Tag Archives: multiple

Just Kidding, Meatbag! Channel 4’s AI Presenter Delivers High Demands on Multiple Levels

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LTonight’s Dispatch was called “Will AI take my job?” The presence of a question mark usually suggests a negative answer, but this time it feels different. The lurking threat of AI taking over our roles is sobering to ponder.

The film claims that 8 million jobs in the UK are potentially at risk due to AI outsourcing. Occupations including call center agents, translators, and graphic designers—essentially everyone except for masseuses and scaffolders—may soon face redundancy from rapidly advancing technology, despite its dire environmental consequences. My lifespan may be limited, and it’s clear I’ll likely be replaced by a prompt from ChatGPT instructing, “Be histrionic and outraged about what’s on TV.” Grok can even generate a signature image of a comically smug egg to accompany it. Nobody surpasses this level of intelligence.

But why would anyone tune in to Dispatches knowing that AI could render us all obsolete? There wasn’t much to be enthusiastic about unless they were disturbingly motivated to bolster their darkest fears about humanity’s future. However, the film anticipated this sentiment and provided its own clever twist. The segment was introduced by a journalist named Aisha Gavan, who, shockingly, was AI-generated from the start.

Indeed, Channel 4 has fully embraced Tilly Norwood. Gavan was devoid of humanity; she was entirely a computer-generated entity. Yet, despite being mere pixels and code, her hosting was surprisingly convincing. Sure, she had an unfeeling gaze and struggled to articulate sibilant sounds correctly, but she appeared largely human and maintained the stilted pacing typical of TV documentaries. Quite the amusing situation! Who did you consider an authority? Not even a real person! Just kidding, flesh vessel.

The episode itself was fairly well-crafted, featuring four experts—a doctor, a lawyer, a musician, and a photographer—pitted against the capabilities of AI. The overall conclusion seemed to imply that while humans might be superior, AI excels in speed and cost-efficiency. Since greed drives every industry, we’re all in deep trouble.

Some of the technology discussed made sense, like a diagnostic tool capable of assessing a patient in half the time of a typical GP. This could potentially aid healthcare professionals already overloaded by systemic failures. But who really needs an AI photographer? The mission of AI is not to automate creativity but rather to alleviate mundane tasks in our lives. The emergence of AI photographers hints at a daunting future where we could be consigned to producing low-quality art endlessly spewed out by machines.

Ultimately, the spotlight was on Aisha Gavan, touted as Britain’s first AI TV presenter. Honestly, it felt like Channel 4 was trying to have both benefits and fun at once. Not only did they showcase their shiny new toy, but they also managed to lampoon the very technology that generated her. What a clever stunt!

It’s tough to view the film as anything but a stern warning for Channel 4’s other presenters. Hey Krishnan Guru Murthy, you’d better stop grumbling about office snacks or face replacement by an animated mannequin programmed to deliver scripts! Kevin MacLeod, no contract disputes, as a virtual avatar can perform your role without ever needing a break.

And let’s not forget the environmental implications involved. It would have been refreshing if Dispatch wrapped up with Gavan detailing the water consumption required to operate the data center that produced her, especially given Channel 4’s long-standing pledge to reach net zero.

In summary, it was a profoundly challenging watch on various levels. The situation will likely worsen as AI technology continues to advance at a staggering pace. Three years from now, while you’re foraging for bugs to nourish your family, you could have a ChatGPT providing you precise, bullet-point critiques of shows presented by AI-generated hosts. Yet, it was enjoyable while it lasted, wasn’t it?

Source: www.theguardian.com

U.S. Regulators Launch Investigation into Tesla’s Self-Driving System Following Multiple Crashes

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U.S. automotive safety authorities have initiated an investigation into Tesla vehicles equipped with fully autonomous driving technology due to traffic safety infractions following multiple accidents.

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) stated that the electric vehicle manufacturer’s automated driving assistance system, which necessitates driver attention and intervention when required, “caused vehicle actions that contravened traffic safety regulations.”


NHTSA’s preliminary evaluation marks the initial step that could lead to a vehicle recall if deemed a safety risk.

The agency reported incidents of 2.88-metre Teslas disobeying red lights and traveling against oncoming traffic while changing lanes while utilizing the system.

NHTSA indicated that there were six reports of Tesla vehicles in fully autonomous driving (FSD) mode “entering intersections on red, proceeding into intersections against red lights, and subsequently colliding with other vehicles within those intersections.”

The agency highlighted that at least one individual sustained injuries in four of the crashes. Tesla has not yet responded to Reuters’ request for comments.

NHTSA documented 18 complaints and a media report stating that Tesla vehicles operating in FSD mode “failed to adhere to red lights, did not come to a complete stop, or inadequately detected and displayed the appropriate signal conditions on the vehicle interface.”

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Some whistleblowers expressed that the FSD “failed to provide any alerts regarding the system’s operation when approaching a red light.”

Tesla’s FSD is more sophisticated than the Autopilot system and has been under NHTSA scrutiny for a year.

In October 2024, authorities initiated an investigation into 2.4 million Tesla vehicles equipped with FSD following four accidents under poor visibility conditions, such as sun glare, fog, or airborne dust. One incident in 2023 resulted in a fatality.

According to Tesla’s website, FSD is “designed for fully attentive drivers who maintain their hands on the wheel and are prepared to assume control at any moment. These features are meant to grow more capable over time, but the features currently enabled do not render the vehicle self-driving.”

Reuters contributed to this report

Source: www.theguardian.com

Paleontologists Reveal Multiple Instances of Marine Fish Migrating to Freshwater

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The fish supergroup earball, recognized for its superior hearing abilities, includes two-thirds of freshwater fish species. They were previously believed to have originated in freshwater prior to the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea. This suggests an almost 80 million-year span from their inception to the earliest known fossils. However, the discovery of Acronichthys MacCognoi—a newly identified freshwater ear fish species from the late Cretaceous period—challenges this assumption.

Reconstruction of the Weberian apparatus in Acronichthys MacCognoi. The central golden bone arises from the rib bones (indicated in grey) that connect the fish’s air bladder (left) to the inner ear (right). Image credit: University of California, Berkeley Ken Chronicle.

Underwater ears require a distinct anatomy compared to those that sense airborne sounds.

Many terrestrial vertebrates have evolved eardrum-like structures that vibrate in response to sound waves.

These eardrums amplify sounds, moving bone arrays, similar to the malleus, incus, and stapes found in human middle ears, which then stimulate the fluid-filled inner ear.

In contrast, sound waves travel through fish, which have a density similar to that of the surrounding water.

Consequently, fish have developed an air-filled bladder that vibrates in response to sound passing through it.

These vibrations are then transferred to the fish’s inner ear in a basic manner in most saltwater species.

However, specialized fish have developed bony structures known as “bones” between the air bladder and inner ear (a system called Weberian apparatus), enhancing the amplification and range of frequencies detectable by their ears. For instance, zebrafish can detect frequencies of up to 15,000 Hz, nearing the human limit of 20,000 Hz.

The reason for these fish’s need to hear high frequencies remains unclear, though it may relate to their existence in varied and complex environments, from swift currents to still lakes.

“reason Acronichthys Maccagnoi Professor Neil Banerjee, a researcher at Western University, noted:

“This represents the oldest known North American member of the group and offers invaluable data for documenting the origins and early evolution of numerous freshwater fish species existing today.”

Acronichthys Maccagnoi thrived in the late Cretaceous period roughly 67 million years ago.

The authors utilized microCT scans of 4 cm long fossils to investigate their Weber structure.

They also studied the genomes and morphology of contemporary fish to refine the evolutionary lineage of freshwater species and simulate frequency responses of the middle ear structures of fossil fish.

Their model indicates that even 67 million years ago, Otophysan fish may have possessed hearing sensitivity on par with today’s zebrafish.

“We were uncertain if this constituted a fully functional Weberian device, but the simulation proved effective,” stated Dr. Juan Liu, a paleontologist at the University of California, Berkeley.

“The Weberian apparatus suggests it’s less sensitive than that of zebrafish.”

“However, the peak sensitivity frequency is not as low as that of zebrafish (500-1,000 Hz). This is not an insignificant finding, and it’s conceivable that this ancient Otophysan fish achieved a higher hearing frequency.”

This discovery indicates that at least two transitions from marine to freshwater species occurred during the evolution of otolaryngology.

Researchers estimate the divergence times for ear plants migrating from ocean to freshwater habitats occurred around 154 million years ago (late Jurassic period), following the fragmentation of Pangaea around 200 million years ago.

“Dinosaurs are fascinating, attracting significant attention, which means we know a lot about them. However, there’s still much to uncover regarding the diversity of prehistoric freshwater fish.”

“Many keys to understanding the origins of the groups that currently dominate rivers and lakes worldwide can be found in Canadian fossil sites.”

A paper detailing these findings was published in the journal Science on October 2nd.

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Juan Liu et al. 2025. Marine origin and freshwater radiation of ENT. Science 390 (6768): 65-69; doi: 10.1126/science.adr4494

Source: www.sci.news

New Research Confirms Multiple Instances of Water Activity in Jezero Crater

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Minerals constitute the building blocks of rocks, and the specific minerals and their chemical compositions reveal significant insights into rock formation and history. On Mars, NASA’s dedicated rover, equipped with X-ray lithochemistry (PIXL) instruments, produces geochemical maps of rock surfaces. A recent study examined over 90,000 chemical analyses collected by PIXL during its first 1,100 days on Mars, revealing that the minerals in Jezero Crater interact with various types of liquids over time. result This will be published in Journal of Geophysics: Planets.

This image from NASA’s Mars reconnaissance orbiter showcases the Jezero Crater on Mars. Image credits: NASA/JPL-CALTECH/MSSS/JHU-APL.

In this research, Eleanor Moreland, a Rice University graduate student, along with her team, utilized mineral identification through stoichiometry (MIST) algorithms to analyze PIXL data.

PIXL determines the chemical composition by bombarding Martian rocks with X-rays, yielding the most comprehensive geochemical measurements ever obtained from another planet.

“The minerals identified in Jezero Crater through MIST indicate that these volcanic rocks interacted with liquid water multiple times throughout Mars’ history, suggesting the potential for habitable conditions,” Moreland stated.

Minerals form under specific environmental conditions, such as temperature, pH, and the chemical composition of fluids, making them reliable narrators of planetary history.

Within Jezero Crater, 24 mineral species illustrate the volcanic characteristics of the Martian surface and their interactions with water over time.

Water chemically alters rocks, producing salt or clay minerals, with the specific minerals formed depending on environmental variables.

The minerals discovered in the crater showcase three different types of liquid interactions, each indicating distinct possibilities for habitability.

The first mineral suite, featuring green arilite, hizingerite, and ferroaluminoceradonite, shows localized high-temperature acidic fluids present only in crater bedrock, interpreted as among the oldest rocks studied.

The water involved in this scenario is regarded as the most conducive to life, given that research on Earth suggests high temperatures and low pH can harm biological structures.

“These hot, acidic conditions present the toughest challenges to life,” commented Kirsten Siebach, a researcher at Rice University.

“However, on Earth, life can thrive in extreme environments such as the acidic waters of Yellowstone, so this doesn’t negate the possibility of habitability.”

The second mineral suite favors more hospitable conditions and indicates a medium neutral fluid present over larger areas.

Minerals like Minnesotaite and Clinoptilolite were detected on both the crater floor and fan area, forming at lower temperatures with neutral pH, while Clinoptilolite was restricted to the crater floor.

Lastly, the third category represents a cold alkaline liquid, considered highly habitable from a modern Earth perspective.

Sepiolite, a common mineral change on Earth, was found to form under moderate temperature and alkaline conditions, widely distributed across all units explored by the rover.

The presence of sepiolite in all these units indicates multiple episodes of liquid water contributing to habitable conditions in Jezero Crater.

“These minerals demonstrate that Jezero Crater has undergone a transition from harsher, hotter, acidic liquid conditions to more neutral and alkaline environments over time.

Given that Mars samples cannot be prepared or scanned as accurately as Earth samples, the team developed an uncertainty propagation model to enhance the findings.

Using a statistical approach, MIST repeatedly assessed mineral identification while considering potential errors, analogous to how meteorologists predict hurricane paths by utilizing numerous models.

“Error analysis enables us to assign confidence levels to all mineral identifications,” Moreland remarked.

“MIST assists not just with the scientific and decision-making processes of Mars 2020, but also establishes a mineralogical archive of Jezero Crater, which will be invaluable if samples are returned to Earth.”

The findings affirm that Jezero Crater, once home to an ancient lake, has experienced a complex, dynamic aqueous history.

Each new mineral discovery brings us closer to determining whether Mars has ever supported life, while also refining strategies for sample collection and return.

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Eleanor L. Moreland et al. 2025. Multiple episodes of fluid changes in Jezero Crater indicated by the identification of MIST minerals in PIXL XRF data from the first 1100 SOL of the Mars 2020 mission. Journal of Geophysics: Planets 130 (9): e2024je008797; doi: 10.1029/2024je008797

Source: www.sci.news

Pro-Russian Hackers Claim Responsibility for Attacks on Multiple UK Websites

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A hacking group supportive of Russia has announced that they targeted various UK websites during a three-day campaign, which included local councils and the Police and Crime Commissioners’ Association.

Through a series of posts on social media, the group, known as NonMaMe057 (16), claimed many sites were temporarily inaccessible, although reports indicate that the attack was not entirely successful.

The hackers attempted to overwhelm several websites with traffic in a type of attack known as a distributed denial of service (DDoS). They stated on platform X: “Ukraine disputes, and we are cutting that resource.”

Despite the group’s claims of success, Blackburn with Darwen and Exeter councils reported that their websites remained unaffected.

Many other targeted organizations, such as the Police and Crime Commissioners’ Association, Harwich International Port, and Cardiff City Council, were unable to comment on the situation.

Officials mentioned that if a website experienced temporary unavailability due to sudden traffic surges, it would typically be operational again within hours.

A spokesperson for Arun District Council commented, “On Tuesday morning, from around 7:15 am, our website was fully operational by 11:30 am. We are aware of the claims made on X and are continuing to investigate.”

National Highways also encountered a DDoS attack but stated that their website would soon return to normal functionality.

This incident mirrors an attempt to disrupt multiple council websites last October. While resident data was not compromised, the websites were briefly disabled due to overwhelming traffic.

The National Cyber Security Center (NCSC) noted at that time that they “provided guidance” to the affected local authorities. “Although DDoS attacks tend to be less sophisticated and impactful, they can cause significant disruption by blocking legitimate users from accessing online services,” they added.

Since its inception in 2022, NONAME057 (16) has employed such tactics to disrupt the functioning of various Ukrainian, European, and American governmental entities and media outlets. In January 2023, they targeted the website of a Czech presidential candidate, marking their first political attack.

A survey by cybersecurity firm Bridewell last summer revealed that 63% of government sector companies experienced ransomware attacks over the past year. The National Audit Office cautioned in January that “cyber threats to the UK government will pose serious risks and evolve rapidly.”

Recently, the NCSC was compelled to issue new guidance on retailer cyber attack vulnerabilities, which appeared to originate from criminals targeting help desks. This included attacks on well-known retailers such as Marks & Spencer, the Co-op, and Harrods.

Criminals focused on these help desks to alter passwords and reset authentication processes in order to gain access to systems.

Regarding the attacks on retailers, the NCSC stated, “We are not in a position to determine whether this is connected, whether it represents a coordinated campaign by a single actor, or if there is no connection at all.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

Research: Multiple Pterosaur Groups Became Global 160 Million Years Ago

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Pterosaurs often glide above dinosaurs, but recent analysis of fossilized footprints indicates that some of these flying reptiles were equally adept at traversing the ground.

Terrestrial migration and tracking morphology of vegetative eye type skeletal morphology: (a) Reconstruction of the ctenochasmatoid orbit Ctenochasma elegans walking with ipsilateral gait, where the fore and hind legs on the same side of the body move together. (b) Manual and pedal morphology of Ctenochasma elegans; PES is plant and pentadactyl, while Manus is digital grade, functionally triductyl as the large fourth digit supporting the outer wing is folded during terrestrial movement. (c) Height map of pterosaur manus and PES footprints in the holotype of Ichnotaxon Pteraichnus stokesi that matches Ctenochasma elegans; (d) height maps from the Pterosaur trackway; Pteraichnus ISP. From the Upper Jurassic Casal Formation of Claysac, France. An outline drawing of (e) interpretation Pteraichnus ISP. Scale bar – 20 mm in (c), 200 mm in (d) and (e). Image credit: Smith et al., doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.04.017.

“We have been diligently working to enhance our understanding of their lives,” stated Robert Smith, a doctoral researcher at the University of Leicester.

“These footprints offer insights into their habitat, movement, behaviors, and activities in ecosystems long gone.”

In this study, Smith and colleagues uncovered three distinct types of pterosaur footprints, each elucidating various lifestyles and behaviors.

Tying these footprints to specific groups presents a valuable new avenue for exploring how these flying reptiles lived, migrated, and adapted over time across different ecosystems.

“At last, 88 years after the initial discovery of Pterosaur tracks, we understand precisely who made them and the methods employed,” remarked Dr. David Unwin, Ph.D., from Leicester.

The most striking finding emerged from a group of pterosaurs known as Neoazdalci. Quetzalcoatlus, one of the largest flying creatures, boasts a wingspan of 10 meters.

Their footprints have been found in both coastal and inland regions worldwide, supporting the notion that these tall creatures not only ruled the skies but also cohabited the same environments as many dinosaur species.

Some of these tracks date back to an asteroid impact event 66 million years ago, alongside the extinction of both pterosaurs and dinosaurs.

Ctenochasmatoids, recognized for their elongated jaws and needle-like teeth, predominantly left tracks in coastal sediments.

These animals likely traversed muddy shores or shallow lagoons, employing specialized feeding techniques to capture small fish and floating prey.

The prevalence of these tracks indicates that these coastal pterosaurs were far more common in these habitats than the infrequent fossil remains suggest.

Another type of footprint was unearthed in rock formations, alongside the fossilized skeleton of the same pterosaur.

The close correlation between footprints and skeletons provides compelling evidence for identifying the print makers.

Known as Dsungaripterids, these pterosaurs featured robust limbs and jaws; the tips of their curved, toothless beaks were designed for grasping prey, while the large, rounded teeth at the rear of the jaw were ideal for crushing shellfish and other resilient foods.

“Footprints are frequently overlooked in Pterosaur studies, yet they yield a wealth of information regarding their behavior, interactions, and environmental relationships,” stated Smyth.

“A comprehensive analysis of the footprints enables us to uncover biological and ecological insights that cannot be obtained elsewhere.”

The team’s paper is published in the journal Current Biology.

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Robert S. Smith et al. Identifying Pterosaur track makers provides important insights into Mesozoic ground invasions. Current Biology Published online May 1, 2025. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.04.017

Source: www.sci.news

Research: Multiple Groups of Pterosaurs Became Global 160 Million Years Ago

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Pterosaurs often glide above dinosaurs, but recent examinations of fossilized footprints reveal that some of these flying reptiles were equally adept at terrestrial movement.

Terrestrial migration and tracking morphology of vegetative eye type skeletal morphology: (a) Reconstruction of the ctenochasmatoid orbit Ctenochasma elegans walking with an ipsilateral gait, where the fore and hind legs on the same side move together as a pair. (b) Manual and pedal morphology of Ctenochasma elegans; PES is plant and pentadactyl, while Manus is digital grade, functionally triductyl as the large fourth digit supporting the outer wing is folded during terrestrial movement. (c) Height map of pterosaur manus and PES footprints in the holotype of Ichnotaxon Pteraichnus stokesi, showing a form that matches Ctenochasma elegans; (d) height maps from part of the Pterosaur trackway; Pteraichnus ISP. From the Upper Jurassic Casal Formation of Claysac, France. An outline drawing of (e) interpretation of Pteraichnus ISP. Scale bar – 20 mm in (c), 200 mm in (d) and (e). Image credit: Smith et al, doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.04.017.

“We have been diligently working to enhance our understanding of these creatures,” stated Robert Smith, a doctoral researcher at the University of Leicester.

“These findings provide insights into their habitats, movement patterns, and daily activities in ecosystems long since vanished.”

In this research, Smith and his team identified three distinct types of pterosaur footprints, each offering insights into various lifestyles and behaviors.

By correlating footprints with specific groups, a robust new method emerges to study how these flying reptiles thrived, migrated, and adapted to diverse ecosystems over time.

“Finally, 88 years after the initial discovery of Pterosaur tracks, we have pinpointed precisely who created them and how,” remarked Dr. David Unwin, Ph.D., from Leicester.

Perhaps the most striking revelation comes from a group of pterosaurs known as Neoazdalci. Quetzalcoatlus, one of the largest flying creatures, boasts a wingspan of 10 meters.

Their footprints have been found in both coastal and inland areas worldwide, supporting the theory that these long-legged animals not only soared through the skies, but also inhabited the same environments as numerous dinosaur species.

Some of these tracks date back to an asteroid impact event 66 million years ago, coinciding with the extinction of both pterosaurs and dinosaurs.

Ctenochasmatoids, recognized for their elongated jaws and needle-like teeth, left footprints primarily found in coastal sediments.

These animals likely walked along muddy shores or shallow lagoons, employing unique feeding strategies to capture small fish and floating prey.

The prevalence of these tracks suggests that these coastal pterosaurs were far more common in these habitats than than the rare fossilized remains.

Another type of footprint was located in rock formations, where fossilized remains of the same pterosaur were also found.

The close association between footprints and skeletons offers compelling evidence for identifying the track makers.

These pterosaurs, known as Dsungaripterids, possessed robust limbs and jaws; their toothless, curved beaks were adept at securing prey, while their large, rounded teeth were ideal for crushing shellfish and other resilient foods.

“Footprints are often overlooked in Pterosaur studies, yet they yield a wealth of information about the behaviors and interactions of these creatures with their environment,” emphasized Smyth.

“A detailed analysis of these footprints allows us to uncover biological and ecological insights that other methods may not provide.”

The team’s paper was published in the journal Current Biology.

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Robert S. Smith et al. Identifying Pterosaur track makers provides crucial insights into Mesozoic terrestrial invasions. Current Biology, published online on May 1, 2025. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.04.017

Source: www.sci.news

Tools used by multiple species of wasps

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Although diverse animal sequences have evolved the ability to use tools (primates, parrots, octopus, crabs, hornets, etc.), the factors leading to evolutionary use that lead to tools are less understood. Fish can provide insight into these factors by comparing differences between tool-used and non-used species. The use of anvils is an example of the use of tools by fish. The fish holds the densely packed prey in its mouth, attacking it on an anvil to open it. Through the community science programmes we call Using fish toolsMarine biologists have collected 16 new observations of five anvil use in a group of WRASSES (colorful coral reef fish) called the New World Harikoeles. These new observations provide the first evidence of the use of ANVIL Halichoeres brasiliensis, Halichoeres poeyi and Halicoeres radiatusand first video evidence of anvil use Halichoeres Garnotti and Halichoeres bivittatus.

Tool-used genus within the family Labridae. Image credit: Taliel Adam et al. , doi: 10.1007/s00338-025-02633-w.

The use of tools was once considered human characteristics and a fundamental role in human evolution.

Evidence suggests that the use of tools is widespread among animals.

Animals use tools when using external objects to accomplish a particular task.

The tool allows animals to accomplish tasks and do them easier. The use of tools appears to be extremely beneficial for animals, and raises the question of why all animals do not use the tools.

Previous research into the evolution of tool use has been limited by morphology and ecology, which contrasts with the difficulty of finding closely related populations or species of varying degrees of use of tools.

Although it has not been well studied, the use of tools in fish may be an exception. Fish are the most distinctive vertebrate groups with high ecological and morphological diversity, even among closely related species.

The use of anvils is an example of tool use in fish. With anvil, the fish (i) grabs hard shell prey, such as sea urchins and bivalves, in their mouths, (ii) swims on hard surfaces such as rocks and coral heads, and (iii) opens the fierce surface quickly and repeatedly.

The use of anvils is described in 26 fish species, and all WRASSEs belonging to the family Labridae.

“The use of tools is usually related to humans, but this behavior proves that fish are far more clever than trust,” says Dr. Juliet Taliel Adam, a researcher at Macquarie University.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Videoiseries

Through the use of fish tools in the Citizen Science Initiative, Dr. Taliel Adam and her colleagues gathered 16 new observations in five species. Harikoeles WRASSES.

The findings present the first evidence of three anvil use and two other two video evidence, extending the known anvil use range into the Western Atlantic.

“With these newly discovered tool-used species, it becomes clear that many species of Huaras use tools they didn’t know before,” Dr. Taliel Adam said.

“This study adds to the study of fish intelligence,” added Callum Brown, a senior author at Macquarie University.

“They demonstrate the use of flexible and dexterous tools and are expanding their understanding of the evolution of tool use in the animal kingdom.”

Team’s result It will be displayed in the journal Coral reef.

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J. Taliel Adam et al. Using tools by the New World Harikoeles WRASSES. Coral reefPublished online on March 26th, 2025. doi:10.1007/s00338-025-02633-w

Source: www.sci.news

A nearby supernova explosion could have triggered multiple mass extinctions on Earth

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New research from Keele University and Universidad de Alicante shows that near Earth explosion Giant O and B type stars It occurs at a rate of 2.5 per billion years. This result supports the view that such an event may have caused one or more of the mass extinction events recorded on Earth.

Among the puppies in the constellation, I have the impression of the artist Zeta Puppis, an O-shaped star about 1,400 light years away. Image credit: Tahina Ramiaramanantsoa.

Astronomers at Kiel and Alicante University believe that the explosion of supernova near Earth could condemn both the late Devonian and Ordovician extinction events that occurred 372 and 445 million years ago, respectively.

Ordovician extinction killed 60% of marine invertebrates when life was largely confined to the ocean, and the late Devonian wiped out about 70% of all species, leading to a major change in the species of fish present in ancient seas and lakes.

Previous studies have not been able to identify a clear cause of either event, but are thought to be related to Earth's ozone layer depletion, which may have been caused by supernova.

A new study found that the velocity supernova that occurs near our planet coincides with the timing of both mass extinctions.

“Supernova explosions bring heavy chemical elements to interstellar media, which are used to form new stars and planets,” said Dr. Alexis Quintana, PhD from Kiel University, the lead author of the study.

“However, if planets, including Earth, are too close to events of this type, this can have devastating effects.”

“Supernova explosions are some of the most energetic explosions in the universe,” said Dr. Nick Wright, PhD from Keel University.

“If a large star explodes as a supernova close to Earth, the results will be devastating for life on Earth. This study suggests that this may already be happening.”

An artist impression of HR 6819, a close binary consisting of deleted B-shaped stars (background) and rapidly rotating BE stars (foreground). Image credit: ESO/L. Calsada.

Astronomers came to their conclusion after conducting a large-scale census of OB stars in the sun of Kiloparscheck (approximately 3,260 light years).

They studied the distribution of these stars to learn more about how clusters of stars and galaxies form using themselves as benchmarks, and the rate at which these stars form in our galaxies.

The census allowed researchers to calculate the rate at which supernovas occur within galaxies, which are important for supernova observations, and the rates that are important for the production of large-scale star rests, such as black holes and neutron stars throughout the universe.

Data will also help in the future development of gravitational wave detectors, a useful tool for scientists studying the structure and origin of the universe.

As part of this, the researchers calculated the supernova rate within the 20 parsecs (65 light years) of the Sun and compared this to the approximate velocity rate of mass extinction events on Earth that were previously attributed to nearby supernovas.

This exclusion events linked to other factors such as asteroid impacts and ice ages.

Comparing these datasets, experts found that their studies support the theory that supernova explosions are responsible for both the late Devonian and Ordovician extinction events.

“We calculated the supernova rate close to Earth, and we found that it coincides with the speed of mass extinction events on our planet, which are related to external forces such as supernova,” Dr. Wright said.

Astronomers believe it occurs in galaxies like the Milky Way at about one or two supernovas, or even lower speeds, but the good news is that there are only two nearby stars that can reach the supernova within the next million years or so.

“But both of these are over 500 light years from the US, and computer simulations have previously suggested that supernovaes at distance from Earth are likely to not affect our planet,” the author said.

Their study It will be published in Monthly Notices from the Royal Astronomical Society.

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Alexis L. Quintana et al. 2025. Census of AB stars within 1 kpc and collapse rate of star formation and core collapse Supernova rate. mnrasin press; arxiv: 2503.08286v1

Source: www.sci.news

Video Game Development for Football Manager 25 Cancelled due to Multiple Delays

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The developer of soccer management games has decided to cancel the release of the 2025 game due to multiple delays.

Sports Interactive (SI) has confirmed that FM25 has been scrapped, and they will focus on upcoming games, typically released in November. SI, a subsidiary of Sega, issued an apology to fans for the “hard decision” to cancel the game due to technical difficulties.

“I know this is extremely disappointing, especially with the game’s release date being delayed twice already,” the statement read.

The developers had intended to introduce “significant technical and visual improvements to the series for years,” but found it unattainable.

They explained: “While many aspects of the game met our expectations, the overall player experience and interface fell short. Releasing FM25 in its current state would have been below our standards. We could have fixed issues, but that wouldn’t have been fair. Additionally, expecting players to purchase another game later in the year is unrealistic due to the timing of the football season, so we chose not to exceed the March release date.”

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SI also confirmed that they will not update the 2024 game with 2025 team and roster information, but will provide full refunds to fans who pre-ordered FM25.

Source: www.theguardian.com

How have saber-toothed animals evolved multiple times?

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saber-toothed tiger skull (Smilodon)

steve morton

Predators have evolved saber teeth many times throughout the history of life. And now we have a better understanding of why these teeth develop the way they do.

Saber teeth have very special characteristics. Very long, sharp canine teeth that tend to be slightly flat and curved rather than round. Such teeth have evolved independently at least five times in different groups of mammals, and fossils of saber-toothed tiger predators have been found in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia.

These teeth were first known to appear in mammal-like reptiles called gorgonopsians about 270 million years ago. Another example is Thylacosmiluswhich became extinct about 2.5 million years ago and was most closely related to marsupials. Saber teeth were last seen Smilodonoften referred to as the saber-toothed tiger, existed until about 10,000 years ago.

To find out why these teeth continued to re-evolve, Talia Pollock and colleagues from the University of Bristol, UK, examined the canine teeth of 95 species of carnivorous mammals, including 25 species of saberodonts.

First, the researchers measured, classified, and modeled the shape of the teeth. They then 3D printed a smaller version of each tooth in metal and tested its performance in a puncture test in which the teeth were mechanically pushed into a gelatin block designed to mimic the density of animal tissue.

This showed that the saber teeth could drill into the block with up to 50% less force than the other teeth, Pollock said.

The researchers then evaluated the tooth shape and puncture performance data using a measure called the Pareto rank ratio. This determines how optimal the tooth is in terms of strength or puncture.

“Carnivores’ teeth need to be sharp and thin enough to pierce the flesh of their prey, but they also need to be blunt and strong so they don’t break when the animal bites,” Pollock says.

i like animals Smilodon It had very long saber teeth. “These teeth probably appeared over and over again because they’re the perfect design for puncture,” Pollock says. “They’re very good at drilling holes, but that also means they’re a little more fragile.” For example, California’s La Brea tar pits have Smilodonsome broken tooth.

Other saberodonts also had teeth shaped ideally for slightly different tasks. cat Dino Feliz According to Pollock, they had squatter saber teeth for a more even balance of sting and strength.

The teeth of other saber-toothed species fall between these optimal shapes, which may be why some saber-toothed teeth did not last very long. “These are trade-offs,” Pollock said. “Aspects of the shape of your teeth make you good at some things and bad at others.”

One of the leading theories as to why the saber-toothed tiger species went extinct is that the ecosystem changed and the large prey that the saber-toothed species, such as mammoths, were thought to have gone after disappeared.

The team’s blowout findings support this. Giant teeth would not have been as effective in catching prey as large as rabbits, and the risk of tooth breakage here may have increased, making saber-tooths more effective prey. would have been defeated by someone. Pollock says it’s difficult to hunt prey like cats with small teeth.

“As ecological and environmental conditions changed, highly specialized saber-toothed tiger predators quickly became unable to adapt and went extinct.” Stefan Lautenschlager At the University of Birmingham, UK.

“I think that’s part of the reason why this saber-toothed form hasn’t evolved again now. We don’t have megafauna,” he says. Julie Michen At Des Moines University, Iowa. “The prey isn’t there.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Study finds evidence of multiple instances of Denisovan populations interbreeding with modern humans

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The identification of a new human group called the Denisovans has been one of the most exciting discoveries in human evolution over the past decade. Unlike Neanderthal remains, the Denisovan fossil record consists of only a few skeletal fragments. Several Denisovan populations, which likely had vast geographic ranges, adapted to different environments and through multiple different interbreeding events that helped shape early human history, according to a new study. I passed on some of my genes.

Portrait of a young Denisovan woman based on a skeletal profile reconstructed from ancient DNA methylation maps. Image credit: Maayan Harel.

Denisovans are an extinct hominin group first identified through genome sequences determined from finger bone fragments found in the Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains of southern Siberia.

“This was one of the most exciting discoveries in human evolution in the past decade,” said Dr Linda Ongaro, a researcher at Trinity College Dublin.

Subsequent genome analysis showed that Denisovans diverged from Neanderthals 400,000 years ago, and that at least two distinct Denisovan populations intermingled with the ancestors of modern Asians.

The only physical remains of Denisovans discovered so far are a finger bone fragment, three teeth, and a skull fragment from the Denisovan Cave. Jaw bones and rib bones from Baisiya Karst Cave on the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau.

“It's a common misconception that humans evolved suddenly and cleanly from one common ancestor, but the more we learn, the more we realize that interbreeding with different hominins occurred and helped shape the humans we know today. ” said Dr. Ongaro.

“Unlike Neanderthal remains, the Denisovan fossil record consists only of finger bones, jaw bones, teeth, and skull fragments.”

“However, by exploiting the remaining Denisovan parts of modern humans' genomes, scientists have found evidence of at least three past events in which genes from different Denisovan populations invaded modern humans' genetic characteristics. I discovered.”

Each of these shows different levels of relatedness to the sequenced Altai Denisovans, illustrating the complex relationships between these sister lineages.

Dr. Ongaro and his colleague Professor Emilia Huerta Sánchez of Trinity College Dublin and Brown University, in their new paper, have a wide geographical range, from Siberia to Southeast Asia, and from Oceania to the south. We have reviewed evidence pointing to several likely Denisovan populations. America has adapted to a unique environment.

They also outlined a number of genes of Denisovan origin that conferred advantages to modern humans in different environments.

“Among these are genetic loci that confer tolerance to hypoxia or hypoxic conditions, which makes a lot of sense because we see it in the Tibetan population. Multiple genes that increase immunity. Another “Influences lipid metabolism and provides heat when stimulated by cold, providing benefits to Arctic Inuit populations,” Dr. Ongaro said.

“There are many directions for future research that will help us more fully understand how Denisovans influenced modern humans, including uncovering currently hidden traces of Denisovan ancestry. This includes more detailed genetic analyzes in understudied populations that have the potential to

“Additionally, by integrating more genetic data with archaeological information, finding more Denisovan fossils will certainly fill in some more gaps.”

of paper Published in a magazine natural genetics.

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L. Ongaro & E. Huerta-Sánchez. History of multiple Denisovan introgressions in modern humans. Nat Genetpublished on November 5, 2024. doi: 10.1038/s41588-024-01960-y

Source: www.sci.news

Regulators discover that SpaceX has contaminated water in Texas multiple times

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summary

  • Texas environmental officials notified the company last week that Elon Musk’s SpaceX had discharged pollutants into or near Texas waters, violating environmental regulations.
  • The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality report came five months after the Environmental Protection Agency notified SpaceX that it had violated the Clean Water Act.
  • The breach could threaten SpaceX’s ambitions to increase StartShip launches from its StarBase facility.

Elon Musk’s SpaceX has repeatedly discharged pollutants into or near Texas waters, violating environmental regulations, state officials said in a notice of violation that focused on the water discharge system at the company’s StarBase launch facility.

The notice from the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) last week came five months after the Environmental Protection Agency’s Region 6, which oversees Texas and surrounding states, also notified SpaceX that it was violating the Clean Water Act through similar activities.

The notice and related investigative records obtained by CNBC have not been previously reported.

TCEQ said its office in the South Texas city of Harlingen, near Boca Chica Starbase, received a complaint on Aug. 6, 2023, alleging that SpaceX was “discharging floodwaters without TCEQ authorization.”

“The Harlingen area received a total of 14 complaints alleging environmental impacts from the facility’s water discharge system,” regulators said in a written statement.

Aerospace companies, including SpaceX, generally comply with state and federal laws. Federal Aviation Administration SpaceX had been seeking permission to conduct up to 25 launches and landings per year of its Starship spacecraft and Super Heavy rocket at the Boca Chica facility. The notice of violation could delay those approvals and lead to civil fines, further investigations and criminal charges against SpaceX.

in Long post about XAfter this article was published, SpaceX said regulators told it it could continue launch operations despite the violation notice.

“Through ongoing coordination with TCEQ and EPA, we have specifically asked whether we should cease operations of the Deluge system and have been informed that operations can continue,” SpaceX wrote to EPA.

Neither regulator responded to CNBC’s questions about SpaceX’s statements.

SpaceX’s Starship in Brownsville, Texas on June 5.
Brandon Bell/Getty Images file

Rushing to rebuild

On July 25, 2024, TCEQ environmental investigators “conducted an internal compliance records review” to determine SpaceX’s compliance with wastewater regulations. The investigation found that SpaceX had discharged industrial wastewater without a permit four times between March and July of this year.

A water system with flame deflectors would dissipate heat, sound and energy generated during orbital test flights and rocket launches, but SpaceX didn’t have one installed at its Boca Chica launch pad before it began test flights of Starship, the biggest rocket ever made.

The FAA did not give a reason for the delay and said a new date would be announced in the future.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Multiple nations implement baffling export restrictions on quantum computers

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Exports of quantum computers are restricted in many countries

Saigh Anys/Shutterstock

As a result of secret international negotiations, governments around the world have imposed identical export controls on quantum computers while refusing to disclose the scientific rationale behind the controls. Although quantum computers could theoretically threaten national security by breaking encryption technology, even the most advanced quantum computers currently publicly available are too small and error-prone to achieve this, making the bans seem pointless.

The UK: Quantum computers with more than 34 quantum bits (qubits) and error rates below a certain threshold. The intention seems to be to limit machines with certain capabilities, but the UK government has not stated this explicitly. New Scientist A Freedom of Information request seeking the basis for these figures was denied on national security grounds.

France has also imposed similar export controls. Quantum Bits The numbers and error rates are also improving, as are Spain and the Netherlands. Having the same limits across European countries might suggest EU regulation, but this is not the case. A spokesperson for the European Commission said: New Scientist EU member states are free to adopt national, rather than bloc-wide, measures when it comes to export controls. “The recent quantum computer restrictions by Spain and France are an example of such national measures,” they said. They declined to explain why the figures for the EU's various export bans are completely consistent if these decisions were taken independently.

A spokesman for the French Embassy in London said: New Scientist The limits were set at a level “likely to indicate a cyber risk,” they said. They noted that the regulations are the same in France, the UK, the Netherlands and Spain because of “multilateral negotiations that took place over several years under the Wassenaar Arrangement.”

“The limits chosen are based on scientific analysis of the performance of quantum computers,” the spokesperson said. New ScientistBut when asked for clarification about who carried out the analysis and whether its findings would be made public, a spokesman declined to comment further.

of Wassenaar Agreement The system, which is followed by 42 participating countries including EU member states, the UK, the US, Canada, Russia, Australia, New Zealand and Switzerland, controls the export of items with potential military applications, known as dual-use technologies. The export ban on quantum computers also includes similar language regarding 34 qubits..

New Scientist We wrote to dozens of Wassenaar member states asking whether there was quantum-computer-level research that posed a risk to export, whether it had been made public, and who had conducted it. Only a few countries responded.

“We closely monitor other countries as they introduce national restrictions on certain technologies,” a spokesperson for the Swiss Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs, Education and Research said, “but in specific cases it is already possible to block the export of such technologies using existing mechanisms.”

“We are closely following the Wassenaar discussions on the exact technical control parameters for quantum.” Milan Godin, Belgian Advisor to the EU Working Party on Dual-Use Goods, Belgium. China does not appear to have implemented its own export controls yet, but Godin said quantum computers are a dual-use technology. It has the potential to crack commercial or government codes, and its speed could ultimately enable militaries to plan faster and better, including for nuclear missile attacks.

A spokesperson for Germany's Federal Office for Economics and Export Control confirmed that the export restrictions on quantum computers are the result of negotiations under the Wassenaar Agreement, but Germany does not appear to have implemented any restrictions. “The negotiations are confidential and unfortunately we cannot provide any details or information about the considerations of the restrictions,” the spokesperson said.

Christopher MonroeThe co-founder of quantum computing company IonQ said industry participants have been aware of similar bans and are discussing their criteria, but he doesn't know where they come from.

“I don't know who decided the logic behind these numbers,” he says, but it may have something to do with the threshold for simulating a quantum computer with a regular computer. This gets exponentially harder as the number of qubits increases, so Monroe thinks the rationale behind the ban may be to limit quantum computers that are too advanced to simulate, even though such devices have no practical use.

“It would be a mistake to think that just because we can't simulate the behavior of a quantum computer doesn't mean it's useful, and severely restricting research into advances in this grey area would certainly stifle innovation,” he says.

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  • Quantum Computing

Source: www.newscientist.com

Boeing spacecraft faces multiple delays in NASA astronauts’ return

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The test flight of Starliner to the International Space Station is aimed at showcasing the spacecraft’s capability to safely transport astronauts to low Earth orbit and assess its various systems in space.

The launch of the capsule was delayed numerous times before finally taking off on June 5, several years behind schedule and significantly over budget.

According to NASA officials, the return date for the astronauts has not yet been determined, but they could potentially return after a spacewalk scheduled for July 2 from the International Space Station.

Officials mentioned that there is no urgency to depart as the space station has adequate supplies to accommodate the visitors. NASA will thoroughly investigate before approving the undocking of the capsule.

Wilmore and Williams are currently residing on the ISS alongside seven other crew members: NASA astronauts Michael Barratt, Matt Dominic, Tracy Dyson, and Janet Epps, as well as Russian cosmonauts Nikolai Chub, Alexander Grebenkhin, and Oleg Kononenko.

During their prolonged stay in space, Wilmore and Williams will assist in the operations of the space station and conduct various tests as part of the certification process for Starliner by NASA.

“Crew feedback has been extremely positive, and they recognize that all the insights gained during crew flight testing will enhance and refine the experience for future crew members,” stated Mark Nappi, vice president and program manager for Boeing’s Starliner program.

Ultimately, Boeing aims to provide scheduled flights to and from the space station for NASA, akin to the commercial services offered by SpaceX with its Crew Dragon spacecraft since 2020.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Astronomers find parallel jets and disks around nearby multiple star system

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Astronomers Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) Mid-infrared measuring instrument (mm) NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope A twin disk and parallel jets were discovered in the young star system WL20.

Barsoni othersTwin disks and jets erupting from a pair of young stars in WL20. Image credit: NSF / NRAO / B. Saxton / NASA / JPL-Caltech / Harvard-Smithsonian CfA.

WL20 It is located in the Rho Ophiuchus Molecular Cloud Complex, more than 400 light years from Earth.

“What we found was absolutely surprising,” said Dr Mary Barthony, lead author of the study.

“We've known about the WL20 system for some time, but what caught our attention was that one of the stars in the system appeared to be much younger than the others.”

“Using MIRI and ALMA together, we were able to see that this one star is actually two stars next to each other.”

“Each of these stars was surrounded by a disk, and each disk emitted a jet parallel to the others.”

ALMA and Webb's MIRI observe very different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Used together, they allowed astronomers to discover these hidden twins in the stellar system's radio and infrared wavelengths: ALMA found the disk, and MIRI found the jet.

They analyzed archived ALMA data to reveal the composition of the disk, and MIRI data to reveal the chemical composition of the jet.

They also analyzed high-resolution images, revealing the size of the massive disk – about 100 times the distance between Earth and the Sun.

“Without MIRI we would never have known these jets even existed, which is amazing,” Dr Barthony said.

“ALMA's high-resolution observations of the disks surrounding the two newly observed stars reveal the structure of the disks.”

“Someone looking at this ALMA data and not knowing there are twin jets would think it's a big edge-on disk with a hole in the middle, rather than two edge-on disks and two jets. That's pretty remarkable.”

Combining multi-wavelength data from ALMA and Webb revealed the complex processes involved in the formation of several stellar systems.

“We plan to take advantage of ALMA's future upgrades, such as the broadband sensitivity upgrade, to continue unlocking the mysteries surrounding the birth of stars and planetary systems,” the researchers said.

They are, result in 244th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society In Madison, Wisconsin.

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Mary Barthony others2024. Twin jets and twin discs: JWST MIRI and ALMA discoveries in the young WL20 multiple star system. 224 AustraliaAbstract #253

Source: www.sci.news

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster employs multiple senses to detect surrounding scents.

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Animals have various ways to detect chemicals in their environment, which differ depending on the species. Mammals use their tongues to taste, while fish and other aquatic creatures use their skin to taste. Insects, on the other hand, have taste buds not only inside their mouths but also outside their bodies.

Researchers have discovered that fruit flies, scientifically known as Drosophila melanogaster, have developed unique ways to utilize their senses of smell and taste to locate food and avoid dangers in diverse habitats. By exploring how fruit flies’ senses have evolved, scientists aim to uncover how these insects have adapted to their surroundings.

To study the sensory capabilities of fruit flies, researchers at the University of Lussanne in Switzerland compared the smells and tastes of different fruit fly species. They collected five essential body parts related to the flies’ senses: 1) larvae head, 2) egg-laying part, 3) front legs, 4) antennae, and 5) mouthparts with palpation structures. These body parts were collected from six closely related species of fruit flies living in various environments and consuming different diets.

The researchers separated male and female fruit flies into three replicates for each sex and species. They anesthetized the adult flies with CO2 to collect samples without causing harm. They separated larvae from their food source and removed their heads for analysis. This process was repeated three times for each body part of the adults, larvae, and egg-laying parts.

Using RNA sequencing technology, scientists examined the genes in different parts of the fruit fly’s body to understand how they respond to stimuli. This method helped identify active and inactive genes in various body parts, shedding light on how Drosophila adapts to its environment. The RNA data was stored in the Genomics Database for future research purposes.

The researchers observed that specific genes controlling smell and taste in fruit flies vary in their activation patterns. Changes in gene activity were influenced by factors like temperature, humidity, and interactions with other organisms. Differences in gene activity between male and female fruit flies were also noted, potentially impacting their mate selection.

The complexity of gene regulation in fruit fly sensory organs may vary across species and sexes, affecting their adaptation to diet and habitat changes. Further research is needed to understand the genetic basis of odor patterns in fruit flies and how it aids in their adaptation.

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Source: sciworthy.com

The Genetic Origins of Multiple Sclerosis in Northern Europeans Revealed by Ancient DNA

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Northern Europeans have a higher risk of multiple sclerosis due to ancient DNA, a study reveals. About 5,000 years ago, people flocked to this area.

This discovery emerged from a large-scale study comparing modern DNA with DNA obtained from ancient human teeth and bones. This allowed scientists to explore prehistoric migration and associated disease-related genes.

Results show that when the Yamnaya people migrated from present-day Ukraine and Russia to northwestern Europe during the Bronze Age, they carried a genetic mutation. This mutation is now known to increase the risk of multiple sclerosis.

The study, published in the journal Nature, suggests that these genes not only allowed the Yamnaya to flourish and spread but also protected them from infectious diseases carried by cattle and sheep.

The project, led by Eske Willerslev and the University of Copenhagen, is pioneering ancient DNA research and comparing it to similar research, including tracking down early cousins such as Neanderthals.

The process of ancient DNA extraction at the Lundbeck Foundation Geogenetics Center in Copenhagen.Michal Schlosser / University of Copenhagen (via AP)

This gene bank’s first exploration of multiple sclerosis is especially relevant since the disease is most common among people of white Scandinavian descent, yet the reason remains unknown.

Scientists believe certain infections can cause MS in genetically susceptible individuals. Over 230 genetic mutations have been identified that may increase the risk of this disease.

The study uncovered major changes in the population of northern Europe, tracing the migration of the Yamnaya people around 5,000 years ago. The gene bank was used to compare ancient DNA with around 400,000 modern humans

Comparisons revealed that MS-related genetic variants remained in the north, the direction the Yamnaya migrated, rather than in southern Europe. This supports the idea that the Yamnaya people are the closest ancestors of modern Danes, and the incidence of MS is particularly high in Scandinavian countries.

Dr. Astrid Iversen from the University of Oxford explains how exposure to animal-based bacteria may lead to imbalances in the immune system, possibly playing a role in the early development of autoimmune diseases.

While the study provides a potential explanation for the North-South MS disparity in Europe, further research is required to confirm the link. This statement comes from New York’s M.D., Samira Asghari, a genetics expert at Sinai School of Medicine, who was not involved in the study.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Possible Origin of Multiple Sclerosis Gene: Protection Against Infection in Animals

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Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that occurs when the immune system starts attacking the nerves.

Katerina Conn/Science Photo Library

The largest genetic database of ancient humans to date is shedding new light on why people vary in modern conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and other genetic traits such as height.

One of the findings is that the genes behind MS may have become more common because they helped people resist infections transmitted from animals.

Other findings include why Alzheimer’s disease is more common in some groups than others and why people in northern Europe tend to be taller than people in the southern part of the continent. Includes description.

“What happened thousands of years ago can have a very serious impact on the health and longevity of people living today,” he says. Evan Irving Pease at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

The genes of people of European and Western Asian ancestry have been shaped by three major waves of migration. Modern hunter-gatherer humans first arrived in these areas about 45,000 years ago. Then, about 11,000 years ago, a wave of farmers arrived from the Middle East, followed by a further influx of pastoralists, now called the Yamnaya, from the Eurasian steppe.

To understand how these popular movements shaped the modern medical landscape, Irving Pease's team collected bone and tooth samples from approximately 5,000 ancient sites found in museum collections across Europe and Western Asia. The oldest one is 34,000 years old.

The latest study reports on the first batch of samples analyzed based on approximately 1600 individuals. The researchers compared these people to the genetic data of 410,000 people in a huge medical dataset called the UK Biobank, and analyzed only white participants to select participants with European ancestry. did.

The research team started by focusing on MS, an autoimmune disease that occurs when the immune system begins to attack nerves, often leading to progressive disability.What previous research has found 233 genetic variants associated with increased risk of MS.

Among modern people in the UK, those at high genetic risk of multiple sclerosis are more likely to have Yamnaya ancestry, a study has shown. The research team also found that some of these MS-predisposing genetic mutations first arose in the Yamnaya tribe and became more frequent among their descendants as they spread westward through Europe.

Given that some of the 233 variants associated with MS also affect the immune system, and that the Yamnaya people have lived among animals, researchers believe that the genes behind MS are probably The researchers concluded that the species may help protect against bacteria and viruses that can be transmitted to humans. animal.The team has previously shown that Some MS risk variants are associated with partial resistance to tuberculosis.

In another paper, researchers have revealed how our ancestry influences our genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease. Modern humans are more likely to have a gene called . Apo E4If you have more ancestors from Europe's first hunter-gatherers, you have a higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.

Another variant of this gene is Apo E2The result is a lower risk of Alzheimer's disease, which likely occurred in the incoming Yamnaya people because it provided protection against malaria and unknown viral infections, the researchers wrote in their paper.

Variants that protect against Alzheimer's disease do not confer a reproductive advantage, so they may not have been selected by evolution to have an effect on dementia, given that dementia typically develops long after people have had children. Yes, researchers say. benjamin trumbull from Arizona State University and was not involved in any research.

“The great thing about this paper is that they go further back in time and say what was advantageous or disadvantageous at that time,” Trumbull said. “Too often we look at our modern environment and say: [a certain gene] Purely harmful. We have to consider what the selection pressures were at different points in time. ”

A further finding from the analysis is that among people living in Europe, those with more Yamnaya ancestry tend to be taller, which explains why Northern Europeans are, on average, taller than Southern Europeans. This may explain why it is so expensive.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

The correlation between vitamin B12 deficiency and multiple sclerosis

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A groundbreaking study focused on astrocytes in the brain has uncovered a new molecular link between vitamin B12 and multiple sclerosis (MS). This study demonstrates that his FDA-approved MS treatment drug, fingolimod, can modulate the B12 transmission pathway, highlighting the potential of B12 supplementation in MS treatment. Credit: SciTechDaily.com

Study results identify molecular signaling pathways that have the potential to enhance current MS treatments.

Scientists have noted interesting similarities between vitamin B deficiency and B vitamins for decades.12 – Essential nutrients that support the healthy development and function of the central nervous system (CNS) – and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease in which the body’s immune system attacks the CNS, causing neurodegeneration.

Both are vitamin B12 (also known as cobalamin) deficiency and multiple sclerosis cause similar neurological symptoms, including numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, loss of vision, difficulty walking or talking normally, and cognitive impairment such as memory loss .

New research reveals molecular connections

In a new study published online on December 8, 2023, cell reportSanford Burnham Prebys researchers are working with other collaborators to describe a new molecular relationship between B vitamins.12 The other is MS, which occurs in astrocytes, which are important non-neuroglial cells in the brain.

The findings of the study’s senior authors Jerrold Chun, MD, PhD, professor and senior vice president for neuroscience drug discovery, and Yasuyuki Kihara, PhD, associate research professor and co-corresponding author, and their colleagues, open new ways to conduct research. It suggests. Improving MS treatment through CNS-B12 Replenishment.

“Covalent molecular bonds of vitamin B in the brain”12 A carrier protein known as transcobalamin 2 or TCN2 and the FDA-approved MS drug fingolimod provide a mechanistic link between B and B.12 “Signal transduction and MS lead to reduced neuroinflammation and possibly neurodegeneration,” Chun said.

“Strengthen Brain B”12 When used in combination with fingolimod or potentially related molecules, it could potentially enhance both current and future MS treatments. ”

Study details and impact

In their paper, the Sanford Burnham Prebys team, along with collaborators from the University of Southern California, Japan’s Juntendo University, Tokyo University of Pharmacy, and the State University of New York, focused on the molecular function of FTY720, or fingolimod (Gilenya®). . ), a sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator that suppresses the distribution of T and B immune cells that mistakenly attack the brains of MS patients.

Using animal models of MS and postmortem human brains, researchers found that fingolimod suppresses neuroinflammation by functionally and physically modulating group B.12 Enhance communication channels, especially B12 A receptor called CD320 must take up and use the necessary B12 If bound to TCN2 distributing B12 throughout the body, including the CNS. This known process was newly identified through interaction with fingolimod within astrocytes. Importantly, this relationship was also observed in human MS brains.

Of particular note, the researchers reported lower levels of CD320 or dietary B;12 The restriction worsened the disease course and reduced the therapeutic efficacy of fingolimod in animal models of MS.This occurred through a hitchhiking mechanism in which fingolimod binds to TCN2-B.12 This complex allows delivery to all astrocytes via interaction with CD320, and loss of the component disrupts the process and exacerbates the disease.

These new findings further support the use of B .12 It turns out that supplements, particularly fingolimod, can correct astrocyte B disorders in terms of delivering vitamins to astrocytes in the brain.12 Pathways for MS patients.

Scientists say other commercially available S1P receptor modulators, such as Mayzent®, Zeposia® and Ponvory®, may be able to access at least part of this CNS mechanism.This study supports B12 Supplementation with S1P receptor modulators aimed at improving the efficacy of this class of drugs.

This study also opens new avenues for how B functions.12The -TCN2-CD320 pathway is regulated by sphingolipids, specifically sphingosine, an endogenous structural analog of naturally occurring fingolimod, for future improvements in MS treatment, Chun said.

“We support the creation of B that targets the brain.”12 formulation. In the future, this mechanism may be extended to new treatments for other neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. ”

Reference: “FTY720 requires astrocyte vitamin B12-TCN2-CD320 signaling to reduce disease in animal models of multiple sclerosis” (Deepa Jonnalagadda, Yasuyuki Kihara, Aran Groves, Manisha Ray, Arjun Saha, Clayton Ellington, Hyeon-Cheol Lee-Okada), Tomomi Furuhata, Takehiko Yokomizo, Edward V. Quadros, Richard Rivera, Jerrold Chun, December 7, 2023. cell report.
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113545

Additional authors of the study include Sanford Burnham Prebys, Alan Groves, Sanford Burnham Prebys, Deepa Johnnalagadda, Manisha Ray, Clayton Ellington, and Richard Rivera of the University of California, San Diego . Arjun Saha, University of Southern California. Juntendo University, Hyeon-Cheol Lee-Okada and Takehiko Yokomizo. Tomomi Furuhata (Tokyo University of Pharmacy) Edward V. Quadros, Downtown Medical Center, New York.

This research was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. National Institutes of Health (R01NS103940), Novartis, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology/JSPS KAKENHI (18H02627, 19KK0199, 21H04798, 18K16246 and 21K08565). Additional support was provided by the Uehara Memorial Foundation, Kanae Medical Foundation, Mochida Memorial Medical and Pharmaceutical Research Foundation, Human Frontier Science Program, and the University of California, San Diego Medical Scientist Training Program and Pharmacology Training Grant (T32GM007752). . ).

Source: scitechdaily.com