Why Exercise Alone May Not Be Effective for Weight Loss: Key Insights

Posted on February 6, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Exercise has numerous benefits, but weight loss might not be one of them.

Jeffrey Isaac Greenberg 5+/Alamy

Benefits of Exercise vs Weight Loss — Exercise has numerous benefits, but weight loss might not be one of them.

Jeffrey Isaac Greenberg 5+/Alamy

Engaging in regular exercise is extremely beneficial for overall health; however, it may not effectively lead to weight loss. Recent studies provide compelling evidence explaining this phenomenon.

While individuals who up their exercise routine often burn extra calories, weight loss usually doesn’t align with the caloric expenditure expected. A meta-analysis of 14 trials indicates that our bodies often compensate by reducing energy expenditure in other activities.

Notably, the compensatory effects are pronounced when one combines reduced caloric intake with increased exercise, effectively negating the hoped-for weight loss benefits of physical activity. In simpler terms, while dietary restrictions can lead to weight loss, increasing exercise alongside dieting may yield minimal additional benefits.

“The real challenge here is that when you combine exercise and dieting, the body compensates more aggressively,” explains Herman Pontzer of Duke University, North Carolina. “Exercise is still beneficial, but weight loss isn’t guaranteed.”

In his research on the Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania, Pontzer found that despite their high activity levels, they did not expend more energy than sedentary individuals. This led him to propose, back in 2015, that our bodies may have evolved to conserve energy through reduced expenditure when faced with increased physical activity.

Although some studies support this compensation theory, not all experts agree. Pontzer and fellow researcher Eric Trexler at Duke have examined existing studies that were designed for other purposes, ensuring their analysis was unbiased. They analyzed 14 trials involving around 450 participants—small due to the rigorous methods needed to monitor total energy expenditure.

Their findings revealed an average energy expenditure increase of only one-third of expectations based on increased physical activity levels. For instance, if a person’s workout routine burns an additional 200 calories daily, these trials reported an overall increase of only about 60 kilocalories.

Interestingly, the results varied significantly. Those who maintained their caloric intake saw about half of the expected increase in total energy expenditure, while individuals who increased their physical activity while reducing their caloric intake often did not observe any significant changes. “They’re exercising 200 calories a day but seeing no tangible results,” Pontzer noted.

The type of exercise also plays a crucial role; compensation predominantly occurs during aerobic activities like running. In contrast, strength training appears to result in greater-than-expected energy expenditure. For example, individuals who burn an extra 200 calories from weightlifting tend to increase their total energy expenditure by approximately 250 calories per day.

However, Pontzer advises caution in interpreting these findings, as energy expenditure measurement during weight training can be challenging. He hypothesizes that weightlifters may deplete energy while repairing and building muscle tissue.

Initially, Pontzer believed the type of exercise might be negligible, but he now finds the insights exciting as they reveal unrecognized aspects of energy compensation. Despite the gains in muscle, weightlifting participants exhibited minimal fat loss, indicating it may not be a practical approach for weight loss.

So, why does an increase in aerobic exercise not lead to expected increases in energy expenditure? This analysis suggests that the body compensates by reallocating energy expenditures across various systems. For instance, the resting metabolic rate, particularly during sleep, can decrease with increased aerobic activity.

“Our body adjusts how different organ systems function post-exercise,” Pontzer says. “Understanding these changes could provide insights into how exercise benefits different individuals unequally.”

While Pontzer’s findings provide support for energy compensation, skeptics remain. Researcher Dylan Thompson from the University of Bath emphasizes the results of a meta-analysis suggesting aerobic exercise does not significantly affect resting metabolic rates.

Additionally, there might be critical research limitations, as pointed out by Javier Gonzalez, also at the University of Bath. For example, additional exercise might replace other daily activities like gardening, which could account for the lack of increased energy expenditure.

Nevertheless, Pontzer asserts that some studies effectively rule out this possibility, as compensation effects have also been documented in animal studies, corroborating human findings. Nonetheless, Thompson and Gonzalez argue for the necessity of more rigorous studies. “We require meticulously designed randomized controlled trials involving humans,” Thompson concludes.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Effective Science-Backed Method to Eliminate Microplastics from Your Body

Posted on February 3, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

It’s a hard truth in today’s world, but research indicates that the average person ingests between 39,000 and 52,000 microplastic particles annually through their food.

This startling statistic raises concerns about the implications for our health. How can we reconcile our reliance on plastic with research suggesting it poses both short- and long-term health risks?

A 2024 survey examined the presence of plastic in 16 different protein sources commonly consumed in the U.S. diet. Within these foods alone, an average meal was found to contain between 74 and 220 microplastic particles.

This figure doesn’t even include plastic debris from drink bottles or food containers, nor does it consider particles that can flake off cookware.

Microplastics are not limited to food; they have also been detected in drinking water, salt, rice, honey, and powdered supplements. They can leach from tea bags and dislodge from plastic cutting boards, while fruits and vegetables may absorb microplastics from contaminated soil and water.

Plastics are pervasive in our food system, and ongoing research aims to clarify their health impacts.

Studies, like those shared by Stanford researchers, indicate links between microplastic exposure and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, and metabolic disorders.

In addition to potentially damaging tissues, microplastics may trigger inflammation, disrupt our microbiome, and expose us to harmful substances like PFAS, phthalates, and bisphenol A.

However, there’s a glimmer of hope. Researchers are exploring the idea that dietary fiber could help mitigate the accumulation of microplastics in our digestive systems.

A 2024 study suggests that the absorption properties of certain fibers can bind with microplastics in the intestines, promoting the excretion of these particles.

The hypothesis is that soluble and insoluble fibers form a gel-like barrier, preventing microplastics from crossing the intestinal wall into the bloodstream, instead escorting them out with waste.

While this mechanism requires further human study, a 2025 study by a Japanese research team indicated similar results in rats.

Researchers at Tokai University discovered that rats fed with chitosan—a specific type of fiber—excreted significantly more microplastics than those not fed this fiber.

“We confirmed that chitosan binds to microplastics,” stated Professor Muneshige Shimizu, who emphasized the potential for chitosan in various food applications as long as its structure remains intact.

Shimizu noted that not all fibers have demonstrated the same efficacy, highlighting the need for further research to identify which specific structures are beneficial.

In the meantime, other fibers may also mitigate health risks from microplastics. A study from Boston University showed that certain fiber supplements could aid in removing PFAS, harmful chemicals often found in plastics.

Researchers found that gel-forming fibers could function as magnets for PFAS in the intestines, helping to drive these substances out of the body.

Before you stock up on fiber-rich foods, it’s crucial to recognize that studies are still ongoing to determine which types of dietary fiber effectively remove plastics and PFAS.

Nonetheless, increasing fiber intake is widely encouraged for various health advantages, from improved cardiovascular health to reduced cancer risk.

While microplastics are a reality of modern life, there are strategies to minimize your exposure in the kitchen.

Dr. Lisa Zimmerman from the Food Packaging Forum advocates for purchasing fruits and vegetables from farmers’ markets and suggests avoiding plastic-lined disposable cups.

She also discourages microwaving plastic containers, as heat can increase particle release. Instead, she recommends using glass or ceramic.

“We can’t eliminate plastic entirely, but we strive to reduce our exposure,” she says.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Discover the Real Cause of Cellulite and Effective Reduction Tips

Posted on February 3, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Cellulite is a common skin concern characterized by uneven, dimpled areas often likened to the texture of orange peel or cottage cheese. It is predominantly found on the thighs, buttocks, and hips.

Research indicates that 80-90 percent of women develop cellulite after puberty, while men are significantly less affected and not entirely immune.

Despite its prevalence, cellulite is often misunderstood and incorrectly associated solely with excess weight or an unhealthy lifestyle. In reality, multiple factors contribute to its formation.

What Causes Cellulite?

Cellulite results from an interplay between fat cells, connective tissue, and skin structure. Fibrous bands, known as septa, anchor the skin to the underlying muscles.

In women, these bands are vertically oriented, causing adipose lobules (fat cell clumps) to push through, creating dimples when the skin above is thinner or less elastic.

Men tend to have a cross-structure in connective tissue, which helps reduce the visibility of cellulite. This physiological difference is one reason men develop fewer wrinkles.

The structure of our skin helps explain why men are less likely to develop cellulite – Photo credit: Getty

Hormones, particularly estrogen, significantly influence this process. Estrogen affects blood flow to the skin, fat distribution, and tissue structure.

Factors like puberty, pregnancy, and hormonal changes during menopause or through hormonal contraceptives can lead to an increase in cellulite visibility.

Genetics also play a crucial role in determining skin thickness, collagen integrity, and fat distribution. Aging further exacerbates these effects as collagen production declines and skin thins, making cellulite more noticeable.

Lifestyle factors such as smoking and poor circulation contribute to the development of cellulite.

In conclusion, cellulite arises from a combination of biological and environmental factors, including chemical pollution. It’s not merely a result of being overweight.

Can Cellulite Be Removed?

Despite a booming industry promising quick fixes, no treatment has proven to permanently eliminate cellulite. It is not classified as a disease, but rather a typical structural characteristic of human skin. However, various approaches can temporarily diminish its appearance.

Lifestyle changes can be beneficial. Incorporating strength training enhances muscle tone and reduces skin laxity, while aerobic exercises improve circulation.

While managing weight may shrink fat cells, cellulite can still persist in those with a healthy weight. A balanced diet and quitting smoking promote overall skin and connective tissue health but do not specifically target cellulite.

Topical treatments featuring caffeine or retinol may yield minor short-term improvements by dehydrating fat cells or thickening the skin.

Massage techniques, ranging from manual methods to devices like endermologie, can enhance lymphatic drainage and circulation but offer only temporary results.

Medical procedures can provide more significant effects, such as laser and radiofrequency treatments designed to disrupt fibrous bands and stimulate collagen production. Subcision, a minor surgical technique, releases these bands under the skin.

Although these options can enhance skin texture for months or even years, they can be costly, invasive, and carry certain risks.

Conclusion

Cellulite should be viewed as a normal aspect of human skin, particularly in women. It does not indicate poor health, fitness, or self-care and does not require treatment unless one desires cosmetic improvements.

Embracing cellulite as a natural variation in body structure can help shift the perspective away from “fixing” it and towards accepting it as part of human diversity.

This article addresses the query “Why does cellulite form and can it be reduced?” (submitted by Judy Price from Solihull).

If you have any questions, feel free to reach out via: questions@sciencefocus.com or message us on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (please remember to include your name and location).

Explore our ultimate fun facts and discover more amazing science content.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Discover How This New Book Provides Effective Tools for Managing Anxiety – Is It the Solution You’ve Been Looking For?

Posted on January 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Pilot John Peters (front) and navigator John Nichol were captured as prisoners of war.

Trinity Mirror / Mirror Pix / Alamy

Uncertainty Toolkit
Sam Conniff and Catherine Templer-Lewis, The Bluebird (UK, now US, April)

Few individuals have experienced the extreme stress that fighter pilot John Peters underwent during the Gulf War. In January 1991, after completing a critical mission, Peters’ aircraft was hit by an enemy missile in the desert vicinity of Basra, Iraq. Despite the chaos, Peters and navigator John Nichol managed a brief escape before being apprehended by Iraqi forces.

While imprisoned, Peters endured harsh interrogation and was constantly haunted by the thought of dying in isolation. Nonetheless, he persevered. After his retirement from the Air Force, he pursued a degree in business administration and now excels as a motivational speaker.

Can we draw lessons from his resilience to manage our own stress? This is the foundation of the Uncertainty Toolkit, crafted by Sam Conniff and cognitive scientist Catherine Templer-Lewis. Peters is joined by a diverse group of “uncertainty experts,” including former gang leaders, refugees, and those overcoming addiction. Their collective wisdom, combined with empirical research, is paving the way for innovative strategies to handle the anxiety arising from unpredictable situations.

Conniff and Templer-Lewis introduce an engaging acronym—FFS—to illustrate the primary impacts of uncertainty: fear, fog, and stagnation. This framework illustrates how we grapple with the fear of the unknown, confusion caused by unpredictability, and immobility when faced with necessary action. The toolkit offers systematic exercises designed to conquer each hurdle.

This concept holds broad appeal; the authors previously tested it in collaboration with researchers at University College London, engaging over 20,000 participants through an interactive online documentary. Although the specifics of the research methodology and outcomes remain unclear, it seems to have positively transformed many participants’ perceptions of uncertainty from largely negative to predominantly constructive.

Despite its promise, reading this book can sometimes be tedious. It often reiterates concepts using nearly identical language, occasionally on the same page. The insights from uncertainty experts feel somewhat diluted, as demonstrated by Peters’ story, which ultimately loses impact when he is portrayed wishing to be remembered simply as a “good man” despite facing execution.

“
It is vital to assess any emotions that might affect your judgment, including hunger, anger, anxiety, loneliness, or fatigue.
“

Nonetheless, the book is filled with effective strategies for regulating your emotions. Alongside familiar techniques like mindfulness and yogic breathing, readers will discover reflective exercises aimed at identifying avoidance behaviors, balancing fear of failure with the potential for regret, and reframing anxiety as excitement. The authors encourage readers to cultivate gratitude, clarify their values, and reconnect with their communities, all of which contribute to breaking free from the FFS state that often characterizes our response to uncertainty.

The book’s most insightful takeaway pertains to intuition. Our emotional instincts serve as a compass for decision-making, especially when facing information overload. However, this intuition can easily be overshadowed by our mental and physiological states. Thus, the authors advise checking in with ourselves for the most common emotions that can cloud our judgment: hunger, anger, anxiety, loneliness, and fatigue. This acronym can be remembered as HALT.

Additionally, Conniff and Templer-Lewis challenge stereotypes, urging us to broaden our understanding by engaging with those whose views diverge from our own. This advice is valuable for anyone seeking a clearer perspective on the world.

By the conclusion, I found the authors’ approach compelling, even though they compromised their scientific authority by referencing the prophecies of mystic Baba Vanga in “Balkan Nostradamus.” They claim she forecasted that 2030 would be marked by climate change and global conflict, which I found to be exactly the type of fear, fog, and stagnation they caution against. Nonetheless, if you can overlook these missteps, this book offers an empowering and enriching read.

David Robson is a writer. His latest book is Law of Connection

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

How Exercise Can Be as Effective as Antidepressants in Reducing Depression

Posted on January 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Exercise: An Effective Treatment for Depression

Neil Lang/Shutterstock

jogging in fog or mist — Exercise: An Effective Treatment for Depression

Neil Lang/Shutterstock

Experiencing a post-workout mood boost is common, and a recent review highlights just how impactful this effect can be. Simple activities like walking or gardening can alleviate depression symptoms as effectively as psychotherapy or antidepressants.

“This research reinforces that exercise is a viable option for individuals suffering from depression, showing that it can rival the effectiveness of psychotherapy or medication,” states Andrew Clegg from the University of Lancashire, UK.

A prior Cochrane Library review in 2013 discovered that exercise alleviates depression symptoms comparably to standard treatments like antidepressants and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which focuses on modifying thought patterns and behavior.

Consequently, health authorities advocate regular exercise for depression management. The UK’s National Institute for Healthcare Excellence (NICE) suggests engaging in aerobic activities such as jogging for ten weeks, typically in conjunction with other therapies for optimal results.

Since the 2013 review, numerous clinical trials have surfaced, prompting the Cochrane Library to embark on an updated review. “This new review nearly doubles the existing evidence base from the previous publication,” comments Clegg, a co-author of the review.

Clegg and colleagues reviewed data from 69 randomized controlled trials involving nearly 5,000 adults diagnosed with mild to severe depression or showing elevated depression symptom scores. Their analysis focused on 57 trials where participants were assigned to either an exercise group or a control group receiving no treatment.

Trial methodologies varied significantly, but usually directed participants to maintain a routine of low to moderate exercise—like gardening or brisk walking—compared to more vigorous activities like sprinting or soccer. Yoga and stretching were excluded, as these often incorporate meditative or breathing practices, which detracted from the study’s emphasis on pure physical activity.

The research indicated that exercise modestly reduced depression severity, characterized by feelings of sadness and disinterest in social activities.

“Clinically meaningful improvements were observed—individuals reported noticeable changes,” remarks Brendon Stubbs from King’s College London, who was not part of the review.

Furthermore, the team analyzed ten of the 59 trials that compared exercise to CBT and five trials involving participants on antidepressants devoid of an exercise component. Results indicated that, on average, regular exercise proved equally effective as these treatment modalities. “There was no significant difference in outcomes among the three,” emphasizes Emily Hird from University College London, who also did not partake in the study.

The research highlighted that light to moderate exercise outperformed intense workouts. This may be linked to higher adherence rates; as Stubbs explains, “Strenuous exercises often lead to dropout, thus diminishing the observed benefits.”

While the precise advantages of exercise remain under investigation, Stubbs suggests multiple potential mechanisms. Group activities could enhance social well-being, and acquiring new skills might boost self-esteem, fostering positive life changes.

Studies indicate that muscle-released chemicals, known as myokines, help reduce inflammation, which may exacerbate depression. One particular myokine, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, is known for promoting new brain cell growth, potentially aiding in the reconfiguration of negative thought patterns, as asserted by Stubbs. Interestingly, Clegg’s team discovered that resistance training, which generates more myokines, was more effective than aerobic workouts alone.

Collectively, these findings advocate for exercise as a depression treatment modality. However, since participants were aware of their group assignments, some gains might stem from placebo effects, where expectations influence symptom relief. Additionally, the majority of studies had limited participant numbers, which may impact reliability, according to Hurd.

Hurd advocates for larger studies to investigate optimal exercise types tailored for individuals and their unique challenges. “Currently, we lack clarity on who benefits most from different exercise forms,” she asserts. Individuals with severe depression might struggle to maintain exercise routines and may find more relief through CBT or antidepressants, both of which exhibit effectiveness akin to exercise in managing depression. Furthermore, some individuals may respond preferentially to specific activities based on their depression’s root causes.

Nevertheless, evidence consistently reveals the benefits of exercise for both mental and physical health. “Activities such as running, gym workouts, Pilates, and yoga all impart various positive effects. The most crucial aspect is to engage individuals in activities they enjoy,” concludes Stubbs.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Essential Science-Backed Metabolic Strategies for Effective Weight Loss

Posted on January 3, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

If you’ve struggled with weight loss, you may have attributed it to your metabolism. This elusive concept seems to make losing weight effortless for some, while for others, it feels like an uphill battle.

However, this perception misrepresents how the body truly functions, neglecting the critical elements of fat loss.

Metabolism encompasses more than just “the number of calories burned.” It’s a complex network of chemical reactions occurring in your cells and tissues that power everything you do.

Many individuals simplify it to a single statistic: calories burned at a specific moment.

Here, “metabolic rate” becomes relevant. It’s the standard metric for gauging how quickly your metabolism operates. Essentially, it’s the energy expended at rest, representing the minimal energy required to keep bodily functions active.

A common belief is that lean individuals possess a “fast” metabolism, burning more calories effortlessly. In fact, larger bodies often exhibit a “faster” metabolism.

The metabolic rate largely hinges on body size—greater tissue requires more energy for maintenance.

However, weight alone is a rudimentary gauge. Two individuals may weigh the same, but differences in fat-to-muscle ratios can significantly influence their metabolic rates.

Lean mass, particularly organs, plays a pivotal role in energy expenditure. The liver and brain alone contribute about half of the body’s resting energy requirements, with the kidneys accounting for nearly 20 percent.

Though skeletal muscle has a lower metabolic activity than organs (approximately 20 times less active per gram), its substantial mass contributes significantly to resting energy expenditure.

Since organ masses are consistent among individuals of similar size, muscle and fat primarily dictate metabolic variations.

This distinction also elucidates the differences between men and women. Men generally have a higher muscle mass and lower fat percentage, leading to a greater metabolic rate at the same weight.

Once body composition and gender are factored, metabolic rates prove to be surprisingly predictable, challenging the notion that some individuals have substantially “faster” metabolisms than others.

Deceleration Myth

Age-related hormonal changes often promote fat gain – Photo credit: Getty

There’s a common belief that metabolic rates decline with age. However, this perception may not hold, particularly for middle-aged individuals.

Taking body composition into account, metabolic rates typically remain stable until about age 65. The earlier drop is more related to shifts in muscle and fat than a mysterious “aging metabolism.”

Changes in hormonal balance, particularly during menopause, can impact metabolism.

Hormonal changes often promote fat gain while contributing to muscle loss, particularly around the abdomen, both of which can lower metabolic rates.

Additionally, reduced estrogen levels can affect thermogenesis, potentially slowing metabolism and leading to hot flashes.

After age 65, energy expenditure tends to diminish, not because of metabolic “aging,” but due to broader physical changes.

Muscle mass typically declines faster, lessening both muscle and organ metabolic activity, resulting in lower calorie burning.

The good news? Staying active, eating healthily, and preserving muscle mass can help mitigate muscle loss.

Read More:

Built-in Balance Adjustment Function

If metabolism is mostly predictable, can it be entirely fixed? Not quite. Depending on circumstances, your body can gradually adjust its calorie burn.

For instance, someone who is overweight naturally burns more calories due to increased tissue maintenance. Research suggests their bodies might slightly ramp up calorie burning to eliminate excess weight.

Conversely, underweight individuals may consume fewer calories than anticipated because their metabolic rates decrease further, becoming very conservative with energy usage.

How does this occur? Some studies propose that the body can intentionally waste energy by generating heat, a process known as adaptive (or conditional) thermogenesis.

This process involves specialized fat cells called brown fat and certain proteins in muscles and other tissues, which can “leak” more (or fewer) calories as heat instead of storing them.

This heat dissipation is subtle—not felt as sweat or fever—but is a behind-the-scenes adjustment that fine-tunes energy balance.

Brown fat, or adipose tissue, burns energy to regulate body temperature – Photo credit: Getty

Adaptive thermogenesis does not mean being confined to a fixed body weight. This explains why dieting can feel like swimming against the tide. When calorie intake is cut, the body often retaliates by slowing metabolism, making it harder to sustain progress.

This leads to a pressing question: Can you truly change your metabolism, and if so, what methods are effective?

There Is No Magic Menu

You may have encountered claims that certain foods, like caffeine, polyphenols from spicy foods, or chili pepper extract, “boost” metabolism and increase calorie burn through thermogenesis.

However, the actual calorie increases from these ingredients are minimal, detectable only for short periods—lasting mere minutes to hours.

Another suggestion is to increase protein intake to speed up metabolism.

The premise is that digesting and absorbing protein requires more energy than digesting carbohydrates and fats, potentially resulting in fewer overall calories gained. However, this difference in calorie burn is often negligible.

While increased protein can help maintain and build muscle—supporting a higher metabolic rate—muscle growth is not solely reliant on protein.

Muscle repair and growth are stimulated primarily through exercise, especially resistance training.

In fact, exercise and physical activity are key to enhancing caloric usage, increasing your metabolism.

Moreover, exercise generates additional metabolic benefits beyond just the calories burned during the activity. Post-exercise, metabolism recovers at an accelerated rate as muscles adapt to the workout’s demands.

This phenomenon is known as excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), commonly recognized as the “afterburn” effect.

This temporary spike in fuel and calorie usage can last for several hours, even up to 48 hours, particularly after workouts focused on muscle repair and growth.

While it may not be the shortcut many seek, when targeting metabolism and fat loss, exercise—particularly strength-building workouts—remains a far more effective strategy.

Read More:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Enhance Your Brain Detox: Effective Tips for Strengthening the Glymphatic System

Posted on December 22, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

When neurons in the brain are active, they generate waste products.

Credit: Nick Veasey/Science Photo Library/Alamy

X-ray image of a skull showing a colored brain and neurons — When neurons in the brain are active, they generate waste products.

Credit: Nick Veasey/Science Photo Library/Alamy

As we embrace the joy of the Christmas season, many are already thinking about detox plans for the new year, such as reducing movie watching or cutting back on alcohol. This leads to an interesting query: can we apply similar detox methods to our brains? After the festivities, how can we clear away any cognitive clutter?

The brain is naturally equipped to detoxify itself daily, flushing out accumulated metabolic waste that could be harmful. But can we assist in this vital process, potentially shielding ourselves from age-related cognitive decline and dementia?

Let’s delve into the glymphatic system, a newly uncovered pathway responsible for detoxification. This system effectively “sucks” away undesirable proteins and waste from the spaces between neurons, channeling them into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

“CSF circulates much like water in a dishwasher,” explains Maha Alattar from Virginia Commonwealth University.

This fluid systematically drains waste into lymph nodes, eventually allowing it to exit the body through the veins.

While the connection between the glymphatic and lymphatic systems is still not fully understood, researchers are increasingly focused on ways to optimize the glymphatic process. Enhancing this system could prove pivotal in combating cognitive decline and promoting healthy aging. Accumulation of metabolic waste in the brain is linked to symptoms such as declining cognitive function, increasing the risk of dementia and expediting Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease symptoms.

“The glymphatic system is fascinating,” says Nandakumar Narayanan from the University of Iowa Health Care. “Numerous innovative research efforts aim to better understand and quantify glymphatic functions, shedding light on human health and disease.”

Enhancing the Brain’s Waste Removal System

Are there ways we can enhance this waste disposal mechanism? Recent studies indicate that lifestyle changes may significantly impact its efficiency.

“The most proven method to boost glymphatic clearance is sleep,” notes Dr. Lila Landovsky from the University of Tasmania.

The glymphatic system is predominantly inactive during waking hours but reaches peak activity during sleep. For instance, in mice, CSF flow surges by about 60% while they sleep, enabling the removal of beta-amyloid, a protein linked to Alzheimer’s disease.

Though studies have yet to definitively establish that glymphatic activation directly prevents dementia, “the hypothesis is strengthened by evident links between factors that impair glymphatic clearance—such as sleep disturbances and sedentary behavior—and an increased risk for neurodegenerative conditions,” states Landowski.

The position in which we sleep could also affect glymphatic function. In 2015, Helen Benveniste and her team found that sleeping on one’s side improved glymphatic clearance in mice more effectively than sleeping on the back or stomach. While this has not yet been tested in humans, many types of dementia show strong associations with sleep disorders, suggesting sleep positions may be important in our fight against dementia.

Additional Strategies to Enhance Brain Detox

Emerging evidence suggests that other lifestyle choices, such as regular exercise, may also bolster glymphatic function. In April, a study involving 37 adults highlighted that only participants who completed a 12-week stationary cycling program experienced noticeable increases in glymphatic drainage, as observed through brain imaging.

“Research in mice indicates that glymphatic clearance can roughly double after five weeks of regular exercise in comparison to sedentary mice,” says Landowski. “However, short-term studies in mice have yet to be performed.”

Further examination of the glymphatic system may uncover additional methods to enhance its function. Lymphatic vessels connected to CSF are located deep in the neck, making direct manipulation challenging, but researchers led by Ko Young Gu at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology have identified another lymphatic network directly beneath the skin of monkeys and mice’s facial and neck areas.

In experiments, gentle downward stroking of the face and neck in mice tripled CSF flow, effectively rejuvenating older animals’ flow to a more youthful state.

Similar vessels have been detected in human cadavers, suggesting that facial and neck massages could potentially enhance CSF flow, aiding in glymphatic clearance. Nonetheless, more research is needed to substantiate these claims and verify whether this enhanced flow can shield against neurodegenerative disorders.

Promising Evidence Supporting Yoga and Breathing Techniques

One exercise that should not be overlooked is yoga breathing. Hamid Jalillian from the University of California, Irvine, notes that diaphragmatic breathing has robust evidence supporting its ability to increase CSF velocity, effectively activating a glymphatic “rinse cycle.”

Diaphragmatic breathing is characterized by keeping the chest relatively still while moving the abdomen outward and lowering the diaphragm as you inhale through your nose. Conclude the cycle by exhaling through pursed lips while retracting your belly.

Unexplored Potential

Despite the enthusiasm surrounding the glymphatic system, our comprehension of its intricate workings is still developing. Not everyone is convinced we possess enough knowledge to prescribe specific interventions at this time. “We are far from being able to accurately predict how a specific intervention, like exercise, will influence the glymphatic system. There are limited studies in both mice and small human populations, but nothing large-scale and conclusive,” cautions Narayanan.

Nevertheless, there is a sense of optimism. “The potential is immense, but these studies require meticulous and thorough execution,” he concludes.

For now, I’ll concentrate on essential routines—prioritizing quality sleep and regular exercise. These habits are crucial for overall health, but should glymphatic research hold true, they may soon play an even more critical role in keeping my brain clear, not just in the new year, but for years to come.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

2025: A Landmark Year for Online Safety Laws—Will They Be Effective?

Posted on December 19, 2025 by

The evolving experience of young people on the internet.

Linda Raymond/Getty Images

In 2025, numerous countries will implement new internet access restrictions aimed at protecting children from harmful content, with more expected to follow in 2026. However, do these initiatives genuinely safeguard children, or do they merely inconvenience adults?

The UK’s Online Safety Act (OSA), which took effect on July 25, mandates that websites prevent children from accessing pornography or content that promotes self-harm, violence, or dangerous activities. While intended to protect, the law has faced backlash due to its broad definition of “harmful content,” which resulted in many small websites closing down as they struggled to meet the regulatory requirements.

In Australia, a new policy prohibits those under 16 from using social media, even with parental consent, as part of the Online Safety Amendment (Social Media Minimum Age) Act 2024. This legislation, effective immediately, grants regulators the authority to impose fines up to A$50 million on companies that fail to prevent minors from accessing their platforms. The European Union is considering similar bans. Meanwhile, France has instituted a law requiring age verification for websites with pornographic material, facing protests from adult website operators.

Indicators suggest that such legislation may indeed be effective. The UK’s regulatory body, Ofcom, recently fined AVS Group, which runs 18 adult websites, £1 million for not implementing adequate measures to restrict children’s access. Other companies are being urged to enhance their efforts to comply with these new regulations.

Concerns surrounding the use of technology for age verification are growing, with some sites utilizing facial recognition tools that can be tricked with screenshots of video game characters. Moreover, VPNs allow users to masquerade as being from regions without strict age verification requirements. Following the onset of the OSA, search attempts for VPNs have surged, with reports indicating as much as a 1800% increase in daily registrations following the law’s implementation. The most prominent adult site experienced a 77% decline in UK visitors in the aftermath of the OSA, as users changed their settings to appear as if they were located in countries where age verification isn’t enforced.

The Children’s Commissioner for England emphasized that these loopholes need to be addressed and has made recommendations for age verification measures to prevent children from using VPNs. Despite this, many argue that such responses address symptoms rather than the root of the problem. So, what is the appropriate course of action?

Andrew Coun, a former member of Meta and TikTok’s safety and moderation teams, opines that harmful content isn’t deliberately targeted at children. Instead, he argues that algorithms aim to maximize engagement, subsequently boosting ad revenue. This creates skepticism regarding the genuine willingness of tech companies to protect kids, as tighter restrictions could harm their profits.

“It’s exceedingly unlikely that they will prioritize compliance,” he remarked, noting the inherent conflict between their interests and public welfare. “Ultimately, profits are a primary concern, and they will likely fulfill only the minimum requirements to comply.”

Graham Murdoch, a researcher at Loughborough University, believes the surge in online safety regulations will likely yield disappointment, as policymaking typically lags behind the rapid advancements of technology firms. He advocates for the establishment of a national internet service complete with its own search engine and social platforms, guided by a public charter akin to that of the BBC.

“The Internet should be regarded as a public service because of the immense value it offers to everyday life,” Murdoch stated. “We stand at a pivotal moment; if decisive action isn’t taken soon, returning to our current trajectory will be impossible.”

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Magnetic Gel: A More Effective Solution for Kidney Stone Removal

Posted on October 30, 2025 by

Kidney stones are a common and painful condition

Wild Pixel/Getty Images

Devices utilizing magnets may offer a more efficient method for removing kidney stones compared to traditional techniques, potentially reducing the necessity for repeated surgeries.

Kidney stones form when minerals in urine crystallize. If they become lodged in the kidneys or move into the ureters, the tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder, they can lead to significant discomfort.

Current treatments often involve breaking the stones into smaller pieces through methods such as guiding a thin tube with a laser through the bladder into the ureters and kidneys, or applying ultrasound waves externally.

Surgeons typically extract these fragments individually using a wire basket that passes in and out of the urethra. This repetitive retrieval process can result in tissue damage. About 40% of the time, residual debris is left behind, particularly if small particles evade the basket, increasing the risk of additional stones.

Seeking alternatives, Joseph Liao and his team at Stanford University in California previously engineered a magnetic gel designed to coat stone debris and a magnetic wire to capture it in lab settings.

Recently, they implemented this method in a study involving four pigs. They introduced various fragments of human kidney stones into the pigs’ kidneys before injecting the magnetic gel. By utilizing a magnetic wire inserted through the urethra, the researchers managed to extract multiple stone fragments simultaneously, unlike the traditional wire basket method that retrieves them one at a time. “It’s like using a stick to fish out a snot filled with stone debris, allowing for the removal of significant amounts of stone fragments at once,” explained Liao.

This technique appears to cause less tissue damage than conventional methods since fewer invasive procedures are necessary. Unlike wire baskets, the magnetic device effectively captures debris of varying sizes, permitting thorough removal of all remnants from the kidney, as noted by Rio. This not only decreases the chance of new stones forming but also curtails the need for additional surgeries.

“This is a very promising method,” states Veronica Magdanz from the University of Waterloo, Canada, who was not involved in the research. “Any advancement that enhances the success rate of stone collection and facilitates the removal of more pieces at once is advantageous.”

None of the pigs exhibited any adverse reactions to the gel. “This is excellent news. It is non-toxic and harmless,” Magdanz remarked. After refining the technique through further pig studies, Rio and his team aim to begin human trials within approximately a year.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Treatment Could Be the Most Effective Solution for Easing Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Posted on October 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Irritable bowel syndrome may be alleviated by techniques taught in various therapies

Sladic/Getty Images

A new approach that alters behaviors in individuals with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) could prove to be more effective than traditional treatments. When offered digitally, these methods might also enhance the speed of relief.

IBS is often accompanied by symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal pain. While the underlying cause is not entirely understood, disruptions in gut-brain signaling are thought to play a pivotal role. Factors such as intestinal infections and certain foods can irritate the gastrointestinal tract, sending distress signals to the brain, while psychological stress can trigger the opposite response. Patients with IBS are advised to explore relaxation techniques.

While dietary recommendations and medications, like laxatives, provide relief for some, others continue to struggle with symptoms. Consequently, researchers are investigating innovative alternatives, including fecal transplants. Behavioral therapy, often seen as a last resort by physicians, may actually offer greater benefits than standard care according to a 2020 review. This approach may surpass regular treatment efficacy.

Among the methods is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which empowers individuals to modify their thoughts and behaviors to better cope with and accept their symptoms, and gut-directed hypnotherapy, which induces a trance-like state prior to signaling symptom improvement.

Following the release of more studies, Alexander Ford and his colleagues at the University of Leeds in the UK, some of whom contributed to earlier reviews, conducted a comprehensive review of 67 randomized controlled trials with over 7,000 participants. These trials compared behavioral interventions lasting 4 to 12 weeks against various control groups that received conventional treatments like dietary guidance and laxatives, or those on a waiting list for intervention.

“This represents the most extensive review of behavioral treatments for irritable bowel syndrome in terms of both the number of studies and participants,” stated Perjohan Lindfors from Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.

The findings indicate that CBT and gut-directed hypnotherapy, whether in-person or via apps and the internet, are more beneficial compared to standard treatments when participants evaluated their symptoms pre- and post-treatment.

Rather than typically being provided solely in-person after standard treatments fail, the results imply that behavioral therapies can be utilized much earlier in the process. Ford remarked, “Digital solutions can help expedite the delivery of these treatments.” He further mentioned that such approaches may allow for broader implementation of behavioral therapies. However, before any updates to guidelines can be made, further trials that directly compare digital therapies with traditional treatments are required, which Ford estimates could take another five years.

Additionally, as most participants were unaware of their assigned groups, a portion of the observed benefits may stem from a placebo effect, according to Lindfors. He proposed that trials involving full treatment versus partial treatment could assist in estimating the effect size, assuming all participants genuinely believed they were receiving effective behavioral therapy.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Is Leucovorin an Effective Treatment for Autism? Insights from Recent Research

Posted on September 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The Trump administration has included a drug known as leucovorin in efforts to alleviate certain autism symptoms. However, experts specializing in autism largely agree that additional research is needed before it can be widely used in children and adults.

Leucovorin, or Folinic Acid, is a synthetic variant of vitamin B9 requiring a prescription. It is primarily administered to cancer patients via IV alongside chemotherapy.

On Monday, the Food and Drug Administration revealed that it is moving forward with the approval of a tablet formulation for specific autistic patients.

Many researchers have raised concerns that this approval may be hasty, given that only a few small trials—mostly conducted outside the US—demonstrate its effectiveness in children with autism.

Several experts informed NBC News that FDA approval might create unrealistic expectations for families. This is particularly concerning as not all children with autism are eligible for prescriptions, and the likelihood of achieving positive results remains uncertain.

Researchers have long sought medications that can effectively mitigate autism symptoms; however, very few have satisfied the FDA’s rigorous safety and efficacy criteria. Prior to Monday, the FDA had only authorized two medications to address bothersome symptoms associated with autism, none of which targeted issues related to communication, social interactions, or repetitive behaviors.

Alycia Halladay, Chief Science Officer of the Autism Science Foundation, commented that her organization supports research grounded in evidence; leucovorin is not suggested as a treatment and more research is essential.

“Leucovorin doesn’t meet the standards set for FDA approvals, yet this administration is proceeding regardless. Therefore, I wouldn’t label this a victory,” Halladay remarked.

She further noted that the way the drug was presented at Monday’s White House Briefing as a major breakthrough for families with autism doesn’t align with the nuances of FDA approval.

The FDA stated in a news release that the drug is being approved for patients suffering from cerebral folate deficiency, a rare neurological disorder marked by low levels of vitamin B9 (folate) in the brain. Some researchers speculate that this condition might be linked to autism, but it is not present in all autistic individuals.

(Halladay estimates that around 10-30% of autistic patients may have this condition.)

Though leucovorin can potentially aid in reaching the brain, theoretically improving verbal communication and alleviating autism symptoms like irritability and repetitive actions, there is no evidence to suggest it entirely eradicates these symptoms.

“We still hope that leucovorin might serve as a helpful option for a subset of patients,” noted Dr. Rachel Forlomer, an assistant professor of pediatrics at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine. “However, I can’t say we’re at a stage where we can confidently claim we can assist every individual with autism.”

President Donald Trump expressed at a briefing that the approval “offers hope for many parents of children with autism that life improvement is possible.” Mehmet Oz, leader of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, described the decision as “life-saving.” FDA commissioner Marty McCurry remarked, “I believe hundreds of thousands of children will benefit.”

However, in a follow-up news release, the Department of Health and Human Services clarified that leucovorin is “not a cure” for autism and “may only result in improvements in speech-related deficits for a subset of children.”

David Mandel, a professor of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania, remarked that the folate hypothesis is based on relatively weak scientific evidence.

“We lack robust large-scale studies demonstrating that a significant number of individuals with autism suffer from folic acid deficiency,” he noted.

While leucovorin has shown minimal side effects in cancer patients, higher doses can lead to gastrointestinal issues and increase the risk of seizures in individuals on anti-seizure medications. It is commonly part of treatment for colorectal cancer and other gastrointestinal malignancies, often enhancing the efficacy of the chemotherapy drug 5-fluorouracil. In rare cases, it is administered to reduce side effects from another chemotherapeutic agent, high-dose methotrexate.

Halladay mentioned observing side effects during the leucovorin autism trial but noted that the specific safety of the drug was not evaluated. She indicated that dosages varied across studies, making it difficult to determine if leucovorin was responsible for any symptom improvement, as some trial participants also received behavioral therapy.

According to Mandel, the largest study involving these trials included only 80 participants.

“For FDA approval, one would ideally want hundreds of children involved in these trials,” he explained.

Leucovorin must overcome one final obstacle before it becomes available to select autistic patients. The FDA stated it is collaborating with GSK, the manufacturer of the brand-name version of leucovorin, to update the drug’s labeling. GSK confirmed that a new application will be submitted to include autism indications.

Oz stated on Monday that leucovorin prescriptions will be covered by Medicaid, with private insurance companies likely to follow suit.

However, Mandel expressed concern that anticipated cuts to Medicaid may compel many families to cover costs out of pocket, potentially driving them to purchase folinic acid supplements online without prescriptions. Such supplements may not have gone through quality control, and dosage information could be unclear.

Dr. William Dahoot, chief science officer at the American Cancer Society, expressed concern that the growing interest in leucovorin for autism might adversely impact its availability for cancer patients.

“We have faced shortages of this drug before, and an increase in demand could lead to future shortages,” he noted in an email.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Three Essential Guidelines for an Effective Post-Workout Diet

Posted on September 22, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Are carbohydrates, proteins, and liquids the foundations of your post-exercise diet?

cream_ph/getty images

When it comes to exercise, I’m not particularly focused on enhancing my performance or optimizing my biology. My primary goal is simply to remain active. Consequently, I have not given much thought to my post-exercise nutrition. However, training for a half marathon has illustrated to me the significance of properly fueling my body, and that it doesn’t need to be complicated.

It’s essential to understand that your post-exercise nutritional requirements can differ based on several factors, including the type of exercise you engage in, your age, gender, genetics, and more. Nonetheless, an April review in Sports Medicine discovered compelling evidence regarding three key interventions that enhance muscle recovery and performance. I consider these as foundational elements of a post-exercise diet.

The first element is carbohydrates. During exercise, your body taps into energy stores found in the liver and muscles. Replenishing these stores is vital to prevent muscle breakdown and ensure adequate energy for your next workout. Carbohydrates serve as the most effective source of this energy because they are quickly converted into usable fuel.

The review suggests that after four hours of intense exertion, athletes should consume 1-1.2 grams of carbohydrates per kilogram of body weight per hour. While this guidance may be geared more toward athletes, it’s advisable for all adults to consider a carbohydrate-rich snack or meal post-exercise. Opt for options that include both glucose and fructose, as glucose helps restore muscle energy and replenishes liver stores. Fruits are perfect, as they provide both.

The second element is protein, which is crucial for muscle recovery. Combining protein with carbohydrates has been shown to enhance performance. A 2016 study involving eight athletes indicated that those who consumed both macronutrients within two hours after an intense cycling session could ride an average of 14 minutes longer in their subsequent workout compared to those who only ingested carbohydrates. The timing of protein intake matters less than the quantity consumed. Reviews in Sports Medicine recommend 20-40 grams of protein after exercise.

study involving 72 men (also published in 2016) demonstrated that oral supplement solutions, milk, and orange juice were found to be more hydrating than water due to their electrolyte content, which aids in hydration and retention. Beverages like tea, coffee, soft drinks, and even beer provided hydration levels similar to water. Though I’m not advocating for pints post-workout, if water isn’t appealing, choose something delicious that you enjoy.

I still prefer simplicity, but now I focus on these three core elements. My favorite choice is a smoothie made with frozen fruits, orange juice, and protein powder. Although it’s not perfectly optimized, it represents an improvement. And it always satisfies my cravings after a run.

Grace Wade is a health reporter for New Scientist based in the US.

For more projects, please visit newscientist.com/maker

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Effective Peripheral Treatments: What Really Works?

Posted on September 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Do you often feel anxious? Struggling to concentrate at work? Do you wake up drenched in sweat? Welcome to a phase that is frequently overlooked and often chaotic.

This transitional stage, marked by menopause symptoms but not yet completed, was once brushed off as a fleeting hormonal shift. Today, it’s increasingly acknowledged as a challenging and disruptive decade during which significant changes occur within the body and mind.

Emotional ups and downs, migraines, fluctuations in heart rhythms, urinary tract infections—an array of symptoms can leave many feeling unacknowledged. Fortunately, as our grasp of hormonal health evolves, emerging treatments are providing essential relief.

Nonetheless, there’s no shortage of noise. Social media is awash with advice on remedies, ranging from dietary supplements to intricate exercise routines. What genuinely benefits you, and what is merely a waste of time and money?

The answer depends on your personal experience of the perimenopause phase. During this time, estrogen levels fluctuate unpredictably, accompanied by declines in progesterone and testosterone, impacting everything from bone density and muscle strength to cognitive function and cardiovascular health.

Despite the fact that half the population goes through this transition, its significance is often underestimated. “Menopause marks a pivotal moment in a woman’s life—physically, emotionally, and socially,” states Christina del Toro Badsa, a physician and expert in hormonal health based in Atlanta, Georgia. “However, many women belong to the ‘sandwich generation,’ caring for both children and aging parents while their own well-being is often neglected.”

These symptoms go beyond personal struggles; they can have far-reaching social implications. According to a survey by British charities regarding welfare, one in four women considers leaving their job due to menopausal symptoms. In the U.S., a 2025 study estimates that the costs associated with reduced working hours or premature retirement due to menopause amount to $1.8 billion annually.

Many individuals experiencing perimenopausal symptoms opt for HRT

Elena Popova/Getty Images

In terms of solutions, the UK’s National Institutes of Health (Nice) identifies hormone replacement therapy (HRT) as the first-line treatment for those over the age of 40. However, despite its efficacy, the adoption remains inconsistent, and its use in the U.S. has dramatically fallen over the last quarter-century. This decline is partly due to long-standing fears surrounding side effects revealed in two studies. A significant HRT trial in 2002 was halted after early results suggested an increased risk of breast cancer, heart attacks, and strokes. A follow-up in 2003 estimated that HRT was linked to 20,000 breast cancer cases in the following decade.

While these trial findings were not incorrect, they had limitations and were misunderstood. Media reports, for instance, focused on women over 60. Later trials indicate that the age at which women start HRT significantly influences their breast cancer risk. For example, five years after stopping HRT, women who have taken HRT for less than 5 years show no increased risk of breast cancer.

Context is key. According to the British Menopause Society, women aged 50-59 using HRT (both estrogen and progestogen) for up to 14 years may see an additional 10 breast cancer diagnoses per 1,000. However, this “minor risk” must be evaluated against the substantial reduction in endometrial cancer risk provided by HRT. This risk is comparable to several lifestyle factors, such as obesity, which adds 10 additional breast cancer diagnoses per 1,000 women in the same age group, while consuming 4-6 units of alcohol daily increases cases by eight. In short, while HRT slightly raises the likelihood of breast cancer diagnosis, it is not substantial compared to various other lifestyle choices.

Advantages of HRT

Furthermore, HRT offers several benefits, including lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases and reducing fracture rates. Initial research suggests that estrogens may be crucial in assisting the brain with glucose metabolism regulation, potentially explaining fatigue and memory lapses during perimenopause due to estrogen depletion affecting glucose processing. Additionally, studies by Roberta Brinton from the University of Arizona indicate that HRT may provide some protection against Alzheimer’s disease—a notion that remains controversial.

“All menopause guidelines indicate that hormone replacement therapy is the most evidence-based treatment for perimenopausal symptoms,” asserts Louise Newson, a physician and member of the UK government’s menopause task force.

Still, HRT isn’t suitable for everyone. Some women may have additional risk factors that prevent their use of HRT, such as prior history of lupus or blood clots, while others may hesitate due to perceived associated risks. For instance, researchers like Karyn Flick from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee are studying highly selective estrogen receptor drugs. Unlike current HRTs, which activate a broad range of estrogen receptors, these drugs target only those linked to protective effects, such as inhibiting the growth of breast and ovarian cancer. Initial studies suggest this method could be more effective than existing treatments.

Nice also recommends cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) as a frontline strategy during the perimenopausal phase. Clinical trials indicate that CBT can effectively diminish hot flashes and night sweats.

On the topic of hot flashes, drug developers are making strides. In 2023, the FDA approved Fezolinetant, the first non-hormonal medication designed for this issue. It operates by blocking NK3 receptors in the brain that control the body’s internal thermostat in low estrogen conditions. “This medication works quickly and effectively,” explains Alyssa Dweck, a consultant gynecologist and chief medical officer at Bonafide Health, a US-based company specializing in menopause products. The downside is the high cost, unsure insurance coverage in the U.S., and the necessity for regular liver monitoring due to potential side effects.

A more promising alternative may be Elinzanetant, a similar drug that received approval in July from the UK’s regulatory agency. It targets both NK1 and NK3 receptors, and early trials suggest it not only reduces moderate to severe hot flashes, but also alleviates sleep disorders without inducing liver toxicity.

Is Increasing Protein Intake Necessary During Menopausal Transition?

Medical intervention is just one component of the solution. Dietary changes can also be beneficial. Many influencers advocate for “increased protein intake,” which may hold some truth during the perimenopause. Although most individuals meet their protein requirements with a balanced diet, hormonal shifts during perimenopause can lead to bone and muscle loss, causing some women to gain weight for unclear reasons.

Arthur Conigrave from the University of Sydney suggests that the disparity between the body’s protein needs and actual intake could be a contributing factor. In a 2022 study, he and his colleagues found that as muscle protein breaks down, the brain compels a person to eat more to restore protein levels. However, without dietary adjustments to boost protein percentage, many end up eating more carbs and gaining weight.

The Conigrave research team posits that during the perimenopausal phase, women might need to boost their daily protein intake by approximately 0.1 to 0.2 grams per kilogram of body weight. For a person weighing 70 kg (about 155 lbs), that’s an extra 7g to 14g of protein each day—equivalent to a large egg or a cup of edamame.

Do Supplements for Perimenopause Actually Deliver Results?

Despite the hype, scientific evidence supporting supplements for perimenopausal symptom relief is sparse. A 2021 review identified only one extract, Cimicifuga racemosa, or Black Cohosh, as having considerable evidence for effectiveness; research suggests it may alleviate anxiety, irritability, and hot flashes. This might be due to increased serotonin levels, but results vary widely. Safety remains uncertain. Vitamin B6 may lessen hot flashes and protect against cognitive decline, while maintaining optimal vitamin D levels can bolster mood and immune function. Nevertheless, these supplements may not yield transformative effects.

Weightlifting during perimenopause can positively influence bone density.

Elena Popova/Getty Images

“Certain vitamins and supplements can alleviate some symptoms, but they cannot replace missing hormones or provide the long-term health benefits that HRT offers,” notes Newson. Multiple studies have indicated that HRT reduces the long-term risk of heart disease and diabetes.

Moreover, there’s an increasing interest in the microbiome and its alterations during menopause. A recent review of current research demonstrated that while probiotics show beneficial effects on perimenopause-related bone health, hot flashes, psychological symptoms, and vaginal dryness, many studies still require more robust design to minimize bias.

Should I Focus on Weights or Cardio?

Finally, there’s the question of the most effective exercise regimen to combat the effects of perimenopause. Is it necessary to hit the pavement, or is strength training the better approach? A review of studies from 2015 to 2022 confirmed that weight training during perimenopause enhances strength, bone density, and metabolic health, but it’s still uncertain if this method outperforms other forms of exercise.

In terms of social media “advice,” proceed with caution. Regulators are tightening restrictions on misleading claims, but this area still possesses a Wild West atmosphere. Significant attention and funding are necessary to further understand the conditions affecting women.

Topics:

Women’s health/
Perimenopause

Source: www.newscientist.com

The Most Effective Method to Lower Cholesterol Naturally Without Statins

Posted on September 9, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Regrettably, high cholesterol is quite prevalent.

According to Heart UK, almost half of all adults in the UK have above-average cholesterol levels, while in the US, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that one in 10 Americans (34 million) have cholesterol levels exceeding 240 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter).

These individuals are at increased risk of heart attacks, often unaware of their condition.

High cholesterol typically presents no noticeable symptoms. Unless you’ve had a recent blood test or experienced medical issues, your cholesterol levels may remain a mystery.

If you have concerns about your cholesterol, it’s advisable to consult your doctor. If necessary, cholesterol-lowering medications like statins may be prescribed.

In the UK, around 8 million individuals are reported to take a statin daily, with nearly 40 million in the US.

However, it’s important to note that not everyone requires statins. If your levels are significantly high or there’s a specific medical reason for taking them, there are numerous natural methods to lower cholesterol levels.

To start, exercise is vital. A 2013 study shows that aerobic activities, like running and cycling, can decrease “bad” cholesterol and raise “good” cholesterol by approximately 5%.

Quitting smoking is also recommended. It’s well-known that tobacco smoke raises “bad” cholesterol and poses health risks, while a 2019 study suggested that vaping could have a similar impact.

However, the most effective way to improve cholesterol levels is by adjusting our diet, as recommended by NHS doctors and academics from University College London, including Dr. Riyaz Patel.

You may already know some of the major food culprits. An increasing body of research points to common offenders like pastries, processed meats, and lard. It’s best to eliminate these from your shopping cart for healthier cholesterol levels.

On the other hand, some suggested food swaps may surprise you.

The good and bad of cholesterol

Before we delve deeper into dietary changes, it’s essential to clarify that cholesterol isn’t inherently harmful. It is a vital substance required for survival.

This waxy substance is present throughout the body and serves as a crucial component of cell membranes, as well as aiding in the production of hormones like testosterone and estrogen. It also plays a key role in the synthesis of vitamin D and bile acids, which are necessary for digesting food.

Issues arise when specific types of cholesterol, namely low-density lipoprotein (LDL), become excessively high; this is often referred to as “bad” cholesterol.

“Understanding which cholesterol levels are elevated is essential,” notes Patel. “Cholesterol, like fat, cannot circulate freely in the blood. It requires packaging into particles known as cholesterol lipoproteins.”

These lipoproteins can be visualized as small delivery vehicles transporting cholesterol from the liver into the bloodstream, with high-density lipoproteins (HDL) serving as the “good” type.

However, LDL cholesterol is akin to a reckless driver, frequently colliding with the endothelium—the inner lining of arteries.

While this shouldn’t obstruct healthy arteries, if they are compromised by factors like high blood pressure, smoking, pollution, aging, inflammation, or others, LDL can become trapped within.

When that occurs, plaque begins to develop. “A heart attack can happen when this plaque undergoes a slight rupture, leading to a blood clot that blocks the artery,” explains Patel. “Thus, the presence of plaque poses a serious problem.”

read more:

Foods to include in your diet

Now that you understand the fundamentals of cholesterol (and why having LDL cholesterol in the driver’s seat is a bad idea), which foods can help keep cholesterol levels in check?

“Oats are an excellent way to naturally lower cholesterol,” advises Patel. “This is largely due to their fiber content, as oats contain soluble fiber that effectively reduces cholesterol.”

Soluble fiber is also found in whole grains, lentils, beans, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and seeds, and it binds to dietary cholesterol in the small intestine, preventing its absorption into the bloodstream.

Fatty cholesterol (yellow) is packaged in lipoproteins for transport in the bloodstream – Image credit: Getty Images

“Another effective option is sterols and stanols,” adds Patel. These plant-based compounds are found in fortified yogurts and spreads, or as supplements, and they mimic cholesterol in our bodies.

When you consume foods that contain cholesterol, receptors in your intestines recognize and absorb them into the bloodstream.

Sterols and stanols can deceive these receptors, allowing them to be absorbed in place of cholesterol, leading to increased excretion of cholesterol from the body and less absorption into the bloodstream.

“They are likely the best non-medicinal method to reduce cholesterol, usually by about 10%,” Patel asserts. “They are highly effective.”

Foods to eliminate

While there are beneficial foods to include in your diet, what about those “bad” foods that raise cholesterol? Should they be eradicated from your meals?

There was a time when egg yolks were feared for their cholesterol content. While it’s true that eggs contain a significant amount of dietary cholesterol, you don’t need to panic if you enjoy them with toast.

“Dietary cholesterol doesn’t equate to circulating cholesterol, which is crucial to understand,” says Patel. “In the past, foods high in cholesterol were thought to automatically increase cholesterol levels, but that notion is outdated.”

In reality, about 80% of cholesterol in the body is produced by the liver, not directly ingested from food.

That said, food can still indirectly influence your LDL cholesterol. For instance, certain foods can hinder the liver’s ability to manage cholesterol levels in the blood.

Much like statins, specific foods can act similarly to medications that alter the liver’s functions.

For example, increased saturated fat intake has been linked to higher levels of LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream. Saturated fats are commonly found in fatty or processed meats, butter, cheese, pastries, deep-fried items, and coconut oil.

“If you consume many pastries rich in saturated fat,” explains Patel, “the absorption of these fats can lead to increased LDL levels because they disrupt the liver’s ability to eliminate LDL cholesterol.”

Sugar can similarly affect cholesterol levels by prompting the liver to produce more LDL and less HDL.

So, should we forsake pastries and sugar forever, restricting ourselves to oats for every meal? Absolutely not. Extreme dietary shifts can yield unpredictable health consequences.

Patel suggests that the best approach is to maintain a healthy, balanced diet.

“When advising patients, we recommend a mixed, balanced diet. Aim for moderation in carbohydrates and saturated fats while keeping ultra-processed foods to a minimum.”

Ultra-processed foods, along with saturated fats and sugar, can lead to inflammation in the arteries and raise the risk of developing metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes.

“Moderation in everything is likely the best advice,” concludes Patel.

“A balanced diet is partly guided by your body’s signals regarding hunger. Your body is adept at understanding its needs.”

About our experts

Dr. Riyaz Patel is an academic scholar and NHS Physician at the University of London, UK. He has contributed to numerous medical journals, including the European Heart Journal, Natural Genetics, and European Heart Journal – Quality and Clinical Results of Care.

read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Carbon storage might be only a tenth as effective in fighting climate change as previously believed.

Posted on September 3, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Recent research indicates that the ability to safely store carbon is significantly lower than earlier estimates, being only a tenth of what was initially predicted. This finding constraints its viability as a solution to the climate crisis.

New estimates, published in Nature, reveal that carbon capture could lower global warming by just 0.7°C, a stark contrast to the previously estimated 6°C.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) involves capturing carbon dioxide (CO)₂ from the environment or industrial processes, transporting it, and storing it deep underground to prevent greenhouse gas emissions.

The study cautions that many areas once considered suitable for CCS may pose significant risks. Concerns such as leaks, seismic activity, and water contamination could render numerous potential sites unsafe.

The researchers conducted an extensive analysis of local mapping areas for viable carbon storage locations. Their findings suggest that, in reality, CCS can store only about 146 billion tonnes of CO.₂, approximately 10 times less than previously thought.

“Carbon storage is often framed as a solution to the climate crisis,” stated the lead author, Matthew Guido, a senior researcher at IIASA and the University of Maryland, USA. “Our findings indicate that its effectiveness is limited.”

“With current trends hinting at a potential rise of up to 3°C this century, even maximizing the available geological storage won’t suffice to limit warming to 2°C.”

Co-author Jori Rogelgi, a senior researcher and director at the Grantham Institute, emphasized that carbon storage should not be perceived as an endless solution for climate preservation.

“Instead, geological storage sites should be viewed as a precious resource that must be managed responsibly to ensure a safe climate future for humanity,” he remarked. “It should be employed to halt and counteract global warming rather than wastefully offset ongoing, preventable CO.₂ emissions.”

Trees naturally absorb carbon, while carbon storage technology responsibly hides carbon deep underground – Credit: A. Martin UW Photos

The study also suggests that nations like the US, Russia, China, Brazil, and Australia, as major fossil fuel producers, might benefit from utilizing depleted oil and gas fields for carbon storage.

“This issue transcends mere technology,” remarked co-author Siddharth Joshi, a research scholar at IIASA. “It encompasses concepts of transgenerational and national justice.”

“Countries with the highest historical emissions should lead in utilizing this resource wisely as they hold the most practical carbon storage options.”

Experts not involved in this research are currently debating the accuracy of the paper’s figures and their implications for the future of carbon storage as astrategy to mitigate the climate crisis.

However, Professor Carrie Leah, a climate scientist at Cardiff University who was not part of the study, stated that the finite nature of carbon storage should redirect focus towards reducing fossil fuel usage.

“There is no solitary solution to climate mitigation,” Leah noted. “It’s akin to a pie comprised of multiple slices.

“This study illustrates that the CCS portion of the pie is significantly smaller than previously believed, highlighting the urgent need to address the larger slices of fossil fuel reduction.”

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Is Australia’s Social Media Ban Effective in Keeping Teens Safe Online?

Posted on August 29, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Regulated access to social media in Australia

Anna Barclay/Getty Images

In a few months, Australian teenagers may face restrictions on social media access until they turn 16.

As the December implementation date approaches, parents and children are left uncertain about how this ban will be enforced and how online platforms will verify users’ ages.

Experts are anticipating troubling outcomes, particularly since the technology used by social media companies to determine the age of users tends to have significant inaccuracies.

From December 10th, social media giants like Instagram, Facebook, X, Reddit, YouTube, Snapchat, and TikTok are required to remove or deactivate any accounts for users under 16 in Australia. Failing to comply could result in fines reaching up to $49.5 million (around $32 million USD), while parents will not face penalties.

Prior to the announcement of the ban, the Australian government initiated a trial on age verification technology, which released preliminary findings for June, with a comprehensive report expected soon. This study aimed to test an age verification tool on over 1,100 students across the country, including indigenous and ethnically diverse groups.

Andrew Hammond from KJR, the consulting firm based in Canberra that led the trial, shared an anecdote illustrating the challenge at hand. One 16-year-old boy’s age was inaccurately guessed to be between 19 and 37.

“He scrunched up his face and held his breath, turning red and puffy like an angry older man,” he said. “He didn’t do anything wrong; we wanted to see how our youth would navigate these systems.”

Other technologies have also been evaluated with Australian youth, such as hand gesture analysis. “You can estimate someone’s age broadly based on their hand appearance,” Hammond explains. “While some children felt uneasy using facial recognition, they were more comfortable with hand assessments.”

The interim report indicated that age verification could be safe and technically viable; previous headlines noted that while challenges exist, 85% of subjects’ ages could be accurately estimated within an 18-month range. If a person initially verified as being over 16 is later identified as under that age, they must undergo more rigorous verification processes, including checks against government-issued IDs or parental verification.

Hammond noted that some underage users can still be detected through social media algorithms. “If you’re 16 but engage heavily with 11-year-old party content, it raises flags that the social media platform should consider, prompting further ID checks.”

Iain Corby from the London Association of Age Verification Providers, which supported the Australian trial, pointed out that no single solution exists for age verification.

The UK recently mandated age verification on sites hosting “harmful content,” including adult material. Since the regulations went into effect on July 25th, around 5 million users have been verifying their ages daily, according to Corby.

“In the UK, the requirement is for effective but not foolproof age verification,” Corby stated. “There’s a perception that technology will never be perfect, and achieving higher accuracy often requires more cumbersome processes for adults.”

Critics have raised concerns about a significant loophole: children in Australia could use virtual private networks (VPNs) to bypass the ban by simulating locations in other nations.

Corby emphasized that social media platforms should monitor traffic from VPNs and assess user behavior to identify potential Australian minors. “There are many indicators that someone might not be in Thailand, confirming they could be in Perth,” he remarked.

Apart from how age verification will function, is this ban on social media the right approach to safeguarding teenagers from online threats? The Australian government asserted that significant measures have been implemented to protect children under 16 from the dangers associated with social media, such as exposure to inappropriate content and excessive screen time. The government believes that delaying social media access provides children with the opportunity to learn about these risks.

Various organizations and advocates aren’t fully convinced. “Social media has beneficial aspects, including educational opportunities and staying connected with friends. It’s crucial to enhance platform safety rather than impose bans that may discourage youth voices,” stated UNICEF Australia on its website.

Susan McLean, a leading cybersecurity expert in Australia, argues that the government should concentrate on harmful content and the algorithms that promote such material to children, expressing concern that AI and gaming platforms have been exempted from this ban.

“What troubles me is the emphasis on social media platforms, particularly those driven by algorithms,” she noted. “What about young people encountering harmful content on gaming platforms? Have they been overlooked in this policy?”

Lisa Given from RMIT University in Melbourne explained that the ban fails to tackle issues like online harassment and access to inappropriate content. “Parents may have a false sense of security thinking this ban fully protects their children,” she cautioned.

The rapid evolution of technology means that new platforms and tools can pose risks unless the underlying issues surrounding harmful content are addressed, she argued. “Are we caught in a cycle where new technologies arise and prompt another ban or legal adjustment?” Additionally, there are concerns that young users may be cut off from beneficial online communities and vital information.

The impact of the ban will be closely scrutinized post-implementation, with the government planning to evaluate its effects in two years. Results will be monitored by other nations interested in how these policies influence youth mental health.

“Australia is presenting the world with a unique opportunity for a controlled experiment,” stated Corby. “This is a genuine scientific inquiry that is rare to find.”

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Effective Solutions for Chronic Sinus Conditions May Fall Short

Posted on August 29, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Individuals with sinusitis may experience inflammation in their sinuses.

Science Photo Library/Alamy

Surgery is generally considered a last option for those suffering from chronic nasal blockages or persistent runny noses. However, it may prove to be more effective than the commonly prescribed antibiotics for this condition in certain circumstances.

Chronic sinusitis affects 9% of the global population. It arises when the sinuses—the cavities that produce mucus—become inflamed. Typical symptoms include nasal blockage or discharge, a diminished sense of smell, and facial pain lasting over 12 weeks. The specific cause is often unclear, although it can stem from viral infections or alterations in the nasal microbiome.

The primary treatment typically starts with anti-inflammatory nasal sprays and daily saline rinses. If symptoms persist, doctors may prescribe a three-month course of clarithromycin, utilized more for its anti-inflammatory effects than its antibacterial action, according to Carl Philpott from the University of East Anglia, UK.

As a last resort, patients may undergo surgery to enlarge their sinuses or to remove benign growths, such as polyps. This approach is needed in approximately 5% of cases. Nonetheless, no prior studies have directly contrasted the outcomes of surgery with those of antibiotics.

To address this gap, Philpott and his team enrolled over 500 adults with chronic sinusitis. Participants evaluated the severity of 22 symptoms, including facial pain and nasal congestion, averaging a score of 55 out of 110.

Participants were then randomly assigned to either a three-month regimen of clarithromycin, placebo pills, or surgical intervention. All were also instructed to use nasal sprays and conduct saline rinses.

Six months later, those on clarithromycin or placebo reported a symptom severity reduction of around 10 points compared to their baseline scores. According to Claire Hopkins from King’s College London, the improvement was noted in both the antibiotic and placebo groups, indicating it was likely due to nasal spraying and rinsing.

Conversely, the surgical group experienced a symptom improvement of approximately 30 points compared to their pre-surgery state, suggesting that such procedures should be prioritized over antibiotics, Hopkins believes.

However, there are significant factors to consider. Around 80% of the participants had nasal polyps and might have been at risk of contracting coronavirus during the study, as it was conducted amid the Covid-19 pandemic. Hopkins states that this type of inflammation often leads to polyps. More research is required to determine if the findings apply to those without polyps, who may experience different inflammation types.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

The Most Effective Workouts for Lowering Blood Pressure

Posted on June 9, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Should wall sits be part of your training routine?

Leopatrizi/Getty Images

Recently, my doctor advised me to monitor my blood pressure more vigilantly due to some medications I’m currently taking. While it’s still in the normal range, it’s been gradually increasing, leading me to ponder ways to manage it. Given that hypertension affects an estimated 12.8 billion adults and raises the risk of serious conditions like heart attacks and strokes if left unchecked, it’s a valid concern.

Exercise is widely endorsed as a key method for lowering blood pressure. Public health organizations often recommend moderate-intensity aerobic activities each week, like jogging and cycling, to help keep levels stable. However, recent studies indicate that this may not be the most effective approach.

A compelling study, a 2023 analysis, assessed 270 randomized controlled trials involving about 16,000 adults, focusing on various exercise regimens lasting at least two weeks. The analysis found that all types of exercise—from aerobic workouts to resistance training—significantly reduced blood pressure compared to inactive controls.

Interestingly, isometric exercises, like wall sits and hand grips where muscles are contracted in fixed positions, demonstrated a notable effect. On average, these exercises produced reductions in blood pressure comparable to those achieved with medication, showing drops of 8.24 and 4 mmHg respectively. Such reductions equate to a 22% decrease in the risk of major cardiovascular events over a few years. In contrast, aerobic exercise had nearly half that potency.

This difference likely stems from how isometric exercises impact blood flow. For instance, during wall squats or planks, one holds muscles in a contracted state for about 1-2 minutes, which temporarily restricts blood flow. Once the muscles relax, blood rushes back in, leading to lower blood pressure for several hours, a beneficial effect that can be sustained with repeated sessions.

What makes isometric training particularly enticing is its ease of integration into daily routines. A 2023 study revealed that just 12 minutes of these exercises, performed three times a week, were sufficient to substantially lower blood pressure over a 12-week period.

That said, I don’t intend to suggest neglecting other training forms. Aerobic and resistance exercises are still vital for cardiovascular health and muscle development. However, if your blood pressure is a concern, incorporating isometric exercises into your workout could be beneficial. I’m choosing to add wall squats to my leg day routine.

Grace Wade is a health reporter for New Scientist based in the U.S.

For more insights, please visit newscientist.com/maker

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

5 Effective Strategies to Prevent Tension Headaches

Posted on May 6, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

You might have heard discussions about the “headache bones” located at the base of your skull, where headaches seem to originate. However, these are not problematic bones.

This area includes the bones of the occipital region and a small group of muscles known as the inferior muscle.

These muscles facilitate head movement and help maintain proper posture. When they become tight or overworked, they can lead to tension headaches and neck pain. Fortunately, alleviating this discomfort is possible.

1. Posture

Excessive screen time can strain these muscles. Keep your head aligned with your spine and visualize a string pulling gently from above your head.

Ensure you have a supportive chair and adjust your desk’s height and position to contribute positively to your posture.

2. Sleep

An unsuitable pillow can worsen your condition. Look for one that supports your neck’s natural curve. If you sleep on your back, a contoured pillow may suit you well. You might need to experiment with a few options to find the best fit.

3. Stretch

Simple exercises like chin tucks (gently pulling your chin toward your neck and holding for 5 seconds) and slow neck rolls can help release tight muscles.

4. Massage

Applying pressure in the right spots can be incredibly effective. Use your fingers or a tennis ball to massage the base of your skull.

Massaging the skull, especially around the temples and base, can relieve tension headaches by relaxing tight muscles and boosting blood flow to the brain – Photo Credit: Getty

5. Break

If you’ve been sitting for extended periods, make sure to stand up and adjust your posture to reset. Small changes can prevent muscles from tensing in the first place.

Making minor adjustments to your sitting, sleeping, and moving habits can create major improvements. However, if your headaches persist, consulting a doctor for a more in-depth examination is advisable.

This article addresses the question posed by Petra Bell of Peterborough: “What is the bone associated with a headache? Can you ‘work’ it to reduce headaches?”

Please email us your questions at Question@sciencefocus.com or message us on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (please include your name and location).

Check out our ultimate Fun Fact and explore more amazing science content.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

New study suggests simple diet hacks are more effective than intermittent fasting for weight loss

Posted on April 13, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A bowl of warm pasta, a fluffy white bread roll, or a bag of generously salted chips – these starchy delights are like dreams. No wonder many of us couldn’t imagine giving up carbs forever.

But according to Research by the University of Surrey, spending just one day without carbohydrates has a similar effect on the body as intermittent fasting.

Intermittent fasting, also known as time-limited feeding, involves alternating normal feeding periods with significantly reduced calorie intake periods. These fasting windows can be scheduled at specific times each day or throughout the week.

While this approach has various health benefits, consuming less than 800 calories a day, as recommended on the popular 5:2 diet, can be challenging for some individuals.

However, this new study suggests that reducing calories significantly on fasting days may not be necessary. Simply cutting out carbohydrates can provide similar fat-burning benefits.

“What we’re interested in is not necessarily weight loss, but the metabolic effect of this dietary intervention,” said Dr. Adam Collins, the study co-author and an associate professor of nutrition at the University of Surrey, in an interview with BBC Science Focus.

The study, which aimed to investigate the effects of carbohydrates on metabolic health, involved 12 overweight or obese adults aged 20 to 65.

Participants followed three different meal plans with five-day breaks between each diet day for 36 hours (one day and two nights of sleep). The meal plans included a normal meal, a low-carb diet with the same calorie intake as a regular diet, and a low-carb diet with reduced calories.

Results showed that consuming a low-carb diet, regardless of calorie intake, encouraged the body to burn fat for energy similar to a fasting diet.

Carbohydrates include starches such as potatoes and pasta, grains such as rice and oats, baked goods such as bread and pastries, fiber foods such as vegetables and fruits, and sugar confectionery such as sweets and chocolate.

Dr. Collins explained that the body is designed to use carbohydrates for energy after meals and fats between meals and overnight. Consuming carbs too frequently can lead to poor management of metabolism.

Intermittent fasting or reducing carbohydrate intake helps the body reset and start burning fat for energy. Dr. Collins also emphasized that while restricting carbs long-term may hinder glucose processing, alternating low-carb days with regular meal days can be a sustainable and beneficial approach for metabolic health.

He concluded by saying, “Food is not a sin. Carbs aren’t bad. Fats aren’t bad. It’s all about moderation.”

Read more:

About our experts:

Dr. Adam Collins: An associate professor of nutrition at the University of Surrey’s School of Biological Sciences. With over 20 years of experience as a qualified nutritionist, he leads BSC and MSC nutrition programs at Sally. His current research focuses on exercise intensity, energy balance, intermittent fasting, dietary timing and composition, and carbohydrate manipulation for metabolic health.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Research: Elderberry juice high in anthocyanins may be an effective weight management aid

Posted on January 14, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Consuming elderberry juice daily for one week (12 ounces of juice daily) significantly increases the gut microbial community associated with health benefits, according to a new randomized, placebo-controlled study. Compared to placebo, elderberry juice significantly increased Firmicutes and Actinobacteria and decreased Bacteroidetes. At the genus level, elderberry juice increased. FaecalibacteriumRuminococcaceae , and Bifidobacterium Bacteroidetes and lactic acid-producing bacteria decreased.

Elderberry is a small dark purple fruit that grows on the elderberry tree, which is native to Europe. Image credit: TheOtherKev.

More than 70% of adults in the United States are overweight or obese. The latest estimates indicate that 42% of adults suffer from obesity, and this is expected to increase to 48-55% by 2050.

Obesity has myriad and multifaceted causes. Proactive dietary management of obesity-related cardiometabolic complications includes dietary patterns that incorporate food sources rich in bioactive food components, such as the Mediterranean-style diet.

These dietary patterns include 5 to 10 daily servings of fruits and vegetables, which are rich sources of polyphenols that promote human health and longevity.

Anthocyanins are a diverse subclass of flavonoids that have been widely studied for health-promoting properties, including metabolic changes associated with obesity, such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease.

Furthermore, research results ranging from translational studies in rodents to large prospective cohort studies show that anthocyanin-rich berries have a protective effect against obesity-related morbidity and mortality. It's proven.

The mechanisms of action of anthocyanin benefits include preventing the intestinal absorption of monosaccharides, promoting cellular metabolism in adipose and muscle tissue, and modulating the gut microbiome.

“We have previously shown that consuming 600 g of blackberries per day for one week increases insulin sensitivity as evidenced by dietary challenge testing and decreases in respiratory quotient by 24-hour indirect calorimetry. “We demonstrated that fat oxidation also increases.” Dr. Patrick Solverson and colleagues at Washington State University.

“The aim of this human study was to determine whether the metabolic benefits observed with other anthocyanin-rich berries also apply to elderberry.”

Researchers tested elderberry's effects on metabolic health in a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 18 overweight adults.

While maintaining a standardized diet, participants consumed either elderberry juice or a placebo with a similar color and flavor specifically designed by North Carolina State University's Food Innovation Lab.

Post-intervention clinical trials showed that participants who consumed elderberry juice had significantly increased amounts of beneficial gut bacteria, such as Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, and decreased amounts of harmful bacteria, such as Bacteroidetes. It was shown that

In addition to positive changes in the microbiome, elderberry intervention improved metabolism.

The results showed that elderberry juice lowered participants' blood sugar levels by an average of 24%, significantly improving their ability to process sugar after ingesting carbohydrates. Results also showed that insulin levels were reduced by 9%.

Additionally, the results suggested that elderberry juice may increase the body's ability to burn fat.

Participants who consumed elderberry juice showed a significant increase in fat oxidation, or the breakdown of fatty acids, after a high-carbohydrate meal or during exercise.

“Food is medicine, and science is catching up to that conventional wisdom,” Dr. Solverson said.

“This study contributes to a growing body of evidence that elderberry, which has been used as a folk medicine for centuries, has many benefits for metabolic as well as prebiotic health. .”

“Other berries also contain anthocyanins, but usually in lower concentrations,” he added.

“To get the same amount of anthocyanins found in 6 ounces of elderberry juice, you would need to consume 4 cups of blackberries a day.”

of findings appear in the diary nutrients.

_____

Christy Teets others. 2024. A 1-week elderberry juice intervention enhances fecal microbiota and suggests improved glucose tolerance and fat oxidation in a randomized controlled trial. nutrients 16(20):3555;doi: 10.3390/nu16203555

Source: www.sci.news

New study suggests hot baths may be more effective than cold water baths

Posted on November 23, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Influencers are big fans of post-workout ice baths.

But a recent small study suggests that recreational athletes may perform better when using hot tubs instead of cold ones, especially during breaks in training like halftime in football or soccer games. The study was presented at the Integrative Exercise Physiology Conference at the University Park, Pennsylvania.

According to Mamoru Tsuyuki, the lead author of the study and a master’s student in sports and health science at Ritsumeikan University, hot water promotes blood flow, helps muscles repair, and increases power output. He recommends soaking in hot water for 15-20 minutes to improve performance in the second half of a workout. Despite the benefits of hot water, Tsuyuki acknowledges that cold water can still be beneficial for relieving muscle pain and treating injuries.

Further research is needed to compare the advantages and disadvantages of both hot and cold water treatments. Different types of exercises may yield different results with each temperature soak.

Why Hot Soaks are Beneficial

To explore the effects of hot and cold water in more detail, Tsuyuki and his team conducted a three-part study involving 10 young men. After high-intensity interval running, the men soaked in either a 104-degree or 59-degree bathtub for 20 minutes or sat in water without soaking.

The study results showed that jumping heights were higher after hot water immersion compared to cold water immersion. Muscle soreness was not significantly different between the two groups.

Although cold baths can be soothing for injuries involving heat and inflammation, they may have a negative impact on post-workout recovery for intense workouts, according to Amy Leighton, an associate professor of applied physiology at Columbia University. Hot water facilitates circulation and speeds up the recovery process after strenuous exercise.

Dr. Spencer Stein, an orthopedic and sports medicine specialist at New York University, acknowledges the benefits of cold water baths in reducing pain but notes that warm baths are preferred by professional teams before a game. David Putrino, a rehabilitation innovation director, advises athletes to experiment with different temperatures and observe how their bodies react to determine the most effective recovery strategy.

Putrino recommends soaking in hot water for 10-20 minutes at 98-104 degrees Fahrenheit and in ice water for 10-15 minutes at 50-59 degrees Fahrenheit. Start with a 5-minute soak if you are new to cold water treatment. Ultimately, the best temperature soak is the one that helps you recover the fastest, so individual experimentation is key.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Is customized nutrition more effective than generic dietary recommendations?

Posted on October 30, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Even if you eat the same bread, everyone's metabolic reaction will be different.

Matthew Ashmore/Alamy

Consider two slices of bread. One is an artisanal sourdough boule and the other is an inexpensive mass-produced white bread. Which do you think is healthier?

The correct answer is “You won't know until you try.” Some people have unhealthy reactions to cheap foods, such as spikes in blood sugar levels. However, this is not the case for some people and their blood sugar levels spike after eating sourdough. Some people will see a spike in both, while others will not see much of a rise.

This article is part of a series on nutrition that delves into today's hottest trends. Click here for details.

The same goes for other foods and other nutrients, especially fats, which can dangerously spike in your bloodstream after eating. How our metabolisms react to food is highly specific, a shocking discovery that overturns decades of nutritional orthodoxy and explains what we should eat to stay healthy. It is hoped that this will finally answer the surprisingly vexing question of whether.

A rise in blood sugar and lipids after a meal is quite normal, but if they rise too quickly (called a spike) they can cause problems. Frequent spikes in glucose and a type of fat called triglycerides are associated with the risk of developing diabetes, obesity, and heart disease. For decades, nutrition researchers assumed that all humans responded roughly the same way to certain foods, leading to uniform increases in blood sugar and fat levels.

glycemic index

Under that premise, dietary advice was simple and uniform. Reduce your intake of foods that cause spikes. Unsurprisingly, most of them…

Source: www.newscientist.com

According to scientific research, the most effective way to handle insults is by

Posted on August 25, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

The saying goes, “Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words can never hurt me.” But that’s not true. Criticism and rejection It produces brain activity that is indistinguishable from actual pain. Essentially, insults cause pain.

Insult is a complex concept. Has been studied for a long timeIt turns out that the impact of an insult depends not only on who gives it but also on who receives it.

Thus, when it comes to simple insults (insults that have no social or historical significance), the “target” has a great deal of control over the outcome.

And there are plenty of scientifically-recognized ways to successfully defuse an insult or reverse its effects.

One is to attribute category membership to the insulter, making him or her appear as a lower-status, more vulnerable to ridicule.

Someone says, “Your hair is weird,” and you respond, “OK, grandma, calm down,” and you put them in the “old, unfashionable, out of date” category, making them look even worse, especially if they’re a guy in his 20s and there’s no way they could be your grandma.

Some people recommend finding something the insulter says about themselves and highlighting it.

They say, “I don’t know why. [your attractive partner] If they ask you, “Shall I explain it to you? In crayons?”, they mean to insult you, but their response comes across as an admission that they are easily confused.

And then there is co-constructed critique, which takes the insult and builds on it, which de-fans the insult.

“You’re fat!” they say. You say, “I hope so, I’ve spent enough money to get here.”

There are countless other counter-attacks, but they all revolve around a central theme of not empowering the insulter, not elevating the insulter’s status, and maintaining control of the narrative and the interaction.

This article is a response to a question emailed to me by Archie Fox: “What’s the best way to respond to an insult?”

If you have any questions, please send them to the email address below. For further information, please contact:or send us a message Facebook, Xor Instagram Page (be sure to include your name and location).

Ultimate Fun fact For more amazing science, check out this page.

read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

COVID-19 vaccines may be less effective due to intestinal parasites

Posted on August 22, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Duodenal hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale) cause one of the most common intestinal parasitic infections worldwide.

Katerina Conn/Shutterstock

People with intestinal parasitic infections, quarter This has been suggested by experiments in mice infected with the parasite, which had significantly weaker immunity after receiving a COVID-19 vaccination compared to mice not infected with the parasite.

Previous studies have shown that people with intestinal parasitic infections have a weakened immune response to vaccines for diseases such as tuberculosis and measles because the parasites suppress the processes that vaccines trigger to confer immunity, such as activating pathogen-killing cells. Intestinal parasitic infections are most common in tropical and subtropical regions, where they often occur because of limited access to clean water and sanitation.

Scientists have not tested whether these pathogens reduce the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. Michael Diamond Researchers at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, vaccinated 16 mice with a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, half of which had been infected 12 days earlier with an intestinal parasite that lives only in rodents. They gave each mouse a booster shot three weeks after the first vaccination.

About two weeks after the booster shot, the researchers analyzed the animals' spleens to measure concentrations of CD8+ T cells, specialized white blood cells that are important for eliminating other cells infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. They found that the spleens of mice infected with the intestinal parasite had about half the number of cells as mice without the parasite, suggesting a weakened immune response to the vaccine.

The researchers repeated the vaccination process in another group of 20 mice, half of which were infected with the intestinal parasite, exposing them to the highly infectious Omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. After five days, the lungs of vaccinated rodents infected with the intestinal parasite had, on average, about 20% more virus than uninfected ones.

These findings suggest that intestinal parasites may reduce the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in people, but different types of intestinal parasites are known to affect immunity differently, the researchers say. Keke Fairfax The University of Utah researchers said it's unclear whether the parasite's infection in humans would have the same effect on vaccinating against COVID-19 as it did in mice, and the situation is further complicated by the fact that humans tend to harbor multiple types of intestinal parasites at the same time, they said.

Still, understanding how to alter the immune response to vaccination is important given the prevalence of parasitic infections, and these findings suggest that researchers may need to further evaluate the vaccine's effectiveness in parts of the world where a high proportion of the population is infected with intestinal parasites, Fairfax says.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Uncovering the Root Cause of Bloating and Finding Effective Solutions

Posted on August 18, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Many people experience uncomfortable sensations like abdominal bloating or pressure.

You may notice your stomach feeling bloated or tighter than usual, hear strange noises, or feel the need to pass gas more often. While bloating is usually harmless, it can be unpleasant.

There are numerous causes of abdominal bloating, from dietary habits to underlying medical conditions. Excess gas in the digestive tract, which occurs when air is swallowed along with food or drink, is a common cause.

Moreover, certain foods and beverages can lead to gas formation during digestion, such as carbonated drinks, beans, broccoli, sprouts, and cabbage. This gas accumulation in the digestive system can result in bloating, exacerbated by factors like chewing gum, sweeteners, alcohol, caffeine, and protein supplements.

Digestive issues like constipation or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) can also contribute to abdominal bloating. When stool becomes trapped in the colon, it can cause discomfort and bloating. Similarly, individuals with IBS may experience bloating in conjunction with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and constipation.

To address bloating, start by identifying trigger foods through a food diary and eliminating them from your diet. Opt for a fiber-rich diet consisting of whole, unprocessed foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes. Probiotic-rich foods like yogurt and kefir can aid digestion and reduce gas.

In addition to dietary changes, consider incorporating herbs and spices like ginger, peppermint, and fennel to alleviate bloating. Lifestyle adjustments such as eating smaller meals, chewing food slowly, staying hydrated, and engaging in regular exercise can also help combat bloating.

If bloating persists, especially with accompanying symptoms, it is advisable to consult a doctor as it could rarely indicate ovarian cancer, particularly in women over 50.

Written by Natasha Reid of Lincoln, this article addresses the question of why individuals may feel bloated.

For any inquiries, please reach out via the provided email address. For more information: Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (include your name and location).

Discover more fascinating scientific content on our Facebook page.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Heparin found to be effective antidote for cobra bites, say scientists

Posted on July 20, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Snake bites affect approximately 1.8 million people annually. The current standard of care is antibody-based antivenom, but it can be difficult to obtain and is generally ineffective against local tissue damage. New research suggests that heparin, a commonly used blood-clotting inhibitor, could be repurposed as an inexpensive antidote for cobra venom.

Zebra snake (Naja Nigrichinta) in Namibia. Image credit: Wolfgang Wüster.

“Our findings have the potential to significantly reduce the horrific necrotic injury caused by cobra bites, and may also slow the release of venom and improve survival rates,” Professor Greg Neely, from the University of Sydney, said.

The authors identified a way to block cobra venom using CRISPR gene editing technology and showed that heparin and related drugs could be repurposed to prevent necrosis caused by cobra bites.

“Heparin is cheap, ubiquitous and listed as an essential medicine by the World Health Organisation,” says Tian Du, a PhD student at the University of Sydney.

“If the human trials are successful, it could be used relatively quickly as a cheap, safe and effective drug to treat cobra bites.”

Using CRISPR, researchers have discovered the human gene required for cobra venom to kill flesh at the bite site.

One of the desired venom targets is an enzyme needed to make heparan and heparin, related molecules produced by many human and animal cells.

Heparan is present on cell surfaces and heparin is released during immune responses, and because of their similar structure, toxins can bind to either.

Scientists have used this knowledge to create an antidote that can stop necrosis in human cells and mice.

Unlike current cobra bite antivenoms, which are 19th century technology, heparinoids act as a “decoy” antidote.

The antidote works by injecting large amounts of “decoy” heparin sulfate or related heparinoid molecules into the bite site, which are able to bind to and neutralize the toxins in the venom that cause tissue damage.

“Our findings are intriguing because current antivenoms are largely ineffective at treating severe, localised poisoning which causes painful, progressive swelling, blistering and tissue necrosis around the bite,” said Professor Nicholas Casewell, from the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.

of study Published in the journal Science Translational Medicine.

_____

Tian Y. Du others2024. Molecular dissection of cobra venom highlights heparinoids as potential antidotes to spitting cobra venom. Science Translational Medicine 16 (756); doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adk4802

Source: www.sci.news

The most effective method to cool cities: White and reflective roofs.

Posted on July 4, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

White roofs in London would help keep the city cool during the hottest days.

NagyxMe/Imago/Alamy

In cities like London, painting roofs white or adding reflective coatings is the best way to cool them down during the heatwaves, and these “cool roofs” could work better than solar panels, green roofs or adding more trees to the ground.

Oskar Bruss Researchers at University College London ran a climate simulation to look at how temperatures in London would have changed on the hottest two days of the summer of 2018 if the city had implemented widespread cooling measures, from cooled roofs to air conditioners to cooling solar panels. The highest temperature was 35.6℃ (96.1°F).

The researchers found that the cool roofs outperformed all other countermeasures, reducing the city's average outdoor temperature by 1.2°C over the two days, and by as much as 2°C in some places. By comparison, adding more trees reduced temperatures by just 0.3°C, and solar panels reduced temperatures by 0.5°C.

The study found that while widespread air conditioning may keep indoor temperatures lower, it could increase outdoor temperatures by up to 1°C in parts of central London. “In London, cool roofs were the most effective at reducing outdoor temperatures at pedestrian level,” Bruce says.

While the study only used two days of data for its simulations, Bruce said: Similar published studies.

Applying reflective coatings or brightening roof surfaces across cities would be a relatively simple, low-cost climate adaptation measure, Bruce says. “In fact, I think it's probably the easiest thing to implement,” he says. “I see very little reason not to do this more widely.”

Beyond cooling, he says there are other reasons to install technologies: trees and green roofs can boost biodiversity and resident well-being, for example, and solar panels can provide clean electricity.

2023 Report A report by the Greater London Authority suggests that cool roofs could become a policy focus for the city government as summer temperatures rise due to climate change. “As temperatures in London are expected to rise and heatwaves become more frequent, reflective roofs are likely to become a key element of climate adaptation strategies,” the report said.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Science has proven the most effective method for cutting a sandwich

Posted on June 22, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

It is commonly believed that cutting a sandwich diagonally to create two triangles is the best way, but there is limited scientific evidence to support this claim.

One theory suggests that the triangular shape allows for the first two bites to be taken from a 45-degree corner, which has crust on only one side, making it easier to access the center of the sandwich where the filling is most concentrated.

After eating the corner, take 1-3 bites diagonally, missing the crust. Depending on the size of the sandwich, you may be left with an additional small triangle.

Ultimately, each triangle will become a single 90-degree chunk of crust. However, cutting the sandwich into rectangles would result in two crust corners on each half.

Another reason for cutting sandwiches into triangles is that they are easier to eat. Starting at one of the corners leads to a cleaner bite, and the 45-degree angle of the triangle maximizes the engagement depth.

If taken to the extreme, cutting the sandwich into four triangles allows for a neat eating experience in three bites.

This cutting strategy is often used at children’s parties, though kids might not always start with the 45-degree corner. In such cases, simply cutting off the crust altogether may be the best option.

This article provides insight into the scientifically best way to cut a sandwich, as inquired by Jeremy Fry of Felixstowe.

If you have any questions, please contact us via the email address provided below. For more information, feel free to reach out to:or message us on Facebook, Twitteror Instagram Page (please include your name and location).

Get ready for some Fun Facts For more fascinating science topics, visit this page.

read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Are dating apps effective in helping you find a soulmate?

Posted on April 28, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

a A class action lawsuit filed in U.S. federal court on Valentine's Day last year alleges that Match Group, owner of dating apps such as Tinder, Hinge and OkCupid, uses a “predatory business model” to keep users hooked. The lawsuit directly contradicts Hinge's claims of being “designed to be removed”.

The lawsuit has sparked new debate about the potential harm to mental health caused by dating apps, but for scientists who study romantic relationships, the central question remains: do these apps actually work? The answer, according to Elizabeth Bruch, a sociologist at the University of Michigan who has studied online dating for a decade, is that there is no definitive scientific evidence either way.

Michael Rosenfeld, a sociologist at Stanford University, notes that online dating has become increasingly popular, with half of all heterosexual couples in the U.S. now meeting online. The trend is also growing in Europe, with an estimated 80 million users on dating apps. Despite this growth, the effectiveness of these apps in helping users find their soulmates remains uncertain.

While online dating continues to gain traction, research on the success and longevity of couples who meet through these apps is scarce. Companies generally do not publicly release data on this topic, but experts like Bruch argue that there is no evidence to suggest that these companies have better insights than scientific researchers.

Recent studies have shown that couples who meet online report slightly lower satisfaction and stability in their relationships compared to those who meet offline. However, this difference may be attributed to other factors rather than the online dating experience itself, such as deep-seated biases and geographical distance between partners.

As dating platforms continue to evolve, promising new methods for matchmaking based on brain activity or facial expressions, questions remain about the efficacy of these approaches. Many users have reported disappointments and frustrations with online dating, raising concerns about the addictive nature of dating apps and their impact on users’ well-being.

To address these concerns, researchers like Bruch and Gordon are developing their own dating app that doubles as a research tool to improve our understanding of romantic relationships. Their goal is to provide users with transparent and ethical matchmaking experiences that prioritize compatibility over preconceived notions of compatibility.

What makes a good match? Similarity in age, ethnicity, and education level does not guarantee longevity. Photo: Maria Korneeva/Getty

Bruch and Gordon hope that their research will shed light on the complex dynamics of love and relationships, offering users a more fulfilling and transparent dating experience. They are particularly interested in exploring how users’ perceptions of compatibility can influence their dating preferences and outcomes.

While dating apps have revolutionized how people connect and form relationships, concerns remain about their addictive qualities and potential negative impacts on users’ mental health. Researchers are advocating for greater transparency and accountability within the industry to ensure that users can make informed decisions and have positive dating experiences.

In the midst of ongoing debates about the impact of dating apps on society and relationships, researchers and experts emphasize the need for greater scrutiny and regulation to ensure the well-being of users and the integrity of the industry.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Effective Recycling Techniques to Reduce Plastic Waste from Ending up in Landfills

Posted on April 25, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Andriy Onufriyenko/Getty Images

In 1980, Disney World in Orlando, Florida, began developing a new method of generating electricity for its theme parks that would reduce the use of increasingly expensive oil. The solid waste-to-energy conversion plant took garbage, including plastics, and converted it into flammable gas using a method called pyrolysis. It opened in 1982 but closed a year later due to high operating costs.

Today, environmentalists cite the Disney story that shatters the reputation of a series of new technologies collectively known as advanced recycling, which takes plastic waste and turns it back into brand new plastic.

Their argument is dishonest. The failure of the Disney plant had more to do with the subsequent drop in oil prices than with any technical or environmental issues. Pyrolysis has improved significantly since the 1980s. In any case, Disney’s factory is designed to produce fuel, not classified as advanced recycling.

Advanced recycling is rapidly innovating with the potential to help solve the global plastics crisis, as reported in our feature “A surprising new technology that could recycle all plastics forever.” It has the potential to capture millions of tonnes of waste plastic and turn it back into a clean, fresh state by breaking it down into its molecular components. The goal is a circular economy that eliminates the need to make “virgin” plastic from oil.

It’s not a panacea. These factories produce toxic waste, have problems with their energy use, and perpetuate traditional plastics ahead of newer, greener alternatives. Campaigners are right to argue that it would be better to do away with plastic altogether. However, given practical considerations, they are not going away anytime soon, and most advanced recycling technologies are better for the environment than their alternatives.

There should be serious discussion about advanced recycling, especially whether it should be incorporated into future global treaties on plastic pollution. Make sure it’s based on fact and not a Disney story.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Adopting a low FODMAP diet may be more effective than medication in reducing symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome

Posted on April 19, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Eating less of some types of foods and more of others may ease irritable bowel syndrome

Aamrya/Getty Images

Two types of diets are more effective at treating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) than drugs, a trial has found.

One diet was designed to be low in FODMAPs, a group of carbohydrates similar to sugars found in dairy products, wheat, and certain fruits and vegetables. The second, less common approach used for IBS is an adaptation of a low-carbohydrate diet that is high in fiber and low in other types of carbohydrates, such as sugar and starch.

In a randomized trial, both diets showed better symptom improvement than standard drug treatment after four weeks.

IBS can cause mysterious symptoms such as diarrhea, constipation, bloating, and abdominal pain that increase or decrease over time. The underlying cause of this condition is unknown.

The usual advice is to avoid common triggers such as caffeine, alcohol and spicy foods. Symptomatic treatments such as laxatives for constipation and drug therapy for diarrhea may be given.

If these measures don’t work, you may want to consider cutting back on foods high in FODMAPs. FODMAPs tend not to be digested until they reach the colon, which is why they are thought to cause bloating and diarrhea. This encourages the colon to retain water, and when the molecules are consumed by bacteria, gas is produced and causes bloating.

Sanna Niebacka Researchers from the University of Gothenburg in Sweden wanted to find out how a regular low-FODMAP diet compared to an alternative approach: high in fiber but low in carbohydrates. In practice, this means eating high-fat, high-protein foods such as meat and dairy products, and sources of fiber include nuts, seeds, beans, and vegetables such as cabbage.

The research team asked around 300 people with IBS to use one of three approaches depending on their symptoms: take medication or adopt one of two diets. The diet provided people with free grocery delivery, as well as detailed meal plans and recipes.

After one month, 76% of the low-FODMAP group reported a significant reduction in symptoms, compared with 71% of the low-carbohydrate diet group and 58% of the drug treatment group.

The big surprise was that a low-carbohydrate, high-fiber diet that didn’t exclude FODMAP-containing foods was about as effective as a low-FODMAP approach, Nybacka says. “We can’t answer any questions as to why. It appears that altering carbohydrate content and reducing FODMAP intake may be beneficial.”

but hazel everitt Researchers at the University of Southampton in the UK say the trial would have been more informative if it had lasted longer. “The problem with many of the IBS diets that have been proposed is that they are very difficult to stick to long-term,” she says.

Participants were followed for up to six months, but during the last five months participants who were initially offered drug treatment were also given dietary advice.

Niebacka says one potential problem with the low-carbohydrate, high-fiber diet is that this group of people had slightly elevated blood cholesterol levels. Therefore, you should seek your doctor’s advice before adopting this diet, she says.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Why recycling may not always be the most effective solution for combating climate change

Posted on March 16, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Recycling is not a silver bullet to stop climate destruction. Far from it. Potential Impact – Savings of approximately 11 gigatons of carbon dioxide (CO₂) over 30 years. Even if the world recycled more than 80 percent of its municipal waste, that amount would be overshadowed by the greenhouse gases emitted by fossil fuels and industry – a staggering 36.8 gigatons in 2022 alone.

In the UK, it is estimated that recycling 18 million tons of CO₂ annually. This is equivalent to removing five million cars from the road. While promising, it is only a very small fraction of the emissions generated by fossil fuels and industry each year, which are about 200 times greater than those from agriculture and the global fashion industry.

These numbers may be discouraging, but what can an individual do to help?

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

First and foremost, do not give up on recycling. It is a simple way to reduce landfill waste and slow down the depletion of the earth’s resources.

To put into perspective the impact of recycling, dividing the 18 million tonnes by the UK’s population of 67 million, the average Briton is saving about 269kg of CO₂ per year through recycling.

According to DEFRA, Britons recycled 44% of household waste in 2021. By recycling 100% of household waste, an individual could save up to 610kg per year.

If you truly want to make a difference, focus on making sustainable choices early on in the consumption process. Opt for loose fruits and vegetables, solid detergents, repair and reuse old clothes, and most importantly, buy less.

Emphasize the Reduce and Reuse aspects of the 3R mantra and resort to recycling only when other options are exhausted.

Let’s Start With One Thing

If you feel overwhelmed, start by making one sustainable change at a time. For example, by using a reusable water bottle instead of plastic ones, you can save 20kg of CO₂ per year.

A review of thousands of studies worldwide suggests that changes like taking fewer long-haul flights, using public transport, and improving home energy efficiency are significant in reducing household carbon footprints.

While recycling alone may not be the solution to climate change, it is a step in the right direction. Each individual has the power to make a positive impact.

This article addresses the question posed by Jensen Pitts via email: “Can recycling really make a difference?”

If you have any questions, please email us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or reach out to us via Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (don’t forget to include your name and location).

Explore more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Study: Certain plants are more effective than others in removing air pollution through green walls

Posted on March 6, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Biologists are University of Surrey They investigated interspecific variation in particulate matter accumulation, washout, and retention in 10 broad-leaved plants, focusing on leaf characteristics.

thomson other. We found that the interaction between macromorphology and micromorphology in green-walled plant species determines their particulate matter removal ability.Image credit: Thomson other. 2024., doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170950.

Green wall is a vertical system that has received particular attention because it can be installed without occupying additional space at street level.

They also offer other benefits, such as reduced dependence on existing soil conditions and additional ecosystem services.

Green wall is a term that includes walls covered with all forms of vegetation.

Green facades and living walls are two types of green walls, where green facades usually include climbing plants, whereas living walls include planting materials and plants to support a more diverse variety of plants. Includes technology.

The reduction of air pollutants by green walls depends on several factors such as plant type, barrier dimensions, leaf area index, humidity, wind speed, and orientation of the location.

“By planting vertically against green walls, communities can purify the air without taking up too much street space,” said Mamatha Thomson, a postgraduate researcher at the University of Surrey.

“Our study suggests that this process depends not only on leaf shape but also on the micromorphological properties of the leaf surface.”

“We believe that the right mix of species creates the most effective green walls. We look forward to conducting further research to see if we are right. .”

In this study, Thomson et al. planted 10 species: Evergreen Candy Tuft (Iberis sempervirens), Ivy (hedera helix) And that Wild marjoram (Ornamental pill beetle)in a custom-built 1.4 meter green wall.

The leaves of the evergreens candytuft and ivy were found to be particularly good at trapping pollutant particles, both large and small.

Meanwhile, rain was able to wash most of the pollutants from the lavender's hairy leaves.

Candytuft and marjoram also performed well in washing away small pollution particles.

“We hope that urban planners and infrastructure experts can use our findings to think more carefully about what they plant,” said Prashant Kumar, a professor at the University of Surrey.

“Having a green wall is a great way to remove pollution, but what you plant on top of it can make a big difference to its success.”

of result It was published in the magazine Total environmental science.

_____

Mamatha Thomson other. 2024. Investigating the interplay between particulate matter scavenging, scavenging, and leaf properties in green-walled species. Total environmental science 921: 170950; doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170950

Source: www.sci.news

Is spam email effective for receiving responses?

Posted on February 25, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

DDo spam emails actually work? We're not talking about suspicious phishing emails, we're talking about annoying ads and sales pitches. Perhaps the answer is yes, otherwise spammers wouldn't care, but I find it hard to believe.
Ali Farhan, Manchester

Please send new questions to
nq@theguardian.com
.

Reader replies

wait a minute. I'm going to email 300 million people and ask them. el comentario

It's more effective than doing nothing. This is the secret behind all marketing. one, another name

There are many different types of spam. More targeted types (e.g., an email from a company you've previously shopped with telling you they have a sale) can tell people what they might be interested in and potentially lead to a sale. That's why it works so well. Anything that's completely fake or untargeted won't be very effective.

But the reason companies use this kind of email is because it's so cheap. Send thousands of emails for just a few pounds. It only takes a few people to respond to make it worthwhile. For many of them, if 1 out of 1,000 people who receive an email buys something, they can make a profit from it. Meanwhile, everyone's inboxes suffer.
Snowy John

I work in sales and send out so-called spam emails. (This is in the business-to-business sales space.) There's a trick behind this. I don't reach out unless I have a reason and think there's something I can do to help. This is done by looking at the role the company is in, the types of technology, and evaluating its growth. Emails are personalized. Mixed in with my phone calls, I also embed videos of me reviewing websites in my emails.

It definitely works. Will everyone react? Absolutely not. Some people show interest, but it takes time to strike up a conversation. But that's part of sending an email. To get people in and out. If you choose not to contact us anymore, please do not contact us again.
Konobu 2020

I really don't understand people who don't care about spam or sell things on the street. I ignore everyone and look it up myself if I need to buy something. I may be missing out on countless deals, but I'll take a chance. Babylonian SheDevil03

My inbox is mostly unusable due to emails from companies I love and have previously purchased from. I receive at least two emails a month from companies that sell belts. How many quality belts can I buy? I might buy another one in five years, but I won't buy it from that annoying spammer. mega road

Last week's N&Q was about beans, this week it's about Spam. Will it be mushrooms next Sunday? Fried onion rings? Please wait and see… eddie miscellaneous post

I especially despise people who have an “unsubscribe” button that doesn't actually work. They immediately rank at the top of my banned list. Oz Josh

Avoiding spam is a great way to waste time. bricklayer options

Source: www.theguardian.com

New Study Identifies the Most Effective Diet for Reducing Loud Snoring

Posted on February 21, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Dealing with snoring can be a bothersome experience for everyone involved, whether it’s falling asleep on a public bus or waking a loved one. Researchers may have found the best diet to combat this issue.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common condition that puts people at risk for high blood pressure, stroke, heart disease, and type 2 diabetes. This is because OSA causes multiple disruptions during sleep due to loud snoring and interruptions in breathing.

The solution may lie in a diet rich in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, as suggested by a new study published in the journal ERJ Open Research. This diet may help prevent or treat OSA.

In order to test this theory, researchers at Flinders University in Adelaide, Australia, used data from 14,210 participants in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants were asked to list everything they had consumed in the past 24 hours, and the research team categorized their responses into three dietary patterns: a healthy plant-based diet, an unhealthy plant-based diet, and a diet high in animal products.

The “unhealthy” plant-based diet included high amounts of refined carbohydrates, potatoes, sugary drinks, sweets, desserts, and salty foods.

Additionally, participants completed a sleep questionnaire to determine the likelihood of having OSA. The researchers found that people with diets high in plant foods were 19% less likely to suffer from snoring caused by OSA. On the other hand, those who consumed an unhealthy plant-based diet were 22% more likely to have OSA.

Researchers believe that a healthy plant-based diet may be important due to its anti-inflammatory components and antioxidants, which can impact fat mass, inflammation, and muscle tone, thereby affecting a person’s OSA risk.

Dr. Johannes Melak, the chief researcher, emphasized that diet quality is important in managing the risk of OSA, and that a healthy plant-based diet may reduce inflammation and obesity.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Probiotics found effective in reducing fatigue and memory loss related to prolonged COVID-19 infection

Posted on December 26, 2023 by Igor Mitreski

Probiotics, illustration of live microorganisms that can affect intestinal bacteria

ART-ur/Shutterstock

A daily cocktail of prebiotics and probiotics can help reduce fatigue, memory, and symptoms in people with long-term COVID-19 (symptoms that persist for months or years after being infected with COVID-19). May be useful in treating gastrointestinal complaints.

Although little is understood about long-term coronavirus infections, previous research has shown that people with the disease have lower levels of certain gut microbes than those without. Masu. In particular, they lack gut bacteria that produce compounds called short-chain fatty acids that regulate immune responses.

Siu Ng and his colleagues at the Chinese University of Hong Kong have formulated a mixture that boosts the production of short-chain fatty acids. The product, called SIM01, contained three probiotics (live bacterial strains) and three prebiotics (compounds that help the growth of beneficial gut bacteria).

They distributed this cocktail to 232 adults. Another group of 231 adults took a mixture containing starch and low-dose vitamin C. Both mixtures were taken twice a day for 6 months. All participants were residents of Hong Kong, had previously tested positive for COVID-19, and met the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s criteria for long-term COVID-19 infection.

Researchers used a questionnaire to assess 14 long-term COVID-19 symptoms in participants before treatment began and after treatment ended. At the end of the trial, people who received SIM01 were likely to experience relief from five long-term coronavirus symptoms: fatigue, memory loss, difficulty concentrating, general unwellness, and gastrointestinal upset. It was found to be about 2 to 2.5 times higher on average. The research team also found no serious side effects from the treatment.

Analysis of fecal samples taken before and after the trial revealed that SIM01 increases gut microbial diversity and promotes the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, Ng said. Therefore, she says, it could be useful in treating other conditions that are associated with disruption of the gut microbiome, such as chronic fatigue syndrome.

However, it is unclear how these changes in the gut reduce the symptoms of long-term coronavirus infection. timothy sampson At Emory University in Georgia. “It makes sense that the microbiome has the ability to mediate immune responses, but… [immune system] What is actually at the root of [long covid] You get symptoms,” he says.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Artificial Intelligence identifies novel antibiotics effective against drug-resistant bacteria

Posted on December 20, 2023 by Igor Mitreski

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Shutterstock / Katerina Conn

Artificial intelligence has contributed to the discovery of new classes of antibiotics that can treat infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria. This could help fight antibiotic resistance, which claimed more than 1.2 million lives in 2019, and that number is expected to increase in the coming decades.

A new antibiotic compound has proven to be a promising treatment for both methicillin resistance and tolerance in tests in mice. Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin resistance Enterococcus – Bacteria that have developed resistance to drugs commonly used to treat MRSA infections.

“our [AI] The model not only tells us which compounds have selective antibiotic activity, but also why in terms of their chemical structure. ” Felix Wong at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University in Massachusetts.

Wong and colleagues aimed to show that AI-driven drug discovery can go beyond identifying specific targets to which drug molecules can bind to predicting the biological effects of entire classes of drug-like compounds.

First, we tested the effects of over 39,000 compounds. Staphylococcus aureus Three types of human cells: liver, skeletal muscle, and lung. The result was training data for the AI model to learn the chemical atoms and bond patterns of each compound. This has enabled AI to predict both the antibacterial activity and potential toxicity of such compounds to human cells.

The trained AI model then analyzed 12 million compounds through computer simulations and found 3,646 compounds with ideal drug-like properties. Additional calculations identified chemical substructures that could explain the properties of each compound.

By comparing such substructures of different compounds, researchers identified a new class of potential antibiotics and ultimately two non-antibiotics that can kill both MRSA and vancomycin-resistant bacteria. discovered a toxic compound Enterococcus.

Finally, researchers used mouse experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of these compounds in treating skin and thigh infections caused by MRSA.

Only a few new classes of antibiotics, such as oxazolidinones and lipopeptides, have been discovered to be effective against both MRSA and vancomycin-resistant bacteria. Enterococcus – and says resistance to such compounds is increasing. james collins at the Broad Institute, where he co-authored the study.

“Our research has identified one of the few new classes of antibiotics in 60 years that complements other antibiotics,” he says.

Researchers are working to design entirely new antibiotics and discover other new drug classes, such as compounds that selectively kill aging and damaged cells involved in conditions such as osteoarthritis and cancer. are starting to use this AI-driven approach.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com