A resident of Missouri has been admitted to the hospital following a potential water skiing incident at a local lake, which health officials have characterized as a fatal “brain-eating infection.”
The Missouri Department of Health’s Senior Services Office released a statement on Wednesday indicating that the unidentified patients seem to have been exposed to Naegleria fowleri.
The agency described Naegleria fowleri as “a microscopic single-celled free-living ameba capable of causing a rare and lethal brain infection known as primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), commonly referred to as the ‘brain-eating’ infection.”
Health officials noted that early investigations imply the patients may have been engaged in water skiing at the Ozarks lake, a reservoir situated in central Missouri, prior to falling ill.
According to the agency, Naegleria fowleri typically resides in freshwater, although PAM is “extremely rare.” The ameba usually enters the body through the nose and makes its way to the brain, inflicting damage on brain tissue.
“Individuals who engage in water recreation should operate under the assumption that Naegleria fowleri could be found in warm freshwater across the United States, although infections remain highly uncommon,” the agency stated.
The health department reported only 167 cases of infection in the United States from 1962 to 2024.
In a separate incident last month, 12-year-old Jasen Kerr tragically passed away after swimming at Lake Murray in South Carolina, subsequently diagnosed with PAM, according to a statement from the law firm representing Kerr’s family, shared on Facebook.
“We support this family not only in seeking the truth but to ensure that no other families have to endure such losses,” stated Bailey Law Office.
The CDC warns that most individuals with PAM will succumb within 1 to 18 days after symptoms manifest, leading to coma and death within 5 days.
The Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services advised residents to “steer clear of water-related activities in warm freshwater during elevated water temperatures, utilize nose clamps, and refrain from submerging their heads in the water.”
They also recommended avoiding the disturbance of wet sediments, as “Naegleria fowleri amebas are likely to inhabit sediments at lakes, ponds, and riverbeds.”
Invasive mites are increasingly spreading to various regions of the country, as rising temperatures can aggravate serious symptoms and facilitate the transmission of lesser-known infections that may occasionally lead to death.
In May, researchers from the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station in New Haven made a significant finding: ticks with elongated holes have become carriers of bacteria responsible for Ehrlichia infection. The rise in cases has raised substantial alarm.
“I hesitate to say it’s a brewing storm,” remarked Goudarz Molaei, director of the lab’s mite testing program. “Climate change will ultimately eliminate winters in our region, allowing these mites, among others, to remain active year-round.”
Milder temperatures, which have already resulted in shorter winters, heighten the risk of long-hole mites and other varieties awakening early from hibernation and biting.
The longhorn ticks, originally from East Asia, have now been identified in at least 21 states, including Michigan, where the first sighting was reported at the end of June. Researchers are uncertain how the tick entered the U.S., but it likely arrived via imported livestock or other animals.
Goudarz Molaei, an entomologist at the Connecticut Agricultural Experimental Bureau, discovered Ehrlichia Chaffeensis in longhorned mites. This pathogen can lead to a potentially fatal tick-borne disease known as ehrlichiosis. Nidhi Sharma / NBC News
In 2017, the first longhorned mites were identified in New Jersey, although the species may have been present in the U.S. as early as 2010.
“These are prevalent research findings,” noted Dana Price, an associate research professor of entomology at Rutgers University.
Modeling indicates that regions from southern Canada down through the U.S. are suitable environments for longhorned mites.
In summary, there are dual threats. As the geographic range of longhorned ticks expands, the duration of their activity and the potential for disease transmission also increase, scientists warn.
Ehrlichiosis is already so common that the affected region is informally labeled the “ehrlichiosis belt,” which stretches north to Connecticut and New York, including parts of Arkansas.
Both the lone star and black-legged ticks have long carried Ehrlichia Chaffeensis. The infection sends about 60% of patients to the hospital and results in mortality in 1 in 100 cases, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Individuals who contract the infection typically experience fever, chills, muscle pain, headaches, and fatigue within 1-2 weeks post-bite. If left untreated, the infection can lead to serious complications, including brain and nervous system damage, respiratory failure, uncontrolled bleeding, and organ failure.
Since 2000, the number of reported cases of ehrlichiosis has steadily increased, with the CDC documenting 200 cases in 2000 compared to 2,093 in 2019. Research suggests that annual ehrlichiosis cases are likely severely underreported; according to a study from Rutgers University, 99% of cases go undetected.
Researchers are capturing long-horned ticks for testing for Ehrlichia Chaffeensis. Nidhi Sharma / NBC News
This month, the CDC reported that emergency room visits related to tick bites in July were more frequent than in the previous eight Julys. Early in July, officials closed Pleasure Beach, a popular swimming location in Bridgeport, Connecticut, due to the discovery of multiple ticks, including longhorn ticks this summer.
Manisha Jutani, a commissioner for the Connecticut Department of Public Health, stated that as climate change makes the “tick season” more predictable, residents should take precautions such as wearing long pants and inspecting themselves and their pets for ticks after spending time outdoors.
“The reality is that with the changes we see in the climate, outdoor exposure poses infection risks, and we may encounter pathogens more frequently,” Jutani remarked.
While longhorn ticks generally prefer livestock blood over human blood, entomologists note that their unique reproductive biology poses a significant public health threat. Like bees, they can reproduce without a mate, enabling a single female to generate a population of thousands.
Moreover, feeding on the same host can allow them to ingest pathogens carried by other ticks. This co-feeding transmission method is commonplace among many tick species.
Molaei expressed concern over the recent identification of bacteria that cause ehrlichiosis in longhorned ticks, raising alarms about other pathogens that ticks might acquire and transmit to humans. Longhorned and lone star ticks, the original carriers of Ehrlichia, typically feed on similar hosts, like white-tailed deer.
Jennifer Pratt contracted ehrlichiosis in 2011 and underwent several months of antibiotic treatment. Courtesy Jennifer Pratt
“We share this world with numerous important mites and must learn to coexist with them,” Molaei stated. “The essential factor is to protect yourself.”
The World Health Organization indicates that over 17% of global infectious diseases are spread by vectors carrying viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens among animals. Tick-borne diseases in the U.S. make up 77% of reported vector-borne diseases, with CDC data showing that cases have more than doubled in the last 13 years.
Jennifer Pratt was bitten by a tick during this surge. She contracted ehrlichiosis from a tick bite in North Carolina in the summer of 2011.
When she struggled to lift her 2-year-old son, a nurse friend urged her to seek immediate medical attention, suspecting a tick-borne infection.
After being diagnosed, Pratt was on antibiotics for several months due to her illness. The infection caused her shoulder to lock—a rare but serious complication of tick-borne diseases—forcing her to undergo physical therapy and take three months off work.
Full recovery from the lingering effects of the infection took over a year.
“The best way I could describe it,” she recalled, “was that I felt like death.”
A few years later, as she started to recover, she was also diagnosed with Lyme disease and Babesiosis, both resulting from the same tick bite.
Pratt co-founded a nonprofit advocacy organization, Tick-Borne Conditions United, to raise awareness about the dangers of tick-borne diseases, especially lesser-known infections like ehrlichiosis.
“My mission in life is to help people recognize and confront the realities of tick-borne diseases,” Pratt said. “It’s vital that we raise awareness about this growing threat.”
The Trump administration has dissolved a federal advisory committee responsible for guidance aimed at preventing the spread of infectious diseases in healthcare settings.
The Healthcare Infection Control Practice Advisory Committee (HICPAC) created national standards for U.S. hospitals concerning practices such as handwashing, mask-wearing, and patient isolation for those with chronic illnesses.
Four committee members reported that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced the termination of HICPAC on Friday.
A letter obtained by NBC News — sent by the CDC following a virtual meeting — indicated that the committee ended over a month ago, on March 31. The letter referenced President Donald Trump’s Executive Order calling for significant cuts in the federal workforce.
Previously, four professional associations urged Robert F. Kennedy Jr. in a letter dated March 26 to retain the committee amid extensive reductions to federal health agencies. Neither the CDC nor the Department of Health and Human Services responded immediately to a request for comment on Tuesday.
Some of the committee’s web pages have been archived, meaning they are still accessible online but will no longer be updated.
Committee members are concerned that the guidelines could become outdated, failing to incorporate new scientific research or address the spread of drug-resistant organisms, as outlined in specific threats to hospitals.
“If things need to change, the guidelines may not adapt, leading to a precarious situation,” stated Connie Steed, a HICPAC member since 2023 and a former president of the Association of Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology.
Dr. Anurag Malani, a fellow at the American Infectious Diseases Society who joined HICPAC in January, noted that the committee was nearing the completion of new guidelines for airborne pathogens before its termination. Previous guidelines had not been updated since 2007 and controversially recommended surgical masks over N95 respirators for preventing the spread of specific pathogens.
“There was much valuable information available. The lessons learned from Covid were shaping our guidelines to improve our previous protocols,” Malani reflected.
Jane Thomason, lead hygienist at National Nurses United, expressed regret over the committee’s dissolution, highlighting that it hampers the transparency of public health guidance. HICPAC had appointed Thomason to a workgroup last year.
“Concerns have been raised regarding HICPAC’s composition and proposed guidance, but its closure eliminates significant public transparency,” Thomason stated on Tuesday. “Without public HICPAC meetings, there is no access to the drafting process for CDC guidance on infection control in healthcare settings, ultimately compromising the safety of patients, nurses, and other healthcare personnel.”
According to a CDC letter from Friday, HICPAC had issued 540 recommendations since its formation over three decades ago, with 90% fully implemented.
Malani emphasized the need for consistent infection control practices nationwide, asserting that ongoing recommendations are essential.
“We should prevent state and local health departments from having to navigate this independently,” he concluded.
According to a recent study conducted by researchers from Bond University, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, increasing fluid intake can help reduce the occurrence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) compared to no treatment. However, consuming cranberry juice has shown even better clinical outcomes in terms of decreased UTIs and antibiotic usage, suggesting that it should be considered as a management option for UTIs.
Cranberry juice drinkers are 54% less likely to develop a urinary tract infection. Image courtesy of The Loves of Eirlys.
“Urinary tract infections are one of the most common bacterial infections,” stated lead author Christian Moro, PhD, along with his colleagues.
“Over 50% of women and more than 20% of men will experience UTIs at least once in their lifetime, making it the most prevalent bacterial infection in children.”
“While antibiotics have traditionally been effective for UTI treatment, the growing resistance of bacteria to these drugs poses a challenge.”
“Studies have shown that over 90% of UTIs contain drug-resistant bacteria, many of which are resistant to multiple antibiotics.”
“Given the rise in microbial resistance to antibiotics, it is essential to explore evidence-based non-drug interventions for UTI prevention and treatment.”
“Reducing antibiotic usage will not only alleviate the financial and clinical burden of prescriptions but also address the increasing issue of antibiotic resistance.”
“Encouraging patients to increase fluid intake and incorporating cranberry juice or tablets have been proposed as beneficial strategies.”
“However, the existing literature on this topic is extensive, with conflicting findings regarding the effectiveness of cranberries.”
The authors utilized a novel research approach known as network meta-analysis, enabling simultaneous comparisons of multiple interventions across various studies.
A total of 20 trials involving 3,091 individuals were analyzed, with 18 of these studies revealing that cranberry juice consumption was linked to a 54% lower UTI incidence compared to no treatment and a 27% lower incidence than placebo liquids.
“These results have the potential to reduce the reliance on antibiotics for UTI treatment,” commented Dr. Moro.
“More than half of women will experience a UTI, often resulting in antibiotic prescriptions.”
“Given the escalating antibiotic resistance, identifying effective non-pharmaceutical interventions is critical.”
“Cranberry juice presents a straightforward and effective intervention that should be considered in managing UTIs.”
Furthermore, the study found that cranberry juice led to a 59% reduction in antibiotic requirements and significantly alleviated symptoms in individuals with active UTIs.
“Simple measures like increasing water intake or taking cranberry tablets also showed benefits, albeit not as pronounced as consuming cranberries in liquid form such as juice,” the researchers noted.
Read their paper published in the journal European Urology Focus.
_____
Christian Moro others Cranberry juice, cranberry tablets, or liquid therapy for urinary tract infections: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Yurol Focus Published online on July 18, 2024; doi: 10.1016/j.euf.2024.07.002
This article is based on a press release provided by Bond University.
Some ants will bite off the infected limbs of their nestmates to improve their chances of survival, making them the only non-human animals documented to amputate a limb to save the life of another animal.
Ants are already known to be one of the few animals that treat the wounds of their fellow creatures.Megaponera analisFor example, bacteria can treat infections by secreting antibacterial substances that are secreted from special glands.
But not all ant species have these glands, he said. Eric Frank “We wanted to know what would happen to the ants when they couldn’t use antibiotics,” said researchers from the University of Würzburg in Germany.
If you look closely at a colony of Florida carpenter ants (Camponotus floridanus) In the lab, Frank’s colleague Danny Buffatto of the University of Lausanne in Switzerland discovered ants biting off the injured legs of their nestmates.
“I didn’t believe it at first,” says Frank, “I thought there must be something else going on. Maybe there was a threat, or maybe the ants thought they were attacking an enemy.”
Analysing video footage from the colony, the team found many more cases of amputation, none of which showed any signs of resistance, and moreover, these amputations were only performed on animals in the thigh area.
To investigate further, the team injured the femurs of 72 carpenter ants and infected them. Half of the ants had their legs amputated by the researchers, while the rest served as controls. Mortality rates of the amputated ants were 90 percent lower than those of the controls, suggesting that the treatment successfully prevented the spread of the pathogen.
In contrast, in other ants, amputations never occurred when the wounds were on the ants’ lower legs, and when the team repeated the experiment with lower-leg injuries, the amputation and control groups died at the same rate. This may be due to the ants’ physiology, Frank says. “Insects don’t have a central heart like humans do,” he says. Instead, several muscles pump blood around the body, and by using micro-CT scanning, the team found that many of these muscles are concentrated in the carpenter ants’ upper legs.
This means that amputating the upper leg would damage the muscles that pump blood, restricting blood circulation and allowing the infection to spread, whereas amputating the lower leg would not prevent the infection from spreading because it does not have these muscles.
“This discovery is remarkable and pushes the boundaries of our understanding of the behavioral immune system of social insects,” said Dr. James Traniello At Boston University in Massachusetts.
Tomer Chakkes Researchers at the University of Regensburg in Germany were surprised at how targeted the amputations were: “They don’t just do amputations for any injury, but only when it makes sense.”
“It’s unlikely that the ants understand the ultimate reasons why these cuts work; rather, it’s more likely that this is an innate behavior that they’re ‘born’ with,” he says.
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that occurs when the immune system starts attacking the nerves.
Katerina Conn/Science Photo Library
The largest genetic database of ancient humans to date is shedding new light on why people vary in modern conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and other genetic traits such as height.
One of the findings is that the genes behind MS may have become more common because they helped people resist infections transmitted from animals.
Other findings include why Alzheimer’s disease is more common in some groups than others and why people in northern Europe tend to be taller than people in the southern part of the continent. Includes description.
“What happened thousands of years ago can have a very serious impact on the health and longevity of people living today,” he says. Evan Irving Pease at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
The genes of people of European and Western Asian ancestry have been shaped by three major waves of migration. Modern hunter-gatherer humans first arrived in these areas about 45,000 years ago. Then, about 11,000 years ago, a wave of farmers arrived from the Middle East, followed by a further influx of pastoralists, now called the Yamnaya, from the Eurasian steppe.
To understand how these popular movements shaped the modern medical landscape, Irving Pease's team collected bone and tooth samples from approximately 5,000 ancient sites found in museum collections across Europe and Western Asia. The oldest one is 34,000 years old.
The latest study reports on the first batch of samples analyzed based on approximately 1600 individuals. The researchers compared these people to the genetic data of 410,000 people in a huge medical dataset called the UK Biobank, and analyzed only white participants to select participants with European ancestry. did.
The research team started by focusing on MS, an autoimmune disease that occurs when the immune system begins to attack nerves, often leading to progressive disability.What previous research has found 233 genetic variants associated with increased risk of MS.
Among modern people in the UK, those at high genetic risk of multiple sclerosis are more likely to have Yamnaya ancestry, a study has shown. The research team also found that some of these MS-predisposing genetic mutations first arose in the Yamnaya tribe and became more frequent among their descendants as they spread westward through Europe.
Given that some of the 233 variants associated with MS also affect the immune system, and that the Yamnaya people have lived among animals, researchers believe that the genes behind MS are probably The researchers concluded that the species may help protect against bacteria and viruses that can be transmitted to humans. animal.The team has previously shown that Some MS risk variants are associated with partial resistance to tuberculosis.
In another paper, researchers have revealed how our ancestry influences our genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease. Modern humans are more likely to have a gene called . Apo E4If you have more ancestors from Europe's first hunter-gatherers, you have a higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.
Another variant of this gene is Apo E2The result is a lower risk of Alzheimer's disease, which likely occurred in the incoming Yamnaya people because it provided protection against malaria and unknown viral infections, the researchers wrote in their paper.
Variants that protect against Alzheimer's disease do not confer a reproductive advantage, so they may not have been selected by evolution to have an effect on dementia, given that dementia typically develops long after people have had children. Yes, researchers say. benjamin trumbull from Arizona State University and was not involved in any research.
“The great thing about this paper is that they go further back in time and say what was advantageous or disadvantageous at that time,” Trumbull said. “Too often we look at our modern environment and say: [a certain gene] Purely harmful. We have to consider what the selection pressures were at different points in time. ”
A further finding from the analysis is that among people living in Europe, those with more Yamnaya ancestry tend to be taller, which explains why Northern Europeans are, on average, taller than Southern Europeans. This may explain why it is so expensive.
Probiotics, illustration of live microorganisms that can affect intestinal bacteria
ART-ur/Shutterstock
A daily cocktail of prebiotics and probiotics can help reduce fatigue, memory, and symptoms in people with long-term COVID-19 (symptoms that persist for months or years after being infected with COVID-19). May be useful in treating gastrointestinal complaints.
Although little is understood about long-term coronavirus infections, previous research has shown that people with the disease have lower levels of certain gut microbes than those without. Masu. In particular, they lack gut bacteria that produce compounds called short-chain fatty acids that regulate immune responses.
Siu Ng and his colleagues at the Chinese University of Hong Kong have formulated a mixture that boosts the production of short-chain fatty acids. The product, called SIM01, contained three probiotics (live bacterial strains) and three prebiotics (compounds that help the growth of beneficial gut bacteria).
They distributed this cocktail to 232 adults. Another group of 231 adults took a mixture containing starch and low-dose vitamin C. Both mixtures were taken twice a day for 6 months. All participants were residents of Hong Kong, had previously tested positive for COVID-19, and met the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s criteria for long-term COVID-19 infection.
Researchers used a questionnaire to assess 14 long-term COVID-19 symptoms in participants before treatment began and after treatment ended. At the end of the trial, people who received SIM01 were likely to experience relief from five long-term coronavirus symptoms: fatigue, memory loss, difficulty concentrating, general unwellness, and gastrointestinal upset. It was found to be about 2 to 2.5 times higher on average. The research team also found no serious side effects from the treatment.
Analysis of fecal samples taken before and after the trial revealed that SIM01 increases gut microbial diversity and promotes the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, Ng said. Therefore, she says, it could be useful in treating other conditions that are associated with disruption of the gut microbiome, such as chronic fatigue syndrome.
However, it is unclear how these changes in the gut reduce the symptoms of long-term coronavirus infection. timothy sampson At Emory University in Georgia. “It makes sense that the microbiome has the ability to mediate immune responses, but… [immune system] What is actually at the root of [long covid] You get symptoms,” he says.
The peptide NQK-Q8 (light color), part of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that the virus uses to enter cells, bound to the groove of HLA-B*15:01 (orange color). This figure shows the crystal structure of HLA-B*15:01 in complex with the spike-derived peptide NQKLIANQF from the SARS-CoV-2 virus, published by Augusto et al., 2023 (Nature) (PDB Entry – 8ELH) It is based on.Credit: Andre Luis Lourenço
New study shows common genetic variations among people are involved in mediating SARS-CoV-2 Asymptomatic infection.
Have you ever wondered why some people don’t get sick? COVID-19 (new coronavirus infection)? Research recently published in journals Nature We show that common genetic variations among people are responsible for vectoring asymptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The results show that people with this mutation do not feel sick once infected. This exciting discovery was the result of a joint U.S.-Australian study led by Dr. Danilo Augusto, an assistant professor at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Dr. Jill Hollenbach, Professor, University of California, San Francisco. Stephanie Gras, a professor at La Trobe University in Australia.
The role of human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
The research focuses on a group of genes called human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). These HLA genes code for proteins that the immune system uses to identify healthy cells and distinguish them from cells infected with bacteria or viruses. The HLA system is important for the immune response, but varies widely between individuals. Because of the role of HLA in fighting infections, researchers are wondering whether there may be certain variants that make us more protected against or more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. I thought about it. virus.
Danilo Augusto, assistant professor of biological sciences at UNC Charlotte;
Research results and methodology
Hollenback led the data collection that began early in the pandemic. First, 29,947 unvaccinated people were screened using a mobile app specifically designed to track COVID-19 symptoms, and 1,428 people tested positive for the virus. reported.everyone has their own DNA It has been pre-sequenced for HLA gene analysis. Researchers found that people with the gene mutation HLA-B*15:01 were much more likely to remain asymptomatic after infection. Remarkably, this variant is present in approximately 10% of the population. In summary, those who had HLA-B*1501 in their genome could not avoid infection, but they were spared from getting sick.
Insights into the immune response
“We hypothesized that their immune systems would respond so quickly and strongly that the virus would be cleared before they could cause symptoms. It would be because they already know what to look for. It’s like having an army where you can tell by their uniforms that they’re bad guys,” Hollenback said.
HLA molecules present parts of the virus to immune effector cells for testing. The study used cells from individuals with HLA-B*15:01 who donated blood several years before the pandemic. The results showed that these people had memory T cells against specific particles of SARS-CoV-2. People who had never had any contact with SARS-CoV-2 had already been exposed to other viruses in some way and had developed an immune memory against particles from SARS-CoV-2.
Their immunological memory would elicit a much faster response and explain why those people remain asymptomatic. Still, it remained intriguing how they were able to develop immune memory against SARS-CoV-2 without ever being exposed to this virus.
cross-reactive immune response
“It is widely known that other types of coronaviruses have been causing seasonal colds for decades. We know that these people have been exposed to seasonal coronaviruses in the past and that somehow Alternatively, we hypothesized that people specifically carrying HLA-B*15:01 could rapidly kill cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 through a cross-reactive immune response. So even if the bad guys changed their uniforms, the military would be able to identify them by a tattoo on their boots or maybe an arm. That’s how our immunological memory works to keep us healthy. ” Augusto said.
After careful analysis of the genome sequences of all coronaviruses, this study found that this SARS-CoV-2 particle, recognized by HLA-B*15:01 in unexposed individuals, was It was shown to be very similar to particles. By presenting crystal structures and affinity assays, this study demonstrated that T cells from pre-pandemic individuals can discriminate between past coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 virus particles with equal efficiency. This means that these individuals have created immunological memory against previous coronaviruses, but because of the high similarity of this viral particle, memory T cells also recognize SARS-CoV-2 very quickly. can be killed.
Implications and future research
The results point to a mechanism for how individuals avoid illness caused by SARS-CoV-2, and the research group plans to continue learning about responses to the virus, which could lead to treatments for COVID-19. Your understanding of the law and vaccines will deepen.
For more information about this study, see “Uncovering the secrets of the COVID-19 ‘Super Dodgers’.” Reference: “Common alleles of” HLA Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection is Associated with .
Danilo G. Augusto, Lawton D. Murdlo, Demetra SM Chatzileontiadu, Joseph J. Sabatino Jr., and Tasneem Yousufari , Noah D. Peiser, Xochitl Butcher, Kelly Kaiser, Caroline Guthrie, Victoria by W. Murray, Vivian Pe, Sannidhi Sarvadavabatla, Fiona Beltran, Gurjot S. Gill, Carla L. Lynch, Cassandra Yun, Colin T. Maguire, Michael J. Peluso, Rebecca Ho, Timothy J. Henrik, Stephen G. Deeks, Michelle Davidson, Scott Lu, Sarah A. Goldberg, J. Daniel Kelly, Jeffrey N. Martin, Cynthia A. Vieira-Green, Stephen R. Spellman, David J. Langton, Michael J. Dewar-Aldiss, Corey Smith, Peter J. Bernard, Seulgi Lee, Gregory M. Marcus, Jeffrey M. E. Holguin, Mark J. Pletcher, Martin Myers, Stephanie Gras, Jill A. Hollenback, July 19, 2023, Nature.
This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful.
Strictly Necessary Cookies
Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings.
