influence. Hence, gravity functions as a lens in curved spacetime.”

While gravitational lensing has often been discussed in relation to black holes, this case uniquely illustrates a “tug of war” between plasma and gravity creating the observed signals.

“In black hole imagery, gravity solely shapes the structure,” notes Professor Medvedev.

“In contrast, both gravity and plasma are at play in the club pulsar. This research presents a novel application of this combined effect.”

“An intriguing pattern emerges in the pulsar’s spectrum,” Professor Medvedev adds.

“Unlike a conventional broad spectrum like sunlight—which offers a continuous range of colors—the Crab’s high-frequency interpulses display discrete spectral bands. It’s like observing a rainbow with only selected ‘colors’ visible, leaving significant gaps in between.”

A large mosaic image of the Crab Nebula, a six-light-year wide remnant of a supernova explosion. Documented by Japanese, Chinese, and Native American astronomers around 1054 AD. Image credit: NASA / ESA / J. Hester / A. Loll, Arizona State University.

Typically, pulsar radio emissions are broader, noisier, and less organized compared to those from club pulsars.

“In the case of club pulsars, the stripes are exceptionally distinct, contrasting sharply with the complete darkness that separates them,” explains Professor Medvedev.

“There are shining bands and voids in between, with no gradual transition. No other pulsar displays this kind of banding. This uniqueness makes the club pulsar both intriguing and complex to comprehend.”

While former models could replicate the striped pattern, they failed to account for the high contrast actually seen in club pulsars.

Professor Medvedev has found that the plasma material surrounding the club pulsar contributes to the diffraction of electromagnetic pulses, which significantly influences the neutron star’s distinct zebra pattern.

By integrating Einstein’s theory of gravity into his analysis, Medvedev discovered its crucial role in shaping the club pulsar’s zebra stripe pattern.

“Prior theoretical models could reproduce the striped pattern, but not the observed contrast. Including gravity bridged that gap,” asserts Professor Medvedev.

“The plasma in a pulsar’s magnetosphere acts as a defocusing lens, while gravity serves as a focusing lens. Plasma tends to scatter light rays, whereas gravity draws them inward. When these dual effects converge, certain paths will offset each other.”

The synergy between defocused magnetospheric plasma and focusing gravity creates in-phase and out-of-phase interference bands of radio intensity, producing zebra stripes in club pulsars.

“The nature of symmetry suggests there are at least two pathways for light,” Medvedev observes.

“When two nearly identical paths converge on an observer, they create an interferometer. The signals amalgamate, reinforcing each other at specific frequencies (in phase) to yield bright bands, while at others (out of phase), they cancel each other out, generating darkness. This concept encapsulates the essence of interference patterns.”

“Little additional physics appears necessary to qualitatively explain the stripes.”

“Yet, quantitative enhancements could be implemented; the current model includes gravity in a static, lowest-order approximation.”

“Since pulsars rotate, incorporating rotational effects might lead to significant quantitative, if not qualitative, changes.”

The new research is set to be published in the Plasma Physics Journal.

_____

Mikhail V. Medvedev. 2026. Theory of the dynamic spectrum of club pulsar high-frequency interpulse stripes. Plasma Physics Journal, in press. arXiv: 2602.16955

Source: www.sci.news

Unlocking Quantum Computing: How an 1980s Niche Technology Could Revolutionize the Future

Posted on February 27, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Sure! Here’s a rewritten version of the content, optimized for SEO while retaining the HTML tags:

Adam Weiss of SEEQC, the pioneering quantum chip manufacturing company.

SEEQC

Adam Weiss configuring a dilution refrigerator — Adam Weiss of SEEQC, the pioneering quantum chip manufacturing company.

SEEQC

<p>Explore the remarkable innovations of the 1980s, from British heavy metal to vibrant purple blush favored by makeup artists. Yet, amid the glam and flair, a neglected technological gem emerged: superconducting circuits. In 1980, IBM invested in this revolutionary technology to create highly efficient computers, showcasing a superconducting circuit on the cover of <em>Scientific American</em> during the same year.</p>

<p>However, the anticipated revolution never materialized, and superconducting chips faded into obscurity, much like perms and pegged pants. Yet, one company persevered in its research efforts—SEEQC. I recently toured SEEQC's cutting-edge quantum chip manufacturing facility in upstate New York, born from IBM's discontinued superconducting computing program. Here, I discovered SEEQC's aspirations for superconducting chips in ushering a new era in quantum computing.</p>

<p>Inside the SEEQC facility, you’re greeted by extensive machinery and technicians donned in protective gear. In cleanrooms, ultra-thin layers of niobium, a superconducting metal, are meticulously deposited onto dielectric materials, forming intricate, sandwich-like structures. Lithographic devices further refine these structures, carving out tiny trenches essential for quantum processes. The atmosphere buzzes with activity, illuminated in yellow light to minimize disruption during chip production. In a conference room, SEEQC's CEO <a href="https://seeqc.com/about/leadership/john-levy">John Levy</a> presented a superconducting chip that is surprisingly compact yet poised to transform this futuristic industry.</p>

<h2>The Challenge Ahead</h2>
<p>Superconductors excel at delivering electricity with flawless efficiency, distinguishing them from conventional electronic materials. For instance, when charging a phone, heat loss in cords and chargers often reduces effectiveness. In a 2017 study by computer scientists, they noted traditional computers often function as costly electric heaters, performing minimal calculations alongside unnecessary energy loss.</p>

<p>Comparatively, superconducting computers eliminate this efficiency problem. However, a significant limitation exists: all known superconductors require extremely low temperatures or immense pressure to function. This necessity has historically rendered superconducting computing prohibitively expensive and impractical. IBM abandoned its superconducting computing research in 1983, leading to a preference for traditional overheating computers. Ironically, energy costs have surged recently, especially due to the growing demand from AI technologies.</p>

<p>A shift occurred in the late 1990s when a team of Japanese researchers <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/9904003">created</a> the first superconducting qubit, a foundational element of quantum computing. This innovative approach diverged from prior attempts, paving the way for a new computing paradigm leveraging processes unique to quantum mechanics.</p>

<p>Since then, superconducting qubits have powered significant advancements in quantum computing. Tech giants like Google and IBM utilize this technology to tackle complex scientific challenges, achieving remarkable demonstrations of "quantum supremacy" that underline the distinct capabilities of quantum computers compared to classical counterparts.</p>

<p>However, true disruptive technologies in quantum computing remain elusive. Quantum computers have yet to realize their potential to revolutionize areas such as cryptography or industrial chemistry, with numerous technical and engineering challenges lying ahead.</p>

<p>SEEQC's Levy believes some solutions could trace back to the 1980s. His team is developing digital superconducting chips designed to enhance the power, size, and error resilience of quantum computers simultaneously. Nearby, researchers are busy testing chips in various refrigerator configurations, aiming to streamline quantum computing components, ultimately enhancing efficiency.</p>

<p>The working core of a superconducting quantum computer comprises a chip packed with qubits and a refrigerator essential for their operation. Externally, it appears as a single, elongated box comparable in height to a person. However, the components extend beyond this simple design. Control mechanisms, traditional computational inputs, and output readings from quantum calculations require elaborate setups. Moreover, qubits are delicate and susceptible to errors, necessitating sophisticated control systems for real-time monitoring and adjustments. This means non-quantum components, which consume substantial space and energy, play a crucial role in the overall functionality of quantum computers.</p>

<p>Expanding qubit numbers to enhance computational power necessitates additional cables. “Physically, you can't keep adding cables forever,” asserts <a href="https://seeqc.com/about/leadership/shu-jen-han-phd">Shu Zhen Han</a>, SEEQC's Chief Technology Officer. Each new cable introduces heat that disrupts qubits and affects their performance. While this might seem purely technical, the complexities of connecting and controlling qubits represent significant hurdles for quantum computing advancement.</p>

<p>The SEEQC chip I examined addresses many of these challenges.</p>

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                <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Title">SEEQC Quantum Chip</p>
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<p>The SEEQC chip embodies the typical design of a computer chip: small, flat, with a metal rectangle atop a larger one. Levy explained that the smaller rectangle holds superconducting qubits, while the larger one is a conventional chip of superconducting material, facilitating digital control of the qubits. Since both components are superconducting, they can occupy the same refrigerator, reducing the reliance on many energy-consuming room-temperature devices.</p>

<p>This innovation not only prevents excess heat from impacting the refrigerator's performance but also significantly lowers power consumption of the control chip. SEEQC predicts that their quantum computers could achieve an energy efficiency increase by a factor of one billion. The Quantum Energy Initiative says certain designs of ultra-reliable quantum computers could, paradoxically, consume more energy than current large-scale supercomputers, much of which stems from traditional computing components.</p>

<p>Additionally, by integrating the quantum and classical chips, instruction delays to the qubits and result readings are minimized. Levy mentioned that the digital signals from the chip reduce "crosstalk" and unintended interactions, making the qubits less prone to errors.</p>

<p>In discussions I had in 2025 with David DiVincenzo, who proposed seven essential conditions for viable quantum computer creation two decades ago, it remains a blueprint guiding researchers today. He envisioned a future where powerful quantum computers, potentially comprising a million qubits, would occupy expansive spaces resembling particle colliders rather than traditional computing setups. SEEQC’s mission aims to mitigate this expansive future, striving for a compact design reminiscent of a modern Mac rather than the bulky ENIAC.</p>

<p>Currently, SEEQC is testing its chip across varied configurations, employing qubits sourced both in-house and from other quantum manufacturers. Early performance assessments are promising, indicating the chip's versatility, though initial tests have been limited to fewer than 10 qubits, considerably smaller than the envisaged powerful quantum computers.</p>

<p>Physics challenges also emerge, as superconductors can experience tiny quantum vortices when exposed to nearby magnetic fields used for tuning qubits. <a href="https://seeqc.com/about">Oleg Mukhanov</a>, SEEQC’s Chief Scientific Officer, shared insights on a novel method developed by the company to eliminate these vortices using an opposing electromagnetic field. It reminded me of my graduate studies in superconductivity physics: even pioneering technology cannot evade the fundamental quirks of quantum mechanics.</p>

<p>Will superconducting circuits make a triumphant return and push us into a quantum renaissance? It seems the '80s might be making a comeback in the quantum realm—though I hope the oversized shoulder pads don't follow suit.</p>

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking the Nine Hidden Secrets That Weigh Us Down Inside

Posted on February 27, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Damn it! Could you please keep a secret?

Yana Iskayeva/Getty Images

On average, individuals conceal nine different secrets, ranging from personal lies to clandestine romantic affairs. This accumulation can weigh heavily, as secrets often infiltrate our thoughts without conscious effort. While confessions may alleviate some emotional burden, many secrets remain too sensitive to divulge. Consequently, researchers are exploring psychological coping mechanisms.

“People often find themselves pondering their secrets during routine activities like showering or commuting,” explains Val Bianchi from the University of Melbourne, Australia. “These unwanted thoughts can be distressing, creating a cycle where individuals ruminate on their secrets and subsequently feel worse.”

Bianchi has dedicated years to investigating the psychological impact of secrecy and strategies for mitigation. Her latest findings were supported by the Australian National Intelligence Agency, considering that intelligence personnel must safeguard crucial secrets to protect national security, necessitating effective management strategies.

“The enigma surrounding CIA operatives is intriguing. How do they safeguard vital secrets and resume normalcy afterward?” questions Lisa Williams from the University of New South Wales in Australia, who was not involved in this research.

To delve deeper into the connection between secrets and well-being, Bianchi and her team surveyed 240 individuals online, asking participants to identify secrets spanning 38 categories, including deception, infidelity, theft, addiction, and self-harm.

Respondents reported keeping an average of nine distinct secrets. The most prevalent included lie-related secrets (78% of participants) and dissatisfaction with personal or others’ appearances (71%). Other frequent secrets involved financial matters (70%), unexpressed romantic feelings (63%), and sexual behavior (57%).

Participants then pinpointed their most significant secret and maintained a diary for two weeks regarding their feelings. They generally noted that their most crucial secret was negative, prompting reflective thoughts filled with worries and concerns.

Bianchi’s prior research revealed that significant secrets occupy individuals’ thoughts approximately every two hours. Often, they surface during low-engagement tasks, allowing space for reflection, she notes.

Interestingly, the ability to keep secrets may have evolved to enhance group cohesion despite their burdensome nature on individuals. By concealing information, one can prevent harm, embarrassment, or loss of social standing. “For instance, if a colleague is under investigation, a person may choose silence over gossip to protect their workplace reputation,” Bianchi adds.

In certain cases, unveiling a secret may bring relief. Sharing it with empathetic individuals, such as therapists or through confessionals, can alleviate emotional burdens, according to Bianchi.

Conversely, some secrets, like classified information held by intelligence agents, are unsuitable for disclosure. In such instances, the individual might find it beneficial to express feelings associated with the secret without revealing specifics. Bianchi suggests that distraction techniques may also prove useful, and her team aims to research these further.

Williams emphasizes that established emotional regulation methods may also aid those grappling with secrets. “If you are unable to eliminate a secret because it’s job-related or for other reasons, addressing the negative feelings related to it is crucial,” she states. “Ignoring or suppressing negative emotions is generally unproductive; therefore, reframing them positively could be beneficial.”

For those outside the intelligence sector, writing privately about secrets and their emotional impact can be particularly therapeutic. James Pennebaker from the University of Texas at Austin previously demonstrated that journaling about emotions can offer significant mental health benefits. “My research indicates that individuals experiencing major life changes are less likely to encounter health issues if they openly discuss these events,” he explains.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking Longevity: How Rapamycin Could Add Years to Your Life – A High-Stakes Gamble

Posted on February 25, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Rapamycin Molecule: Potential for Life Extension

Science Photo Library

Illustration of rapamycin molecule — Rapamycin Molecule: Potential for Life Extension

Science Photo Library

The lifespan benefits derived from fasting and rapamycin usage resemble a lottery rather than a guaranteed outcome. While significant lifespan increases have been observed within a year, reanalysis indicates that results can vary significantly among individuals.

Talia Fulton, a researcher at the University of Sydney, mentions, “[They] may enhance your lifespan marginally [they] could dramatically increase it.”

The 2025 study examined 167 research papers across eight non-human species, including fish, mice, rats, and rhesus macaques. Fulton and her team discovered that when these animals were treated with rapamycin, a promising anti-aging compound, alongside calorie restriction — known for fostering longevity — they exhibited a longer lifespan on average. This suggests the same potential could extend to humans.

Current research has investigated the varied responses to longevity interventions in individual animals, revealing significant variability in benefits. Fulton notes that while taking rapamycin or implementing dietary restrictions appears “likely to be advantageous, the degree remains uncertain.”

According to her, “Some may experience considerable lifespan extension, while others may see minimal impact, or not outlive their expected lifespan.” This variability creates a somewhat unpredictable environment, meaning these treatments cannot guarantee lifespan extension for all individuals.

Fulton emphasizes that the objective of longevity interventions is to balance the population size with life expectancy through a squared curve. This implies that more individuals could lead longer lives, contrasting with the current trend of fewer individuals achieving longevity. “Squaring the survival curve means a larger number will lead extended and fulfilling lives until around 100, at which point mortality becomes almost certain,” she elaborates.

Current findings indicate that dietary restrictions and rapamycin do not effectively square this longevity curve. In this context, Fulton advises holding off on high expectations until further research clarifies who stands to benefit most from these approaches. “We aspire to decode individual genetic variables and life histories, ultimately determining ‘This is precisely what you need to achieve maximum longevity,'” she states.

Researchers like Matt Kaeberlein from the University of Washington stress that squaring the curve does not inherently mean enhanced health profiles. A more compelling consideration, he argues, is whether longevity initiatives, such as exercise, influence “healthspan inequality.”

Originally developed as an immunosuppressant for organ transplant patients, rapamycin inhibits the mTOR protein, essential for cell growth and division. At lower doses, it has demonstrated the potential to extend lifespan in species like flies and mice, potentially by safeguarding against DNA damage.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking Solutions: How Dream Hacking Can Help You Solve Complex Problems While You Sleep

Posted on February 18, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

One of the study participants fell asleep during the experiment.

Mia Lux

Your brain can be gently nudged to tackle complex problems in your sleep, enhancing your ability to solve them upon waking.

Neuroscientists and psychologists are increasingly employing techniques involving sound, touch, movement, and particularly olfactory stimuli to influence dreams. This innovative approach demonstrates potential for applications like helping smokers quit, treating chronic nightmares, and even enhancing creativity.

Now, Karen Koncoly and her team at Northwestern University in Illinois have revealed that this technique may also aid in problem-solving. The researchers enlisted 20 self-identified lucid dreamers—individuals aware that they are dreaming and able to control their narratives—and tasked them with solving puzzles in two sessions within a sleep lab. Each puzzle was associated with unique soundtracks, featuring soothing elements like birdsong and steel drums.

The researchers meticulously monitored participants’ brain and eye movements to pinpoint when they transitioned into the rapid eye movement (REM) phase of sleep, which is known for its vivid and imaginative dreams. Upon entering this phase, a selection of unresolved puzzles was paired with the corresponding soundtracks. Participants were prompted to demonstrate lucidity by executing at least two rapid eye movements from left to right, indicating they were aware of the sound cues while striving to solve the puzzles in their dreams.

The following morning, participants reported that those who listened to the soundtracks during sleep found the puzzle features prominently featured in their dreams, significantly boosting their chances of solving them. Approximately 40% of participants who dreamed about puzzles managed to solve them, while only 17% who didn’t dream of the puzzles could achieve the same.

While the exact reasons behind these findings remain unclear, it’s suggested that pairing sound stimuli with learning tasks while awake may activate the memory of the puzzle when hearing the same sound during sleep, through a process known as targeted memory reactivation. This appears to activate the hippocampus—an essential brain region for memory—prompting what may resemble a spontaneous reactivation of memories that facilitates learning.

Although dreams can manifest at any stage of sleep, Konkoly indicates that targeting REM sleep may enhance problem-solving capabilities. “REM dreams are highly associative and atypical, blending new and prior memories with imaginative thought,” she states. “During this stage, your brain is quite active, potentially allowing for unrestricted access to various sections of your mind.”

Researcher Karen Concoly prepares a participant for the study by fitting a cap to their head that records brain activity.

Karen Konkoly

Tony Cunningham and researchers at Harvard University affirm that this study indicates “individuals may consciously focus on unresolved issues while dreaming.”

However, some experts caution that dream engineering could interfere with the critical functions of sleep, such as clearing toxins from the brain. There are concerns about the potential for companies to exploit these findings by placing ads within personal devices, which Cunningham particularly highlights. “Our senses are already bombarded during waking hours by advertisements, emails, and work stress; sleep remains one of the few times of respite,” he notes.

Koncoly plans to explore why certain individuals exhibit varying responses to sound stimuli on different days. “During this study, I stayed up all night monitoring brainwaves and providing cues during REM sleep. Sometimes participants would signal a response, and other times, they wouldn’t. Occasionally, they would wake and incorporate relevant puzzles into their dreams, while at other times, they simply processed the sound without any further reaction. Why do identical stimuli manifest differently in the same state of consciousness?”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking Clarity: How Psychedelic 5-MeO-DMT Mimics Meditation Brain States

Posted on February 6, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Meditation and Low Doses of 5-MeO-DMT Induce Similar Effects

Janique Bros/Getty Images

Meditation and 5-MeO-DMT Research — Meditation and Low Doses of 5-MeO-DMT Induce Similar Effects

Janique Bros/Getty Images

A master meditator dedicated 15 years to mastering ego quieting. Brain scan studies indicate he may have utilized powerful psychedelics to attain an altered state.

“At low doses, there’s a significant overlap in brain activity between this psychedelic and non-dual meditative states,” explains Christopher Timmerman of University College London.

The realm of psychedelic research is expanding rapidly, revealing how substances like 5-MeO-DMT can enhance our understanding of consciousness and improve mental health. This compound, often sourced from North American toads, is particularly compelling due to its ability to rapidly disrupt mental processing without producing vivid visuals like other psychedelics.

Timmerman and his team conducted a detailed comparison between the altered states induced by 5-MeO-DMT and advanced meditation. They collaborated with lamas, experts in the Karma Kagyu tradition of Tibetan Buddhism, amassing over 54,000 hours of meditation data.

During three laboratory sessions, lamas meditated for 30 to 60 uninterrupted minutes, followed by either a placebo or varying doses of 5-MeO-DMT (5 or 12 milligrams). Their brain activity was meticulously measured during each scenario, alongside reports on their thoughts and sense of self post-session.

Findings revealed that low doses of 5-MeO-DMT (5 milligrams) created remarkable similarities in brain patterns to those observed during meditation. Both scenarios exhibited heightened alpha activity, which is often linked to a relaxed state, and a diminished response to external stimuli compared to placebo and baseline conditions. Gamma-ray activity, which relates to cognitive engagement, was also reduced.

Timmerman noted that while both experiences fostered a calm feeling where the lama’s thoughts “came and then vanished,” the meditative state offered a deeper sense of interconnectedness and mental clarity.

In contrast, higher doses (12 milligrams) of 5-MeO-DMT escalated gamma-ray activity, leaving the lama feeling entirely detached from his surroundings and even experiencing an overwhelming bright light. He remarked, “I’m not thinking about anything,” indicating a complete disconnect from awareness of his body and environment.

The higher dosage was linked to increased neuronal firing and entropy, suggesting overwhelming sensory input compared to both placebo and baseline conditions. Conversely, lower doses resulted in decreased neuronal firing and entropy.

Lama Records Brain Activity During Meditation

Christopher Timmerman

Researchers state that these findings are pivotal in connecting neural pathways to the “collapse of the ego” and the sensation of “contentless consciousness.” However, variations in brain activity do not fully capture the lama’s subjective experiences, acknowledges Matthew Sachet from Harvard Medical School.

This study focused on a single seasoned meditator, indicating potential limitations in broader applicability, particularly given the variability in brain activity-related studies. Additionally, ensuring participants are blinded in psychedelic studies poses challenges due to the identifiable side effects of psychedelics; fortunately, lamas reported no such effects.

Nonetheless, Timmerman asserts that if future research confirms safe integration of 5-MeO-DMT enhances the benefits of advanced meditation, it may have significant implications for a wider audience. He is conducting ongoing research to explore if the drug can facilitate faster progress for newbies to meditation but strongly advises against unregulated home use, as 5-MeO-DMT remains illegal in many jurisdictions.

Meanwhile, Sachet suggests that those seeking the mental health advantages attributed to 5-MeO-DMT might find meditation a practical alternative, offering overlapping experiences without the risks of toxicity or addiction.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking Your Personality: What Research Reveals About Your Sexual Fantasies

Posted on February 4, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

According to recent research, frequent sexual fantasies are linked to neuroticism, a personality trait that can elevate the risk of various physical and mental health issues. A study conducted by Michigan State University reveals intriguing insights.

In this study, researchers surveyed over 5,000 American adults, examining their sexual fantasies and personality traits.

The scientists utilized the Big Five personality framework, a standard tool in psychology, to assess openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Findings indicated that individuals scoring high in neuroticism reported fantasizing about sex more frequently than their non-neurotic counterparts.

Neuroticism is characterized by rumination, self-consciousness, and a propensity for negative emotions like anger, anxiety, irritability, stress, and sadness.

Previous studies have correlated high neuroticism levels with an increased risk of depression, anxiety, substance abuse, eating disorders, and other mental health conditions.

This personality trait is also associated with a heightened risk of physical ailments, including heart disease, inflammation, immune dysfunctions, and irritable bowel syndrome.

Within sexual contexts, neuroticism can lead to lower satisfaction, heightened negative emotions, and an increased likelihood of dysfunction.

Participants with high neuroticism scores, particularly those experiencing depression or negative emotions, were more prone to report frequent sexual fantasies.

Dr. James Ravenhill, a psychologist at Royal Holloway, University of London, who was not part of the study, noted in BBC Science Focus: “Individuals high in neuroticism often struggle with emotional instability, making it challenging to manage stress.

“Sexual fantasies provide an escape from negative emotions, allowing individuals to experience more rewarding and fulfilling sexual relationships, even if only in their imaginations.”

“Individual differences in personality may help predict variations in the frequency of sexual fantasies,” the authors state. – Credit: Getty Images

Conversely, participants scoring high in conscientiousness and agreeableness tended to fantasize less frequently.

Conscientiousness refers to the traits of being responsible, organized, and motivated, while agreeableness relates to kindness and a desire to cooperate with others.

The authors attribute the lower frequency of fantasies among these individuals to their respect for and responsibility toward their partners.

“People high in agreeableness experience more positive moods and have higher relationship satisfaction, lessening their need to escape into sexual fantasies,” Ravenhill explained.

“Those high in conscientiousness may also fantasize less due to a commitment to their partners, as infidelity often contradicts their values.”

While openness has been traditionally linked to more liberal sexual attitudes, the study found no significant connection between open-mindedness and sexual fantasies.

Participants shared their preferred sexual fantasies, which the researchers categorized into four themes: exploratory (e.g., attending an orgy), intimate (e.g., making love outdoors), impersonal (e.g., watching others have sex), and sadomasochistic (e.g., being compelled to perform a task).

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Unlocking Australia’s Ancient Past: Study Reveals 230 Million-Year-Old Dinosaur Footprints as the Oldest in the Country

Posted on February 3, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Unearthed in 1958 by a young fossil hunter in Albion, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, dinosaur footprints have been officially recognized as the continent’s oldest, dating back approximately 230 million years to the late Triassic period. This discovery indicates that dinosaurs inhabited the Brisbane region far earlier than previously thought by paleontologists.

Living fossils unearthed from Petrie Quarry, Albion, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Image credit: Anthony Romilio & Bruce Runnegar, doi: 10.1080/03115518.2025.2607630.

The 18.5 cm (7 in.) long dinosaur footprint was discovered at Petrie’s Quarry, part of the Aspley Formation, alongside a slab featuring narrow linear grooves interpreted as possible tail traces.

Both specimens were extracted before the quarry site was redeveloped, passing through several university collections since then.

“This is the only dinosaur fossil discovered in an Australian capital, highlighting how significant finds can remain hidden in plain sight,” stated Dr. Anthony Romilio, a palaeontologist from the University of Queensland.

“Urban development has rendered the original site inaccessible, leaving behind these footprints as the only evidence of dinosaurs in the area.”

The footprints show impressions of three forward-facing toes, with the central toe demonstrating a faint fan-shaped outline, characteristics typical of a bipedal dinosaur.

Advanced 3D modeling and morphometric analysis revealed that this footprint closely resembles the Ichnogenus Evazoum, commonly linked to early sauropod dinosaurs found elsewhere.

Based on the dimensions of the footprints, Dr. Romilio and Professor Bruce Rannegar estimated that the corresponding dinosaur stood about 78 centimeters (31 inches) tall at the waist and weighed around 144 kilograms (89 pounds).

Utilizing established scaling equations, researchers calculated the maximum potential running speed to be about 60 km/h (37 mph).

While no dinosaur skeletons have been found in the Aspley Formation, these footprints serve as the only direct evidence of dinosaur presence in this time and place.

“Dinosaurs may have walked along waterways, leaving their tracks preserved in sandstone that was later cut to build structures across Brisbane,” Dr. Romilio explained.

“If not for the foresight to conserve this material, the history of Brisbane’s dinosaurs would have remained completely unknown.”

“These footprints were made in sediment by large animals and exemplify a unique kind of trace fossil,” stated Professor Rannegar.

The associated tail print, approximately 13 centimeters (5 inches) long, aligns with structures interpreted as a dinosaur’s tail track. However, the authors caution that without preservation of the corresponding footprint in an appropriate location, its origin remains uncertain.

“The shallow linear grooves found in the tail block closely match reported tail drag traces, yet lack any remaining evidence of Manus or Pes. Their true identity remains ambiguous,” they noted.

“These grooves could have resulted from caudal contact in the orbits of prosauropods, but typically on-site and near the midline of such orbit, which isn’t applicable in this case.”

The team’s research paper has been published this week in The Alcheringa, Australian Journal of Paleontology.

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Anthony Romilio and Bruce Rannegar. Australia’s oldest dinosaur: Reproductive fossils unearthed from the Carnian Aspley Formation in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Alcheringa published online on February 1, 2026. doi: 10.1080/03115518.2025.2607630

Source: www.sci.news

Exploring the Universe: Unlocking Fundamental Quantum Secrets Yet to be Discovered

Posted on January 29, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

We May Never Know the Universal Wave Function

Victor de Schwanberg/Science Photo Library/Getty Images

Conceptual diagram of quantum fluctuations — We May Never Know the Universal Wave Function

Victor de Schwanberg/Science Photo Library/Getty Images

From the perspective of quantum physics, the universe may be fundamentally agnostic in some respects.

In quantum physics, every object, such as an electron, corresponds to a mathematical entity known as a wave function. This wave function encodes all details regarding an object’s quantum state. By combining the wave function with other equations, physicists can effectively predict the behavior of objects in experiments.

If we accept that the entire universe operates on quantum principles, then even larger entities, including the cosmos itself, must possess a wave function. This perspective has been supported by iconic physicists like Stephen Hawking.

However, researchers like Eddie Kemin Chen from the University of California, San Diego and Roderich Tumulka from the University of Tübingen in Germany, have demonstrated that complete knowledge of the universal wave function may be fundamentally unattainable.

“The cosmic wave function is like a cosmic secret that physics itself conspires to protect. We can predict a lot about how the universe behaves, yet we remain fundamentally unsure of its precise quantum state,” states Chen.

Previous studies assumed specific forms for the universal wave function based on theoretical models of the universe, overlooking the implications of experimental observations. Chen and Tumulka began with a more practical inquiry: Can observations help in identifying the correct wave function among those that reasonably describe our universe?

The researchers utilized mathematical outcomes from quantum statistical mechanics, which examines the properties of collections of quantum states. A significant factor in their calculations was the realization that the universal wave function depends on numerous parameters and exists in a high-dimensional abstract state.

Remarkably, upon completing their calculations, they found that universal quantum states are essentially agnostic.

“The measurements permissible by the rules of quantum mechanics provide very limited insight into the universe’s wave function. Determining the wave function of the universe with significant precision is impossible,” explains Tumulka.

Professor JB Manchak from the University of California, Irvine states that this research enhances our understanding of the limits of our best empirical methods, noting that we essentially have an equivalent to general relativity within the framework of quantum physics. He adds that this should not come as a surprise since quantum theory was not originally designed as a comprehensive theory of the universe.

“The wave function of a small system or the entire universe is a highly theoretical construct. Wave functions are meaningful not because they are observable, but because we employ them,” remarks Sheldon Goldstein from Rutgers University. He further explains that the inability to pinpoint a unique, accurate universal wave function from a limited range of candidates may not be problematic, as any of these functions could yield similar effects in future calculations.

Chen expresses hope to connect his and Tumulka’s research with the exploration of large-scale systems smaller than the universe itself, especially through techniques like shadow tomography, which aim to determine the quantum state of such systems. However, the philosophical consequences of their work are equally crucial. Tumulka emphasizes the need for caution against over-relying on positivist views that deem non-experimental statements as meaningless or unscientific. “Some truths are real, but cannot be measured,” he asserts.

This rationale might influence ongoing debates regarding the interpretation of quantum mechanics. According to Emily Adlam from Chapman University in California, the new findings advocate for incorporating more components into the interpretation of quantum equations, such as wave functions, emphasizing the relationship between quantum objects and individual observer perspectives, moving away from the assumption of a singular objective reality dictated by a single mathematical construct.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking the Best Idea of the Century: Why Smartphones Are Here to Stay

Posted on January 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Explore science news and lengthy articles by seasoned journalists on our website and in our magazine, covering breakthroughs in science, technology, health, and environmental studies.

“Every so often, a groundbreaking product emerges that reshapes our reality.” Steve Jobs during the 2007 Apple presentation. Tech executives often hype their innovations, but this proclamation was substantiated. The iPhone not only popularized apps but also introduced compact, powerful computers into our daily lives.

However, this transformation comes with drawbacks. Much like a snail retreating into its shell, we can retreat into our devices at any moment, breeding social anxiety. Coupled with safety issues, numerous countries have restricted mobile phone use in educational settings, and Australia has implemented a total ban on social media for users under 16 as of December 2025. Additionally, reliance on a constantly connected device can diminish our sense of privacy, according to data scientists like Mar Hicks of the University of Virginia. “This technology is acclimating users to significantly less privacy, not only in public spaces but also within the privacy of their own homes.”

Smartphones transcend their basic function, emphasizing their role in our lives, as anthropologist Daniel Miller from University College London notes. “They’ve expanded our personal space,” he articulates. These handheld digital environments allow for seamless access to the virtual worlds of our friends and family, resulting in a continuous navigation between our physical and digital existence.

The global influence of smartphones is undeniable. According to GSMA, the mobile operators’ industry association, over 70% of the global population now owns a smartphone. In many low-income countries, people increasingly bypass traditional desktop computers altogether. Smartphone-driven fintech platforms facilitate transactions for 70 million users across 170 countries, removing the necessity for conventional banks. Furthermore, farmers utilize smartphone applications for crop monitoring, and doctors employ them in hospitals to reduce reliance on costly machinery.

Moreover, the ramifications of smartphones extend far beyond their immediate use. The rapid miniaturization of electrical components like cameras, transistors, and motion sensors has enhanced processing power and introduced new potentials. This technological evolution has spurred numerous 21st-century innovations, including versatile drones, smart wearables, virtual reality headsets, and miniature medical implants.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking Epigenetics: The Century’s Most Revolutionary Concept

Posted on January 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

As we entered the new millennium, discussions surrounding the number of genes in our genome were highly debated. Initial estimates were significantly lower than anticipated, spurring a movement towards re-evaluating evolutionary processes.

The Human Genome Project revealed in 2001 that we possess fewer than 40,000 protein-coding genes — a number that has since been adjusted to around 20,000. This finding necessitated the exploration of alternative mechanisms to account for the complexity of our biology and evolution; epigenetics now stands at the forefront.

Epigenetics encompasses the various ways that molecules can interact with DNA or RNA, ultimately influencing gene activity without altering the genetic code itself. For instance, two identical cells can exhibit vastly different characteristics based purely on their epigenetic markers.

Through epigenetics, we can extract even greater complexity from our genome, factoring in influences from the environment. Some biologists are convinced that epigenetics can play a significant role in evolutionary processes.

A notable study in 2019 demonstrated how yeast exposed to toxic substances survived by silencing specific genes through epigenetic mechanisms. Over generations, certain yeast cultures developed genetic mutations that amplified gene silencing, indicating that evolutionary changes began with epigenetic modifications.

Epigenetics is crucial for expanding our understanding of evolutionary theory. Nevertheless, skepticism persists regarding its broader implications, particularly in relation to plants and other organisms.

For instance, Adrian Bird, a geneticist at the University of Edinburgh, expressed doubts, arguing in a recent paper that there is no clear evidence linking environmental factors like drought to mammalian genomes. Though epigenetic markers may be inherited, many are erased early in mammalian development.

Some researchers dispute these concerns. “Epigenetic inheritance is observed in both plants and animals,” asserts Kevin Lara, an evolutionary biologist from the University of St. Andrews. In a comprehensive study published recently, Lara and colleagues proposed a wealth of research indicating that epigenetics could play a role across the entire tree of life.

So, why is there such division in the scientific community? Timing may be a factor. “Epigenetic inheritance is an evolving area of study,” observes Lara. While epigenetics has been recognized for decades, its relevance to evolutionary research has only gained traction in the past 25 years, making it a complex field to assess.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking Molecule Creation: Why Click Chemistry is the Century’s Most Innovative Concept

Posted on January 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Explore the latest science news and in-depth articles by expert journalists on developments in science, technology, health, and the environment.

Chemistry can often be a complex and slow process, typically involving intricate mixtures in round-bottomed flasks that require meticulous separation afterward. However, in 2001, K. Barry Sharpless and his team introduced a transformative concept known as click chemistry. This innovative approach revolutionizes the field, with a name coined by Sharpless’s wife, Janet Dueser, perfectly encapsulating its essence: a new set of rapid, clean, and reliable reactions.

Though the idea appears straightforward, its elegance lies in its simplicity. Sharpless, along with colleagues Hartmas C. Kolb and MG Finn, described their creation as “spring-loaded.” This concept hinges on applying these reactions to various starting materials, assembling them akin to Lego blocks, thereby enabling the swift construction of a vast array of novel and beneficial molecules. Sharpless’s primary focus? Pharmaceuticals.

The overarching principle guiding these reactions was to steer clear of forming carbon-carbon bonds, which was the norm among chemists at the time, and instead to create bonds between carbon and what are known as “heteroatoms,” primarily oxygen and nitrogen. The most recognized click reaction involves the fusion of two reactants to create a triazole, a cyclic structure of carbon and nitrogen atoms. This motif proves to be highly effective at binding to large biomolecules such as proteins, making it invaluable in drug development. Sharpless independently published this specific reaction concurrently with chemist Morten Meldal, who researched it at the University of Copenhagen. This reaction has since been instrumental, notably in the production of the anticonvulsant drug Rufinamide.

Chemists like Tom Brown from the University of Oxford describe this reaction as simple, highly specific, and versatile enough to work in almost any solvent. “I would say this was just a great idea,” he asserts.

Years later, chemist Carolyn Bertozzi and her team at Stanford University developed a click-type reaction that operates without toxic catalysts, enabling its application within living cells without risking cellular damage.

For chemist Alison Hulme at the University of Edinburgh, this research was pivotal in elevating click chemistry from a promising idea to a revolutionary advancement. It granted biologists the ability to assemble proteins and other biological components while labeling them with fluorescent tags for investigation. “It’s very straightforward and user-friendly,” Hulme explains. “We bridged small molecule chemistry to biologists without necessitating a chemistry degree.”

For their groundbreaking contributions, Bertozzi, Meldal, and Sharpless were awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry—an outcome that surprised no one.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking the Mystery: Why Did Magic Mushrooms Evolve? Discover the Answers Here!

Posted on January 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Many mushroom species produce the psychoactive compound psilocybin

YARphotographer/Shutterstock

Magic mushrooms have been providing transformative experiences for thousands of years. Researchers suggest that fungi developed hallucinogenic compounds like psilocybin as a biological defense against insect herbivores.

Psilocybin is the main psychoactive component in magic mushrooms, present in various species found on every continent except Antarctica. Historically, these mushrooms have been utilized by shamans in traditional cultures. Recent studies are investigating psilocybin’s potential as a therapy for mental health disorders, including depression and PTSD.

This psychedelic compound primarily interacts with serotonin receptors in the human brain. However, the evolutionary reasons that lead fungi to produce compounds similar to animal neurotransmitters remain unclear. As John Ellis from the University of Plymouth points out, “There’s speculation that psilocybin serves a protective role against invertebrate fungivores, but these ideas need further exploration.”

To explore the effects of psilocybin on insects, Ellis and his team fed fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) larvae with dried magic mushrooms (Cylocyber cubensis). The researchers monitored the larvae’s survival rates, growth rates, and adult size and development.

Additionally, the team created liquid extracts from the mushrooms, combined them with a minimal amount of sucrose, and observed the larvae’s movements after exposure. “It resembled immersing them in a sweet magic mushroom solution,” says team member Kirsty Matthews Nicholas.

“By quantifying how rapidly the insects crawled, the distances traveled, and their overall movement coordination, we assessed the immediate impacts on their nervous systems,” Nicholas explains.

Results showed that larvae exposed to a magic mushroom diet exhibited significantly reduced survival rates. At lower doses, more than half of the larvae did not survive to adulthood. At higher doses, survival rates dropped to just about 25%.

“Among the flies that did reach adulthood, the consequences were evident. Adult flies were smaller, had shortened bodies, and asymmetrical wings – all indicators of developmental stress,” Nicholas reported. “They crawled shorter distances, moved less overall, and displayed erratic movement patterns, leading to slower and less coordinated motion.”

However, it is unlikely that insects experience psychedelia as humans do. “Our findings imply that compounds like psilocybin disrupt essential insect physiology and behavior in ways that could be detrimental rather than psychedelic,” she notes.

The research team also collected and analyzed seven mushroom species from Dartmoor, UK, and found that the DNA of invertebrates present varied according to the psilocybin-producing fungi—indicating a specific interaction pattern between these fungi and their insect hosts.

Unexpected outcomes highlighted the complexity of psilocybin’s ecological role. For instance, fruit flies with decreased serotonin receptor counts, typically impacted by psilocybin, were found to be more affected. Furthermore, the flies also showed adverse reactions to extracts from control mushroom species devoid of psilocybin.

Fabrizio Alberti from the University of Warwick indicates that their findings demonstrate that non-psilocybin mushrooms also generate other metabolites that harm insects’ speed and survival.

“Ongoing research utilizing pure psilocybin on insects will be essential to clarify its ecological significance and explore whether this psychedelic compound evolved as an insect deterrent,” Alberti emphasizes.

This study raises critical challenges in understanding the evolutionary implications of psilocybin-producing fungi. Bernhard Rupp from the University of Innsbruck, Austria, suggests, “Mushrooms producing psilocybin and similar compounds may have significant evolutionary advantages, such as deterring consumption by insects and snails.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking the Secrets of Jupiter and Saturn: How Polar Cyclones Expose Hidden Interiors

Posted on January 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A groundbreaking study by planetary scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) reveals how the significant differences in polar vortex patterns between Jupiter and Saturn are influenced by the unique properties of their deep interiors. These findings offer valuable insights into the structure of these gas giants.

This composite image, captured by the JIRAM instrument aboard NASA’s Juno satellite, depicts a central low-pressure system at Jupiter’s north pole along with eight surrounding low-pressure systems. The colors in this image represent radiant heat, revealing temperature variations in their cloud layers. Image credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / SwRI / ASI / INAF / JIRAM.

“Our study shows that the internal properties, including the softness of the vortex base, influence the fluid patterns observed at the surface,” explained Dr. Wang-Ying Kang from MIT.

The research was inspired by stunning images of Jupiter and Saturn obtained from NASA’s Juno and Cassini missions.

Since 2016, Juno has been orbiting Jupiter and revealing astonishing details about its north pole and intricate spiral formations.

The data suggest that each vortex on Jupiter is immense, measuring around 5,000 km (3,000 miles) in diameter.

Meanwhile, Cassini documented Saturn’s iconic polar vortex, which spans a singular hexagonal shape approximately 29,000 km (18,000 miles) wide, before its controlled descent into Saturn’s atmosphere in 2017.

“Despite their similarities in size and primary composition of hydrogen and helium, deciphering the differences in polar vortices between Jupiter and Saturn has been challenging,” noted MIT graduate student Jial Shi.

Researchers aimed to uncover the physical mechanisms behind the formation of either a single vortex or multiple vortices on these distant planets.

To achieve this, they employed a two-dimensional model of surface fluid dynamics.

While polar vortices are inherently three-dimensional, the fast rotation of Jupiter and Saturn leads to uniform motion along their rotational axes, allowing the team to effectively analyze vortex evolution in two dimensions.

“In rapidly rotating systems, fluid motion tends to be uniform along the axis,” Dr. Kang added. “This insight allowed us to convert a 3D challenge into a 2D problem, significantly speeding up simulations and reducing costs.”

With this in mind, researchers created a two-dimensional model of vortex behavior in gas giants, adapting equations that describe the evolution of swirling fluids over time.

“This equation is commonly used in various situations, including modeling cyclones on Earth,” Dr. Kang stated. “We tailored it for the polar regions of Jupiter and Saturn.”

Scientists applied the two-dimensional model to simulate fluid dynamics on gas giants in various scenarios, adjusting parameters such as planetary size, rotational speed, internal heating, and the characteristics of the fluid.

They introduced random “noise” to simulate initial chaotic fluid flow on the planets’ surfaces.

By analyzing how this fluid evolved over time across different scenarios, the researchers found that some conditions led to the formation of a single large polar vortex, akin to Saturn’s structure, while others resulted in multiple smaller vortices, similar to those on Jupiter.

Through careful examination of the parameters affecting each scenario, the study identified a unifying mechanism: the softness of the vortex base constrains the size that vortices can attain.

The softer and lighter the gas at the bottom of the vortex, the smaller the resulting vortex, enabling multiple smaller vortices to exist at Jupiter’s poles. Conversely, a denser and harder base permits the growth of sizable vortices, manifesting as a singular entity like Saturn.

If this mechanism holds for both gas giants, it could suggest that Jupiter has a softer internal composition, while Saturn may contain denser materials.

“The fluid patterns we observe on the surface of Jupiter and Saturn may provide insights into their interior compositions,” Shi remarked.

“This is crucial because Saturn’s interior likely harbors richer metals and more condensable materials, leading to stronger stratification than that found in Jupiter,” Shi added. “This will enhance our understanding of gas giant planets.”

The team’s findings will be published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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Gial Sea & One In Can. 2026. Polar vortex dynamics of gas giant planets: Insights from 2D energy cascades. PNAS in press.

Source: www.sci.news

Unlocking the Universe: Discovering RELHIC – A New Type of Celestial Object

Posted on January 6, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Astronomers utilizing the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have verified the presence of a starless, hydrogen-rich object primarily composed of dark matter. These intriguing entities, referred to as reionization-limited HI clouds (RELHICs), are remnants of the early Universe. They pose challenges to traditional theories of galaxy formation and may indicate undiscovered populations of similar cosmic structures.

This image illustrates the location of RELHIC object Cloud-9. Image credits: NASA / ESA / VLA / Gagandeep Anand, STScI / Alejandro Benitez-Llambay, University of Milan-Bicocca / Joseph DePasquale, STScI.

The RELHIC object, known as Cloud-9, was detected using the 500-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) and its existence was independently verified by the Very Large Array (VLA) and the Green Bank Telescope (GBT).

“This is the narrative of a failed galaxy,” states astronomer Alejandro Benítez Lambay from the University of Milano-Bicocca.

“Scientific advancements often arise from failures rather than successes. In this case, the absence of stars confirms our theoretical framework,” he adds.

“This discovery reveals primordial components of galaxies yet to form within our local universe.”

The core of Cloud-9 consists of neutral hydrogen and spans approximately 4,900 light-years in diameter.

This object is positioned in proximity to the spiral galaxy Messier 94, shares its recession velocity, and is approximately 14.3 million light-years away from Earth.

“Cloud-9 represents a crucial glimpse into the enigmatic dark universe,” remarked Dr. Andrew Fox, an astronomer at ESA’s Association of Universities for Astronomical Research/Space Telescope Science Institute (AURA/STScI).

“Theoretical models suggest that a majority of the universe’s mass is composed of dark matter, which does not emit light, thus making it challenging to detect.”

“Cloud-9 offers a rare opportunity to study clouds dominated by dark matter.”

Astronomers employed Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) to search for bright stellar components within Cloud-9.

The findings discount the presence of dwarf galaxies with detectable stellar masses.

“The lack of observable stars reinforces the interpretation of this system as a RELHIC—a starless dark matter halo filled with hydrostatic gas in thermal equilibrium with the cosmic ultraviolet background,” stated the researchers.

Cloud-9 stands as a prime candidate for a compact HI cloud and offers robust empirical support for the ΛCDM (lambda cold dark matter) model, a leading cosmological framework.

This model predicts the existence of a starless dark matter halo filled with gas on subgalactic mass scales that have yet to form stars.

“The discovery of Cloud-9 also refines the current thresholds for halo mass required for galaxy formation, bringing us closer to understanding why some dark matter halos host galaxies while others remain barren,” concluded the researchers.

For detailed findings, look for the upcoming publication in the Astrophysics Journal Letter.

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Gagandeep S. Anand et al. 2025. The first RELHIC? Cloud-9 is a starless gas cloud. APJL 993, L55; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ae1584

Source: www.sci.news

Unlocking Quantum Computer Success: The Role of Unique Quantum Nature

Posted on January 5, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Google’s Willow Quantum Computer

Credit: Google Quantum AI

What sets quantum computers apart from classical machines? Recent experiments suggest that “quantum contextuality” may be a critical factor.

Quantum computers fundamentally differ from traditional systems by leveraging unique quantum phenomena absent in classical electronics. Their building blocks, known as qubits, can exist in a superposition state, representing two properties simultaneously, which are typically incompatible, or they can be interconnected through a phenomenon called quantum entanglement.

Researchers at Google Quantum AI have conducted several groundbreaking demonstrations using the Willow quantum computer, revealing that quantum contextuality is also significant.

Quantum contextuality highlights an unusual aspect of measuring quantum properties. Unlike classical objects, where attributes are stable regardless of measurement order, quantum measurements are interdependent.

This phenomenon has previously been explored in special experiments with quantum light, and in 2018, researchers mathematically proved its potential application in quantum computing algorithms.

This algorithm enables quantum computers to uncover hidden patterns within larger mathematical structures in a consistent number of operations, regardless of size. In essence, quantum contextuality makes it feasible to locate a needle in a haystack, irrespective of the haystack’s dimensions.

In our experiments, we scaled qubit numbers from a few to 105, analogous to increasing the haystack size. While the number of steps rose with additional qubits, Willow demonstrated superior noise and error management compared to an ideal theoretical quantum computer for the algorithm involved. Notably, it still required fewer steps than traditional computers would need.

Thus, quantum contextuality appears to confer a quantum advantage, allowing these computers to utilize their unique characteristics to outperform classical devices. The research team also executed various quantum protocols reliant on contextuality, yielding stronger effects than previous findings.

“Initially, I couldn’t believe it. It’s genuinely astonishing,” says Adan Cabello from the University of Seville, Spain.

“These findings definitively showcase how modern quantum computers are redefining the limits of experimental quantum physics,” states Vir Burkandani at Rice University, Texas, suggesting that a quantum computer, as a candidate for practical advantages, should accomplish these tasks to confirm its quantum capabilities.

However, this demonstration does not yet confirm the superiority of quantum technology for practical applications. The 2018 research established that quantum computers are more effective than classical ones only when using more qubits than those in Willow, as well as employing qubits with lower error rates, asserts Daniel Lidar at the University of Southern California. The next crucial step may involve integrating this new study with quantum error correction algorithms.

This experiment signifies a new benchmark for quantum computers and underscores the importance of fundamental quantum physics principles. Cabello emphasizes that researchers still lack a complete theory explaining the origins of quantum superiority, but unlike entanglement—which often requires creation—contextuality is inherently present in quantum objects. Quantum systems like Willow are now advanced enough to compel us to seriously consider the peculiarities of quantum physics.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking Kama Muta: Discover Hidden Emotions and Learn to Feel Them Deeply

Posted on December 31, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Imagine cradling your newborn baby, deeply gazing into their eyes. You’re at the airport, eagerly awaiting your family’s return from a year-long journey, and suddenly, you spot them approaching. Or perhaps you’re in a packed stadium, witnessing your team lift a long-awaited trophy. Each moment evokes a profound sense of connection, sending chills down your spine and bringing tears to your eyes.

Does this resonate with you? Although you might not know it yet, you’re experiencing an emotion referred to as “kama muta.” This phenomenon is gaining traction in psychological circles for its critical role in our relationships with family, friends, and community. By actively seeking to evoke this feeling, you can enhance your life’s purpose and strengthen your social bonds.

This article is part of a series on simple changes to boost your health in the new year.
Read the complete series here.

The term kama muta emerged from research initiatives starting in 2012 by Alan Fisk, an anthropologist, with contributions from colleagues at UCLA and the University of Oslo. They began exploring why happy ending scenes in movies bring us to tears. Prior to this, emotional research mostly focused on tears as indicators of sadness.

Initial discussions evolved into formal research involving extensive interviews and surveys about strong emotional responses to positive events. They identified common descriptors such as “being moved,” “stirred,” and “uplifted,” often accompanied by physical sensations like watery eyes, goosebumps, and warmth in the chest. Most importantly, this emotion appeared linked to the enhancement of social relationships.

And it’s not exclusive to happy situations; it can arise in diverse scenarios, including parental care, reunions, and even Alcoholics Anonymous meetings where individuals experience a powerful sense of acceptance.

“Instead of feeling isolated or ashamed of your past, you realize your challenges connect you to others,” says Fisk.

This emotional response can also manifest during religious practices such as prayer, conveying a connection to the divine. Additionally, communal events like sports victories often evoke profound feelings of pride and admiration for teams that have faced adversity.

Live music inspires emotional connections

Andrew Chin/Getty Images

Despite the richness of the English language, we lack a term that encompasses these impactful experiences. Thus, we often overlook the emotional parallels across various situations. “Our premise is straightforward,” Fisk asserts. “These experiences share a common feeling.”

To describe this, the researchers adopted sanskrit‘s term Kama Muta, which translates to “moved by love.” Fisk notes, “The Sanskrit expressions have a poetic quality.”

Fisk explains it as “love igniting,” suggesting it may have evolved to deepen our care for those closest to us. In ancient times, shared bonds were vital for survival, and emotions fostering these ties significantly benefited our ancestors. Today, social connections are equally crucial for human health. Emotions like kama muta may help broaden our perspectives on life, thereby enhancing overall well-being.

Discovering Kama Muta

Thanks to our innate empathic abilities, we can experience kama muta by viewing emotional videos, transcending cultural boundaries. For instance, Fisk’s studies revealed that participants from diverse backgrounds reacted similarly to videos depicting profound connections.

Such experiments indicate that experiencing kama muta can significantly inspire you to cultivate and maintain relationships. After feeling this emotion, subjects expressed greater commitment to their relationships and a heightened desire to connect intimately with others.

Concerts often provoke kama muta due to music’s beauty and strength of unity it fosters among strangers; experiences like Taylor Swift sharing friendship bracelets with fans exemplify this unique bond.

People who exhibit higher levels of empathy may be more susceptible to kama muta. However, anyone can learn to nurture this emotion by actively listening to those around them.

“When individuals feel truly heard, they tend to feel more connected to the listener,” suggests Kenneth Demaree, a psychologist based in New York. He believes that this connection leads to deeper self-disclosure and greater emotional revelations.

Additionally, many secret pathways exist for experiencing kama muta, even in solitude. Whether through reading or watching love stories, you can evoke such feelings, with watching cute animal videos striking a chord often.

Cultivating your emotional experiences changes your perception, shifting from suppression to appreciation. “You may think it’s a disaster to feel emotional,” shares Fisk, “but by understanding that everyone goes through these feelings, you’re more inclined to embrace them.”

Like any emotion, kama muta consists of various components, including physical sensations, mental interpretations, and motivations to act. Researchers have developed a
kama muta multiplex scale to measure your experience. Explore our research-driven quizzes to evaluate your feelings while watching a kitten video—just one example. Or view heartfelt images of loved ones or engage in meaningful discussions with friends. Then rate your experience by how closely these statements resonate with you, on a scale from 0 (not at all) to 6 (very often).

Section 1

Have you experienced it?

Moist eyes
Tears
Goosebumps or hair standing on end
Chills or shivers
Warm sensation in the middle of your chest
Feeling of warmth in the chest area
Feeling breathless
Lump in throat
Difficulty articulating
Smiling
Feeling buoyant and light
Feeling refreshed, energized, and uplifted

Section 2

Did you feel it?

Incredible bond
A profound sense of intimacy
A unique love that rises
A special feeling of being welcomed or embraced

Section 3

Did you feel it?

Urge to express care for someone
Desire to hug someone
Impulse to do something special for someone
Increased commitment to the relationship

Section 4

How did you feel overall about the experience?

It was heartwarming
It left a lasting impression
It touched me deeply

While there are no absolute indicators to determine if you felt kama muta or not, researchers affirm that the higher your aggregate scores across these sections, the more intense your kama muta experience is likely to be.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Is This New Book the Key to Unlocking Neuroscience’s Toughest Challenges?

Posted on December 29, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Exploring Complex Neurological Effects of Drinking Water

Book Review: Neural Mind: How the Brain Thinks

This is a comprehensive two-part review of an intriguing book. The first part delves into the concepts presented in Neural Mind: How the Brain Thinks, while the second part shares my impressions post-reading.

Understanding Neuroscience’s Fundamental Questions

This book confronts a major inquiry in neuroscience: how do neurons facilitate the vast range of human thoughts—from executing motor actions to articulating sentences and contemplating philosophy?

Distinct Perspectives from the Authors

The authors, George Lakoff and Srini Narayanan, offer unique viewpoints. Lakoff, a retired linguist and cognitive scientist from the University of California, Berkeley, has extensively studied metaphor’s role in human cognition. Narayanan, a senior research director at Google DeepMind in Zurich, focuses on how AI learns languages.

Central Thesis: Interconnectedness of Brain Functions

The central premise of Neural Mind is that the brain employs similar processes for motor functions, language acquisition, and abstract thinking. Lakoff and Narayanan suggest that evolution repurposed existing neural circuits for various types of thinking, revealing profound similarities beneath apparent differences.

Learning Concepts Without Language

This notion becomes clearer when examining how infants and non-verbal animals comprehend basic concepts. Despite individual experiences varying, they universally grasp ideas like up and down, motion and rest, force and resistance—essential for brain representation.

Metaphors Shape Our Understanding

In works like Metaphors We Live By, co-authored with Mark Johnson, Lakoff posits that these foundational concepts underpin the metaphors we use. For instance, emotions are often expressed in physical terms, equating happiness with “up” and sadness with “down.” This metaphorical framework explains why we describe communication as a “conveying” process.

Physical Metaphors and Abstract Thinking

A simplistic interpretation suggests that physical metaphors assist in comprehending complex ideas. However, Lakoff and Narayanan argue that these metaphors are the essence of our thought processes. Given the brain’s evolutionary timeline, early neural circuits initially designed for motor control have adapted for advanced language and thought processing.

The Complexity of Simple Actions

Consider the action of drinking a glass of water—a simple task involving multiple stages. From reaching for the glass to sipping water, each phase requires intricate neural coordination. This complexity is mirrored in our language structure, where simple actions and tenses are systematically categorized.

Metaphors and Creative Thinking

Physical metaphors also influence abstract thoughts. For instance, relationships can be described as “separated,” while state failure might be “collapsing.” While clinging to a single metaphor can constrict thinking, embracing new metaphors fosters creativity and innovation.

Future Research and Challenges

Testing these theories is challenging. Lakoff and Narayanan propose models of the brain’s circuit architecture, yet we lack a complete neuron-level map of the human brain. It may take years before their hypotheses can be rigorously validated.

Final Thoughts on Neural Mind

Despite its complexities, Lakoff and Narayanan present compelling arguments worth considering. However, the readability of Neural Mind is debatable, with its repetitive structure and disjointed thoughts making it a demanding read. Important ideas sometimes feel rushed, and the prolonged sentences can be overwhelming. Ultimately, while the book is insightful, it may be better to explore summaries rather than tackle the original text directly.

— Michael Marshall, Writer based in Devon, England

Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking Secrets of Dark DNA: Insights from Human-Plant Hybrid Cells

Posted on December 29, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Groundbreaking Discovery: Plant and Human DNA Interaction

Image Credit: S Saraus/Shutterstock

How crucial is our genome? While some researchers argue that most of our DNA is active and thus essential, others suggest that even random DNA could show high activity levels. Current studies focus on human cells that incorporate substantial segments of plant DNA, shedding light on this topic. According to New Scientist, the largely random plant DNA exhibits nearly equal activity to human DNA.

This research indicates that much genomic activity may lack purpose, further supporting the theory that a significant portion of the human genome is ‘junk DNA.’

“Most activity can be attributed to background noise,” says Brett Aidy, a researcher at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. “This aligns with the concept of junk DNA.”

The primary role of DNA is to encode instructions for protein synthesis, which are essential molecular machines responsible for cellular functions. This genetic blueprint is transcribed into messenger RNA, which transports the instructions to ribosomes, the cellular machinery for protein production.

Previously, it was assumed that nearly all DNA was involved in coding proteins, but now we understand that just 1.2% of the human genome directly encodes proteins. What, then, is the destiny of the remaining DNA?

Since the 1960s, biologists have claimed that much of it is unproductive. While it’s true that some non-coding DNA plays vital roles, ongoing discoveries of functional elements won’t redefine the overarching notion that non-coding DNA is largely inert.

For instance, a 2011 study revealed that: only about 5% of the genome is evolutionarily conserved. Evolution appears indifferent to the rest. Proponents of the junk DNA theory highlight the variability in genome sizes among species. Why, for example, does an onion require five times more DNA than a human? Additionally, why do lungfish possess genomes that are thirty times larger?

In contrast, other scientists explore whether human DNA has functional roles, even if converted RNA lacks known applications. The ENCODE project’s 2012 findings suggest that over 80% of the human genome is active in some form. This raised questions about its classification as junk DNA. Some researchers have coined the term “dark DNA” for non-coding regions whose purpose remains unclear.

In reaction to ENCODE’s claims, in 2013, Sean Eddy from Harvard University proposed a controversial random genome project, hypothesizing that injecting synthetic random DNA into human cells would yield similar activity as noted in ENCODE’s findings.

“If this holds true, the results will call into question the interpretation of activity as indicative of functionality,” he posits. Austin Ganley, also from Auckland University, echoes this sentiment, emphasizing the need for baseline comparisons in the research of functional versus non-functional DNA.

However, synthesizing DNA is resource-intensive. So far, only limited attempts at random genome projects have focused on small DNA segments.

Yet, when Adey and Ganley discovered that Japanese researchers had successfully created human-plant hybrid cells with DNA segments from Thale cress (Arabidopsis), they recognized it as potentially the most extensive random genome experiment to date.

Eddy, though not directly involved, acknowledges the significance. Plants and animals diverged from a common ancestor over 1.6 billion years ago, allowing time for random mutations to accumulate within non-coding DNA segments of Arabidopsis.

Following initial validations that plant DNA behaves as random DNA in human cells, Adey and Ganley assessed DNA-to-RNA conversion rates per 1000 base pairs of non-coding DNA. If DNA to RNA conversion implies functionality, plant DNA should minimal undergo this transformation. Surprisingly, they observed slightly less activity—about 80% of the starting sites per kilobase when compared to human non-coding DNA from Arabidopsis.

This strongly indicates that the genomic activity detected by ENCODE is merely background noise.

“This illustrates the inherent noise in biological systems,” comments Chris Ponting from the University of Edinburgh, UK. “This sequence’s biochemical activity holds no function within human cells.”

“Sophisticated investigations like this were essential,” asserts Dan Graul from the University of Houston, Texas. “This adds experimental evidence confirming the long-held belief that a majority of the human genome is unnecessary. The term ‘dark DNA’ is simply a fantasy created by those envious of physics.”

Although imperfect biological systems produce noise, this noise can lead to beneficial variations that natural selection may target, notes Ganley.

The research team remains puzzled about a 25% increase in human DNA activity. “We still need to investigate the cause behind this finding,” Ganley states.

While some additional RNA generated might serve functional purposes, this does not diminish the overall perspective of junk DNA. Ongoing research is employing machine learning techniques to identify potentially meaningful activities amidst the noise.

The research team intends to publish their outcomes, though they have yet to complete their findings.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking Net Zero: UK Battery Companies Driving Change in the Energy Sector

Posted on September 9, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

tIt may conjure images of battery production lines and the extensive “gigafactory” projects of Elon Musk and Tesla across the globe, or thoughts of batteries powering everything from electric toothbrushes to smartphones and vehicles. However, at Invinity Energy Systems’ modest factory in Basgate, near Edinburgh, employees are nurturing the hope that Britain will also contribute to the battery revolution.

These batteries, which are based on vanadium

tIt may conjure thoughts of battery production lines and the expansive “gigafactory” projects of Elon Musk and Tesla worldwide, or images of batteries powering devices from electric toothbrushes to smartphones and cars. However, at Invinity Energy Systems’ modest factory in Basgate, near Edinburgh, employees are fostering hope that Britain will also play a pivotal role in the battery revolution.

These batteries, utilizing vanadium ions, can be housed within a 6-meter (20-foot), 25-ton shipping container. While they may not be used in vehicles, manufacturers aspire for this technology to find its place in the global storage rush, propelling a transition to net-zero carbon grids.

Renewable electricity represents the future of a cleaner and more economical energy system compared to fossil fuels. Its primary challenge lies in the fact that renewable energy generation is contingent on weather conditions—sunshine and wind may not be available when energy demand peaks. Battery storage allows for the shift of energy production, enabling it to be saved for later use, which is essential for a well-functioning electric grid.

“What has suddenly become apparent is that people have recognized the necessity of energy storage to integrate more renewable energy into the grid,” stated Jonathan Mullen, CEO of Invinity, at the factory where a series of batteries are stacked and shipped.

For a long time, experts have explored various methods for storing renewable electricity, but the issue of grid reliability gained political attention in April when Spain and Portugal experienced the largest blackouts in Europe in two decades. While some rushed to criticize renewable energy, a Spanish government report clarified that it was not the cause. Nonetheless, battery storage assists grids worldwide in avoiding similar complications as those seen in the Iberian Peninsula.

Power blackouts in Spain and Portugal in April highlighted the issues of energy security. Photo: Fermín Rodríguez/Nurphoto/Rex/Shutterstock

Much of the attention in battery research has focused on maximizing energy storage in the smallest and lightest containers suitable for electric vehicles. This development was crucial for the transition away from carbon-intensive gasoline and diesel, which are significant contributors to global warming. It also led to substantial reductions in the costs associated with lithium-ion batteries.

As with many aspects of the shift from fossil fuels to electric technologies, China is driving demand at an incredible scale. According to data from Benchmark Mineral Intelligence, China has installed batteries with a capacity of 215 gigawatt hours (GWh).

China’s battery installations are expected to nearly quadruple by the end of 2027 as new projects are completed. For instance, the state-owned China Energy Engineering Corporation recently bid on a 25GWh battery project utilizing lithium iron phosphate technology, typically used in more affordable vehicles.

Global battery storage capacity by country

Iola Hughes, research director at a Benchmark subsidiary, Rho Motion, stated that declining prices and increased adoption of renewable energy are propelling the rise in demand. By 2027, total global battery storage installations could increase fivefold, Hughes noted, adding, “This figure could rise even further as technological advancements and reduced costs enable developers to construct battery energy storage systems at an unprecedented pace.”

The majority of this growth (95% of current figures) will involve projects utilizing lithium-ion batteries, including a site in Aberdeenshire managed by UK-based Zenobē Energy, which claims to have “the largest battery in Europe.”

Energy storage companies harnessing various technologies must navigate a challenging landscape to secure early-stage funding while proving that their technologies are economically viable. Invinity’s flow batteries use vanadium, while U.S.-based rival EOS Energy employs zinc. However, flow batteries often excel in applications requiring storage durations of over 6-8 hours, where lithium batteries typically fall short.

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Cara King, an R&D scientist at Invinity Energy Systems, holds a vial of vanadium electrolyte in various states of charge. Photo: Murdo Macleod/The Guardian

Flow batteries leverage the unique properties of certain metals that can stably exist with varying electron counts. One transport unit contains two tanks of vanadium ions, each with different electron counts—one is “Royal Purple” and the other “IRN-Bru Red.” The system pumps the vanadium solution through a membrane stack that allows protons to pass, while electrons travel around the circuit to provide power. If electrons are driven in the opposite direction by solar panels or wind turbines, the process reverses, charging the battery, which can support a charge of up to 300 kilowatts.

A significant benefit of flow batteries is their relative ease of manufacturing compared to lithium-ion counterparts. Invinity managed to assemble a battery stack with just 90 employees, primarily sourced from Scottish parts.

Throughout the project’s lifespan, Mullen has maintained that “on a cost-per-cycle basis, it offers more value than lithium.” While the upfront costs are higher than those for lithium batteries—Invinity estimates around £100,000 per container—the longer lifespan without capacity loss and the absence of flammability means no costly fire safety equipment is necessary. The shipping container is already deployed next to Vibrant Motivation in Bristol, Oxford Auto Chargers, casinos in California, and solar parks in South Australia.

“We can commission the entire site within a few days,” Mullen remarked.

Invinity is valued at just over £90 million in the London AIM junior stock market and aspires for the UK to spearhead the flow battery niche.

UK manufacturing could be favorably considered in government contests for support under a “cap and floor” scheme that ensures electricity prices remain within a specified range. Should they succeed, the company anticipates a substantial increase in production from its current rate of five containers per week. Mullen envisions the possibility of employing up to 1,000 workers if the company flourishes.

“The potential for growth is immense,” Mullen stated. “Have we moved past the question of whether technology can scale effectively?”

Source: www.theguardian.com

Unlocking Emotions: Uncovering Hidden Indicators of Brain Aging

Posted on August 27, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

As we age, it’s common to perceive others as more content, as revealed by a recent study.

Researchers have discovered that older adults often exhibit a “positive bias” in interpreting facial expressions. This suggests they are more inclined to classify neutral or negative faces as happy rather than sad or angry.

“This indicates they tend to interpret vague or ambiguous expressions as ‘happy’ instead of ‘sad’ or ‘angry,'” noted Dr. Noham Wolpe in an interview with BBC Science Focus. “Crucially, this bias correlates with subtle cognitive decline and alterations in the specific brain circuits responsible for emotional processing and decision-making.”

Using data from over 600 adults, the research team examined this phenomenon through emotion recognition tasks along with brain imaging techniques.

They found structural variations in the hippocampus and amygdala—key regions for memory and emotion—and changes in connectivity with the orbitofrontal cortex, which plays a role in weighing emotional information and guiding decisions.

“These regions form crucial networks that aid in interpreting emotional signals and informing decisions,” Wolpe explained, highlighting how the relationship between the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala strengthens in adults facing cognitive decline.

“This enhancement may lead them to perceive ambiguous or neutral emotional signals as positive, a phenomenon known as positive bias,” he remarked, noting that the reason behind this increased connectivity associated with cognitive decline is still unknown.

Researchers remain uncertain why the interamygdala connectivity and orbitofrontal cortex, highlighted in red, strengthen in individuals with cognitive decline – Trust: Getty

Although this research is in its nascent stages, its implications are significant. Positive biases might one day serve as early indicators of dementia, as changes in emotional processing frequently precede memory impairment.

“While emotion recognition tests are not yet ready to replace current cognitive assessments, in the future they could be combined with standard screening methods to enhance early detection,” Wolpe stated.

Wolpe and his team are already investigating innovative approaches, such as immersive virtual reality tasks, to better understand how people instinctively respond to emotional signals.

The next objective is to determine if this positive bias can actually forecast cognitive decline. The team has recently concluded a follow-up evaluation of participants in the Cambridge Aging and Neuroscience Research, approximately 12 years after the original assessments. Participant data is also being linked to GP records to monitor dementia diagnoses.

“A crucial takeaway,” Wolpe mentioned, “is that subtle biases in how we perceive others’ expressions can signal early brain changes, long before the typical signs of dementia manifest.”

“Grasping these connections could pave the way for quicker detection and ultimately more effective interventions.”

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About our experts

Noham Wolpe is a senior lecturer at the Sagol School of Neuroscience at Tel Aviv University. His research focuses on understanding the interplay between cognition, mental health, and behavior, both in health and disease.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Unlocking Rich Chocolate Flavors: The Role of Cocoa Bean Microbiota

Posted on August 18, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Chocolate is produced through the fermentation of cocoa beans sourced from cacao tree fruits.

Mimi Chu Leon

With the identification of fungi and bacteria that generate fruity caramel notes from cocoa beans, we were able to immediately experience a novel type of chocolate.

Typically, chocolate is crafted through the fermentation of cocoa beans extracted from the fruits of cocoa trees, followed by drying, roasting, and grinding them into a paste that is divided into cocoa butter and cocoa solids, mixed in varying ratios with different ingredients to create dark, milk, or white chocolate.

Throughout the fermentation process, surrounding microorganisms break down the cocoa fruit and create various compounds that enhance the chocolate’s flavor. This often results in a rich, earthy taste, according to David Salt from the University of Nottingham, UK. However, finely crafted chocolate can also exhibit fruity characteristics, which are frequently found in products from artisanal chocolate makers.

To investigate which microorganisms are responsible for these flavors, Salt and his team gathered samples of fermented beans from a cocoa farm in Colombia. By analyzing the genetic information within the samples, they discovered five types of bacteria and four fungi consistently present in batches of beans known for their exceptional flavor.

The researchers then introduced sterile cocoa beans to various microorganisms, fermented them with nine different microbial agents, and subsequently processed the beans into a liquid referred to as cocoa liquor. A panel of chocolate flavor experts assessed this liquor and noted the presence of fruity notes absent in samples made from beans without these microorganisms. “The infusion of these microorganisms imparted citrus, berry, floral, tropical, and caramel flavors,” says Salt.

The research indicates that incorporating these microorganisms into the fermentation blend may help cocoa growers enhance the flavor profile of their cocoa, leading to increased profits from their beans.

“We don’t necessarily need to introduce all nine microorganisms. There’s likely a practical approach to influence the microbiota favorably. For instance, we can confirm that specific fungi are naturally present outside of the cocoa pod,” he notes.

However, the group of microorganisms responsible for superior flavors may vary based on distinct cocoa farms, especially where environmental conditions differ. Further investigation is warranted, Salt advises.

Nonetheless, the study highlights that specific microorganisms can significantly amplify chocolate flavor, a finding that may also apply to varieties created from lab-grown cocoa, says Salt. Moreover, introducing a new microbial mix could even yield an entirely new type of chocolate.

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Microbiology/
Food and drink

Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking the Mysteries of Earth’s Extraordinary Deep Biosphere: Our Next Great Frontier

Posted on July 31, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Microbial life thrives in this thermal vent in the Pacific Ocean

Galih/Alamy

Within the Earth
Karen G. Lloyd (Princeton University Press)

While many shelves are filled with titles about forests, oceans, and deserts, the deep biosphere, an important and intriguing habitat beneath our feet, is often overlooked. Despite a few notable exceptions, literature on ecosystems ranging from the Amazon to Antarctica largely ignores this underground world.

Not anymore. Within the Earth: Discover the Strangest Life on Earth by Karen G. Lloyd serves as a crucial field guide to the underground life we’ve started to uncover. “In fact, we have yet to find the limits of where life ceases to exist,” she states.

The general unawareness of the deep biosphere’s existence reflects our surface-centric worldview. However, Lloyd, a microbial biogeochemist at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, argues that learning about this life can profoundly change our understanding of existence itself.

She defines the deep biosphere as areas below the seafloor or beneath land where life thrives without sunlight, the primary energy source for most surface organisms. These environments encompass a variety of metabolic processes, from methane production arising from decomposed plants beneath a few centimeters of marsh mud to chemical processes with microbes three kilometers underground.

Discussing these microorganisms, she notes, “It’s as if there are millions of small, low-energy suns scattered throughout the Earth’s crust, each supporting its own underground ecosystem.”

How much life is present? It’s difficult to say. However, Lloyd contends that all estimates are likely underestimated. One claim suggests that marine sediments alone could hold 2.9 x 10²⁹ cells, potentially twice as many as those in continental fractures and pores, presenting astonishing figures.

Advances in genetic sequencing and field research are illuminating these rich ecosystems. Lloyd helps researchers differentiate between microbial species and deduce metabolic functions through DNA alone. This is especially helpful since many deep-dwelling bacteria and archaea have proven impossible to cultivate in surface laboratories.

It’s like a movie. Be careful not to slip on the volcanic glass shards. Don’t fall into the acid lake!

The fieldwork section discusses how scientists obtain new DNA samples—whether from hydrothermal vents, excavated continental rocks, or dripping water in deep mines. “To understand limits, one sometimes must become the explorer,” Lloyd notes.

Through engaging prose, she recounts her adventures tracking microorganisms from the high deserts of the Andes to the perilous peaks of Costa Rican volcanoes. These stories resemble scenes from action films—caution is essential to avoid slipping on volcanic glass fragments or falling into acid lakes!

Fortunately, this book transcends a mere expedition narrative. It features an extensive and approachable explanation of the chemistry that enables a deep biosphere. Although the equations involved can be complex, Lloyd adeptly guides readers to grasp the chemical frameworks that support these creatures living on the “edge of energy.”

To facilitate this challenging learning curve, she draws parallels between surface ecosystems and our dietary habits to illuminate the underground world. For instance, bacteria that metabolize sulfides are likened to “couch potatoes,” competing with methane-producing “freeloaders” by preserving hydrogen, a universal nutrient—a dramatic ecological narrative reminiscent of the Serengeti. Sulfate-reducing agents in Svalbard’s fjords “have access to a permanently stocked refrigerator.” Engaging and thrilling, her exploration of biogeochemistry is no small feat.

However, the highlight of Lloyd’s book is her assertion that certain forms of deep life may possess a sluggish metabolism, allowing individuals to survive for thousands, or even millions of years. These “eonophiles” (once confirmed to have extraordinarily long life spans) “redefine our preconceived notions about the nature of life,” she asserts. Truly, these lifestyles are alien, and how fortunate we are to uncover more about them right here on Earth!

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Source: www.newscientist.com

The Science of Friendship: Unlocking Ways to Enhance Your Life

Posted on June 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Building strong friendships may seem like a natural process—finding joy in each other’s presence, sharing laughter, and bonding over common interests. However, the unspoken dynamics of different types of friendships can often be complex. Recent research has shed light on the significance of these relationships in our overall happiness. Yet, there are strategies for nurturing meaningful connections.

This article is a part of our special series that explores how experts view some of the most intriguing concepts in science. Click here for additional information.

Jeffrey Hall, Director of the Relationships and Technology Labs at the University of Kansas, is among the researchers examining ways to cultivate friendships. He suggests viewing friendships as a spectrum—from mere acquaintances to our closest confidants who remain by our side.

“The fundamental requirement is mutual liking and a communication frequency that allows the relationship to develop,” he states. “Trust and a sense of safety in sharing secrets are expected, along with prioritizing each other above others.”

Time invested in a friendship is crucial, as highlighted by Hall’s research. In a series of studies, he had participants recently relocated to a new city map out their social lives. He found that individuals must spend about 57-164 hours with someone before they are deemed “friends,” while developing “good” or “best” friendships typically requires around 200 hours together.

The quality of time spent together is also vital. “Engaging in daily activities—eating, drinking, playing, exploring—helps cement these bonds because we want to share those moments with them,” says Hall, co-author of the upcoming book Social Biome, which delves into these themes. Conversely, being compelled to interact through work or study does little to foster genuine friendships.

It’s common to find ourselves gravitating toward individuals who share common traits. Over the last decade, anthropologist Robin Dunbar from Oxford University identified seven key attributes in “pillars of friendship.” These pillars represent deep connections stemming from shared language, culture, education, career experiences, interests, worldviews, humor, and musical tastes.

He notes that we may share only one or two of these pillars with around 150 people we identify as friends, while only five close companions and about six to seven truly good friends exist in our lives, as mentioned in his book Friends: Understanding the Influence of Our Most Important Relationships.

Interestingly, friends may even share similar brain activity patterns. In a 2018 study, Carolyn Parkinson at UCLA had students watch a series of videos in an fMRI scanner. The results showed that she could predict friendships based on similarities in their brain responses to the clips, indicating that closer friends often have synchronized neural activity.

As discussed in my book, Connection Law, Parkinson’s research explores the concept of shared reality. This idea suggests that having a mutual perspective on the world enhances relationships. “These individuals focus on similar aspects of life and share similar emotional responses to their experiences,” she notes.

Can these connections exist digitally? Hall believes they can. “Communicating via phone or video with loved ones is likely just as beneficial as in-person interactions,” he asserts. “Creating regular opportunities for digital communication can help maintain and enrich these relationships.”

Explore more articles in this series by following the links below:

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking Enthrallment: 6 Fascinating Insights from Science

Posted on May 18, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Absolutely, you possess beauty in every form. It shines through in your attractiveness, charm, intelligence, grace, and charisma (at least when you’re not in the midst of a nose-picking session).

However, there may be times when you don’t feel wonderful. For those trapped in that “ugly duckling” phase, numerous trends and products—from skin-taping to turmeric gargling—might seem to provide a way forward. Regrettably, many of these beauty hacks lack substantial evidence to support them.

So, what actually enhances your allure? And which myths should we ignore? Here’s what scientific research reveals: and spoiler alert—it fundamentally revolves around not being a jerk.

1. Charm is Truly Relative

The science behind charm is a bit complex. It’s become trendy for certain “podcast men” to either misuse or twist “scientific facts” regarding what people consider attractive.

Yet, beneath the chatter, there is an established scientific discipline that investigates appeal—delving into the characteristics that psychologists deem attractive to romantic and sexual partners.

Dr. Ed Morrison, a senior lecturer in psychology at the University of Portsmouth, elucidates that many charming traits often mirror a person’s underlying biology. “That’s evolution,” he notes. “When selecting your peers, you assess their biological markers: hormones, health, and genes.”

However, it’s essential to highlight that charm isn’t always that straightforward. As Dr. Veronica Lamart, a senior lecturer in psychology at Essex University, points out, isolating biology from culture can be challenging.

“Attractiveness is a somewhat subjective experience,” she shares. “At any given moment, certain physical traits deemed attractive might simply reflect advantageous characteristics or indicate social desirability.”

Across culture and history, concepts of beauty have varied widely, ranging from traditional Chinese foot binding and Japanese blackened teeth to the elongated skulls appreciated by ancient Mayans, along with practices among certain Tajikistani women emphasizing integration. Although these customs may seem foreign to outsiders, they represent culturally specific ideals of beauty and identity.

To sum up, beauty is not universal, objective, or static. It is profoundly shaped by culture—and some individuals may find themselves attractive while others are left bewildered.

Nonetheless, countless studies, primarily targeting white heterosexual individuals in Europe and North America, have attempted to uncover what traits people generally find appealing. The findings may come as a surprise to many…

2. You’re More Attractive on a Roller Coaster

Riding roller coasters can enhance attractiveness as adrenaline tricks the brain, misinterpreting fear as romantic attraction—Credit: Skynesher via Getty

There’s an abundance of tips for creating the ideal date, but Lamarch argues that incorporating healthy elements of fear and danger can amplify your emotions.

“Classic research was conducted on unstable bridges,” states Lamarche—research from 1974. “On unstable bridges, individuals rated others as more attractive due to the misattribution of fear stemming from their precarious situation.”

This phenomenon is termed the “misattribution of arousal” theory. Thus, LaMarch advises taking your date to an amusement park or watching a horror film (but maybe not both).

3. Attraction Isn’t About Income

The so-called “Manosphere” often perpetuates the idea that women are gold diggers, solely valuing men for their financial assets. However, Lamarche contends that much of the research leading to this conclusion is outdated and mirrors the patriarchal norms of its time.

“Fifty or sixty years ago, seeking someone who could provide financially meant something entirely different,” she explains. “In that era, when physical safety and happiness were at stake, it wasn’t as shallow as it may appear.”

In today’s context, there’s no compelling evidence that wealth is inherently attractive. Your efforts would likely be better invested elsewhere.

Money may be nice, but it doesn’t mean others will find you attractive. – Credit: westend61 via Getty

4. Vegetables Can Make You Shine

Though it may seem peculiar, consuming orange-hued vegetables can indeed enhance one’s appearance, as studies have demonstrated that specific plant pigments can improve skin quality.

Carotenoids—antioxidants found in yellow, orange, and red fruits and vegetables like butternut squash, carrots, tomatoes, peppers, mangoes, and oranges—are key players here.

A researcher at St. Andrews University has discovered that increasing the intake of these foods can lead to a healthier glow in skin tone.

“When you observe someone’s skin, you’re essentially gauging their underlying health,” Morrison states. The study involved manipulating skin tone in photographs and asking individuals to rate the attractiveness of each image.

“In all instances, softening the skin tone tended to enhance appeal.”

You are what you consume, and if you indulge in plenty of orange vegetables, expect a hint of that vibrant hue to emerge. – Credit: Science Photo Library via Getty

5. Physical Appearance Matters Less Than You Think (Especially for Men)

Regardless of what Jim’s brother might insist, physical appearance isn’t the sole determinant of charm, especially concerning heterosexual men, as noted by Morrison.

Conversely, women tend to prioritize personality traits over mere physical attraction.

Lamarche notes, “People aren’t simply focused on who looks the hottest,” emphasizing that they often pursue those they view as most physically appealing.

6. Be a Good Person

All the most crucial captivating traits that both Lamarch and Morrison identify as universally appealing are interestingly simple.

Cross-culturally, individuals value kindness, dependability, intelligence, and honesty, while traits like aggression are generally viewed as unattractive.

Also, honor those close to you. According to the principle of proximity, “We tend to be more drawn to people who are in close proximity to us,” says LaMarch.

Morrison adds:

“The primary factor you can modify is how you present yourself. If your goal is to become appealing, cultivating an attractive, engaging, and interesting persona is likely the best approach.”

Read more:

About Our Experts

Dr. Ed Morrison serves as a senior lecturer and doctoral supervisor at the University of Portsmouth. As a member of the Center for Comparative and Evolutionary Psychology, he focuses on evolutionary models of behavior. Morrison’s research interests lie within the realm of human partnership initiation, particularly regarding movement and facial attractiveness.

Dr. Veronica Lamart is a senior lecturer in the Faculty of Psychology at the University of Essex. She completed her PhD in Working Psychology at the University of Buffalo, New York, in 2017. Lamart’s research involves understanding how individuals manage trust and dependence in romantic engagements, as well as how feelings of uncertainty and vulnerability impact relationship stability.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Unlocking Your Creativity: Insights from Your Memory

Posted on May 17, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

While creative thinking may seem entirely novel, recent studies indicate that our imagination is intricately linked to memory more than we realize.

The latest research reveals that individuals who can recall small, seemingly trivial details excel in generating creative ideas.

“This indicates that creative thinkers perceive and interpret the world in a unique way,” stated Dr. Felix Chan, an assistant professor at the University of Birmingham. BBC Science Focus. Chan was not part of this study.

“They might follow the same narrative, but they retain elements that most people overlook as insignificant.”

In this investigation, 220 participants listened to one of four audio narratives, which varied from Hitchcock’s thrillers to true crime, romance, and fantasy. Throughout the listening process, researchers monitored participants’ brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Afterwards, participants were prompted to recall the story and devise their own alternative endings. These creative outcomes were evaluated by four independent judges trained in storytelling.

Ultimately, researchers found that certain participants (those who remembered details not central to the plot) received higher ratings for their original, imaginative story endings.

Brain scans supported these findings. Specifically, creative thinkers exhibited distinctive activity in the emotionally engaged region of the brain (the anterior cingulate cortex), along with robust and sustained activity in the hippocampus, the brain’s center for memory, particularly during the less pivotal segments of the story.

This suggests that creativity may stem from reconfiguring memories, implying that new ideas are often built upon previous recollections.

“This is an exceptionally creative exploration of creativity,” Chan concluded. “Researchers aimed to uncover how our brains are capable of producing original thoughts. Essentially, what elements in our brains fuel our imagination.”

Read more:

About our experts

Dr. Felix Chan is a neuroscientist specializing in training to comprehend brain activity and function. His expertise lies in understanding what energizes our brains and how this translates into cognitive activity. He figuratively understands “food for thought.” Currently, he serves as an associate professor of pharmacology at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Pharmacy, University of Birmingham.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Unlocking the Importance of Chronotype in Determining Your Ideal Sleep Duration

Posted on January 21, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Would I feel better if I got some more sleep? Maybe – but that's not guaranteed. We know how much sleep the average person needs, but the amount varies widely. Let's start with the basics to better understand how many hours you need and when and how to get them.

This article is part of a special series exploring important questions about sleep. Click here for details.

According to the National Sleep Foundation, a typical adult needs between 7 and 9 hours Newborns sleep between 14 and 17 hours, but this gradually decreases throughout childhood. What teenagers need is 9 hours a night People over 65 tend to need about 7 to 8 hours. Sex can also be a factor. “There are some studies that show that women need about 20 minutes more on average than men.” Veena Kumari at Brunel University, London. And there is evidence that humans, like many animals, are also prone to: Sleep a little longer during the wintertoo.

Of course there are exceptions. A rare genetic trait called familial spontaneous short sleep causes people to habitually go to bed late and wake up early, growing up in as little as four to six hours. “We don't know how widespread this is,” he says liza ashbrook At the University of California, San Francisco, many genetic mutations is involved in the trait, but “it's in the minority.”

Most of us aren't so lucky, but the occasional disturbed or shortened night doesn't really matter. “We can more or less get through the night without sleep…

Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking the potential of your brain community could hold the key to anti-aging. Here’s why.

Posted on December 18, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Good neighborhoods are defined by the people who reside there. The presence of a helpful individual can enhance the community, while a negative neighbor can detract from its overall quality. The same concept applies to the brain, as revealed in a recent study indicating that brain cells behave like communities. Some cells contribute to a nurturing environment, promoting health and resilience in adjacent cells, while others spread stress and damage like bad neighbors.

Throughout one’s life, the composition of this brain community influences the aging process. Negative relationships can accelerate aging and lead to issues such as memory loss, while a healthy brain community can work collectively to combat aging. Researchers at Stanford University believe that these findings could potentially inform the development of treatments to slow or reverse aging.

Published in the journal Nature, the study identified 17 cells that influence aging positively or negatively. Notably, T cells and neurons were highlighted for their significant impact as bad and good neighbors, respectively. T cells, typically involved in fighting infections, can contribute to inflammation in the brain and hasten aging, while neural stem cells play a vital role in rejuvenation and maintaining a youthful brain.

The researchers conducted gene activity mapping across 2.3 million cells in the mouse brain, constructing a “spatial aging clock” to predict the biological age of individual cells. This innovative approach could lead to new biological discoveries and interventions, such as inhibiting pro-aging factors released by T cells or enhancing the efficacy of neural stem cells.

These findings have implications for understanding diseases like Alzheimer’s and potential strategies to strengthen the brain’s natural repair mechanisms and prevent cognitive decline. The research offers hope for uncovering ways to support brain health and combat aging-related challenges.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Unlocking the Mystery of Dinosaur Dominance: Fossilized Poop Holds Clues

Posted on November 29, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

We now know that dinosaurs were large reptiles that ruled the Earth, but scientists have always been curious about why it took them 30 million years to reach their peak. New research on fossilized poop and vomit may have found the answer – food.

According to the study, carnivorous dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus may owe their massive size to their plant-eating ancestors. If these herbivores hadn’t consumed so many plants, researchers suggest that dinosaurs might not have evolved into the colossal creatures we know today.

The fossilized poop and vomit, dated back to about 230 to 200 million years ago, provide insights into the ancient food web. By studying over 500 fossils, scientists identified various prey items from beetles to bones, shedding light on the evolving food chains during the Triassic period.

By combining this information with climate data and other fossils, researchers gained valuable knowledge about the prehistoric environment and the species that coexisted with dinosaurs on Earth.

“Sometimes seemingly ordinary fossils hold extraordinary information that is invaluable,” said study co-author Dr. Martin Kvarnström from Uppsala University in Sweden, as reported by BBC Science Focus.

Co-author Dr. Grzegorz Niedzwicki added, “Understanding the dietary habits of early dinosaurs can offer insights into their success as a group and the importance of predator-prey relationships in shaping Earth’s evolutionary history.”

The study, featured in Nature magazine, analyzed digestive samples from south-central Poland, providing clues about the Late Triassic period and the changes in vegetation during that time.

By employing advanced scanning techniques, researchers were able to visualize intricate details of the fossils, unveiling significant discoveries about the size and distribution of vertebrate populations before the dominance of dinosaurs.

Scientists scanned more than 500 fossils for the study. – Illustration: Qvarnström et al., Nature, 2024

This research model opens up opportunities to explore ancient species in different regions worldwide, emphasizing the importance of analyzing fossilized remains beyond just skeletal findings.

“We aim to highlight the significance of saprolites in reconstructing ancient ecosystems, moving beyond their conventional perception as mere curiosities,” noted Kvarnström.

“While everyone focuses on fossilized skeletons, it is the organic remains that provide crucial insights into the ancient ecological dynamics,” added Niedzwicki.

About our experts:

Dr. Martin Kvarnström, a researcher at Uppsala University, specializes in using fossils to study reptilian diets, particularly dinosaurs.

Dr. Grzegorz Niedzwicki, also a researcher at Uppsala University, focuses on the early evolution of dinosaurs and quadrupeds.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

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About our experts

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This article is a part of our special series that explores how experts view some of the most intriguing concepts in science. Click here for additional information.

Explore more articles in this series by following the links below:

1. Charm is Truly Relative

2. You’re More Attractive on a Roller Coaster

3. Attraction Isn’t About Income

4. Vegetables Can Make You Shine

5. Physical Appearance Matters Less Than You Think (Especially for Men)

6. Be a Good Person

About Our Experts

About our experts

This article is part of a special series exploring important questions about sleep. Click here for details.

About our experts:

This article is part of a series on simple changes to boost your health in the new year.
Read the complete series here.