Tag Archives: mediterranean

Neutrinos shatter records as they tear through the Mediterranean Ocean

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Part of the undersea KM3NET neutrino detector

km3net

The incredibly powerful neutrinos that tore through a new Mediterranean particle detector have amazed physicists, offering a first glimpse into some of the universe’s most intense events, such as the collision of ultrafine black holes.

Neutrinos, sometimes known as “ghost particles,” interact minimally with matter due to their small mass and lack of charge. By placing detectors in dense mediums like water or ice, researchers hope to detect the subtle signals of neutrinos interacting with atoms and producing showers of particles. This, in turn, helps in understanding their properties.

Damian Dornick from the Centre for Particle Physics in Marseille, France, along with his team, discovered the most energetic neutrino ever recorded. Using the Cubic Kilometer Neutrino Telescope (km3net) at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea, they detected this extraordinary neutrino on February 13, 2023. The discovery left the researchers astonished.

“Initially, we were puzzled,” he says. “As we delved deeper, we realized that this event was truly exceptional, and our excitement grew.”

The signal observed appeared as a bright, almost horizontal line on the detector, believed to be created by muons – small electron-like particles produced by neutrinos interacting with km3net’s detectors.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gpuargix2u4

When the researchers tentatively published their results in 2024, they were still in the process of calculating the exact energy of the particles. “The high energy levels surprised us, as our neutrino simulations had not yet reached such levels,” says Morgan Wasco from Oxford University.

To validate their findings, researchers meticulously considered the impact of other sources of illumination on the detector, such as neutrinos generated by cosmic rays – charged particles from space. These signals are believed to surpass higher-energy neutrinos originating from more distant cosmic sources by 1 to 100 million times.

The energy of the detected neutrino was calculated to be 120 peta electron volts (PEV), about 10 times higher than the previous record set by the IceCube neutrino observatory in Antarctica. Such high-energy neutrino detections offer unique insights into the events producing them, like black hole mergers and supernova explosions.

“While cosmic rays get deflected and lose their original direction as they pass through interstellar space, neutrinos travel straight,” explains Wascko. The relatively large spatial spread of the neutrino’s trail in this case makes pinpointing the exact source challenging, but future enhancements to the telescope could potentially identify similarly powerful neutrinos and their sources.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

The Biggest Lesson from the Mediterranean Diet: Tips for a Longer Life

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The Mediterranean diet has been linked to longevity, especially when following the lifestyle of individuals living near medical care facilities in the 1950s.

This diet focuses on a high intake of plant-based foods with limited consumption of fish, meat, and dairy products, often enjoyed in the company of others during meals. Physical activity and a vibrant social life are also key components.

American physiologist Ancel Keys first identified the Mediterranean diet in the 1950s after observing lower rates of heart disease in South Europeans compared to Americans. His research, starting with the Seven Countries Study from 1958 to 1964, explored the relationship between diet, lifestyle, and coronary heart disease across different populations.

The study revealed that men in countries like Italy and Greece had lower rates of coronary heart disease compared to Finland and the United States, with the Cretans from Greece showing the healthiest outcomes. The emphasis was on the protective effects of high unsaturated fats in these diets.

Asparagus plate – Credit: 10,000 hours

In a Spanish study known as PREDIMED (PrevenConconconDIATATERRánea) conducted in 2011, the benefits of a Mediterranean diet in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease were highlighted.

Further research suggests that this diet can aid in preventing obesity, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer due to its rich nutrient content, including antioxidants like omega-3 fatty acids, potassium, and vitamins C and E. While there is debate over the inclusion of red wine in the diet, its polyphenol content may offer protective effects against oxidative stress and inflammation.

Recent trends in the Mediterranean population show a deviation from traditional diets high in saturated fats and animal proteins towards plant-based proteins, fats, whole grains, and dietary fiber. This shift, along with increased alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyles, and obesity rates, underscores the importance of returning to ancestral dietary patterns.

This article addresses the question (posed by Len Bird, “Why is the Mediterranean diet beneficial for health?”).

To submit your question, please email questions@sciencefocus.com or reach out on our Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram pages (don’t forget to include your name and location).

For fascinating scientific insights, explore our collection of fun facts.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Study suggests that a massive flood reclaimed the Mediterranean Sea 5.3 million years ago

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A massive flood called the Zanclean Flood ended the Messinian salinity crisis that lasted from 5.97 million to 5.33 million years ago, according to a new study led by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI).

One of the scenarios being discussed for ending the Messinian Salinity Crisis 5.33 million years ago is the catastrophic backfilling of the Mediterranean Sea by the Zanclean Flood. Micallef others. They present clear onshore and offshore evidence that this deluge spilled over a shallow marine corridor in southeastern Sicily into the nearby underwater Noto Gorge. This aerial photo shows a ridge eroded by a major flood, located northeast of Masseria del Volpe, in southeastern Sicily. Image credit: Kevin Sciberras and Neil Petroni.

“The Zanclean Flood is an awe-inspiring natural phenomenon, with flows and velocities that seem dwarfed by any other known flood in Earth’s history,” said the study’s lead author, C.A. said Dr. Aaron Micallef, a research scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute.

“Our study provides the most convincing evidence yet of this unusual event.”

During the Messinian salinity crisis, the Mediterranean Sea was isolated from the Atlantic Ocean and evaporated, creating vast salt deposits that transformed the region’s landscape.

Scientists have long believed that this dry period would gradually end and that the Mediterranean Sea would be reclaimed over 10,000 years.

However, the discovery in 2009 of an eroded channel stretching from the Gulf of Cadiz to the Alboran Sea called this idea into question.

The discovery points to a single major flooding event lasting between two and 16 years, which became known as the Zanclean Flood.

Estimates indicate that the outflow of this megaflood was between 68 and 100 Sverdraps (Sv), where 1 sievert is equivalent to 1 million cubic meters per second.

In their research, Dr. Micallef and his colleagues combined newly discovered geological features with geophysical data and numerical modeling to provide the most comprehensive picture of the megaflood to date. did.

The researchers investigated more than 300 asymmetric streamlined ridges in the corridor across the Sicilian Sil, a submerged land bridge that once separated the western and eastern Mediterranean basins.

“The morphology of these ridges corresponds to erosion by large-scale turbulence, mainly in a north-easterly direction,” said Professor Paul Carling from the University of Southampton.

“They reveal the immense power of the Zanclean Flood and how it changed the landscape and left a lasting mark on the geological record.”

Scientists sampled the ridge and found that it was overlain by a layer of rock debris containing material eroded from the sides of the ridge and surrounding areas. This indicates that it was deposited there rapidly and with great force.

This layer lies right on the boundary between the Messinian and Zanclean periods, where the Great Flood is thought to have occurred.

Using seismic reflection data, a type of geological ultrasound that allows scientists to see layers of rock and sediment beneath the Earth’s surface, the authors found a “W-shaped” shape on the continental shelf east of Sicily’s Sill. discovered a waterway.

This channel, dug into the ocean floor, connects the ridge to the Noto Gorge, a deep underwater canyon located in the eastern Mediterranean.

The shape and location of the channel suggest that it functioned like a giant funnel.

When the mega-flood flowed into Sicily’s Sill, this channel is thought to have carried the water towards the Noto Valley and into the eastern Mediterranean.

The research team developed a computer model of the flood to simulate how the water behaved.

The model shows that floodwaters change direction and increase their strength over time, reaching speeds of up to 32 meters per second (72 miles per hour), carving deeper channels, eroding more material, and increasing their length. This suggests that they may have been transported over long distances.

“These discoveries not only reveal a critical moment in Earth’s geological history, but also prove that landforms persist for five million years,” Dr. Micallef said.

“This opens the door to further research on the Mediterranean coast.”

of study Published in a magazine Communication Earth and Environment.

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A. Micallef others. 2024. Land-to-sea indicators of the Zanclean Flood. common global environment 5,794;doi: 10.1038/s43247-024-01972-w

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient Shipwreck Discovered in Mediterranean Sea with Canaanite Amphorae from 3,300 Years Ago

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The ancient ship and its cargo are estimated to date to the 13th century BC, making it one of the oldest shipwrecks ever discovered.

Canaanite amphorae discovered in a 3,300-year-old shipwreck. Image courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority.

The 3,300-year-old shipwreck was discovered 90 kilometers (56 miles) off the coast of Israel, on the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea at a depth of 1.8 kilometers (1.1 miles).

“The ship appears to have sunk due to a storm or an attempted pirate attack,” said Dr Jacob Sharvit, head of the Israel Antiquities Authority’s maritime department.

“This is the first ship ever found in the deep waters of the eastern Mediterranean, 90 kilometres from the nearest coast, and also the oldest.”

“This is a history-changing discovery of global scale. It sheds light like never before on the navigational skills of ancient sailors who were able to cross the Mediterranean without ever seeing the coast. From this geographical point, all you can see is the horizon.”

“It seems likely that celestial objects were used to navigate by observing the positions and angles of the sun and stars.”

The discovery was made by a team from Energene, a London-based natural gas producer, during an environmental survey of the seabed.

“As part of our ongoing efforts to discover and extract natural gas from the deep sea, we are carrying out surveys to check various parameters using advanced submersible robots to explore the seabed,” said Dr Karnit Bahartan, head of Energean’s environmental staff.

“About a year ago, while surveying, we came across an unusual sight: a large pile of water jugs on the seabed.”

“We have been in constant contact with the Israel Antiquities Authority and when we sent them the images, it turned out to be a sensational find, far beyond our imagination.”

A 3,300-year-old shipwreck on the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. Image courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority.

“Robotic investigation and mapping of the site revealed that the ship was a wreck approximately 12-14 metres (39-46 feet) long and was carrying hundreds of passengers. Late Bronze Age Canaanite storage vesselsOnly a small fraction of it is visible above the ocean floor,” Dr Sharbit said.

“There appears to be a second level of ship hidden in the muddy bottom, with the wooden beams of the ship also buried in the mud.”

“The type of vessel identified in the shipment was designed as the most efficient means of transporting relatively cheap, mass-produced products, such as oil, wine, and agricultural products such as fruit.”

“The discovery of such a large number of amphorae on a single ship attests to important commercial links between their country of origin and the ancient Near Eastern countries along the Mediterranean coast.”

“This is a truly stunning discovery. There are only two other known cargo-laden shipwrecks from the Late Bronze Age in the Mediterranean – the Cape Gelidnja ship and the Uluburun ship, both found off the coast of Turkey.”

“But both wrecks were found relatively close to shore and were accessible using standard diving equipment.”

“Based on these two discoveries, the previous academic hypothesis was that trade at that time was carried out by flying safely from port to port, keeping eye contact along the coastline.”

“The discovery of this ship completely changes our understanding of the capabilities of ancient seafarers. It is the first time that a ship has been found so far away that land is completely out of sight.”

“There is great potential for research here. Because the ship has been preserved at great depth, time has stopped since the moment of the disaster. The hull and the surrounding conditions have not been disturbed by human hands (divers, fishermen, etc.), nor have they been subject to the waves and currents that affect shipwrecks in shallow waters.”

“The significance of these discoveries has led to the decision to open the archaeological campus for ‘tasting’ tours this summer, to display these Canaanite ships excavated from the seabed and to tell the public their story,” said Dr. Eli Eskseed, Director General of the Israel Antiquities Authority.

“This visit will allow visitors to get a glimpse of this unique building, its mosaics and laboratories ahead of the official opening of the vast visitor centre, scheduled for two years from today.”

“We are extremely grateful to Energiaan for their swift response in identifying this ancient cargo and for committing resources to enable this initial understanding to be gained from this unusual shipwreck.”

Source: www.sci.news

New research indicates that following a Mediterranean diet may alleviate anxiety and lower stress levels

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Researchers from the University of the Sunshine Coast and the University of South Australia have discovered in a recent study that following a Mediterranean diet is linked to lower severity of anxiety and stress-related symptoms in older Australians living in the community. Despite this, there was no observed connection with depressive symptoms. The study also found that specific components of the Mediterranean diet, such as reduced consumption of sugary beverages and increased intake of fruits, nuts, and legumes, were independently associated with lower levels of anxiety symptoms.

The Mediterranean diet is inversely associated with the severity of anxiety and stress-related symptoms.

Anthony Villani, a researcher from the University of the Sunshine Coast, and his team investigated the correlation between adherence to a Mediterranean diet and the severity of depression, anxiety, and stress-related symptoms in older adults. A total of 294 older adults with an average age of 70.4 years who lived independently in Australia participated in the study.

The results showed that adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with lower levels of anxiety and stress-related symptoms, but not depressive symptoms. Furthermore, specific dietary components like low intake of fruits, nuts, legumes, and sugar-sweetened beverages were linked to decreased severity of anxiety and stress-related symptoms.

Dr. Anthony Villani noted, “These foods were key indicators in a study of more than 300 older Australians.” Additionally, he mentioned that individuals following a Mediterranean-style diet high in fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, fish, and olive oil had lower intensity of anxiety symptoms.

He continued, “Higher consumption of legumes and nuts, along with lower intake of sugary beverages, showed the most significant impact on reducing anxiety and stress. Nuts and legumes are rich in fiber, healthy fats, and antioxidants, which can have positive effects on brain health through gut health and inflammation reduction.”

The study, which controlled for various factors associated with poor mental health, emphasized the importance of a healthy diet in maintaining good mental health. It also highlighted the need for further research to explore the mental health benefits of the Mediterranean diet in older adults.

Published in Nutrients, the findings of the study are significant for understanding the relationship between diet and mental health in older populations.

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Lisa Allcock et al. 2024. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet is inversely associated with anxiety and stress, but not depression: a cross-sectional analysis of community-dwelling older Australians. Nutrients 16(3):366; doi: 10.3390/nu16030366

Source: www.sci.news

Clues from ancient canoes suggest thriving trade in the Mediterranean region 7,000 years ago

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Canoes are up to 10 meters long and are made by hollowing out trees.

Gibaja et al., 2024, PLOS ONE, CC-BY 4.0

More than 7,000 years ago, skilled craftsmen built wooden canoes to probably transport people, animals, and goods across the Mediterranean.

Scientists identified five boats with evidence of advanced navigation techniques, such as lateral bracing and towing attachments. The canoe, found in a freshwater lake and inadvertently kept secret for decades, likely enabled trade and transportation between Mediterranean farming communities during the Neolithic period. Niccolo Mazzucco At the University of Pisa, Italy.

Along with the well-preserved village where they were discovered, the canoes “opened a window into the past,” he says.

In 1989, Italian researchers discovered a site buried beneath a lake slightly northwest of Rome, 38 kilometers upstream from the west coast of the Mediterranean Sea, and named it La Marmotta. In addition to several wooden buildings, a dugout canoe made by burning and hollowing out wood was also found.

Despite these discoveries, the language barrier prevented it from becoming internationally famous, and almost all relevant information was only published in Italian, it said. Mario Mineo At the Museum of Roman Civilization in Rome, which took part in the discovery.

Now, Mazzucco, Mineo, and their colleagues have made new observations of these canoes using modern methods and shared their findings in English.

Lasse Sorensen David, from the National Museum of Denmark, who was not involved in the study, said he was unaware of these boats, despite having done extensive research on dugout canoes in Scandinavia.

He is particularly intrigued by a wooden T-shaped device attached to the canoe. Holes drilled in them suggest that they were probably used for ropes, implying that the boat was being towed. That way, Sorensen said, he would have been able to transport “more people, more animals, more goods.” “So these details are very important because they provide evidence of how they were actually able to transport large quantities of goods.”

Using the latest carbon dating techniques, the research team dated each ship to 6,000 BC. The two oldest ships were built in 5620 BC, and the newest in 5045 BC. Carbon dating of one of the T-shaped accessories revealed that it was made around 5470 BC.

The length of the boat is up to 10 meters. Its size suggests it was used at sea, Mazzucco said. Recent tests of replicas of these canoes confirmed that The original would have been seaworthy. Foreign grains, livestock remains, and stones found in the village indicate that the villagers were trading across the Mediterranean region.

To identify the wood used to build the boats, the team cut nine thin wood samples from each canoe. After analyzing them under a microscope, the researchers determined that two of the boats, including the oldest, were made from alder wood, which is lightweight and resistant to splintering and cracking. The newest boats were made of durable and rot-resistant oak, while the other two were made of poplar and beech.

“They probably had a good knowledge of wood types and their properties, so they selected them and used them based on those properties,” Mazzucco says. “They worked with wood with the same knowledge as today's carpenters, just with different tools.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

The Health Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Uncovering the Reasons Behind its Effectiveness

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When it comes to eating healthier, there has always been a sense of having your cake and eating it too. For decades, we've been told that the secret to staying healthy is to indulge in the fresh, delicious food of the Mediterranean. Adding more tomatoes, focaccia, and olive oil to your dinner plate, along with a glass of Chianti, is said to reduce your chances of developing a heart attack and type 2 diabetes.

The most surprising thing is that this is not just some exaggerated nonsense. Evidence that the Mediterranean diet can actually improve health in many ways has been growing for more than 50 years. “We are conducting large, long-term clinical trials that result in difficult clinical events,” he says. miguel martinez gonzalez at the University of Navarra in Pamplona, ​​Spain.

And there are not so many diets that are on the UNESCO list. Ten years ago, this United Nations agency Adding the Mediterranean diet to the representative list of intangible cultural heritage of humanity.

But despite all this praise, it was difficult to understand what it was about the diet that led to such benefits. First of all, nutritionists cannot agree on the exact form it should take. Additionally, family meals, home cooking, and other non-dietary factors should be considered. The good news is that over the past decade, we've begun to understand which components of our diets provide the greatest health benefits and why. This means we are now better able than ever to offer you the best advice…

Source: www.newscientist.com