Two colossal, ultra-hot rock formations, positioned 2,900 kilometers beneath the Earth’s surface in Africa and the Pacific Ocean, have influenced Earth’s magnetic field for millions of years, according to groundbreaking research led by Professor Andy Biggin from the University of Liverpool.
Giant superheated solid masses at the Earth’s mantle base impact the liquid outer core. Image credit: Biggin et al., doi: 10.1038/s41561-025-01910-1.
Measuring ancient magnetic fields and simulating their generation presents significant technical challenges.
To explore these deep Earth features, Professor Biggin and his team used paleomagnetic data in conjunction with advanced Earth Dynamo simulations. The flow of liquid iron in the outer core generates Earth’s magnetic field, akin to a wind turbine producing electricity.
Numerical models reconstructed critical insights about magnetic field behavior over the past 265 million years.
Even with supercomputers, conducting these long-term simulations poses enormous computational challenges.
The findings showed that temperature at the upper layer of the outer core is not uniform.
Instead, localized hot areas are accompanied by continent-sized rock structures exhibiting significant thermal contrasts.
Some regions of the magnetic field were found to remain relatively stable over hundreds of millions of years, while others displayed considerable changes over time.
“These results indicate pronounced temperature variations in the rocky mantle just above the core, suggesting that beneath hotter regions, liquid iron in the core may be stagnant, rather than flowing intensely as observed beneath colder areas,” Professor Biggin stated.
“Gaining such insights into the deep Earth over extensive timescales enhances the case for utilizing ancient magnetic records to comprehend both the dynamic evolution and stable properties of deep Earth.”
“These discoveries also bear significant implications for understanding ancient continents, including the formation and breakup of Pangea, and could help address long-standing uncertainties in ancient climate studies, paleontology, and natural resource formation.”
“It has been hypothesized that, on average, Earth’s magnetic field acts as a perfect bar magnet aligned with the planet’s rotation axis in these regions.”
“Our findings suggest that this may not be entirely accurate.”
This study is published in today’s edition of Nature Earth Science.
_____
AJ Biggin et al. Inhomogeneities in the mantle influenced Earth’s ancient magnetic field. Nature Earth Science published online on February 3, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41561-025-01910-1
A newly identified quadruple star system, referred to as UPM J1040-3551 AABBAB, comprises a pair of cold brown dwarfs along with young red dwarfs.
An artistic depiction of the UPM J1040-3551 system amidst the Milky Way, as seen by the ESA Gaia satellite. On the left, the UPM J1040-3551 AA&AB is portrayed as a distant bright orange dot, showcasing the two M-shaped stars in orbit. Conversely, in the foreground on the right, a pair of cold brown dwarfs – UPM J1040-3551 BA & BB – have been on a long trajectory from each other for decades, collectively orbiting the UPM J1040-3551 AAB in a vast orbit taking over 100,000 years to complete. Image credits: Jiaxin Zhong / Zenghua Zhang.
The UPM J1040-3551 AABBAB system is situated in the constellation Antlia, approximately 82 light-years from Earth.
In this system, AAB denotes the brighter pairs AA and AB, while BAB refers to the more distant sub-components BA and BB.
“The hierarchical structure of this system makes the findings particularly intriguing, as it is essential for maintaining stable orbits over extended periods,” explains Professor Zenghua Zhang from Nanjing University.
“These two objects have orbited individually for decades, but collectively they have circled a common center of mass for more than 100,000 years.”
The two pairs are separated by 1,656 astronomical units (Au), where 1 Au represents the average distance from the Earth to the Sun.
The brighter pair, UPM J1040-3551 AAB, appears orange when viewed in visible wavelengths.
These stars possess a temperature of 3,200 K (approximately 2,900 degrees Celsius) and have a mass about 17% that of the Sun.
With a visual magnitude of 14.6, this pair is roughly 100,000 times dimmer than Polaris, the North Star, when viewed at visible wavelengths.
The fainter pair, UPM J1040-3551 BAB, comprises two cooler brown dwarfs that emit almost no visible light and are about 1,000 times dimmer than the AAB pair in near-infrared wavelengths.
These brown dwarfs are classified as T-type, with temperatures of 820 K (550 degrees Celsius) and 690 K (420 degrees Celsius), respectively.
“This is the first documented case of a quadruple system featuring a pair of T-type brown dwarfs orbiting two stars,” states Dr. Maricruz Gálvez-Ortiz, an astronomer at the Spanish Center for Astronomy.
“This discovery presents a unique opportunity for studying these enigmatic objects.”
“Brown dwarfs, alongside a diverse array of stellar companions, are invaluable for establishing age benchmarks,” comments Hugh Jones, a professor at the University of Hertfordshire.
“The UPM J1040-3551 system is particularly significant, as H-Alpha emissions from the bright pairs suggest that the system is relatively young, estimated to be between 200 and 300 million years old.”
The research team is optimistic that high-resolution imaging techniques could eventually resolve the brown dwarf pairs, facilitating precise measurements of their orbital dynamics and masses.
“This system offers a dual benefit for brown dwarf science,” remarks Adam Burgaster, a professor at the University of California, San Diego.
“It serves as both an age benchmark for calibrating cold atmospheric models and a mass benchmark for validating evolutionary models, provided that we can effectively resolve and track these brown dwarf binaries.”
“The discovery of the UPM J1040-3551 system marks a significant milestone in enhancing our understanding of these elusive objects and the various formation pathways of stellar systems near our Solar System.”
Findings are detailed in a study published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
____
Zh Zhang et al. 2025. Benchmark Brown Dwarf – I. Blue M2 + T5 Wide Binary and Possible Young People [M4 + M4] + [T7 + T8] Hierarchical rectangles. mnras 542(2): 656-668; doi: 10.1093/mnras/staf895
The Minister employs obscure parliamentary tactics to block amendments to data bills that demand artificial intelligence firms to reveal their use of copyrighted material.
Last week, the government removed the transparency amendment, backed by their colleagues in the House of Representatives. Consequently, there is no budget allocated for new regulations during the Commons discussion on Wednesday afternoon.
This amendment would have compelled tech companies to specify the copyrights utilized in their models.
168 members opposed, whereas 297 lawmakers voted for the elimination of the amendment.
Data Protection Minister Chris Bryant acknowledged that this situation “feels like an apocalyptic moment” for many in the creative sector, but he argued that a revision on transparency wouldn’t solve the core issues, emphasizing it “should be done comprehensively, not just piecemeal.”
Bryant stated that the more data bills are approved, the quicker he can move to update copyright laws.
Mrs. Kidron remarked that the Minister then responded with a roundtable session and misleading queries about technical solutions.
“It’s astonishing that the Labour government is abandoning the workforce of the entire sector. My inbox is flooded with messages from individual artists and global companies expressing that the government allows widespread theft and is comfortable with being associated with thieves. Yet, this government has chosen to disregard these concerns.
“Throughout the creative and business communities, as well as in Congress, people are bewildered by the government’s maneuvering over issues that affect their livelihoods.”
Kidron plans to propose a rephrased amendment next week, ahead of the bill’s return to the Lords, setting the stage for another round of contention. This proposal entails eliminating references to regulations or disregarding implemented timelines.
Owen Meredith, CEO of the News Media Association, commented: “It is regrettable that the government has overlooked the serious concerns of the creative sector, especially news publishers, regarding democratic values.
“Instead, the government has utilized Parliamentary measures to dismiss industry concerns, rather than seizing this critical opportunity to promote transparency that could enhance the UK’s vibrant licensing market for valuable creative content. The time remains for Parliament to support the UK’s creative industry while granting AI companies access to high-quality data. The focus is shifting towards the Lords. The government must acknowledge the urgent necessity to wield the required powers now.”
Recently, hundreds of artists and organizations, including Paul McCartney, Jeanette Winterson, Dua Lipa, and the Royal Shakespeare Company, urged the Prime Minister to “not sacrifice our work for the interests of a few powerful foreign tech companies.”
The government’s copyright proposal is set for consultations this year, but opponents of the plan are leveraging the data bill to voice their dissent.
The primary government proposition is to permit AI companies to utilize copyrighted works for model training without prior consent from copyright holders unless they choose to opt out.
The government contends that the creative and tech sectors are being hindered and that new legislation is essential to address this issue. They have already made one concession to the data bill by pledging to conduct an economic impact assessment of their proposal.
A spokesperson for Science, Innovation and Technology stated: “We aim to enable both the creative industry and AI companies to flourish. That’s why we’re negotiating individual packages of measures that we hope will benefit both sectors. We are not rushing into decision-making or advancing with legislation until we are confident we have a viable plan to achieve each objective.”
The concept of “strength” in materials refers to their ability to withstand deformation caused by external forces.
Typically, the strongest materials are the densest ones because atoms in close proximity offer greater resistance to compression. However, factors like structural properties can also influence strength, leading to exceptions like graphene, which is the strongest natural material despite not being the densest like osmium.
Some high-density states of matter, formed when massive stars collapse, are incredibly strong compared to ordinary matter. For instance, white dwarf stars have a structure composed of carbon and oxygen nuclei surrounded by electrons experiencing degeneracy pressure, preventing further compression.
However, in cases of extreme density like neutron stars, the degeneracy pressure of densely packed nuclei and free protons and neutrons overcomes electron degeneracy pressure, halting further collapse.
Nuclear pasta is created by the conflicting forces of protons and neutrons, resulting in various shapes. This tightly bound and incredibly strong material is believed to be the most robust substance in the universe. – Credit: Mark Garlick
The material within neutron stars is about 100 trillion times denser than anything found on Earth. While the exact structure is complex and uncertain, a theorized thin layer within the star undergoes a transition from normal to ultra-dense matter, forming different shapes known as nuclear pasta.
Scientists consider this ultra-dense material to be the strongest substance in the universe, estimated to be at least 10 billion times stronger than steel.
This article addresses the question (from Colin Davids of Bridgewater): “What is the strongest material in the universe?”
If you have any questions, please email us at: questions@sciencefocus.comor send us a messagefacebook,twitterorInstagram Page (remember to include your name and location).
Check out our ultimate fun facts More amazing science pages.
According to proposals from the UK government, tech companies would have the freedom to utilize copyrighted material for training artificial intelligence models, unless creative professionals or companies opt out of the process.
The proposed changes aim to resolve conflicts between AI companies and creatives. Sir Paul McCartney has expressed concerns that without new laws, technology “could just take over.”
A government consultation has suggested an exception to UK copyright law that currently prohibits the use of someone else’s work without permission, allowing companies like Google and ChatGPT developer OpenAI to apply copyrighted content in training their models. This proposal permits writers, artists, and composers to “reserve their rights,” meaning they can choose not to have their work utilized in AI training or request a license fee for it.
Chris Bryant MP, the Data Protection Minister, described the proposal as a “win-win” for both parties who have been in conflict over the new copyright regulations. He emphasized the benefit of this proposal in providing creators and rights holders with greater control in these complex circumstances, potentially leading to increased licensing opportunities and a new income source for creators.
British composer Ed Newton Rex, a prominent voice in advocating for fair contracts for creative professionals, criticized the opt-out system as “completely unfair” to creators. Newton Rex, along with more than 37,000 other creative professionals, raised concerns about the unauthorized use of creative work in training AI models, labeling it as a substantial threat to creators’ livelihoods.
Furthermore, the consultation considered requiring AI developers to disclose the content used for training their models, providing rights holders with more insight into how and when their content is utilized. The government emphasized that new measures must be available and effective before they are implemented.
The government is also seeking feedback on whether the new system will apply to existing models in the market, such as those in ChatGPT and Google’s Gemini.
Additionally, the consultation will address the potential need for “moral rights” akin to those in the US, to protect celebrities from having their voices and likenesses replicated by AI without their consent. Hollywood actress Scarlett Johansson had a dispute with OpenAI last year when a voice assistant closely resembling her signature speech was revealed. OpenAI halted the feature after receiving feedback that it sounded similar to Johansson’s voice.
Scientists have discovered a technique that can bend light around corners, inspired by the way clouds scatter sunlight. This type of light bending could lead to advances in medical imaging, electronics cooling, and even nuclear reactor design.
Daniele Faccio Researchers at the University of Glasgow, UK, and their colleagues say they are shocked that this type of light scattering has gone unnoticed. This works on the same principle as clouds, snow, and other white substances that absorb light. When a photon hits the surface of such a material, it is scattered in all directions, with little penetration and reflection in the direction it came from. For example, when sunlight hits a high cumulonimbus cloud, it reflects off the top of the cloud, making that part of the cloud appear brighter and whiter. However, because little light reaches the bottom of the cloud, this area appears gray even though it is made of the same water droplets.
“The light bounces around and tries to penetrate in a sense, reflecting off all the molecules and defects,” Faccio says. “And in the end, the light doesn’t get in, it just gets reflected. That’s scattering.”
To replicate this process, the team 3D printed the object from an opaque white material, leaving a thin tunnel of transparent resin inside. When light hits a material, it tunnels and scatters, just like light hits snow or clouds. However, rather than scattering randomly in all directions until they are evenly distributed, the photons are directed back into the resin tunnel by the opaque material. The team used this to create a variety of objects that channel light in an organized way.
3D printed white blocks with curved channels guide scattered light
university of glasgow
Although functionally similar to fiber optic cables that transmit light along their length, these 3D printed objects operate on fundamentally different principles. Fiber optic cables control light by infinitely reflecting it inside. When a photon attempts to leave the cable’s plastic or glass inner core, it hits another material with a lower index of refraction and is internally reflected. In this way, light can be carried several kilometers at a time, even around bends.
The researchers say the material increases light transmission by more than two orders of magnitude compared to the same transparent, non-tunneled solid block, and can also direct light around curves. It is much less efficient than fiber optics, making it difficult to achieve long distances, but it is also very easy and cheap.
This light-bending method could provide a new way to perform medical imaging by taking advantage of existing translucent material tunnels, such as tendons or body fluids, within the spinal column. Faccio said the exact same principle works in the direction of heat and neutrons, so it could be applied to a variety of engineering applications, such as cooling systems and nuclear reactors.
“It was not at all clear that this would work. We were shocked,” Faccio said, adding that the phenomenon could have easily been discovered decades or even centuries ago. I believe there is. “It’s not like we’ve created or discovered a really niche, weird equation that has some weird properties.”
Doctors are calling for a ban on artificial stone, a popular material used for kitchen worktops, following the confirmation of eight cases of artificial stone silicosis in the UK for the first time.
Also known as engineered or reconstituted stone, artificial stone has gained popularity for its aesthetics and durability over the last two decades. However, a new report published in the British Journal of Construction highlights the serious health risks posed by its high silica content, which exceeds 90% compared to 3% in marble and 30% in granite.
“Silicosis is a progressive lung disease caused by inhaling crystalline silica dust,” said Dr. Patrick Howlett, a spokesperson for BBC Science Focus. “The risk of developing silicosis is significantly higher for workers in the artificial stone industry compared to those with chronic respiratory conditions.”
“Various industries expose individuals to silicosis, including mining, pottery, cement work, and now artificial stone fabrication. Prolonged exposure to low levels of silica dust can lead to the development of silicosis over time,” added Dr. Howlett.
All eight affected individuals were male, with an average age of 34, and most worked for small businesses with fewer than 10 employees. Poor safety practices, such as inadequate respiratory protection and ventilation systems, were reported by workers during cutting and grinding operations.
The report’s authors emphasized the need for national guidelines and better enforcement to protect workers from artificial stone silicosis. They highlighted the urgent need for early detection of cases and preventative measures to avoid a potential epidemic.
Since 2010, cases of artificial stone silicosis have been reported worldwide, but the UK confirmed its first cases in mid-2023. California has identified nearly 100 cases of silicosis among countertop workers, prompting the adoption of new regulations to safeguard workers.
Australia has already banned the use of artificial stone as of July 2024, aiming to eliminate the health risks associated with its production and installation.
In related editorials, Dr. Christopher Barber and researchers from Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust drew parallels between artificial stone silicosis and historical occupational health crises, urging stricter regulations and enforcement to protect workers.
Experts are currently reviewing exposure limits for crystalline silica dust in the UK, with a focus on mitigating the risks associated with artificial stone worktops. Silicosis remains a significant concern for clinicians and researchers in the occupational health field.
About our experts
Patrick Howlett: An MRC Clinical Research Fellow at the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, focusing on silicosis and tuberculosis among small-scale miners in Tanzania.
Christopher Barber: A leading expert in occupational and environmental lung disease, serving as a medical advisor to the UK Health and Safety Executive and conducting extensive research in the field.
A large number of stars are born in the center NGC4383where a unique galaxy is located 74 million light years It is located beyond the constellation Coma. The largest lose mass through powerful winds over their lifetime, eventually exploding into violent supernovae. These stellar winds and supernovae drag away some of NGC 4383's gas reservoir. The bright red filaments indicate hydrogen gas ejected at least 20,000 light-years from the galaxy. This process controls the rate at which stars form within the galaxy, as this gas is carried away from the galactic center rather than remaining to form the next generation of stars.
watt other. We mapped the chemical composition and motion of NGC 4383's outflow in detail, providing insight into the mechanisms that caused the dramatic outflow seen in this image from ESO's Very Large Telescope.Image credit: ESO / Watts other.
Gas outflow is important for controlling the rate and duration at which galaxies continue to form stars.
The gas ejected by these explosions can pollute the space between stars within galaxies and even between galaxies, becoming permanently suspended in the intergalactic medium.
Dr Adam Watts, an astronomer at the University of Western Australia's node at the International Radio Center, said: “This outflow is the result of a powerful stellar explosion at the center of the galaxy, potentially spewing out huge amounts of hydrogen and heavy elements. There is a gender,” he said. Astronomical Research (ICAR).
“The mass of gas released is equivalent to more than 50 million suns.”
“Spills are very difficult to detect, so very little is known about the physics of spills and their properties.”
“The ejected gas is extremely rich in heavy elements, providing a unique insight into the complex process by which metals mix with hydrogen in the ejected gas.”
“In this particular case, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and many other chemical elements were detected.”
astronomers are muse (Multi-unit Spectroscopic Explorer) Turn on the instrument ESO's super large telescope (VLT) Created a high-resolution map of NGC 4383 in northern Chile.
Data were collected as part of VLT/MUSE's larger program MAUVE (MUSE and ALMA Unveiling the Virgo Environment).
“We designed MAUVE to investigate how physical processes, such as gas outflow, help stop star formation in galaxies,” said West, also at the International Center for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR). said Professor Barbara Catinella of the Australian University of Nord.
“NGC 4383 was our first target because we thought something very interesting might be happening, and the data exceeded all expectations.”
“In the future, we hope that MAUVE's observations will reveal in great detail the importance of gas outflow in the local universe.”
team's paper Published in Royal Astronomical Society Monthly Notices.
_____
Adam B. Watts other. 2024. Mauve: A 6 kpc bipolar outflow launched from NGC 4383, one of the most Hi-rich galaxies in the Virgo cluster. MNRAS 530 (2): 1968-1983; doi: 10.1093/mnras/stae898
Twenty years ago, scientists announced the creation of a new miracle substance that would revolutionize our lives. They named it graphene.
Graphene is made up of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal pattern, making it one of the strongest materials ever produced. It is more resistant to electricity than copper and has excellent heat conductivity.
The potential applications of graphene seemed limitless, with predictions of ultra-fast processors, quicker battery charging, and stronger concrete. It was even proposed as a solution for potholes in roads.
Professor Andre Geim (left) and Professor Konstantin Novoselov from the University of Manchester discovered graphene. Photo: John Super/AP
The scientists behind the discovery, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010 for their work. The National Graphene Institute was established at the University of Manchester.
Despite the initial hype, the graphene revolution has not materialized as expected. Challenges in scaling up production have hindered its widespread adoption.
Sir Colin Humphreys, a materials science professor at Queen Mary University of London, pointed out that the main issue lies in the difficulty of producing graphene on a large scale.
He explained that the original method of creating graphene was not conducive to mass production and that significant investments by companies like IBM, Samsung, and Intel have been made to develop scalable production methods.
Recent advancements in manufacturing techniques show promise for the resurgence of graphene technology. Companies like Paragraph are now producing graphene-based devices in large quantities.
Graphene-based devices are being used for various applications, including sensors for detecting magnetic fields and differentiating between bacterial and viral infections.
Additionally, graphene devices are expected to be more energy-efficient than current technologies, offering a promising future for the material.
While the graphene revolution may have been delayed, it holds the potential to address pressing global challenges and significantly impact modern life.
Graphene “has the potential to make a real difference to modern life,” says Sir Colin Humphreys, professor of materials science.
Photo: AddMeshCube/Alamy
The hyped science failed to make the grade.
nuclear power “Our children will have immeasurably cheap electrical energy in their homes.” – Louis Strauss, then chairman of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, in 1954.
Sinclair C5 “This is the future of transportation” – promotional materials for the 1985 Sinclair C5 electric scooter/car. Sales in the first year were predicted to be 100,000 units, but only 5,000 units were sold. Project has been abandoned.
medical advances “The time has come to close the book on infectious diseases and declare that the war on epidemics has been won” – in the words of Dr. William H. Stewart, Surgeon General of the United States from 1965 to 1969.
In the Pacoima neighborhood of Los Angeles, Jose Damian, a street vendor for the past five years, braves temperatures of up to 105 degrees while selling Mexican snacks and shaved ice under the scorching midday sun. He recently experienced heat-related health issues when he felt dizzy and sweaty on his way to Sarah Coughlin Elementary School, prompting him to seek medical attention after losing all the salt in his body.
Residents in Pacoima have long endured extreme heat, with some taking multiple showers a day and struggling to stay cool due to the lack of trees and expensive air conditioning. The neighborhood holds the unfortunate title of being the hottest in Los Angeles and is disproportionately affected by heat-related illnesses, particularly in low-income communities of color like Pacoima.
A recent study shows that areas with a large Latino population, such as Pacoima, are significantly warmer than others in Los Angeles County. This disparity in temperature is exacerbated by the lack of tree canopies and green spaces in the neighborhood, further contributing to the heat island effect.
To combat the extreme heat, community organizations and local officials have joined forces to implement a cooling plan for Pacoima. Initiatives like the “Cool Pavement” project, in partnership with roofing manufacturer GAF, aim to reduce heat absorption in the neighborhood by repaving city blocks with solar reflective coating. This multi-year project not only helps cool the area but also adds vibrant murals and colored pavers to brighten up the community.
Researchers at Osaka University have simulated the collision of photons with lasers, potentially paving the way to creating matter from light in the laboratory. This advance in quantum physics has the potential to understand the composition of the universe and discover new physics. (Artist’s concept) Credit: SciTechDaily.com
A team led by researchers from Osaka University and the University of California, San Diego has demonstrated how to use simulations to experimentally create materials from light alone. This could one day help test long-standing theories about the composition of the universe.
One of the most shocking predictions of quantum physics is that matter can be created solely from light (or photons), and in fact, objects known as pulsars have accomplished this feat. Although producing matter directly in this way has not been achieved in the laboratory, it could allow further testing of fundamental quantum physics theories and the fundamental makeup of the universe.
In a recently published study, physical review letterA team led by researchers from Osaka University photon– Collision of photons using only lasers. The simplicity of the setup and ease of implementation at currently available laser intensities make it a promising candidate for experimental implementation in the near future.
Image of a self-organizing photon collider driven by intense laser pulses propagating through a plasma.Credit: Yasuhiko Sentoku
Photon-photon collisions are theorized to be the fundamental means by which matter is created in the universe, resulting from Einstein’s famous equation E=mc2. In fact, researchers have created materials indirectly from light by accelerating metal ions, such as gold, into each other at high speeds. At such high velocities, each ion is surrounded by photons, creating matter and antimatter as they pass each other.
However, it is difficult to generate materials experimentally using laser light alone in modern laboratories, as very high-power lasers are required. The researchers set out to simulate how this feat is accomplished in the lab because it could lead to experimental breakthroughs.
“Our simulations show that when interacting with the laser’s strong electromagnetic field, a dense plasma It can self-assemble to form a photon-photon collider,” explains Dr. Sugimoto, lead author of the study. “This collider contains a population of gamma rays that is 10 times denser than the electron density in the plasma, and whose energy is a million times greater than the energy of the photons in the laser.”
Self-organizing photon collider driven by intense laser pulses. (a) Plasma density, (b) magnetic channel, and (c) angular distribution of emitted photons. Credit: Physical Review Letters
Photon-photon collisions in a collider produce electron-positron pairs, which are accelerated by a plasma electric field generated by a laser. This produces a positron beam.
“This is the first simulation of an accelerated positron from a linear Breit-Wheeler process under relativistic conditions,” said co-author Professor Alefeyev from UCSD. “We feel that our proposal is experimentally feasible and we look forward to real-world implementation,” said Dr. Vyacheslav Lukin, program director at the National Science Foundation, which supported the research. It is stated as follows. “This research shows a potential way to explore the mysteries of the universe in a laboratory setting. The future possibilities for current and future high-power laser facilities have become even more interesting.”
Applying this research to Star Trek’s fictional matter and energy conversion technology remains mere fiction. Nevertheless, this research has the potential to help experimentally confirm theories of the composition of the universe, and may even help discover previously unknown physics.
Reference: “Positron generation and acceleration in a self-organizing photon collider enabled by ultra-intense laser pulses” K. Sugimoto, Y. He, N. Iwata, Illinois. Yeh, K. Tantartalakul, A. Alefyev, Y. Szenk, August 9, 2023. physical review letter. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.065102
Enceladus, Saturn’s sixth-largest moon, is an interesting place to look to our solar system in the search for evidence of extraterrestrial life, given its habitable oceans and plumes that deposit organic-containing marine material on its surface. It brings you the right opportunities. Organic marine material may be sampled by the Enceladus lander mission. Considering the UV and plasma environment, it is interesting to understand the amount of relatively pure and unaltered organic matter present on the surface.
Enceladus’ tiger stripes are known to be caused by the moon’s icy interior spewing ice into space, creating a cloud of fine ice particles above the moon’s south pole, forming Saturn’s mysterious E ring. It is being This evidence comes from his NASA Cassini spacecraft, which orbited Saturn from 2004 to 2017. Shown here is a high-resolution image of Enceladus taken from a nearby airfield. The tiger stripes appear in a false blue color. Image credit: NASA / ESA / JPL / SSI / Cassini Imaging Team.
“By sending a mission to the surface of Enceladus, we can learn a lot about the biological signatures that may exist in Enceladus’ oceans,” said Amanda Hendricks, a senior scientist at the Planetary Science Institute. .
“Previously, it was thought that sampling the freshest material from Enceladus’ ocean would require flying through the plume and measuring plume particles and gas.”
“But now we know that we can land on the surface, and we are confident that the instrument can measure plume organic matter from the ocean in its relatively natural state.”
“Thanks to measurements from NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, we know that Enceladus’ ocean is habitable,” she added.
“We know that there is liquid water, energy, and chemicals such as carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur, which are necessary for life as we know it. It is an ingredient.”
“Enceladus is an oceanic world. Beneath its icy surface is a liquid ocean.”
“There are at least some ocean worlds in our solar system, but Enceladus is special because it is spraying ocean material into space via plumes of water vapor and ice particles at its south pole. This means Cassini’s instruments were able to reveal its signature.” As the spacecraft flew through Enceladus’ plumes, the ocean was visible. ”
“Fortunately, this study found that even though some of the plume particles were ejected into the Saturn system, nearly 90% of the plume particles returned to the Moon’s surface. This is likely due to marine material containing organic matter. But it’s sitting right on the surface.”
Organic molecules found in Enceladus’ plumes include molecules such as methane and ethane, as well as more complex molecules.
Organic matter is processed or chemically transformed by charged particles such as the sun’s ultraviolet photons and electrons.
But if scientists want to know whether ocean-derived biosignatures are present in plume particles, they need these particles to be as pristine as possible and unexposed to ultraviolet light.
An artist’s impression of NASA’s Cassini spacecraft flying through a plume of smoke spewing from Enceladus’ south pole. These plumes are much like geysers, releasing a combination of water vapor, ice grains, salt, methane, and other organic molecules. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.
In the new study, Dr. Hendricks and fellow Penn State researcher Christopher House use data from NASA/ESA’s Hubble Space Telescope and Cassini to show that ultraviolet photons can be detected on Enceladus’ plume-covered surface. We estimated how deep it could penetrate.
“What we found in this study is that there are places on the surface of Enceladus where a spacecraft can land and collect samples. If we do that, we could measure organic matter in a relatively natural state.” Dr. Hendricks said.
“That’s because the sun’s ultraviolet photons don’t penetrate very deeply into the ice surface.”
“These harmful solar UV photons only penetrate about 100 micrometers into the ice surface. That’s the width of several human hairs!”
“So the topmost surface is exposed to harmful UV photons, but only some of the organic matter is chemically changed, and soon that material is covered by fresher plume material. .”
“And the deeper particles do not undergo further deformation because the ultraviolet photons are prevented from interacting with the deeper material.”
“The newly deposited plume particles act as a shield for the material below. They act like a sunscreen!”
“Ideally, we would like to someday land on the surface of Enceladus and sample organic matter from the relatively pristine ocean.”
“This result is important because the penetration depth of these harmful ultraviolet photons is so shallow that it suggests that there is a lot of relatively primitive organic matter that can be sampled.”
“Slightly deeper particles are less exposed to UV light, meaning the organic matter has a lower age of exposure.”
“Ultraviolet light easily alters organic molecules, so the depth at which such light reaches the surface of the icy world is critical,” Dr House added.
“Because the penetration depth of ultraviolet light was found to be short, our findings confirm that there is sufficient organic material trapped and preserved within Enceladus’ ice that can be traced back to its oceans. Did.”
“It’s awe-inspiring to think that we can easily obtain so much organic matter from habitable extraterrestrial oceans using known techniques.”
of findings It was published in the magazine Communication Earth and Environment.
_____
AR Hendrix & CH House. 2023. The effective UV exposure age of organic matter on Enceladus’s surface is low. common global environment 4,485; doi: 10.1038/s43247-023-01130-8
Scientists have discovered a new type of material, carbon nitride, that may rival diamond in hardness. The discovery is the result of international collaboration and decades of research, and its durability, properties such as photoluminescence and high energy density open up a wide range of industrial applications. This breakthrough, funded by an international grant and published in Advanced Materials, represents a significant advance in materials science.
Scientists have solved a decades-old mystery and uncovered a nearly indestructible material that could rival the hardest material on Earth, diamond, a study has announced.
Researchers have shown that when carbon and nitrogen precursors are exposed to extreme heat and pressure, the material known as carbon nitride becomes harder than cubic boron nitride, the second hardest material after diamond. discovered.
Unlocking the potential of carbon nitride
This breakthrough opens the door to multifunctional materials used for industrial purposes such as protective coatings for cars and spacecraft, heavy-duty cutting tools, solar panels, and photodetectors, experts say. states.
Materials researchers have been trying to unlock the potential of carbon nitride since the 1980s, when scientists first noticed its impressive properties, including high heat resistance.
However, despite more than 30 years of research and multiple synthetic attempts, no reliable results were reported.
International cooperation leads to success
Now, an international team of scientists led by researchers from the Center for Extreme State Science at the University of Edinburgh and experts from Germany’s Bayreuth University and Sweden’s Linköping University has finally achieved a breakthrough.
The researchers heated various forms of carbon-nitrogen precursors to temperatures of more than 1,500 degrees Celsius while exposing them to pressures ranging from 70 to 135 gigapascals (about 1 million times atmospheric pressure). Celsius.
To determine the atomic configuration of compounds under these conditions, intense X-ray beams were applied to the samples at three particle accelerators: the European Synchrotron Research Facility in France, the Deutsche Electronen Synchrotron in Germany, and the Advanced Photon Source. It was irradiated. In the US.
What new discoveries mean
Researchers have discovered that three carbon nitride compounds have the necessary building blocks for superhardness.
Remarkably, all three compounds retained their diamond-like quality upon return to ambient pressure and temperature conditions.
Further calculations and experiments suggest that this new material contains additional properties such as photoluminescence and a high energy density that allows it to store large amounts of energy in a small amount of mass.
The potential applications for these ultra-incompressible carbon nitrides are vast, researchers say, and could position them as the ultimate engineering material, rivaling diamond.
The research, published in Advanced Materials, was funded by the UKRI FLF scheme and a European research grant.
Dr Dominic Lanier, Future Leaders Fellow at the Institute for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, said: Materials researchers have been dreaming for the past 30 years. These materials provide a strong motivation to bridge the gap between high-pressure material synthesis and industrial applications. ”
Dr Florian Tribel, Assistant Professor at the Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology at Linköping University, said: “These materials are not only outstanding in their multifunctionality, but also in technically suitable phases, a situation that has been observed thousands of kilometers deep within the Earth’s interior. This collaboration opens new possibilities for this field. I strongly believe that it will open up new possibilities.”
Reference: “Synthesis of ultraincompressible and recoverable carbon nitride featuring CN4 tetrahedra”, Dominique Laniel, Florian Trybel, Andrey Aslandukov, Saiana Khandarkhaeva, Timofey Fedotenko, Yuqing ying, Nobuyoshi Miyajima, Ferenc Tasnádi, Alena By V. Ponomareva, Nityasagar Jena, Fariia Iasmin Akbar, Bjorn Winkler, Adrian Neri, Stella Chariton, Vitali Plakapenka, Victor Millman, Wolfgang Schnigg, Alexander N. Rudenko, Mikhail I. Katsnelson , Igor A. Abrikosov, Leonid Dubrobinsky, Natalia Dubrobinskaya, October 11, 2023, advanced materials. DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308030
This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful.
Strictly Necessary Cookies
Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings.
