Impact of Lithium Mining on Local Water Sources – Insights from Sciworthy

Posted on June 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Electric vehicles and various clean energy technologies are powered by metal-based batteries known as
lithium
. The rising demand for lithium has turned lithium mining into a booming industry. This vital resource is predominantly found in volcanic formations called
pegmatite
. Ongoing research aims to determine the carbon and water consumption in pegmatite mining, but the impact on local water quality remains uncertain.

Mining pegmatites not only yields lithium but also other trace metals like rubidium and cesium. While the environmental effects and potential human toxicity of these trace metals are not well documented, the EPA has associated elevated lithium levels with detrimental health risks, including kidney dysfunction, impaired neurodevelopment, and thyroid issues. Currently, no safe threshold for lithium in drinking water has been established, although the
United States Geological Survey
suggests a preliminary safe level of 10 micrograms per liter (μg/L).

Researchers at Duke University recently investigated how pegmatite mining affects lithium concentrations in nearby water sources and the duration of these effects post-mining. Their study involved measuring metal concentrations in water downstream of two lithium mines and a connected processing plant. The researchers hypothesized that mining activities could alter the interactions between the rock and surrounding water, thereby influencing lithium levels.

The team collected 99 water samples from surface streams and 93 samples from groundwater wells in a 40-kilometer (25-mile) stretch along the South Carolina-North Carolina border, particularly near the Kings Mountain and Holman Beam lithium mines. They compared 51 surface water samples collected upstream of the mines to 48 samples taken downstream that were influenced by mining activities.

Using an
inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer
, the researchers measured lithium alongside trace elements such as rubidium, cesium, arsenic, and strontium. Their findings revealed that lithium concentrations in surface water skyrocketed from baseline levels of 0.2 μg/L to between 785 and 1,249 μg/L within 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) of mines. Groundwater wells showed lithium levels between 4,500 and 47,000 μg/L in mining areas, contrasted with unaffected downstream wells measuring between 0.5 and 890 μg/L.

The research suggested that the lithium found in groundwater downstream was primarily due to natural interactions between pegmatite rocks and water rather than direct mining activities. This was evidenced by rising lithium levels in groundwater following rainfall, which intensified water-rock interactions.

Moreover, the team analyzed ions such as calcium, sulfate, and chloride using an
ion chromatograph
. They observed spikes in calcium and sulfate concentrations in surface waters within 10 kilometers downstream of the processing facility, measuring 50 to 120 milligrams per liter (mg/L) of calcium and 100 to 300 mg/L of sulfate. In comparison, background surface waters contained only 5 to 20 mg/L of calcium and 3 to 10 mg/L of sulfate. These ions are by-products of pegmatite processing and arise from waste composed of calcium sulfate or
plaster
.

The researchers highlighted that active mining ceased at this site around three decades ago, and the lithium levels documented reflect a long-term release from dormant mining operations and waste. Historical data indicates that during its active years, the mine may have discharged 10 to 30 times more trace metals than currently recorded.

Ultimately, the researchers concluded that processing pegmatite has a more significant impact on downstream metal and ion concentrations than mining activities themselves. As lithium mining expands, further research is essential to explore lithium toxicity and the implications of co-occurring metals like rubidium and cesium. There is also a pressing need to develop strategies to mitigate trace metals and dissolved gypsum from infiltrating water systems.

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Source: sciworthy.com

Did Earth’s Water Enable the Evolution of Intelligent Life? | Cyworthy

Posted on June 1, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Earth is a distinctive planet with remarkable features such as a magnetic field, a large moon, and dynamic plate tectonics. It is the only planet currently known to support life. These characteristics lead to the rare Earth hypothesis, which suggests that extraterrestrial life has not been discovered because other planets may lack the essential conditions necessary for supporting life.

Approximately 30% of Earth’s surface is land, while around 70% is covered by oceans. Recent research by David Kipping, an assistant professor at Columbia University, explored the ratio of land to ocean on Earth’s surface and how this percentage of land contributes to Earth’s habitability for complex life forms, including intelligent beings like humans.

Kipping developed four statistical models to analyze how varying land distributions could influence the evolution of intelligent alien life. He first established an equation to determine the likelihood of a planet existing within its habitable zone, focusing on specific parcels of land known as
probability distributions. His models weighted the distribution, suggesting a higher likelihood of planets being either covered by a large landmass or a vast ocean, rather than a mix like Earth.

Kipping used this land proportion distribution to calculate the chances that a random planet with similar proportions could support intelligent life. He examined four scenarios: 1) intelligent life is more likely to emerge on land-dominant planets, 2) it is more common on ocean-dominant planets, 3) balanced land and ocean planets are more conducive, and 4) the emergence of intelligent life is independent of land proportion.

To establish the likelihood of intelligent aliens existing on planets with land distributions like Earth’s, Kipping compared probabilities by calculating the ratios of outcomes. Since Earth is the only planet confirmed to have intelligent life, models indicating a higher probability of human presence provide crucial insights.

Kipping considered a ratio exceeding 10 between model predictions as strong evidence favoring one model over another. He found no such threshold was met in his comparisons. However, models favoring ocean-dominated or balanced land-ocean planets showed a 2.5 to 3-fold greater likelihood of predicting human existence compared to land-dominant models, with balanced models claiming the highest probability of human emergence, albeit slightly.

Kipping also contemplated whether the discovery of more planets with intelligent life would affect which model is deemed most realistic, especially if evidence of ancient life on Mars surfaces. He identified two complications: the uncertainty about the extent of Mars’ ancient water coverage, estimated between 25% to 81% land, and the notion that evidence of life does not equate to confirmation of intelligent life.

Despite these uncertainties, Kipping recalibrated his model under the assumption that ancient Mars had an Earth-like land area. This approach yielded ratios similar to previous Earth-exclusive calculations, indicating no single model could firmly predict intelligent presence on both Earth and Mars by a margin of 10.

To determine conditions exceeding the 10x threshold, Kipping calculated the necessary findings: astronomers would need to discover 14 additional planets with intelligent life and known land proportions to conclusively establish whether intelligent life emerges more frequently on desert, ocean, or balanced planets.

Kipping concluded that we cannot yet definitively state whether the land distribution on Earth plays a unique role in the emergence of intelligent species. However, Earth’s existence suggests that intelligent life is less likely to develop on extreme desert planets, casting doubt on the prospect of finding Tatooine or Jackass within our galaxy. While this research does not disprove the rare Earth hypothesis, it does challenge the notion that the vastness of Earth’s oceans is the primary factor behind Earth’s uniqueness.

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Source: sciworthy.com

Incredible Footage: Jesus Christ Lizard Running on Water Captured!

Posted on May 25, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

If you haven’t seen it yet, check out this captivating video of the basilisk, famously known as the “Jesus Christ Lizard,” effortlessly running on water.

https://c02.purpledshub.com/uploads/sites/41/2026/04/GettyImages-1B02254_0010.mp4

The scene is mesmerizing, reminiscent of Looney Tunes, showcasing a lizard that appears to defy the laws of physics just like the Road Runner.

The common basilisk is native to Central and South America, thriving near rivers and streams in lush rainforests. These relatively small lizards boast tails that exceed their body length by more than two times.

Males typically reach about 75 cm (approximately 30 inches) in total length, featuring three distinct sail-like crests—one on the head, one on the back, and one on the tail.

Territorial by nature, males employ these impressive crests not only to assert dominance but also to attract smaller females.

One of their most remarkable traits is their ability to run on water, a skill intrinsic to their survival against predators. Hatchlings are born with this innate ability.

Over short bursts of up to 20 m (66 ft), adults can reach speeds of about 5 km/h (3 mph), while younger, lighter basilisks might surpass that speed.

Researchers have noted that they run on their hind legs, flapping their front legs reminiscent of Kermit the Frog.

Biologist Tonia Shea made a significant discovery. In 2003, while pursuing her Ph.D. at Harvard University, she utilized a high-speed camera to analyze 30 videos of basilisks running on water in a 4.6 m (15 ft) aquarium, comparing their movement speed with terrestrial lizards.

The common basilisk’s locomotion on water is quite unique.

When traversing water, they swing their legs outward and stretch them backward, keeping their feet relatively stiff and plunging them into the water with a piston-like motion.

Basilisks predominantly inhabit regions near rivers and streams in Central and South America – Credit: Getty

A follow-up survey conducted the following year revealed that each step generates enough force to support the basilisk’s weight while propelling it forward.

The strongest force occurs during the initial half of each stride when the foot plunges straight down into the water, forcing water down and creating an air pocket around the temporarily submerged foot, significantly reducing drag.

This mechanism enables the basilisk to pull its feet out of the water with ease while maintaining forward momentum.

Basilisks are not only adept at hydrodynamics, but through evolution, they have developed both locomotor and physical adaptations.

Their hind legs are long and muscular, and their large hind feet feature scaly fringes along the sides of the third, fourth, and fifth toes.

When basking on land, these flaps fold against the toes; however, when on water, they expand, providing additional surface area for propulsion.

In summary, the basilisk, often referred to as the Jesus Christ Lizard, is a truly fascinating creature.

While a few other animals like pond skaters, fishing spiders, and certain grebes can walk and run on water, none do so with the same remarkable flair as the basilisk.

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How Mercury Might Have Gained Its Surprising Water Supply in Just One Day

Posted on May 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Discovering Mercury’s Ice Deposits

Credit: NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio

Mercury Ice Deposits — Discovering Mercury’s Ice Deposits

Credit: NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio

Approximately 100 million years ago, dramatic changes transformed Mercury’s surface. Previously dry and ice-free, the planet’s conditions shifted significantly within a single day, coinciding with daytime temperatures soaring above 430°C (806°F).

At Mercury’s poles lie craters known as permanent shadow regions, where sunlight never reaches. NASA’s Messenger spacecraft, which orbited Mercury from 2011 to 2015, confirmed these craters host ice deposits several meters deep. However, their origin remains a mystery.

Prior studies have proposed that a comet-like object, roughly 17 kilometers in diameter, may have impacted Mercury at a speed of approximately 30 kilometers per second. Recent simulations by Parvathy Prem and her team at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory suggest that a larger, slower impactor might be responsible.

“We’ve known for a while that Mercury has ice at its poles, and the idea that these deposits stemmed from impactors isn’t new. However, this is the first time we’ve modeled the entire process and visualized it comprehensively,” Prem stated. “This is my first in-depth look into it.” What happens in this simulation?

The simulation begins with a massive ice and rock chunk colliding with Mercury, creating the expansive Hokusai crater visible on its surface today. Upon impact, the object would have evaporated nearly completely, resulting in a thin but water-rich atmosphere around Mercury.

“To the naked eye, Mercury might seem faint, but at the right wavelength, the planet may emit a brief but noticeable shine,” Prem explained.

While much of the atmosphere would have dispersed due to intense solar radiation, the researchers discovered that slightly more than one-fifth of the water vapor generated by the impactor traveled to the poles, potentially taking refuge in the permanently shadowed regions. This finding aligns more closely with Messenger’s measurements and suggests a larger, slower impactor trapped more water on the surface than previously thought.

If Prem and her team are correct, all these events would have unfolded in just one Mercuryian day, the equivalent of 176 Earth days. “This day may well be the most significant in Mercury’s billion-year history,” remarked Emily Costello from the University of Hawaii.

This research could answer the long-standing question of why Mercury’s polar craters contain ice whereas Earth’s moon has none, despite their striking similarities. “Mercury experienced a massive influx of water recently; the Moon did not,” Costello remarked.

Understanding Mercury’s polar ice deposits may also shed light on the broader narrative of when and how water became present throughout our solar system, including Earth. “Mercury’s polar ice deposits serve as a fascinating geological record of when and how water emerged in the solar system’s interior, and we are now deciphering this record,” Prem noted. The ongoing mission will be supported by the BepiColombo spacecraft, launched in 2018 and set to enter Mercury’s orbit later this year.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Is Europa’s Water Column Real? New Research Revives the Debate

Posted on May 18, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A recent study conducted by planetary scientists at the Southwest Research Institute and KTH Royal Institute of Technology has raised questions about the evidence of steam emissions from Jupiter’s icy moon, Europa.

Artist’s impression of a steam geyser on Europa. Image credit: University of Cologne.

“The evidence for a water vapor plume on Europa is not as robust as previously believed,” stated Dr. Kurt Retherford, a researcher at the Southwest Research Institute and co-author of the original 2014 study.

In this new research, Dr. Retherford and his team examined data gathered by the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrometer (HST/STIS) aboard the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope from 1999 to 2012-2020.

Their focus was on Europa’s Lyman-alpha radiation, a specific wavelength of ultraviolet light emitted and scattered by hydrogen atoms.

“A key challenge in interpreting the data at the time was accurately positioning Europa within that context,” said Dr. Retherford.

“Due to Hubble’s operational method, there remained some uncertainty about the alignment relative to the center of the image.”

“If Europa’s alignment is off by even a pixel or two, it can significantly impact our data interpretation.”

This uncertainty could mean that what researchers initially perceived as evidence of a water vapor plume might simply be random statistical noise.

“Our reanalysis has downgraded the initial confidence level of the plume’s existence from 99.9% to below 90%,” explained Dr. Lorenz Ross, a researcher at KTH Royal Institute of Technology.

“This is insufficient evidence to uphold the claims we made previously.”

“While current data does not rule out the possibility of water vapor plumes as described in the 2014 paper, it no longer offers solid evidence for their existence,” Dr. Retherford noted.

“The interpretations of previous phenomena no longer apply as they once did.”

“These new findings have prompted us to reassess our earlier paper’s conclusions regarding the presence of water vapor plumes.”

“Additionally, recent analyses provide enhanced insights into the neutral hydrogen atomic content of Europa’s atmosphere escaping from its water ice surface.”

“We remain hopeful of discovering a plume of water vapor escaping from Europa.”

“Similar water vapor plumes have been detected on Saturn’s moon Enceladus, and another of Jupiter’s moons, Io, also has plumes of sulfur dioxide venting into space.”

The team’s new paper was published in the May 5th edition of Astronomy and Astrophysics.

_____

L. Ross et al., 2026. Lyman alpha emission from Europa observed by HST/STIS. A&A 709, A59; doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202659406

Source: www.sci.news

Meet the Incredible Insect That Can Survive Boiling Water

Posted on April 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

In 1977, the film Star Wars Episode IV – A New Hope debuted while marine geologists made a groundbreaking discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents.

The explorers were aboard a submarine known as Alvin, operating at a depth of approximately 2,500 meters (8,200 feet) in the eastern Pacific Ocean.

Scientists gazing through Alvin’s portholes were astounded to witness a towering rocky chimney emitting superheated liquid, surrounded by an astonishing array of life.

This vibrant ecosystem was as fascinating as any creation from George Lucas’s imagination.

The Pompeii Worm (Alvinella pompeziana) was one of the remarkable species uncovered during the initial exploration of hydrothermal vents in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

These pink creatures can grow up to 15 cm (almost 6 inches) and are uniquely covered in soft, gray hair. Their red gills give them a distinctive resemblance to the Demogorgon monster from the Netflix series Stranger Things.

Scientists named these peculiar worms after the ancient Roman city famously destroyed by volcanic activity, symbolizing their extreme habitat.

While the Pompeii worms don’t inhabit an active volcano, their environment is still incredibly inhospitable.

Hydrothermal vents function as the ocean’s deep-sea equivalent of hot springs, presenting much higher temperatures and toxic conditions than their land counterparts.

These vents form at the boundaries of oceanic tectonic plates, where shallow magma chambers heat seawater that intrudes through porous ocean floor rocks, causing it to rise back up at temperatures reaching hundreds of degrees Celsius.

The Pompeii worm is considered the most heat-tolerant animal species, with probes recording temperatures of 60-80°C (140-176°F) near their habitats.

Interestingly, the worms can endure temperature spikes exceeding 100°C (212°F). While scientists have yet to fully understand this phenomenon, the worms’ gray, fluffy coating may provide insulation against the intense heat.

This fur, comprised of bacteria, is a source of nourishment for the worms, suggesting a symbiotic relationship. It appears to also aid in circulating colder seawater around their bodies and may even detoxify heavy metals released from hydrothermal vents.

Pompeii worms thrive in hydrothermal vents like this, where heat from magma chambers rises from the ocean floor – Credit: Getty

A significant part of the Pompeii worm’s resilience lies in its genetics. They produce highly durable heat shock proteins that prevent critical cellular components from degrading under extreme temperatures. They also produce strong collagen to withstand drastic oceanic pressure.

Intriguingly, these extraordinary worms have shown a sci-fi-like reproductive strategy. In laboratory settings, scientists have successfully chilled their eggs to ambient temperatures of 2°C (36°F) in the deep ocean, away from hydrothermal vents.

The chilled eggs temporarily ceased dividing but remained viable. Once the temperature was increased, development resumed.

This raises the exciting possibility that the Pompeii worm may release its eggs into the deep sea in a state of suspended animation, reviving them upon encountering another hydrothermal vent, thus forming new colonies.

One day, these insights could lead to advancements in human colonization of other planets.

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Revealing the Hidden Dangers of Permanent Chemicals in Drinking Water

Posted on April 17, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

As Earth Day approaches, this global event serves as a crucial reminder that safeguarding our environment includes paying attention to the quality of water we use at home.

A key topic gaining traction in this conversation is forever chemicals (PFAS), which are prevalent in food packaging and drinking water. Although researchers are still investigating the risks, recent regulations and advancements in home filtration systems have made it easier to minimize daily exposure.

What are Forever Chemicals?

Forever chemicals, scientifically known as PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances), represent a vast group of synthetic chemicals characterized by strong carbon-fluorine bonds. These bonds, among the strongest in organic chemistry, grant durability, which is why PFAS have been utilized since the 1940s in products designed to resist water, oil, and heat.

Chemists have viewed these bonds as an advantage, but environmental scientists are increasingly concerned about their impact.

You’ve likely encountered PFAS in your daily life. Items like nonstick cookware, waterproof textiles, and food packaging harness PFAS chemistry. However, their durability poses significant challenges. Because the carbon-fluorine bonds are exceedingly difficult to break, these chemicals remain in the environment for a long time, earning the label “forever chemicals.”

PFOA molecules, shown here, are part of a group of persistent “forever chemicals” that can accumulate in the environment and human body – Photo credit: Getty

PFAS are also water-soluble and highly mobile. Once released, they can easily migrate through groundwater and rivers, accumulating in soil, wildlife, and humans. Current research indicates that 99 percent of people globally have detectable PFAS in their blood.

Scientists are still unraveling the implications of this widespread exposure on long-term health. Studies suggest that certain PFAS can adversely affect the immune system, cholesterol levels, reproductive health, and may increase the risk of liver damage, thyroid issues, and various cancers.

The good news is that PFAS are no longer a hidden environmental issue. They have become well-recognized concerns that are increasingly being addressed by regulators, researchers, and water utilities.

In 2024, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will implement new drinking water standards in the US specifically targeting two of the most studied PFAS chemicals: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). The permissible limit is just 4 parts per trillion (ppt), an incredibly small amount—imagine it as one drop for every five Olympic-sized swimming pools.

Are PFAS Found in Drinking Water?

Likely—though it strongly depends on your location. A 2023 study by the U.S. Geological Survey estimates that approximately 45 percent of America’s drinking water sources may contain at least one PFAS compound. Contamination has been noted in both public water sources and private wells, particularly in urban areas and near known pollution sources.

PFAS can infiltrate drinking water quite easily. When PFAS-treated products are discarded, they often end up in landfills. Over time, these items break down and can leach PFAS into the environment. Rainwater filtering through waste can create “landfill leachate,” which carries chemicals into nearby soil and groundwater.

Moreover, PFAS can also leak early in a product’s life cycle. For instance, washing waterproof and stain-resistant fabrics can release trace PFAS into wastewater. Most wastewater treatment facilities are not equipped to remove these persistent chemicals, allowing them to pass through and end up in rivers and lakes.

Once in the environment, PFAS can travel great distances through groundwater and rivers, ultimately contaminating household water supplies.

PFAS contamination varies significantly across the United States. Exposure risks often hinge on geography. Communities located near historic manufacturing sites, military bases, and airports face higher risks due to years of industrial activity and the use of firefighting agents. Well-documented hotspots include regions in New Jersey, North Carolina, and California.

Conversely, some of the cleanest water sources are found in less industrialized regions, particularly in Hawaii, Vermont, and the US Virgin Islands. Forested watersheds and protected mountain watersheds in states like Maine, Vermont, and Minnesota naturally filter water before it reaches reservoirs and aquifers.

While many public water utilities already meet federal safety standards, PFAS monitoring is evolving. In 2024, the EPA will introduce national drinking water limits for several PFAS compounds, mandating utilities to conduct testing and install treatment systems to reduce contaminated levels in the coming years.

If you’re curious about the water quality in your home, one of the most reliable resources is the Interactive Tap Water Database by the Environmental Working Group. Simply enter your zip code to view the contaminants detected in your local water supply.

How Can I Reduce My Exposure?

What can you do about it? The encouraging news is that exposure doesn’t have to be inevitable. You can effectively filter out most remaining PFAS at home. This is where reverse osmosis (RO) technology comes into play. Unlike natural osmosis, which seeks to equalize concentrations, RO forces water through a membrane in the opposite direction—like a precise sieve. Water molecules pass through the membrane, while larger contaminants (including PFOS, PFOA, and heavy metals) are filtered out.

Waterdrop Filters utilize this advanced technology. Testing has demonstrated that their system can reduce PFOS and PFOA levels by up to 98%. Moreover, their tankless systems save space compared to traditional counterparts and tend to waste less water.

When considering filtration, it’s essential to look beyond just efficacy; it must seamlessly fit into your daily routine. Different homes and lifestyles necessitate tailored solutions.

For instance, the “Balanced Reverse Osmosis System” (G3P800) is a high-capacity unit easily installed under the sink and requires no professional plumbing skills.

This system operates swiftly, filling a 6-ounce cup of purified water in about 5 seconds. The G3P800 is certified to NSF/ANSI Standards 42, 53, 58, and 372, capable of reducing PFOA levels by up to 98% and PFOS by up to 99%.

If you require higher performance, the “Flagship RO System” (X16) is an upgraded model with ultra-fast flow, filling the same 6-ounce cup in just 2 seconds.

Designed for bustling kitchens and high water usage, it serves as a robust system for cooking, drinking, and daily activities. The X16 is certified to NSF/ANSI Standards 42, 58, and 372, achieving reductions of PFOA by up to 98.88% and PFOS by up to 98.97%.

If you’re renting or have a more transient lifestyle, Waterdrop’s compact undersink units (DLG-P) and are a lightweight, space-saving solution. They are relatively affordable, easy to install, and designed to function without permanent plumbing alterations. Plus, they achieve reductions of 99.7% for PFOA and 99.6% for PFOS, all while being certified to NSF/ANSI Standard 372.

Waterdrop’s Small Undersink Unit (DLG-P)

Whether you’re aiming to reduce exposure in a permanent residence or a rental apartment, RO systems exemplify how scientifically validated filtration technologies can deliver practical, everyday solutions.

The products highlighted here are available for a limited time only. The G3P800 is priced at $759 (down from $999), the X16 will be available for $1499 (down from $1999), and the DLG-P will retail for $99.99 (reduced from $109.99). Offer ends April 22nd.

Assess the water quality in your area using the EWG map by entering your zip code to learn more about the contaminants in your tap water and discover which Waterdrop Filter RO system meets your home’s specific needs. Take the first step today to reduce PFOS/PFOA by 98%. Find the ideal RO system tailored to your home and zip code.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Unraveling the Mystery of Mars’ Water Shortage: What You Need to Know

Posted on March 30, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Artist’s Impression of Mars with Abundant Water

Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser/N. Risinger

Artist’s impression of Mars with water — Artist’s Impression of Mars with Abundant Water

Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser/N. Risinger

Planetary scientists concur that Mars once boasted liquid water and a water-rich atmosphere, drastically different from its current arid state. However, extensive research has revealed a significant anomaly regarding the fate of this ancient water. Despite discerning various sources of water that once flowed on Mars, we still question where it all disappeared.

The Noachian Era, occurring between approximately 4.5 to 3.7 billion years ago, is believed to be the time when Mars had significant surface water. Current estimates suggest there was enough water to envelop the entire planet in an ocean ranging from 150 to 250 meters deep at the end of this period.

However, Bruce Jakoski and his research team from the University of Colorado discovered that, based on their assessment of water removal processes, the total depth might only reach a few dozen meters. This work was presented at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC) in Texas on March 20.

Today, the available water near Mars’ surface is predominantly in the form of ice and hydrated minerals—roughly equivalent to Earth’s ocean, which is approximately 30 meters deep. “How can we transition from a distance of 150 meters down to merely 30 meters? This is perplexing,” remarked Jakoski, emphasizing that our current understanding of Martian water loss is far from complete.

Several theories exist regarding where the water went. It might have evaporated into space in greater quantities than previously considered, become trapped in undiscovered ice reserves, or suggested environmental interactions between ice caps and atmosphere may have been misunderstood. Jakoski believes it’s likely a combination of these mechanisms alongside others.

While the significant discrepancy surrounding Martian water is indeed surprising, it underscores that our understanding of the planet’s hydrological history remains incomplete. Other researchers at LPSC have proposed the notion of intermittent rainfall followed by droughts, suggesting that Mars’ water cycle might significantly differ from Earth’s.

Potential Discoveries on Mars

“This indicates that Mars’ water cycle might be fundamentally different from Earth’s,” stated Eric Hyatt from Washington University in St. Louis. His findings propose that Martian groundwater may not interact with the surface and atmosphere as previously thought, potentially altering our comprehension of the water influx to Mars’ surface.

Moreover, Bethany Alman from the University of Colorado posits that there may exist more water on Mars than we initially thought. This situation highlights that while considerable knowledge about Mars has been amassed, a comprehensive picture of its water history remains elusive.

Deciphering the secrets of Mars’ water and its implications for potential habitability throughout its history will pose a monumental challenge. “How do we advance from here? We can’t just introduce more models,” Jakoski stated. “We must engage in boots-on-the-ground exploration.”

NASA and SpaceX have both prioritized lunar exploration. Given that it might take decades before humans arrive on Mars, progress will be gradual, utilizing data collected from rovers and orbiting satellites.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Colorado Residents Encounter Unprecedented Early Water Restrictions

Posted on March 28, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Residents of Colorado are facing unprecedented water restrictions due to a historic snow drought and extreme heat wave.

On Wednesday, Denver Water announced the need for a 20% reduction in water usage, urging residents to disable automatic irrigation systems until mid-May and limiting tree and shrub watering to just twice a week.

Todd Hartman, a spokesperson for Denver Water, stated, “The situation is dire. If conditions don’t improve, we might have to limit water use to only one day a week in the coming months.”

This marks the first instance in 2023 that Denver Water has imposed restrictions.

Colorado’s snowpack peaked at critically low levels on March 12, about a month earlier than usual, subsequently diminishing during the recent widespread heat wave affecting nearly all Western states.

Peter Goble, Colorado’s assistant state meteorologist, noted, “Current snowpack levels are at their lowest since at least 1981, with approximately 40% of the snowpack lost since March 12 due to heat.” He added, “The situation resembles conditions typically seen in late April or early May.”

These water restrictions signal a worrying trend for many states in the West as officials strive to combat extensive drought conditions. Nearly every snow basin in the Mountain West is experiencing unprecedented winter temperatures, resulting in severely diminished water supplies. For more information, visit the US Drought Monitor. The reduced snowpack raises the risk of severe wildfires, diminishes hydroelectric power generation, and imposes additional restrictions on farmers.

Hartman remarked that communities east of the Rocky Mountains and along Colorado’s frontier are facing similar challenges as Denver.

Members of the Aurora City Council are also contemplating similar water restrictions. Current reservoir levels are about 58%, according to the city’s website. A water shortage emergency was declared on March 20 after a significant spike in consumption was reported in Erie.

Gabi Ray, the town spokeswoman, expressed concern that Erie is at risk of exhausting its water supply due to many residents watering their lawns early due to unseasonably high temperatures.

“We were on track to run out of water within just a day, which is why this is such an emergency,” she stated.

Erie officials have urged local residents to cease using irrigation systems immediately.

Goble reported that the recent heatwave has broken numerous temperature records across Colorado, often by significant margins.

“I can’t recall ever witnessing so many records fall during a single heatwave,” he noted. “For instance, in Fort Collins, last Saturday reached 91 degrees, breaking the old March record of 81 degrees, and this wasn’t just a one-time occurrence.”

Skiers at Breckenridge Ski Resort this month as temperatures soar.
Michael Ciaglo/Getty Images

Denver Water, serving approximately 1.5 million residents in and around Denver, sources about half of its water from the Upper Colorado River and South Platte River basins. Recent reports indicate that the snowfall for the latter is approximately 42% of normal levels, while the former stands at 55%.

Overall, Denver Water’s reservoirs are currently about 80% full, which is only slightly below the usual levels.

“That’s positive news,” Hartman commented. “However, with such low snowpack, we can’t rely on substantial runoff to refill the reservoirs.”

Essentially, the snowpack, serving as a natural reservoir, is largely depleted and won’t be replenished until late spring and summer when runoff typically peaks.

In Erie, officials plan to deploy smart meters to monitor residential water usage closely, implementing measures to enforce water conservation over the coming week. Ray stated that public works crews will actively patrol neighborhoods for active sprinklers.

“Residents may feel frustrated by our stringent measures, but they might not fully grasp the consequences of inaction,” Ray emphasized. “We’re facing a serious emergency where taps could run dry. Essential services, including hospitals, schools, and fire hydrants, will be affected.”

While restrictions on outdoor watering may be lifted soon, Ray anticipates more limitations will be enforced this spring and summer.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

3I/ATLAS Discovery: Interstellar Comets Reveal Unique Water Chemistry Unlike Our Solar System

Posted on March 17, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

3I/ATLAS: A Fascinating Discovery

Credit: International Gemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/B. Bolin

Interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS showcases unprecedented levels of water and carbon compounds, hinting that it originated around a star vastly different from our Sun—likely billions of years older.

Astronomers have meticulously monitored 3I/ATLAS since its entry into our solar system last year, revealing an astonishing composition rich in carbon dioxide and water. Initial analyses estimate its age at about 8 billion years—almost double that of our Sun.

According to Martin Cordiner and his research team at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, the comet’s deuterium levels (a hydrogen isotope with additional neutrons) are at least ten times higher than any previously recorded comet.

Typically, deuterium exists in minor concentrations in Earth’s oceans, but 3I/ATLAS displays levels more than 40 times greater. “3I/ATLAS continues to amaze us with its revelations about the similarities and differences between its host system and our own,” Cordiner stated. His team utilized the James Webb Space Telescope for these groundbreaking observations.

“It’s truly extraordinary,” commented Paul Hartog from the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research in Germany. “The ratio of deuterium to hydrogen in its water composition is highly unusual and unexpected.”

Such elevated deuterium levels are generally found in the coldest regions of the Milky Way, suggests Ewain van Dishus of the Leiden Observatory in the Netherlands. “This indicates it likely resides in the outermost disk of the star it orbits, facilitating its ejection,” Dishus explained.

Cordiner and colleagues also identified relatively low levels of carbon-13, an isotope usually created during supernova explosions. The low carbon-13 concentrations found in 3I/ATLAS point to its formation during a time when supernovae contaminants were rare, implying the comet formed around a star system aged between 10 to 12 billion years—again, more than twice the age of our solar system, according to Cordiner.

However, Dishus cautions that the imprecise carbon data means we cannot conclusively determine its exact age.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Localized Dust Storms on Mars May Lead to Significant Water Loss, New Study Reveals

Posted on February 5, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Evidence suggests that Mars once hosted significant amounts of water. Past studies indicate that the majority of atmospheric water loss occurs during the Martian southern summer. During this season, warm and dusty conditions allow water vapor to ascend to high altitudes, where it escapes into space without condensing. A groundbreaking study has unveiled a previously unidentified pathway for water loss, observed for the first time in the Martian northern summer. This research highlights how a localized, short-lived sandstorm in Mars Year 37 (August 2023) caused a surge in water vapor.

Close-up color image of a small dust storm on Mars, captured by ESA’s Mars Express’ HRSC instrument in April 2018. Image credit: ESA / DLR / FU Berlin / CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO.

Dr. Adrian Brines, a researcher at the Andalusian Institute of Astronomy and the University of Tokyo, stated, “Our findings reveal the impact of this type of storm on Earth’s climate evolution and open new avenues for understanding how Mars has lost water over time.”

While dust storms have long been recognized as significant contributors to water escape on Mars, previous discussions primarily focused on large-scale dust events occurring on a planetary scale.

In this study, Dr. Brines and colleagues demonstrated that smaller, localized storms can significantly enhance the transport of water vapor to high altitudes, where it is lost to space more readily.

Prior research concentrated on the warm and dynamic summers of the Southern Hemisphere, as this is the primary period for water loss on Mars.

The recent study detected an unusual spike in water vapor in Mars’ middle atmosphere, attributed to a localized dust storm during the northern hemisphere summer of Martian year 37.

Diagram demonstrating the atmospheric response to localized sandstorms in the Northern Hemisphere during summer. High dust concentrations significantly enhance solar radiation absorption, promoting atmospheric warming, especially in the middle atmosphere. This increased circulation enhances the vertical transport of water vapor, facilitating its injection at high altitudes and increasing hydrogen efflux from the exobase. Image credit: Brines et al., doi: 10.1038/s43247-025-03157-5.

This surge in water vapor was unprecedented, reaching levels up to 10 times higher than normal—an occurrence not predicted by existing climate models or observed in previous Martian epochs.

Following this event, the amount of hydrogen in Mars’ exobase—where the atmosphere transitions into space—also rose significantly, increasing by 2.5 times compared to the previous year.

Understanding how much water Mars has lost over time hinges on measuring the hydrogen that escapes into space, as this element is produced when water decomposes in the atmosphere.

Dr. Shohei Aoki, a researcher at the University of Tokyo and Tohoku University, noted, “These results provide a crucial piece to the incomplete puzzle of how Mars has persistently lost water over billions of years, demonstrating that brief but intense episodes can significantly influence the evolution of Mars’ climate.”

Discover more about these findings in the featured study, published this week in Communication: Earth and Environment.

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A. Brines et al. 2026. Unseasonal water escape during summer in Mars’ northern hemisphere caused by localized strong sandstorms. Communication: Earth and Environment 7, 55; doi: 10.1038/s43247-025-03157-5

Source: www.sci.news

New Analysis of Lunar Regolith: Challenging Meteorite and Water Formation Theories

Posted on January 27, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Planetary scientists examining oxygen isotopes in lunar soil from the Apollo missions have determined that 4 billion years of meteorite impacts may have contributed only a minimal amount of Earth’s water. This insight prompts a reevaluation of established theories regarding water’s origins on our planet.

Close-up of a relatively new crater to the southeast, captured during Apollo 15’s third lunar walk. Image credit: NASA.

Previous research suggested that meteorites significantly contributed to Earth’s water supply due to their impact during the solar system’s infancy.

In a groundbreaking study, Dr. Tony Gargano from NASA’s Johnson Space Center and the Lunar and Planetary Institute, along with colleagues, employed a novel technique to analyze the lunar surface debris known as regolith.

Findings indicated that even under optimistic conditions, meteorite collisions from approximately 4 billion years ago may have delivered only a small percentage of Earth’s water.

The Moon acts as a historical archive, documenting the tumultuous events that the Earth-Moon system has endured over eons.

While Earth’s dynamic geology and atmosphere erase these records, lunar samples have retained valuable information.

However, this preservation is not without its challenges.

Traditional regolith studies have focused on metal-preferring elements, which can be obscured by continuous impacts on the Moon, complicating efforts to reconstruct original meteorite compositions.

Oxygen triple isotopes offer highly precise “fingerprints” since oxygen, being the most abundant element in rocks, remains untouched by external forces.

These isotopes facilitate a deeper understanding of the meteorite compositions that impacted the Earth-Moon system.

Oxygen isotope analyses revealed that approximately 1% of the regolith’s mass consists of carbon-rich material from meteorites that partially vaporized upon impact.

With this knowledge, researchers calculated the potential water content carried by these meteorites.

“The lunar regolith uniquely allows us to interpret a time-integrated record of impacts in Earth’s vicinity over billions of years,” explained Dr. Gargano.

“By applying oxygen isotope fingerprints, we can extract impactor signals from materials that have undergone melting, evaporation, and reprocessing.”

This significant finding alters our understanding of water sources on both Earth and the Moon.

When adjusted to account for global impacts, the cumulative water indicated in the model equates to only a minor fraction of the Earth’s oceanic water volume.

This discrepancy challenges the theory that water-rich meteorites delivered the bulk of Earth’s water.

“Our results don’t rule out meteorites as a water source,” noted Dr. Justin Simon, a planetary scientist at NASA Johnson’s Celestial Materials Research and Exploration Sciences Division.

“However, the Moon’s long-term record indicates that the slow influx of meteorites cannot significantly account for Earth’s oceans.”

While the implied water contribution from around 4 billion years ago is minimal in the context of Earth’s oceans, it remains notable for the Moon.

The Moon’s available water is concentrated in small, permanently shadowed areas at the poles.

These regions, among the coldest in the solar system, present unique opportunities for scientific research and exploration resources as NASA prepares for crewed missions to the Moon with Artemis III and subsequent missions.

The samples analyzed in this study were collected from near the lunar equator, where all six Apollo missions landed.

Rocks and dust gathered over half a century ago continue to yield valuable insights, albeit from a limited lunar area.

Future samples collected through Artemis are expected to unlock a new wave of discoveries in the years ahead.

“I consider myself part of the next generation of Apollo scientists, trained in the questions and insights enabled by the Apollo missions,” said Dr. Gargano.

“The Moon provides tangible evidence that we can examine in the lab, serving as a benchmark for what we learn from orbital data and telescopes.”

“I eagerly anticipate the information that upcoming Artemis samples will reveal about our place in the solar system.”

The findings of this study will be published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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Anthony M. Gargano et al. 2026. Constraints on impactor flux from lunar regolith oxygen isotopes to the Earth-Moon system. PNAS 123 (4): e2531796123; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2531796123

Source: www.sci.news

Global Water Bankruptcy: Understanding the Looming Crisis

Posted on January 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Iran Faces Severe Water Scarcity at Latian Dam

BAHRAM/Middle East Images/AFP via Getty Images

The world is entering an alarming “era of water bankruptcy” fueled by overconsumption and climate change. Approximately 75% of the global population lives in regions confronting severe water scarcity, pollution, and drought.

This is the finding of a United Nations report, which concludes that many regions are extracting excessive amounts from their annual rainwater and snowmelt, leading to the rapid depletion of groundwater reserves that may take thousands of years to replenish. Notably, 70% of major aquifers are now classified as depleted, and many changes are irreversible.

Key contributors to this crisis include the expansion of agriculture and urbanization into arid areas, which are becoming increasingly dry due to climate change. For instance, around 700 sinkholes have formed in Türkiye as a consequence of groundwater extraction. In addition, devastating sandstorms induced by desertification have resulted in numerous casualties in Beijing.

“Our surface water account is now empty,” asserts Kave Madani from the United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health. “The inherited savings from our ancestors—groundwater and glaciers—are now exhausted. We are witnessing global signs of water bankruptcy,” he explained.

Approximately 4 billion people face water scarcity for at least one month each year, which is exacerbated by immigration, conflict, and insecurity. Madani noted that while a currency collapse triggered recent protests in Iran, underlying water shortages were also significant contributors.

Iran has experienced its driest autumn in 50 years. This situation is further aggravated by the rapid proliferation of agricultural dams and wells, contributing to the near-complete desiccation of Lake Urmia, once the largest lake in the Middle East. The Iranian government is now considering evacuating Tehran and is exploring cloud-seeding methods to induce rain.

In the United States, the Colorado River, which is crucial for the water supply in much of the western region, has experienced an estimated flow reduction of 20% in the past 20 years. This decline is mainly attributed to decreased rainfall and increased evaporation, alongside excessive water repurposing for beef and dairy production. Cities like Los Angeles rely heavily on this water for drinking, despite the diminishing flow reaching the ocean.

The river’s primary reservoirs are currently at about 30% capacity, and projections indicate they could reach “dead pool” status (10-15% capacity) by 2027, according to research conducted by Bradley Udall from Colorado State University. Negotiations over water allocation among states stalled last year.

Experts emphasize that increasing agricultural water efficiency often leads to greater water consumption. Improvements such as drip and sprinkler irrigation allow for gradual water absorption, yet more water also runs back into rivers from flooded fields. Therefore, it is essential to reduce overall water consumption alongside enhancing efficiency, Udall asserts.

“Agriculture consumes 70% of our water resources, hence effective solutions must originate from the agricultural sector,” he adds. “A reduction in agricultural use is crucial, and this issue is prevalent worldwide.”

Approximately half of the global food production occurs in areas where water storage is diminishing. Addressing agricultural water use will also necessitate economic diversification to support the livelihoods of over 1 billion individuals, predominantly in low-income nations, which often export food to high-income countries.

“Water is integral to the economy, as it significantly impacts public health,” states Madani. “If jobs are lost, it can lead to social unrest similar to what we are witnessing in Iran.”

Even regions with sufficient rainfall are experiencing increased water extraction by data centers or contamination from industries, sewage, and agricultural runoff. Wetlands equivalent to the area of the European Union are being lost primarily due to agricultural conversion, incurring an estimated global cost of $5.1 trillion in ecosystem services, such as flood mitigation, food production, and carbon storage.

In Bangladesh, approximately half of the nation experiences well water contamination due to arsenic, exacerbated by rising sea levels and saltwater intrusion. In Dhaka, tap water and the ominously dubbed “river of death” are polluted by chemicals linked to fast-fashion product manufacturing intended for export to Europe and North America.

“It is widely known that the river is tainted by the garment industry,” notes Sonia Hawke from Oxford University. “However, strict regulations could deter buyers, creating a conflict of interest.”

In many instances, vital water bodies—including rivers, lakes, wetlands, and aquifers—struggle to return to their previous conditions. Additionally, significant glacial melting has diminished water supplies for hundreds of millions.

Madani emphasizes the necessity for humanity to adapt to reduced water availability through improved water management strategies. However, this starts with accurately assessing water resources and consumption, including household meters, well usage, and waterway health.

“Efforts like [cloud-seeding] may be futile if we don’t understand our water system’s metrics. Effective management begins with measurement,” Madani concludes.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

World’s First Submarine Desalination Facility to Begin Clean Water Production in 2026

Posted on January 2, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Flocean Seabed Desalination Pod

Credit: Florshan

Flocean's subsea desalination pod — Flocean Seabed Desalination Pod

Credit: Florshan

Transforming seawater into potable water has been a costly and energy-heavy endeavor for many regions globally. However, a pioneering approach by Flocean, a Norwegian company, is set to revolutionize this process. They aim to unveil the world’s first commercial-scale seabed desalination plant by 2026, significantly slashing both costs and energy consumption.

Global freshwater demand is surging due to factors like population growth, climate change, and industrial needs. Meanwhile, fresh water is increasingly scarce due to droughts, deforestation, and over-irrigation practices.

Currently, terrestrial desalination provides merely 1% of the world’s freshwater supply, with over 300 million people depending on it for their daily needs. The largest plants are located in the Middle East, where low energy costs enhance the feasibility of desalination technologies amid rising water scarcity.

Reverse osmosis is the primary technology employed in desalination today, which entails pressurizing seawater to force it through membranes that only allow water molecules to pass. This process is notoriously energy-intensive.

Flocean’s innovative strategy involves deploying underwater pods that filter seawater at significant depths, enabling separation of freshwater from salt while returning the salt back to the ocean. These reverse osmosis pods take advantage of hydrostatic pressure to filter seawater with reduced energy requirements.

The company asserts that their method can cut energy usage by approximately 40-50% compared to traditional desalination methods. Additionally, the deeper the pods are submerged, the cleaner the seawater, resulting in less pre-treatment before it reaches the membrane. Nikko zone conditions contribute to this purity.

“From a process perspective, it’s relatively straightforward,” states Alexander Fuglsang, Founder and CEO of Flocean. “The salinity, temperature, and pressure conditions remain stable, with minimal bacterial interference that can lead to biofouling.” The hydrostatic pressure also aids in diffusing the brine by-product, which is claimed not to have harmful chemicals for marine ecosystems.

Over the past year, Flocean has been successfully desalinating water at a depth of 524 meters at its test site located at the Mønstad Industrial Park, Norway’s leading marine supply base. The upcoming commercial facility, dubbed Flocean One, is set to produce 1,000 cubic meters of freshwater daily upon its launch next year. This scalable approach allows for the addition of more desalination pods as needed.

“We opt to maintain uniformity within the subsea units while expanding through replication, instead of constantly developing larger machinery,” explains Fugelsang. Nevertheless, scaling introduces engineering challenges, particularly in optimizing power distribution and permeation manifolds for increased efficiency.

This desalination technology has the potential to offer affordable freshwater solutions if properly implemented and costs are minimized, but large-scale viability has yet to be established, notes Nidal Hilal from New York University Abu Dhabi. “Successfully integrating this solution into municipal systems will require overcoming various technological and financial hurdles over time.”

Reducing costs is crucial for wider adoption of this technology, given that traditional water acquisition methods, such as lake or aquifer pumping, remain cheaper. Key expenses for Flocean stem from membrane cleaning and maintenance. Innovations in membrane technology are underway, with Hilal’s research focusing on conductive membranes that electrically repel salt and other contaminants, which may enhance cleanliness and throughput. Efforts are also being made to recycle single-use plastics into membrane materials to boost sustainability and drive down costs. “Durable membranes and high-efficiency pumps can further decrease operational costs, while incorporating renewable energy can lower electricity expenditures,” Hilal adds.

Flocean One is anticipated to start freshwater production in the second quarter of 2026. If all goes as planned, this technology could pave the way for larger plants in different locations. “The greatest challenge lies in achieving the right alignment,” Fugelsang concludes. “We seek clients, government approvals, and robust financial partnerships.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Cats Can Conquer Their Fear of Water and Thrive with Aquatic Therapy

Posted on December 1, 2025 by

Most cats aren’t fond of water

mclemay137/Getty Images

Innovative training protocols now enable even injured or disabled cats to experience underwater treadmill therapy and pools without fear.

This adaptive approach lowers stress levels, ensuring cats feel secure and can reap the benefits of the same water-based rehabilitation that aids dogs, horses, and humans. Stefania Uccedu from San Marco Veterinary Clinic and Research Institute in Padua, Italy.

“This is quite unexpected, as it boils down to habituation,” she explains. “Cats, like humans seeing the beach for the first time, have no concept of water. However, once they acclimate to the therapy setting, water becomes less of a concern.”

Underwater treadmills and pool therapies allow both animals and humans to exercise with less strain, making them excellent for rehabilitation and strength training for orthopedic issues like joint and tendon injuries, neurological problems, and senior care.

However, due to their evolution in arid environments, cats often feel extreme stress when encountering water or unfamiliar spaces, leading many owners and therapists to skip aquatic therapy altogether. The rare rehabilitation centers that include cats in water programs often adapt methods originally designed for dogs, according to Uccedu.

To address this, she and her team created a cat-specific protocol. Initially, the cat explores the room to dry off the equipment, then feels a damp towel on its paws. Next, the cat stands in a warm 5-centimeter deep water, familiarizes itself with the treadmill’s sound, and gradually is introduced to deeper water, always with the owner close by. Rewards such as food, petting, and toys are given based on the cats’ preferences.

“Notably, younger cats seem distracted by moving objects, allowing them to forget about the motion itself,” Uccedu notes.

Cat engaging in aquatic therapy protocol

San Marco Clinic Veterinary Research Institute

The team tested the protocol with 12 cats of various ages, breeds, and conditions drawn from the clinic’s feline patients with neurological and orthopedic issues.

During the program, each cat was observed for specific stress behaviors such as excessive meowing, licking their nose, and signs of fear. If a cat displayed these behaviors five or more times within a minute, the session was halted.

Uccedu reported that all 12 cats successfully completed rehabilitation programs of varying lengths, from a few weeks to a year, depending on their specific conditions. The cats exhibited remarkable physical progress, with some fully recovering and even climbing trees once again.

Encouraged by the favorable outcomes, the team began applying the protocol in swimming pools, integrating different lighting and music to create a more soothing environment. “Ultimately, the choice is up to the cat,” Uccedu emphasizes. “Some may prefer classical music, while others might enjoy Madonna.”

She stresses that these findings show that cats should not be dismissed from aquatic therapy based solely on their supposed aversion to water. “The encouraging news is that any clinic can apply this protocol and achieve similar outcomes.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Cold Water Swimming Benefits Both Your Mind and Body

Posted on November 26, 2025 by

Individuals enjoying a swim in London’s Beckenham Place Park Lake during January

AMcCulloch / Alamy

It’s 8am, and I find myself at the edge of my local lake in Beckenham Place Park, London, with the early morning sun just starting to break through the trees. A veil of mist rises from the chilled waters, wrapping everything in silence. Even the ducks seem to shy away from the frigid water today. Yet, my friend and I, clad in swimsuits despite the single-digit water temperature, brace ourselves. The initial plunge is startling, but once you acclimate and begin gliding through the water, it feels like a rebirth.

In recent years, I’ve successfully turned numerous friends into proponents of cold water swimming. My mantra is straightforward: nothing boosts mental health more effectively. Until recently, my experience was mostly just personal testimony. However, with the rise of ice baths, cold showers, and winter swimming, researchers are starting to uncover how these frosty immersions influence our brain chemistry. It’s becoming clear that these weekly dips may be making lasting changes to my brain.

I’m certainly not alone in my fondness for cold water. 6.8 million individuals in the UK regularly swim outdoors, whether in open waters or chilly pools that remain cool throughout much of the year. This trend aligns with emerging evidence indicating that consistent cold water exposure can alleviate fatigue, decrease depression symptoms, and enhance overall well-being, despite its potential dangers like hypothermia and waterborne illnesses.

For instance, a study involving 36 participants who undertook a four-month open water swimming program, four days a week during winter, demonstrated a marked reduction in tension and fatigue when compared to a non-swimming control group that maintained typical city life. The swimmers reported heightened energy levels, better memory retention, and improved mood.

A recent single immersion also proved effective. Individuals who stood chest-deep in seawater at around 13.6 degrees Celsius (56.5 degrees Fahrenheit) for 20 minutes reported less negativity and an increase in energy and self-esteem relative to those who remained on the shoreline.

Cold exposure affects several physiological mechanisms, including the heart and immune system, often leading to enhanced immune function which reduces the incidence of colds and cardiovascular risks. What intrigues me most are the neurological impacts.

For example, immersing your half-clad body in frigid water can uplift your mood by triggering an acute stress response. Anyone who has leapt into icy waters knows this feeling. The brain manages the sudden release of adrenaline, dopamine, and cortisol—chemicals that induce a high similar to that experienced post-exercise.

This reaction serves as an evolutionary survival tactic. Exposure to extreme cold can be life-threatening, which is why this “cold shock response” harnesses stress mechanisms to offer bursts of energy, sharpen alertness, minimize pain, and avert danger.

This is also the reason swimming in cold water might be overwhelming. In unusual cases, it can provoke rapid breathing and could lead to cardiac incidents if not approached with caution. However, if you intentionally prompt this reaction in a safe, calm setting with trained supervision, the benefits can be enjoyed while minimizing risks. Deficiencies in these neurotransmitters are critical in conditions like depression and anxiety, making the artificial elevation of these chemicals a possible explanation for the fleeting mood boost many experience after swimming.

‘Cold shock response’ boosts alertness and uplifts mood

David Trood/Getty Images

There may also be long-term benefits. Over time, the body adapts to the stress of cold water immersion, leading to shifts in the stress response. A study found that participants swimming in cold water three times a week for 12 weeks experienced a reduction in cortisol levels by the end, indicating an enhanced ability to cope with stress. Chronically high stress hormones can lead to inflammation, linked to various diseases and accelerated aging; thus, managing this response may yield long-term health advantages. A recent review of cold water swimming research suggests that this adaptation could provide expansive mental health benefits, like aiding anxiety management.

Additionally, our cold shock response triggers the release of proteins, such as RNA-binding motif 3, which assist in synaptic repair (the links between neurons). In lab mice prone to a form of Alzheimer’s, increased levels of this protein have been found to shield against nerve damage. This has led some researchers to propose that regular cold water swimming could provide lasting neuroprotective effects in humans, although this remains unverified.

Cold water immersion also wields significant psychological power. Enduring challenging conditions—even the most avid cold water enthusiasts can face trials during icy days—can foster resilience and a sense of mastery, popularly referred to as grit. Coupled with the social elements inherent in outdoor swimming, this mirrors some aspects of treatments like antidepressants and therapy. In fact, emerging evidence indicates that cold water swimming can alleviate depression symptoms as a complementary treatment. In many instances, this can occur without reliance on medication.

Interestingly, researchers are beginning direct investigations into cold water swimming’s effects on the brain. For example, Alla Yankovskaya and her team at Bournemouth University recently scanned the brains of 33 individuals not accustomed to cold water swimming before and after a five-minute full-body immersion in water at 20°C (68°F). This marked the first time researchers obtained real-time data on the interplay of brain networks post-cold exposure.

They uncovered advantageous changes in connectivity between various crucial brain regions, particularly linking the medial prefrontal cortex and the parietal cortex, areas tied to emotional regulation, focus, and decision-making. Activity in these regions is often disrupted in individuals suffering from depression and anxiety, possibly underscoring why cold water swimming acts as a therapeutic modality.

However, not everything is clear cut and positive. In rare instances, temporary memory loss may arise from cold water swimming, typically observed in older individuals, although the cause remains elusive. Besides, hypothermia poses a risk for lengthy aquatic adventures. Nevertheless, it’s comforting to know that the mental clarity and elevated mood observed after a swim are substantiated by scientific evidence, and maintaining such benefits might even guard against age-related diseases.

Recently, I learned that a sauna was being constructed lakeside, prompting curiosity about the additional benefits heat therapy might offer alongside swimming. I came across studies suggesting heat and cold can induce precise alterations in brain wave patterns, potentially yielding the most significant cognitive benefits of all. This is certainly a topic I aim to delve into in future articles—all in the name of science, of course, as I embark on a personal investigation of the UK’s premier saunas.

In the meantime, if you find yourself near a lake or the ocean this winter, gather your courage and dip your toes in. It may be chilly, but your brain will appreciate it.

Swimming in waters below 15°C (59°F) should always be conducted with a partner, flotation device, bright headwear, and full awareness of the risks involved and how to mitigate them. For more information on water safety pertaining to cold water swimming, visit the Royal Lifeboat Society. Resources are available.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Revolutionary Paint-Like Coating Harvests Water from Air

Posted on November 4, 2025 by

Researchers at the University of Sydney, in collaboration with Dewpoint Innovations, have engineered a porous polymer coating that can reflect as much as 97% of sunlight, dissipate heat into the atmosphere, and maintain surface temperatures up to 6 degrees cooler than the ambient air—even in direct sunlight. This mechanism fosters ideal conditions for atmospheric water vapor to transform into water droplets on these cooler surfaces, much like the condensation seen on a bathroom mirror.

Experimental equipment installed on the roof of the Sydney Nanoscience Hub. Image credit: University of Sydney.

Professor Chiara Neto from the University of Sydney stated: “This innovation not only advances cool roof coating technology, but also paves the way for sustainable, low-cost, decentralized freshwater sources—an essential requirement given the challenges of climate change and rising water scarcity.”

A six-month field study conducted on the roof of the Sydney Nanoscience Hub demonstrated that dew was collected for 32% of the year, enabling a sustainable and reliable water source even during dry spells.

Under optimal conditions, this coating can yield up to 390 mL of water per square meter daily—sufficient for a 12-square-meter home, meeting one person’s daily hydration needs.

This research illustrates the integration of passive cooling techniques and atmospheric moisture collection into scalable paint-like solutions.

The extensive collection area suggests that this coating could have diverse applications in various industries, including water supply for livestock, horticulture for premium crops, cooling through spraying, and hydrogen production.

Contrary to conventional white paints, the porous coatings utilizing polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene (PVDF-HFP) do not depend on UV-reflective pigments like titanium dioxide.

Dr. Ming Chiu, Chief Technology Officer of Dewpoint Innovations, remarked, “Our design achieves superior reflectiveness through an internal porous structure, ensuring longevity without the environmental downsides of pigment-based coatings.”

“By eliminating UV-absorbing materials, we have surmounted traditional limitations of solar reflectance while avoiding glare from diffuse reflection.”

“This equilibrium between performance and visual comfort enhances its ease of integration and appeal for real-world applications.”

Throughout six months of outdoor examination, researchers documented minute-by-minute data on cooling and water collection, confirming solid performance that remained stable under the harsh Australian sun—unlike similar technologies that often degrade quickly.

In addition to water harvesting, these coatings could help mitigate urban heat islands, lower energy needs for air conditioning, and provide climate-resilient water sources for regions facing heightened heat and water stress.

“This research also challenges the notion that dew collection is confined to humid environments,” noted Professor Neto.

“While humid conditions are optimal, condensation can also occur in arid and semi-arid areas where humidity increases during the night.”

“It isn’t a substitute for rainfall; rather, it serves as a water source when other supplies are scarce.”

The team’s work was published in the October 30th issue of Advanced Functional Materials.

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Ming Chiu et al. A passive cooling paint-like coating to capture water from the atmosphere. Advanced Functional Materials published online October 30, 2025. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202519108

Source: www.sci.news

Martian Permafrost May Contain Viable Liquid Water Channels

Posted on October 23, 2025 by

Solar Panel and Robotic Arm of NASA’s Phoenix Lander with Sample in Scoop

NASA/JPL-California Institute of Technology/University of Arizona/Texas A&M University

Mars might harbor a system of liquid water flowing beneath its icy surface. Similar to permafrost on Earth, which is theorized to have thin veins of liquid minerals, new models suggest these veins on Mars could be substantial enough to sustain life.

“For Mars, we’re constantly flirting with the edge of habitability. Initially, I theorized this study would reveal that adequate water wouldn’t exist, thus making microbial life impossible,” states Hannah Sizemore from the Planetary Science Institute in Arizona. “I was mistaken.”

Sizemore and her team analyzed Mars’ soil composition to estimate the amount of icy soil that might actually comprise liquid water and the dimensions of the channels through which it flows. Temperatures on Mars can plummet to -150°C (-240°F), challenging the existence of liquid water. While pure water freezes at 0°C, the presence of salts—widespread on Mars—can significantly lower the freezing point.

The research indicated that it is “surprisingly feasible” to find soil containing over 5 percent liquid water in channels exceeding 5 microns in diameter. This threshold was deemed necessary for a vein to be classified as habitable. “The largest veins we’re referencing are 10 times narrower than a fine human hair,” Sizemore elaborates. “Nonetheless, it’s a sufficiently expansive environment to host microorganisms, allowing for the transfer of nutrients and waste within the ecosystem.”

Based on soil data collected by NASA’s Phoenix spacecraft, which landed on Mars in 2008, these networks of waterways may be prevalent at latitudes above 50 degrees. Sizemore indicated that if life exists on Mars, liquid veins would be prime locations for investigation, proposing that “this is a site where one could land and excavate around 30 centimeters to collect samples.”

The primary concern regarding these veins as potential habitats is their temperature, which can be significantly below what most known life forms can endure. “However, we must exercise caution in applying the limits observed for terrestrial organisms to other life forms, as they do not necessarily define the survival limits for all life that could exist elsewhere,” states Bruce Jakosky from the University of Colorado Boulder. “Ultimately, this study and related research suggest that the existence of life near the Martian surface is not out of the question.”

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Mars/
Extraterrestrial Life

Source: www.newscientist.com

Nanoparticle-Based Manual Device for Disinfecting Drinking Water

Posted on October 20, 2025 by

Access to clean water can be challenging in isolated areas

Kornienko Alexander/Alamy

SEI 270582273 — Access to clean water can be challenging in isolated areas

Kornienko Alexander/Alamy

A hand-cranked bottle could transform the availability of safe drinking water in areas affected by disasters and in off-grid communities.

Xudeng professors at the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China in Chengdu are committed to developing a straightforward approach to eliminate bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens, as well as parasites from water.

“We often faced the same challenges in decentralized water treatment,” says Deng. “Most point-of-source (POS) solutions need electricity or ample sunlight and are labor-intensive.”

In areas without grid access and during emergencies when standard systems fail, an invention was required to disinfect water using a simple one-minute manual action.

Their method utilizes spherical silica nanoparticles coated with amine-based compounds that acquire a positive charge in water, along with gold nanoparticles that become negatively charged when agitated.

“Imagine a hand-cranked bottle filled with a small quantity of a synthetically made sand-like powder,” Deng explains. “A few turns of the handle induce a gentle shear in the water, activating the nanoparticles.”

As water flows over the gold and amine nanoparticles, it generates an electric charge that produces oxidizing agents known as reactive oxygen species.

“These reactive oxygen species puncture the membranes of microorganisms, rendering the pathogens incapable of survival or reproduction,” Deng states. “When agitation ceases, the powder naturally separates from the water, allowing clean water to flow out of the outlet.”

The research team evaluated the device against 16 highly infectious pathogens known to pose significant public health threats, achieving a reduction rate of 99.9999%. A similar level of reduction was noted for Escherichia coli in just 15 seconds of stirring at 50°C and for cholera bacteria in one minute. In total, it inactivated over 95 percent of all tested microorganisms.

Deng mentioned that the device is still in the proof-of-concept phase, so researchers haven’t yet established how many liters of water it can purify.

“What we do know is that after each cycle, the same set of particles can be collected and reused,” he adds. “Moreover, once charged, this system provides prolonged defense against recontamination for several hours.”

Since the quantity of gold nanoparticles used is minimal, their expense is negligible, with the primary cost attributed to the silica powder and plastic casing.

Chiara Neto from the University of Sydney in Australia expressed her admiration for the scientific advancement and novel applications of nanoparticles in disrupting pathogen cell membranes. “It’s a brilliant and impressive piece of work.”

Source: www.newscientist.com

ALMA Discovers Heavy Water in Planet-Forming Disk Surrounding Distant Protostar

Posted on October 18, 2025 by

An astronomer utilizing the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) has discovered double deuterated water (D₂O), commonly known as “heavy water,” in the protoplanetary disk surrounding the protostar V883 Orionis, situated 1,300 light-years away in the Orion constellation. This finding indicates that some of the water found in comets—and even on Earth—might predate the stars themselves, offering transformative insights into the history of water in our solar system.

This artist’s impression illustrates the evolution of heavy water molecules, previously detected in giant molecular clouds, planet-forming disks, and comets, before ultimately reaching Earth. Image credit: NSF / AUI / NRAO of NSF / P. Vosteen / B. Saxton.

Investigating the primordial material from the protoplanetary disk that gave rise to our solar system suggests that water may have been transported to Earth via comet or asteroid impacts.

However, it remains uncertain whether the water ice present on these celestial objects formed primarily during the protoplanetary disk phase or if it is considerably older, originating from parent molecular clouds.

“This detection clearly demonstrates that the water found in the planet-forming disk around V883 Orionis predates the central star and must have formed during the early phases of star and planet formation,” stated Dr. Margot Rehmker, an astronomer at the University of Milan.

“This marks a significant leap in our understanding of the journey of water throughout planet formation and how this water potentially reached the solar system, including Earth, through similar mechanisms.”

The chemical fingerprinting of heavy water indicates that these molecules have withstood the turbulent processes of star and planet formation, traversing billions of kilometers through the cosmos and ending up in planetary systems like ours.

Rather than being completely destroyed and reformed within the disk, a significant portion of this water is inherited from the earliest, most frigid stages of star formation, serving as a cosmic remnant that may still exist on Earth today.

“Until now, it was uncertain whether most of the water in comets and planets was newly formed in young disks such as Orionis V883 or whether it was ‘pure’ from ancient interstellar clouds,” remarked Dr. John Tobin, an astronomer at the NSF National Radio Astronomy Observatory.

“The detection of heavy water using sensitive isotopic isomer ratios (D₂oh₂O) validates that this water is an ancient relic, forming a crucial link between clouds, disks, comets, and planets.”

“This finding is the first direct evidence that water can traverse through stars unaltered and intact, moving from clouds to the materials that constitute planetary systems.”

The team’s paper is published in this week’s edition of Nature Astronomy.

_____

M. Riemker et al. Primitive ice within a planet-forming disk identified by heavy water. Nat Astron published online October 15, 2025. doi: 10.1038/s41550-025-02663-y

Source: www.sci.news

Kiwifruit, Rye Bread, and Mineral-Rich Water May Alleviate Chronic Constipation

Posted on October 13, 2025 by

This is grounded in the inaugural evidence presented in the Dietary guidelines for adults experiencing chronic constipation. Published in the Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics and the Neurogastroenterology and Motility, the new guidelines highlight that incorporating psyllium fiber supplements, specific probiotic strains, and magnesium oxide supplements may enhance constipation relief.

To enhance certain outcomes related to constipation, recommendations include kiwifruit, rye bread, highly mineralized water, psyllium supplements, specific probiotic strains, and magnesium oxide supplements. Image credit: Aziz3625.

Constipation is a persistent condition that significantly affects quality of life and places a considerable economic strain on both individuals and healthcare systems.

Previous clinical guidelines offered limited and often outdated dietary advice, such as suggestions to increase fiber and fluid intake.

In contrast to older guidelines, the latest recommendations are founded on several thorough systematic reviews and meta-analyses, employing the GRADE framework to evaluate evidence quality.

Professor Kevin Whelan from King’s College London stated, “This new guidance represents a positive development towards empowering health professionals and their patients to manage constipation via dietary means.”

“This means individuals worldwide suffering from constipation can now receive current advice based on the best available evidence to enhance their symptoms and health outcomes.”

“With ongoing research, we have a genuine opportunity to significantly improve quality of life.”

Professor Whelan and his team analyzed over 75 clinical trials, formulating 59 recommendations and pinpointing 12 key research priorities.

“Chronic constipation can greatly influence your daily routine,” noted Dr. Eirini Dimidi from King’s College London.

“For the first time, we outline effective dietary strategies and identify advice lacking robust evidence.”

“By improving this condition through dietary modifications, individuals can better manage their symptoms and, hopefully, enhance their quality of life.”

The recommendations also examine constipation outcomes like stool frequency, consistency, straining, and overall quality of life, thereby allowing for more tailored care based on individual symptoms.

Clinician-friendly resources have also been created to facilitate the implementation of these guidelines in practices globally.

An analysis of the evidence indicates that while certain foods and supplements provide benefits, the overall quality of existing research remains low.

Most studies have concentrated narrowly on single interventions instead of comprehensive dietary strategies, emphasizing the pressing need for improved nutritional research in managing constipation.

“Adopting a high-fiber diet offers numerous health benefits and is generally advised for constipation,” Dr. Dimidi stated.

“However, our guidelines indicate insufficient evidence to confirm that it is effective, particularly for constipation.”

“Instead, our research has revealed some novel dietary strategies that may genuinely assist patients.”

“Simultaneously, there is an urgent necessity for high-quality trials to reinforce our understanding of what works and what doesn’t.”

Source: www.sci.news

Astronomers Discover Water Activity in Interstellar Object 3I/ATLAS

Posted on October 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Astronomers have detected hydroxyl (OH) gas, a chemical indicator of water, from the interstellar object 3I/ATLAS using an ultraviolet/optical telescope on NASA’s Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory.

Stacked images of the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS obtained with NASA’s Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory: the first was captured on July 31 and August 1, 2025 (visit 1, upper half), and the second was on August 19, 2025 (visit 2, lower half). Image credit: Xing et al., others, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ae08ab.

The identification of the third interstellar object, 3I/ATLAS, on July 1, 2025, initiated a comprehensive characterization effort globally.

Learning from prior discoveries of interstellar objects 1I/Oumuamua and 2I/Borisov, an observation campaign was implemented to swiftly measure its initial brightness, morphology, light curve, color, and optical and near-infrared spectra.

Given the apparent brightness and early extension of the coma, there was suspicion of a gas outburst, yet none was detected.

Investigating the early activity of interstellar objects is crucial for understanding their chemical and physical evolution as they approach the Sun, as this may signify the first notable heating during their extensive dynamic lifetimes.

“The discovery of water marks a significant step in our grasp of how interstellar comets evolve,” stated Dennis Bordewitz, an astronomer from Auburn University.

“For solar system comets, water serves as a baseline for scientists to gauge their total activity and track how sunlight stimulates the release of other gases.”

“This is the chemical standard against which all assessments of volatile ice in cometary cores are made.”

“Detecting the same signal in an interstellar object means we can for the first time position 3I/ATLAS on the same scale employed to study comets indigenous to our Solar System. This is a progress toward juxtaposing the chemistry of planetary systems throughout our Milky Way galaxy.”

“What’s fascinating about 3I/ATLAS is the location of this water activity.”

Swift noticed the hydroxyl groups when the comet was nearly three times further from the Sun than Earth (well beyond the area where water ice on the surface could easily sublimate), recording a water loss rate of approximately 40 kg per second. At such distances, most solar system comets remain inactive.

The robust ultraviolet signal from 3I/ATLAS implies there might be additional mechanisms at play. Possibly, sunlight is warming small ice particles expelled from the core, causing them to vaporize and contribute to the surrounding gas cloud.

Such extensive water sources have only been detected on a limited number of far-off comets, suggesting intricate layered ice that holds clues regarding their formation.

Every interstellar comet discovered to date has unveiled a distinct aspect of planetary chemistry beyond our Sun.

Collectively, these observations illustrate that the composition of comets and the volatile ice that constitutes them can vary considerably from one system to another.

These variations imply the diversity of planet-forming environments and how factors like temperature, radiation, and composition ultimately influence planetary formation and, in some instances, the materials that lead to life.

Capturing the ultraviolet signals from 3I/ATLAS was a technological achievement in itself.

Swift employs a compact 30 cm telescope, yet from its orbit above Earth’s atmosphere, it can detect wavelengths of ultraviolet light that are largely absorbed by the atmosphere.

Free from sky glare or air interference, Swift’s ultraviolet/optical telescope achieves the sensitivity comparable to that of ground-based telescopes with 4-meter apertures for these wavelengths.

Its rapid targeting abilities allowed astronomers to analyze comets just weeks after their discovery, well before they become too faint or too close to the Sun for space study.

“When we observe water from an interstellar comet or its subtle ultraviolet signature (OH), we are interpreting notes from another planetary system,” Bordewitz notes.

“This indicates that the components essential for life’s chemical processes are not exclusive to us.”

“All interstellar comets we’ve observed thus far have been unexpectedly intriguing,” remarked Dr. Zexy Shin, a postdoctoral fellow at Auburn University.

“‘Oumuamua was dry, Borisov was rich in carbon monoxide, and now Atlas is revealing water at a distance we didn’t anticipate.”

“Each of these cases is transforming our understanding of how planets and comets form around stars.”

A study detailing the survey findings was published on September 30th in Astrophysics Journal Letter.

_____

Zexy Shin et al. 2025. Water production rate of interstellar object 3I/ATLAS. APJL 991, L50; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ae08ab

Source: www.sci.news

Southern Texas Towns Face Water Challenges

Posted on September 27, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Small towns in South Texas are urgently seeking alternative drinking water sources as persistent droughts threaten to deplete their main supply.

Mattis City typically relies on Lake Corpus Christi for its drinking water; however, the intensifying drought is projected to drop levels too low for safe extraction, according to Cedric Davis from the city.

“It’s not about completely running out of water,” said Davis. “It’s just challenging to access clean water from the lake, as the extraction process brings up sediment.”

That sediment can harm urban filtration and treatment systems, he noted. According to 2020 data from the US Census Bureau, Mattis has a population of approximately 4,300.

The situation in Texas underscores the escalating challenges faced in drought-affected areas nationwide, as climate change alters rainfall patterns and reduces the availability of safe drinking water.

In 2023, New Orleans experienced a drinking water emergency when saltwater infiltrated upstream due to unusually low levels in the drought-impacted Mississippi River.

Last year, ongoing drought and years of low precipitation led to alarmingly low reservoir levels in Mexico City, resulting in significant water shortages for North America’s most populous urban areas.

South Texas has a long history of dry spells, with much of the region categorized as facing “moderate” or “severe” drought conditions. The US Drought Monitor publishes updated color-coded maps weekly to illustrate the extent and severity of droughts nationwide.

Extreme dryness has resulted in falling water levels in Lake Corpus Christi.

“There isn’t enough rain to restore the lakes and reservoirs in South Texas,” said Davis, indicating that several municipal and small community areas will need to seek emergency solutions.

Davis mentioned that projections indicate lake levels may become critically low by late December. Thus, the city is initiating the drilling of two emergency wells to ensure a continued supply of drinking water.

Although the project is still in the planning stages, Davis expressed hope that the permitting process and lease agreement with the Texas Parks and Wildlife division could be expedited. If all goes well, excavation may commence by the end of October.

“If everything goes as planned and we can install the wells by late December, we should be fine,” stated Davis.

Nonetheless, city officials are exploring additional contingency options, including potentially expensive desalination plants and wastewater treatment and reuse systems.

“We haven’t ruled anything out,” Davis concluded.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Research Shows Ice Dissolves Iron Minerals More Efficiently than Liquid Water

Posted on September 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Ice at 10 degrees Celsius releases iron from more abundant minerals compared to liquid water at 4 degrees Celsius, according to researchers from Umeå University, Chimiques de Rennes, and CNRS. This discovery sheds light on why many Arctic rivers are taking on a rusty orange hue as permafrost begins to thaw in warmer climates.

Schematic diagram of the iron mineral dissolution reaction of ice. Image credit: Sebaaly et al. , doi: 10.1073/pnas.2507588122.

“It may seem counterintuitive, but ice is not merely a static frozen mass,” stated Professor Jean François Boyley from Umeå University.

“Frozen states create microscopic pockets of liquid water between ice crystals.”

“These pockets function like chemical reactors, where compounds become concentrated and highly acidic.”

“This implies that even at temperatures as low as 30 degrees Celsius, they can engage with iron minerals.”

To investigate this phenomenon, Professor Boyley and his team examined goethite, a diverse array of iron oxide minerals, along with naturally occurring organic acids.

Through advanced microscopy and a series of experiments, they found that repeated freeze-thaw cycles enhance iron dissolution significantly.

When ice undergoes freezing and thawing, it releases organic compounds that were previously trapped, fostering additional chemical reactions.

Salt concentration also plays a critical role; fresh brackish waters promote iron dissolution, whereas seawater inhibits it.

The outcomes of this research are particularly relevant in acidic environments like mine drainage sites, frozen atmospheric dust, acid sulfate soils along the Baltic coast, or acidic freezing locales where iron minerals interact with organic matter.

“As global temperatures rise, the freeze-thaw cycles are becoming more frequent,” remarked Angelo Pio Severly, a doctoral candidate at Umeå University.

“Each cycle liberates iron from the soil and permafrost into the water, potentially impacting water quality and aquatic ecosystems over vast areas.”

“These findings emphasize that ice is an active participant, rather than a passive medium for storage.”

“It is crucial to recognize the growing impact of freeze and thaw processes in polar and mountainous regions on ecosystems and elemental cycling.”

The research team’s paper was published on August 26, 2025, in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

____

Angelo P. Severly et al. 2025. Ice as a kinetic and mechanical driver for iron oxide dissolution of oxalate oxide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 122 (35): E2507588122; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2507588122

Source: www.sci.news

New Research Confirms Multiple Instances of Water Activity in Jezero Crater

Posted on September 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Minerals constitute the building blocks of rocks, and the specific minerals and their chemical compositions reveal significant insights into rock formation and history. On Mars, NASA’s dedicated rover, equipped with X-ray lithochemistry (PIXL) instruments, produces geochemical maps of rock surfaces. A recent study examined over 90,000 chemical analyses collected by PIXL during its first 1,100 days on Mars, revealing that the minerals in Jezero Crater interact with various types of liquids over time. result This will be published in Journal of Geophysics: Planets.

This image from NASA’s Mars reconnaissance orbiter showcases the Jezero Crater on Mars. Image credits: NASA/JPL-CALTECH/MSSS/JHU-APL.

In this research, Eleanor Moreland, a Rice University graduate student, along with her team, utilized mineral identification through stoichiometry (MIST) algorithms to analyze PIXL data.

PIXL determines the chemical composition by bombarding Martian rocks with X-rays, yielding the most comprehensive geochemical measurements ever obtained from another planet.

“The minerals identified in Jezero Crater through MIST indicate that these volcanic rocks interacted with liquid water multiple times throughout Mars’ history, suggesting the potential for habitable conditions,” Moreland stated.

Minerals form under specific environmental conditions, such as temperature, pH, and the chemical composition of fluids, making them reliable narrators of planetary history.

Within Jezero Crater, 24 mineral species illustrate the volcanic characteristics of the Martian surface and their interactions with water over time.

Water chemically alters rocks, producing salt or clay minerals, with the specific minerals formed depending on environmental variables.

The minerals discovered in the crater showcase three different types of liquid interactions, each indicating distinct possibilities for habitability.

The first mineral suite, featuring green arilite, hizingerite, and ferroaluminoceradonite, shows localized high-temperature acidic fluids present only in crater bedrock, interpreted as among the oldest rocks studied.

The water involved in this scenario is regarded as the most conducive to life, given that research on Earth suggests high temperatures and low pH can harm biological structures.

“These hot, acidic conditions present the toughest challenges to life,” commented Kirsten Siebach, a researcher at Rice University.

“However, on Earth, life can thrive in extreme environments such as the acidic waters of Yellowstone, so this doesn’t negate the possibility of habitability.”

The second mineral suite favors more hospitable conditions and indicates a medium neutral fluid present over larger areas.

Minerals like Minnesotaite and Clinoptilolite were detected on both the crater floor and fan area, forming at lower temperatures with neutral pH, while Clinoptilolite was restricted to the crater floor.

Lastly, the third category represents a cold alkaline liquid, considered highly habitable from a modern Earth perspective.

Sepiolite, a common mineral change on Earth, was found to form under moderate temperature and alkaline conditions, widely distributed across all units explored by the rover.

The presence of sepiolite in all these units indicates multiple episodes of liquid water contributing to habitable conditions in Jezero Crater.

“These minerals demonstrate that Jezero Crater has undergone a transition from harsher, hotter, acidic liquid conditions to more neutral and alkaline environments over time.

Given that Mars samples cannot be prepared or scanned as accurately as Earth samples, the team developed an uncertainty propagation model to enhance the findings.

Using a statistical approach, MIST repeatedly assessed mineral identification while considering potential errors, analogous to how meteorologists predict hurricane paths by utilizing numerous models.

“Error analysis enables us to assign confidence levels to all mineral identifications,” Moreland remarked.

“MIST assists not just with the scientific and decision-making processes of Mars 2020, but also establishes a mineralogical archive of Jezero Crater, which will be invaluable if samples are returned to Earth.”

The findings affirm that Jezero Crater, once home to an ancient lake, has experienced a complex, dynamic aqueous history.

Each new mineral discovery brings us closer to determining whether Mars has ever supported life, while also refining strategies for sample collection and return.

____

Eleanor L. Moreland et al. 2025. Multiple episodes of fluid changes in Jezero Crater indicated by the identification of MIST minerals in PIXL XRF data from the first 1100 SOL of the Mars 2020 mission. Journal of Geophysics: Planets 130 (9): e2024je008797; doi: 10.1029/2024je008797

Source: www.sci.news

Scientists Reveal That Liquid Water Once Flowed Through the Parent Body of Asteroid Ryugu

Posted on September 22, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

This water flow took place on ancient asteroids over a billion years after their formation, likely due to the heat generated by melting ice, which caused rock fractures that facilitated water movement. JAXA’s Hayabusa-2 Spacecraft.

This image of the asteroid was taken on June 26, 2018, by JAXA’s Hayabusa-2 Spacecraft optical navigation camera – telescopic (ONC-T). Image credits: JAXA / University of Tokyo / Kochi University / Ricchiho University / Nagoya University / Chiba University of Technology / Nishimura University / Aizu University / AIST.

Ryugu is a CG-type asteroid close to Earth and part of the Polana family of impact asteroids.

The diamond-shaped body, also known as 1999 JU3, was identified by astronomers in May 1999 during asteroid studies near Lincoln.

Its diameter measures about 900 m (0.56 miles), and it orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.96-1.41 Astronomical Units (AU) every 474 days.

“We have a relatively good understanding of how the solar system was formed, though many gaps remain,” said Shiyoshijima, a researcher at the University of Tokyo.

“One gap in our knowledge is how Earth acquired its water.”

“It has long been known that carbonaceous asteroids, originating from ice and dust in the outer solar system, have contributed water to Earth.”

“We discovered that Ryugu preserves an unaltered record of water activity, indicating that liquid water moved through the rock much later than previously anticipated,” added Dr. Ikemoto.

“This shifts our understanding of the long-term fate of water on asteroids. The water has remained for an extended period and hasn’t been depleted as quickly as we thought.”

In this study, the authors examined the isotopes of lutetium (Lu) and hafnium (HF), with the radioactive decay from lutetium-176 to hafnium-176 serving as a sort of clock to gauge geological processes.

The expected presence of these isotopes in the studied sample was hypothesized to correlate with the asteroid’s age in a predictable manner.

However, the ratio of Hafnium-176 to Lutetium-176 was significantly unexpected.

This strongly suggests to researchers that the liquid effectively washed away lutetium from the rocks containing it.

“We anticipated that Ryugu’s chemical signatures would align with certain meteorites currently under examination on Earth,” Dr. Iizuka stated.

“However, the results were strikingly different, necessitating the careful elimination of other possible explanations, ultimately concluding that the Lu-HF system was hindered by a delayed liquid flow.”

“The most probable triggers involved the parent body of Ryugu’s larger asteroid, which disrupted the rocks, melting the embedded ice and allowing liquid water to permeate the body.”

“It was truly surprising! This impact event could be the catalyst for the parent body disruption.”

One of the crucial implications is that carbon-rich asteroids may be a significant source of water for Earth, supplying far more than previously estimated.

Ryugu’s parent body seems to have retained ice for over a billion years. This suggests that similar bodies impacting the young Earth could have delivered 2-3 times more water than standard models predict, significantly influencing the planet’s early oceans and atmosphere.

“The notion that a Ryugu-like object has preserved ice for such an extended time is remarkable,” Dr. Ikemoto remarked.

“It implies that Earth’s components were far wetter than we had imagined.”

“This prompts a reevaluation of the initial conditions for the planetary water system.”

“It’s still early to draw definitive conclusions, but my team and others may build on this research to clarify various aspects, including how our planet became habitable.”

The findings will be published in the journal Nature.

____

T. Iizuka et al. Late fluid flow of primitive asteroids revealed by Lu-HF isotopes of Lu. Nature. Published online on September 10th, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09483-0

Source: www.sci.news

The Asteroid Ryugu Once Harbored Liquid Water

Posted on September 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Asteroid Ryugu captured by Hayabusa 2 spacecraft

Credit: JAXA Hayabusa 2

A significant amount of water once cascaded along the surface of an asteroid, indicating that asteroids may have delivered more water to Earth than previously believed.

The source of Earth’s water remains somewhat enigmatic. Although incoming asteroids are considered potential contributors, skepticism exists regarding their ability to supply the vast quantities of water present on Earth today.

Carbonate asteroids develop from dust and ice in the outer solar system. In 2019, Japan’s Hayabusa 2 spacecraft landed on Ryugu and collected 5.4 grams of material, returning it to Earth in 2020.

Initial images of Ryugu suggested it was drier than anticipated, but further studies revealed the presence of cracks once filled with vital elements, including water.

Early dating of the samples indicated that the asteroid was among the oldest celestial objects, originating around 460 million years ago.

However, when Tsuyoshi Itsuka from the University of Tokyo and his team assessed its age using the radioactive decay of lutetium-176 in tiny asteroid samples, they found something intriguing.

“Our analysis estimates the age of the Ryugu sample at about 4.8 billion years, significantly predating the solar system,” notes Ikemoto. “This indicates the timing of Ryugu’s sample collection is critical.”

Instead, the researchers believe that roughly a billion years after its parent body was formed, Ryugu was warmed enough to convert ice into water, which in turn removed some lutetium-176, complicating dating techniques.

Solar radiation warms only the surface ice to about 40 centimeters, while the Ryugu samples were extracted from much deeper layers. Researchers suggest that collisions with other celestial objects may explain how the interior of the parent body was heated.

By estimating the volume of water required to alter the lutetium-176 levels in the Ryugu samples, the team concluded that the asteroid consists of roughly 20-30% water.

Ikemoto asserts that asteroids are believed to have delivered water to Earth in mineral form. “Our findings imply that they can actually provide water as both minerals and ice,” he adds.

The research highlights the value of sample-return missions, according to Jonti Horner from the University of South Queensland, who was not involved in this study. “By retrieving samples directly, we eliminate Earth’s interference, enhancing the validity of our findings,” Horner explains.

“This suggests that these bodies were wetter than previously thought, allowing us to better understand the origins of Earth’s oceans as we analyze early planetary formation,” he concludes.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Missouri Resident Hospitalized with “Brain-Eating” Infection Potentially Linked to Water Skiing, Officials Report

Posted on August 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A resident of Missouri has been admitted to the hospital following a potential water skiing incident at a local lake, which health officials have characterized as a fatal “brain-eating infection.”

The Missouri Department of Health’s Senior Services Office released a statement on Wednesday indicating that the unidentified patients seem to have been exposed to Naegleria fowleri.

The agency described Naegleria fowleri as “a microscopic single-celled free-living ameba capable of causing a rare and lethal brain infection known as primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), commonly referred to as the ‘brain-eating’ infection.”

Health officials noted that early investigations imply the patients may have been engaged in water skiing at the Ozarks lake, a reservoir situated in central Missouri, prior to falling ill.

According to the agency, Naegleria fowleri typically resides in freshwater, although PAM is “extremely rare.” The ameba usually enters the body through the nose and makes its way to the brain, inflicting damage on brain tissue.

“Individuals who engage in water recreation should operate under the assumption that Naegleria fowleri could be found in warm freshwater across the United States, although infections remain highly uncommon,” the agency stated.

The health department reported only 167 cases of infection in the United States from 1962 to 2024.

In a separate incident last month, 12-year-old Jasen Kerr tragically passed away after swimming at Lake Murray in South Carolina, subsequently diagnosed with PAM, according to a statement from the law firm representing Kerr’s family, shared on Facebook.

“We support this family not only in seeking the truth but to ensure that no other families have to endure such losses,” stated Bailey Law Office.

Initial symptoms of PAM include headache, fever, nausea, and vomiting. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

The CDC warns that most individuals with PAM will succumb within 1 to 18 days after symptoms manifest, leading to coma and death within 5 days.

The Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services advised residents to “steer clear of water-related activities in warm freshwater during elevated water temperatures, utilize nose clamps, and refrain from submerging their heads in the water.”

They also recommended avoiding the disturbance of wet sediments, as “Naegleria fowleri amebas are likely to inhabit sediments at lakes, ponds, and riverbeds.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

A Compact Device Generates Water, Oxygen, and Fuel from Lunar Soil

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Image of the moon captured by Chang’e 5 Lander in China, which gathered samples in 2020

CNSA/Xinhua/Alamy

Solar energy systems can generate water, oxygen, and fuel from lunar regolith for future settlements of lunar explorers.

It has been established that significant amounts of water are bound in the minerals of the moon. However, methods proposed for extracting resources from lunar regolith typically involve complex and energy-heavy techniques that aren’t practical for long-lasting lunar colonies.

Recently, Lu Wang and his team at the Chinese University of Hong Kong discovered that a relatively straightforward solar-powered nuclear reactor could yield useful materials simply by exposing lunar regolith to sunlight and utilizing them through astronauts.

In their experiments, the researchers utilized lunar samples obtained from China’s Chang’e 5 mission, along with simulated samples made from Earth-based rocks.

During the operation of the reactor, sunlight first extracts water from the lunar soil, and then the soil facilitates a reaction between CO₂ and water to produce carbon monoxide, oxygen, and hydrogen, which can serve as fuel.

While lunar soil contains various minerals that can aid in these reactions, a compound known as ilmenite is highlighted as a key catalyst, according to Wang.

“The mechanisms of these chemical reactions are quite fascinating and could lead to the creation of essential lunar resources,” says Haihui Joy Jiang, who was not part of the research team at the University of Sydney in Australia.

“We still need to address several questions and direct future research to determine if this process is applicable in a practical, feasible, and scalable manner on the moon,” Jiang adds.

Wang acknowledges the challenges of expanding this process to produce sufficient water, oxygen, and fuel to support a lunar colony. “The moon’s extreme environment presents unique challenges, including severe temperature variations, a high vacuum, intense solar radiation, and low gravity,” he notes. “Moreover, the variability in lunar soil and scarcity of co-resources pose considerable hurdles to technical implementation.”

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

We Might Have Discovered a Simple Method for Producing Water on the Moon

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers have created innovative technologies to extract water from lunar soil, potentially offering vital support for future lunar explorers.

Findings published in the journal Joule highlight how this could significantly lower the astronomical cost of transporting water from Earth, which stands at $22,000 per liter ($83,000 per gallon).

If successfully scaled, this technology may play a crucial role in supporting long-term missions on the moon.

Utilizing samples brought back by China’s Chang’e-5 mission in 2020, scientists showed that water can be extracted from lunar materials and used alongside carbon dioxide to produce essential resources. These resources include oxygen for astronauts to breathe and hydrogen-based chemicals that can be transformed into rocket fuel.

“We never fully imagined the ‘magic’ contained in lunar soil,” said Professor Lou Wang, one of the study’s authors from Shenzhen University and Hong Kong’s China University, in a statement.

“The most surprising aspect of our work was the real success achieved through this integrated approach. One stage of lunar ₂O extraction and photothermal _CO2 catalysts enhances energy efficiency and simplifies infrastructure development.”

This technique employs a photothermal method (which converts sunlight into heat) to facilitate water extraction and the chemical conversion process.

Chang’e-5 lunar samples on display in Beijing, China. The mission returned 1.7 kg (3.7 pounds) of lunar material to Earth in 2020 – Source: Getty

In laboratory tests, the team employed actual lunar soils from Chang’e-5, along with simulated samples, exposing them to CO2 while concentrating light into a batch reactor. The CO2 used in the conversion process can be easily obtained from astronaut exhalations on the moon.

Previous methods for extracting water from lunar regolith lacked direct links to generating other vital resources. This integrated approach indicates a more efficient advancement; however, researchers recognize that significant challenges persist.

The moon’s extreme temperatures, high radiation levels, and inconsistent soil composition complicate efforts to scale this technology. The amount of CO2 produced by an astronaut’s exhalation may not meet the requirements for complete resource recycling, and the catalytic process still lacks the efficiency needed for sustained life.

Nevertheless, this advancement represents a promising leap towards making life on the moon more viable. There is increasing global interest in establishing a long-term human presence on the moon, and leveraging local water resources could be instrumental for deeper space missions.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Water Could Be Even More Crucial for Alien Life Than Previously Believed

Posted on July 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The alien world found in their “habitable zone” of their stars may not be suitable for life yet

pandorumbs/alamy

Recent findings suggest the potential number of planets capable of supporting alien life may be fewer than previously assumed, largely due to advances in understanding planetary climates. When carbon dioxide levels in an atmosphere surpass a critical threshold, conditions can become inhospitable.

Life as we know it requires liquid water, prompting astronomers to target “habitable zones” around stars—regions where temperatures allow for water to exist in liquid form. However, Haskelle White-Gianella from the University of Washington and her research team have revealed that having liquid water alone does not guarantee habitability.

The researchers conducted nearly 10,000 simulations to determine how CO₂ levels fluctuate based on surface water amounts on planets that are Earth-sized. Their results indicate that at least 20% of Earth’s total water must be present for a planet to be potentially habitable.

This is largely due to the role rainfall plays in carbon storage within the ground through chemical reactions in rocks; insufficient rainfall could lead to CO₂ accumulation in the atmosphere, trapping heat and rapidly increasing temperatures beyond 126°C (259°F).

“We discovered that there exists a water threshold essential for maintaining a stable climate,” White-Gianella stated during the Goldschmidt Geochemical Conference in Prague, Czech Republic, on July 10.

This indicates that simply being in a habitable zone does not guarantee that a planet can support life, according to White-Gianella, necessitating a deeper examination of geological histories.

A parallel situation may elucidate how Venus transformed into the inhospitable environment we observe today, White-Gianella shared at the conference. While the increase in the sun’s brightness since the solar system’s inception is believed to contribute to Venus’ atmospheric changes and temperature rise, it alone doesn’t account for all observed transformations. By re-running models with a Venus-like amount of starlight, the team found that even planets with water levels similar to Earth’s could lose too much CO₂, leading to uninhabitability.

This provides a compelling rationale for how planets similar to Venus can become excessively hot, as noted by Benjamin Tutoro from the University of Calgary in Canada. Over time, reductions in CO₂ emissions complicate planetary climates, as recorded in geological data from Mars.

In the case of Mars, liquid water attracted carbon dioxide and sequestered it as carbonate minerals, which ultimately thinned its atmosphere and cooled the planet, according to Tutoro. White-Gianella stated that the team’s simulations focused on Earth-like planets, agreeing that conditions on planets like Mars could differ significantly.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Town Street Trees Survive Drought by Absorbing Water from Leaky Pipes

Posted on July 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Trees along the streets of Montreal, Canada

Katherine Jibo/Shutterstock

SEI 258436529 — Trees along the streets of Montreal, Canada

Katherine Jibo/Shutterstock

Urban trees exhibit greater drought resilience than those in parks due to their access to leaking pipes, providing a unique water source.

During prolonged dry spells, trees in park settings experience greater decreases in water levels and sap flow compared to those on streets, although the underlying reasons were previously not well understood.

To delve deeper, Andre Poilier from the University of Quebec in Montreal, Canada, and his team studied trunk samples from both Norwegian and silver maple trees (Acer Platanoides and Acer Saccharinum) located in nearby parks and city streets. They analyzed various lead isotopes to establish a connection between isotopic levels and the trees’ recent history by examining the unique isotopic variations found in their trunk rings.

While park trees commonly showed lead isotopes linked to air pollution, those on the street displayed isotopic variations corresponding to lead from water pipes made of metals sourced from ancient local sediments.

Typically, a maple tree requires approximately 50 liters of water each day. Since street trees cannot rely on the rainwater that collects on concrete and drains into city sewer systems, Poilier suggests that the most plausible explanation lies in Montreal’s leaky pipes, which lose an estimated 500 million liters of water daily.

“The bright side is that planting trees along city streets can continue, as they thrive better than those in parks,” Poilier noted while presenting his findings at the Goldschmidt Geochemical Conference in Prague, Czech Republic, on July 8th.

“The sheer volume of water utilized by these urban trees is astonishing and contradicts conventional wisdom. I believe this will enhance the health of park trees as well,” commented Gabriel Filipeli from Indiana University.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

What Happens to Your Teeth if Fluoride Vanishes from Drinking Water?

Posted on June 14, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Utah became the first US state to prohibit the addition of fluoride to public drinking water in March. Following a lawsuit in Florida, US Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. urged the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to cease national recommendations for water fluoridation.

As opponents of US water fluoridation voice their concerns, scientists warn that eliminating fluoride may lead to a significant rise in dental decay, potentially costing states billions and disproportionately impacting lower-income communities.

Statements from states like Nebraska, Kentucky, and Louisiana indicate their intentions to remove fluoride from water supplies, raising questions about how quickly these changes will affect Americans.

Fluoride Variation

Fluoride is a naturally occurring mineral found in freshwater, initially added to community drinking water in the United States in a controlled manner in 1945. Effective methods to prevent dental decay.

According to the CDC, community water fluoridation was reported in 1999, promoting the development of baby teeth and safeguarding them through adulthood. This initiative is recognized as one of the 20th century’s greatest public health achievements.

Recently, however, concerns have emerged that adding fluoride through foods, milk, toothpaste, and dental care products could lead to total fluoride intake surpassing safe levels.

The US National Toxicology Program (NTP) released a review of scientific research linking fluoride exposure to neurodevelopment and cognitive function. The findings indicated that elevated fluoride levels, especially drinking water with over 1.5 milligrams of fluoride per liter, are correlated with reduced IQ levels in children.

Nevertheless, the NTP noted that there was insufficient data to establish whether the lower US fluoride level of 0.7 mg/L negatively impacts children’s IQ, admitting that out of 74 international studies evaluated, “52 were deemed low quality (high risk of bias).”

Vida Zohoori, a public health and nutrition professor at Teesside University in the UK, is known for her research on fluoride. She asserts that the studies available do not provide enough data to reach definitive conclusions.

“Most research occurs in regions with fluoride concentrations significantly exceeding US standards, limiting the relevance to community water fluoridation at 0.7 mg/L,” she explains. “Most studies are cross-sectional, not longitudinal or randomized, making it impossible to establish causal links. Furthermore, many did not control for key variables like iodine or lead exposure, malnutrition, and socioeconomic status.

Children’s teeth are particularly prone to decay

Conversely, there is substantial evidence supporting the addition of safe fluoride levels to drinking water. Based on a systematic Cochrane Review from 2015 (updated in 2024), Zohoori anticipates a notable rise in pediatric decay, known as early childhood tooth decay (ECC), if fluoride is removed from public water supplies. This primarily affects children aged 1-5 and the permanent teeth of those aged 6-12, who are extremely susceptible to damage.

This perspective is echoed by Dr. James Becker, an associate professor specializing in pediatric dentistry at the University of Utah. “No scientifically credible research has demonstrated harmful effects from fluoride when administered at safe doses,” he remarks.

Bekker explains that while toothpaste fluoride provides a topical effect during brushing, small amounts in drinking water and supplements deliver continuous systemic exposure, which reinforces tooth enamel and enhances its resistance to acid.

The CDC states that water fluoridation reduces tooth decay by approximately 25% in both children and adults, with students in fluoridated communities averaging 2.25 fewer rotten teeth.

“Many children lack access to fluoride supplements,” Bekker noted, emphasizing that fluoridation was only present in half of Utah prior to the ban.

“We’ve observed a significant increase in tooth decay in communities without fluoridated water compared to those with it. If left untreated, cavities can enlarge and eventually reach the tooth’s nerves, leading to infections and the loss of teeth.”

If all 50 US states discontinue community water fluoridation programs, it is projected that children and adolescents aged 0 to 19 will incur 25.4 million cavities in the next five years, equating to one new cavity for every three children in America. A recent report indicated this would result in an estimated cost of $9.8 billion (£7.2 billion). Jama Health Forum in May.

“We specifically quantified the increase in dental cavities that could necessitate interventions ranging from fillings to root canals and even extractions,” stated Dr. Lisa Simon, a PhD fellow in Oral Health and Medicine Integration at Harvard Dental School and co-author of the study.

“We accounted for decay in both baby teeth and adult teeth, which began to escalate when the children were around six years old.”

Lessons Learned

With the fluoride ban in Utah now in effect, Bekker anticipates it could take five years to observe its full impact. However, the effects were evident even sooner in Calgary, Canada, which removed fluoride from its drinking water in 2011; three years later, children’s dental decay surged.

In one year, 32 out of Calgary’s 10,000 children underwent general anesthesia for dental treatments, whereas only 17 did so in Edmonton, another city within the same province. Subsequently, Calgary voted to reinstate fluoride.

Despite this, 63% of the US population receives fluoridated water, while most countries do not add fluoride to their drinking water. The reasons vary from natural fluoride presence to safety concerns and the belief that consumption should be a personal choice.

From 2015 to 2018, US children and adolescents consumed an average of 23 ounces (680ml) of tap water daily, as reported by the CDC

In the UK, only 10% of the population receives intentionally fluoridated water, and natural fluoride occurs at low levels in most drinking water across England and Wales.

However, the UK government announced in March an expansion of water fluoridation in the northeast, targeting disadvantaged areas where it was found that one in five children suffers from tooth decay.

The leading reason for children aged 5 to 9 being admitted to hospitals is treatment for tooth decay.

“Recent studies indicate the benefits of water fluoridation are less pronounced than in the past, particularly since fluoride has become a common ingredient in toothpaste since the 1970s.”

“However, rates of tooth decay are rising, and increased education on dental care is essential. The frequency of sugar intake is key to prevention, which supports water fluoridation initiatives in the UK.”

Dr. Scott Tomar, a professor and associate dean of Prevention and Public Health Sciences at the University of Illinois, Chicago, and spokesperson for the American Dental Association, commends the UK’s fluoridation expansion.

He expresses concern that misinformation about fluoride in the US could induce fear surrounding other sources of minerals, including toothpaste, leading to more bans across various states and communities.

Tomar highlights the overwhelming support for fluoride within the dental community as indicative of its safety and effectiveness, countering any narratives that oppose it driven by the economic interests of dentists.

“So, why do we advocate for this type of water fluoridation?” he inquires. “I’m genuinely worried because there are no alternatives to fluoride, and we can no longer rely on the federal government for guidance.”

In light of this, dentists and industry groups are joining forces to advocate for their cause.

“This appears to be primarily a political issue,” comments Lorna Kosi, chair of the coalition in Davis and program director for a dental clinic serving vulnerable communities. “We firmly believe that water fluoridation is safe. It remains the most effective and cost-efficient method to combat decay.”

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

The Arid Conditions of Death Valley Could Be a Surprising Water Resource

Posted on June 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Deserts like Death Valley can be an extraordinary source of drinking water

Mimi Ditchie Photography/Getty Images

The compact panels managed to extract a glass of clean water from the arid air of Death Valley, California.

Although the atmosphere over extremely dry regions can retain a significant amount of water, extracting it into usable supplies has proven challenging. Previous methods, including simple mesh fabrics and mist-capturing nets crafted from synthetic spider silk, have struggled to function effectively in real-world conditions.

Now, Xuanhe Zhao from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and his team have created a unique water collector, about 0.5 meters tall and 0.1 meters wide. It features a glass panel embedded with absorbent hydrogels—gel-like substances formed from long polymer chains and lithium salts, enabling it to gather water molecules.

The hydrogel is designed to fold into an origami-like configuration, enhancing surface area to capture moisture during the night. The absorbed water evaporates when sunlight hits the glass panel the next day. The interior of the device is coated with a specialized cooling material, which collects the evaporated water as it condenses and drips into a storage compartment below.

Zhao and his team conducted a week-long test of the apparatus in Death Valley, where humidity can plummet to as low as 5%. In comparison, the annual average in London hovers around 70%. They discovered the device can harvest up to 160 milliliters of water each day, enough to fill a small glass.

It’s estimated that eight of these panels could meet the daily drinking water requirements of an average adult, making them especially beneficial in arid regions. “Given the compact design of the device, we believe larger arrays could provide drinking water to households for consumption,” says Zhao.

Zhao and his colleagues assert that while the device shows promise in real-world conditions, Daryl Williams from Imperial College London cautions that extended testing—beyond a week—could present challenges. “Outdoor environments are generally hostile. We want to observe how the device performs under such stress after three, six, or even nine months.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Texas Woman Dies from Brain-Eating Amoeba After Using Tap Water for Sinus Rinse

Posted on June 6, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that a Texas woman died from an infection linked to an amoeba after using tap water for sinus irrigation, which ultimately led to brain damage Case report.

The 71-year-old woman, who was otherwise healthy, experienced severe neurological symptoms, including fever, headache, and altered mental status, four days after using tap water from the RV’s water system to fill her nasal irrigation device at a Texas campground.

She received treatment for primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, an infection caused by Naegleria fowleri, often referred to as the “brain-eating amoeba.” Despite medical intervention, she suffered a seizure and succumbed to the infection eight days post-symptom onset, according to the CDC.

Laboratory tests confirmed the presence of the amoeba in the woman’s cerebrospinal fluid.

The CDC noted that while infections commonly occur after recreational water use, using undistilled water for sinus irrigation is also a significant risk factor for primary amoebic meningoencephalitis.

A survey conducted by the agency revealed that although the woman had not been recently exposed to freshwater, she had used non-boiled water from the RV’s drinking water tap for nasal irrigation multiple times prior to her illness.

According to the survey findings, the RV’s drinking water tanks were filled and potentially contained contaminated water before the RV was purchased three months earlier. The investigation concluded that contamination could have originated from local government water systems linked to the drinking water systems and bypassing the tanks.

The agency underscores the importance of using distilled, sterilized, or previously boiled and cooled tap water for nasal irrigation to lower the risk of infection or illness.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Dogs Pollute Water with Pesticides Despite Flea Treatment

Posted on June 2, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Dogs treated for fleas release chemicals into the water that kill insects when they swim

natalya_maisheva/shutter stock

Researchers advise against using spot-on flea and tick treatments if your dog has access to any water bodies.

Studies indicate that dogs submerged in water can release harmful levels of active ingredients into aquatic ecosystems, affecting wildlife and animals that consume them, including birds, for up to 28 days post-treatment.

“If your dog frequently swims, it’s best to avoid spot-on treatments,” says Rosemary Perkins from the University of Sussex, UK.

When spot-on treatments were introduced, it was mistakenly believed they posed no threat to the environment. It wasn’t until 2011 that a European Medicines Agency paper suggested protecting animals from water for 48 hours, yet Perkins notes that there was no substantial evidence backing this guideline. “It seems to be just a finger-in-the-air estimate,” she says.

Her concern grew after detecting fipronil, a pesticide used in these treatments, in a UK river. “We noted alarmingly high concentrations,” Perkins recalls.

Her team administered spot-on treatments containing either fipronil or neonicotinoids like imidacloprid to 25 and 24 dogs, respectively. After 5, 14, or 28 days, dogs were immersed up to their shoulders in a plastic tub for 5 minutes to measure pesticide levels in the water.

The findings revealed that even after 28 days, a single large dog’s chemical residue could exceed safe levels in 100 cubic meters of water—similar to the volume of a small pond. Regular swimming by treated dogs can further escalate contamination in larger bodies of water, warns Perkins.

She advocates for regulatory changes globally but fears that such adjustments may require significant time. In the meantime, dog owners should limit spot-on treatments to necessary occasions and keep their pets away from water for at least a month following treatment. “The key takeaway is that if your dog swims during this period, there are associated risks,” she emphasizes.

Currently, alternatives exist in the form of oral tablets, but Perkins remains uncertain of their environmental impact, noting that the active ingredients can persist in feces and contaminate soil. “We still lack clarity on their effects.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

New Research Confirms: Fingers Wrinkle Consistently When Soaked in Water

Posted on May 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A recent investigation by researchers at Binghamton University reveals that the wrinkle patterns on terrain caused by prolonged human hand immersion in water remain consistent and repetitive over time.

Images of skin wrinkles on topography were overlaid with each other from two different time points 24 hours apart, with opacity levels (a) 0%, (b) 50%, (c) 100%. Image credit: Guy German.

Several years ago, Guy K. Germany from Binghamton University conducted research into the reasons behind the wrinkling of human skin after prolonged exposure to water.

It was commonly assumed that water causes the skin to swell and wrinkle, yet substantial research to validate this was limited.

The finding revealed that the contraction of blood vessels beneath the skin leads to the formation of these wrinkles.

Recent research indicates that the topographical patterns of these wrinkles are consistent across multiple instances of immersion.

“The blood vessels maintain a relatively static position. They may shift slightly, but in relation to each other, they remain largely unchanged,” stated Dr. Deutsche.

“This suggests that wrinkles will form in a consistent manner, and we have confirmed this through our study.”

The researchers submerged subjects’ fingers in water for 30 minutes, captured images, and repeated the process under identical conditions at least 24 hours later.

By analyzing the photographs, Dr. Deutsche and his colleague Rachel Raytin observed identical patterns of raised loops and ridges after both immersion events.

“We also uncovered some fascinating aspects during our study,” Dr. Deutsche remarked.

“I learned that individuals with median nerve damage in their fingers do not exhibit wrinkles.”

“One of my students revealed, ‘I have median nerve damage in my finger.’ We tested this hypothesis—no wrinkles!”

While it was amusing to explore these inquiries, this new research may have significant applications in forensic medicine, such as in fingerprinting at crime scenes or identifying remains found after extended exposure to water.

“My father, a retired British police officer, encountered such challenges during his career in law enforcement,” Dr. Deutsche shared.

“Biometrics and fingerprinting are ingrained in my thinking. I constantly ponder these topics due to their compelling nature.”

Survey results will be published in Journal of Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials.

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Rachel Raytin & Guy K. Germany. 2025. For reproducibility of the topographical pattern of water finger wrinkles, soak in human skin. Journal of Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 165, 106935; doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.106935

Source: www.sci.news

Newly Discovered Shallow Water Fish Species in Portugal

Posted on May 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists have announced the discovery of a new genus and species of Balacromian Ikuchosaur, based on a fossilized skull found in the Agua de Maderos Formation in Portugal.

Gadusaurus Aqualigneus. Image credit: Pratas e Sousa et al., doi: 10.4202/app.01199.2024.

The newly identified species thrived in the early Jurassic oceans around 193 million years ago.

It has been scientifically designated as Gadusaurus Aqualigneus; this marine reptile is a small Ikchosaur, measuring approximately 2 m (6.6 feet) in length.

“Iktiosaurus was a group of Mesozoic reptiles renowned for their adaptation back to marine life,” explained Dr. Joan Platas et Sousa, a researcher from Nova de Lisboa University.

“These creatures existed from the early Triassic to the late Cretaceous, but early Jurassic fish fauna is most commonly found in the European fossil record.”

“While some western regions are rich in marine deposits, southern areas like the Iberian Peninsula (encompassing Portugal and Spain) have very few and fragmented records.”

The nearly complete skull of Gadusaurus Aqualigneus was found in a planarized state, measuring about 35.2 cm (13.9 inches) in length, in the Agua de Madeiros Formation in 2021.

“The specimens we analyzed were collected in mainland Portugal, specifically in the San Pedro de Moel area,” the paleontologist stated.

“The fossil block was located in the sands of Agua de Maderos Beach, at a stream marking the boundary between Marinha Grande and Alcobaza municipalities.”

“This region lies within the Lusitania Basin, which is situated on the passive margin of Western Iberia in the Atlantic, providing exceptional marine records from the Lower Jurassic,” they added.

“The Lusitania Basin is a long, narrow structure bordered to the east by the Iberia Massif and to the west by the Valiskan Berrenga Horst.”

“The basin’s development coincided with the opening of the Atlantic Ocean, displaying various sedimentary facies from the upper Triassic to the upper Cretaceous.”

Phylogenetic analysis places Gadusaurus Aqualigneus within the Ichthyosaur Clade Baracromia, part of the Neoichthyosaur and Parvipelvia Clades.

“This specimen represents the most complete and well-preserved remains of Uoshima described so far on the Iberian Peninsula,” the researchers noted.

“Moreover, it is the first new species of this marine reptile group documented in Iberia.”

“This specimen predates the Toarcian Marine Anoxia Event, which is believed to have affected the lifestyle of later Ichthiosaurus species.”

“It’s reasonable to assume that ecological events during this period may have similarly influenced the lifestyle of this type, though further studies are essential.”

The discovery of Gadusaurus Aqualigneus will be detailed in a new paper published online in the journal Acta Palaeontologica Polonica.

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J. Platas E. Sousa et al. 2025. A new Ichaosaurus from the lower Jurassic of Portugal (Iberian Peninsula). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 70(1):179-192; doi:10.4202/app.01199.2024

Source: www.sci.news

We Might Finally Understand What Happened to Mars’ Missing Water

Posted on May 17, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Mars once boasted a sprawling ocean across its surface. Over time, the magnetic field diminished, the atmosphere thinned, and the water vanished. Yet, the total isn’t accounted for. This water must have disappeared somewhere as the red planet transitioned from a watery haven to the dusty landscape we recognize today. So, what happened to it?

A recent study published in National Science Review by researchers from China, Australia, and Italy has uncovered potential vast reservoirs of water located deep beneath the planet’s surface, providing answers about its fate. Unlike the icy reservoirs found elsewhere on Mars, this water is believed to remain in liquid form, making it a promising candidate in the search for extraterrestrial life.

Around 4 billion years ago, liquid water covered much of Mars’s surface. If evenly distributed, this water would have created a global ocean approximately 1,500 meters (4,920 feet) deep, comparable to the volume of the Indian Ocean on Earth today.

While exact figures are still under debate, this estimation highlights a significant discrepancy.

“Estimated losses of liquid water due to atmospheric escape and crust hydration are predicted to be between 10-200 meters (33-656 feet) and 550 meters (1,800 feet) respectively,” stated Waijia Sun, a geophysics professor at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and lead author of the study, as reported by BBC Science Focus.

“Current estimates suggest a total of 20-40 meters (66-131 feet) of water exists in Mars’s atmosphere and as ice in polar or subsurface deposits.”

The “missing water” on Mars, estimated at a range between 710 and 920 meters (2,330 and 3,020 feet), remains unaccounted for, according to Sun and colleagues.

Marsquakes and Meteorites

With NASA’s InSight lander landing on Mars on November 26, 2018, a new perspective of the planet’s interior became available. Equipped with a dome housing a seismometer, it measures seismic activity similar to how earthquakes are monitored on Earth, dubbed “pulsing” by NASA.

The research team utilized measurements from two meteor impacts and seismic waves generated by a “Marsquake.” BBC Science Focus co-author Professor Hrvoje Tkalčić compared this technique to medical ultrasound, allowing glimpses into the Martian interior.

“In essence, earthquake waves generated from distant events travel through the Earth’s crust beneath the seismometer,” explained Tkalčić. “By analyzing their reverberations, we can deduce the thickness of these layers and the depth of boundaries.”

Scientists set up solar arrays for NASA’s InSight Lander in 2015 – Photo Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Lockheed Martin

Seismic waves travel faster through rock that contains water. By measuring the velocity of waves resulting from impacts or quakes, scientists can investigate the presence of deep underground water without the need for excavation.

This innovative method, known as the “receiver function,” enabled the team to identify layers approximately 5.4-8 km (3.4-5 miles) below the Martian surface where seismic waves slow down, indicating water’s presence.

At these depths, temperatures are sufficient for liquid water to exist. Researchers estimate that the water present ranges between 520-780 meters (1,700-2,560 feet) beneath the surface.

Could There Be Life on Mars?

If substantial aquifers lie below the Martian surface, it could be an ideal location to search for alien life. Water is a crucial element for life on Earth, sustaining even deep subterranean microorganisms like bacteria and archaea, which constitute around 15% of Earth’s total biomass.

While finding complex life forms is unlikely at such depths on Mars, microbial life remains a distinct possibility.

“The availability of liquid water is viewed as a key factor in our search for life, as it is essential for existence,” noted Tkalčić. “Consequently, pinpointing locations with liquid water on Mars is vital for identifying potential life.”

Additionally, if humanity establishes a presence on Mars, water becomes a critical resource. Excavating kilometers below the surface presents significant engineering challenges, but such obstacles are to be expected in pioneering a human settlement on another planet.

However, before rushing to buy tickets to Mars, Sun and Tkalčić caution that the aquifer’s existence is not yet confirmed. They emphasize the necessity for additional data before reaching any conclusions.

Liquid water is the most plausible explanation supported by current data, but other viable explanations for the observed seismic waves, such as layers of sediment, exist.

Professor Hrvoje Tkalčić oversees seismology and mathematics in geophysics and heads the Warramunga Seismic & Infrasound Facility at the Australian National University – Photo credit: Jamie Kidston/ANU

On Earth, seismic measurements are taken from numerous seismometers worldwide that cross-validate data points. The situation is different on Mars.

“We must remember that we are limited to data from a single seismometer on a faraway planet. It’s a challenging observational environment, and we are maximizing the quality and quantity of our data,” Tkalčić added.

Researchers aspire that upcoming Mars missions equipped with more seismometers will facilitate more comprehensive studies across the planet. Eventually, we may even analyze the crust for direct chemical evidence of water, and potentially signs of life.

For now, this research offers a hopeful glimpse into what future missions may reveal. Sun remarked: “These findings shed light on the evolution of Mars’s water cycle and its potential habitability, laying a solid groundwork for future inquiries into Martian life and the planet’s climatic history.”

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About Our Experts

Weijia Sun is a professor of geophysics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, recognized for his work in Earth and Planetary Physics. His research has appeared in prominent journals such as Nature, Geophysical Research Letters, and Journal of Geophysical Research.

Hrvoje Tkalčić heads the Geophysics Department and directs the Warramunga Seismic & Infrasound Facility at the Australian National University. His research focuses on observational seismology, particularly the Earth’s deep structure and dynamics, appearing in journals like Science, Geophysical Research Letters, and Journal of Geophysical Research.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Key Insights on the “Forever Chemicals” in Drinking Water

Posted on May 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

On Wednesday, the Environmental Protection Agency unveiled plans to roll back restrictions on harmful “forever chemicals” in drinking water, roughly a year after the Biden administration implemented its first-ever national standards.

Last year, the Biden administration introduced regulations that could reduce PFA exposure for millions. This initiative was part of a broader effort to enhance drinking water quality by creating rules to mandate the removal of toxic lead pipes and tackle the forever chemical issue following years of activism.

During President Donald Trump’s administration, there were fewer environmental regulations and increased development in the oil and gas sectors. EPA Administrator Lee Zeldin has actioned the agenda by announcing a significant rollback of regulations.

We have learned about plans to eliminate certain PFA restrictions and extend deadlines for two of the most prevalent types. Here are some key points about PFAS chemicals and the EPA’s role.

What is PFA?

PFAS, or Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl substances, have existed for decades and are a group of chemicals that have contaminated the air, water, and soil across the country.

Manufactured by companies like 3M and Chemours, they have made eggs slide out of non-stick pans, helped firefighting foams extinguish flames, and allowed textiles to repel water.

However, these chemicals do not break down easily, leading to enduring environmental presence.

Why are they harmful to humans?

Activists have long warned about the health risks associated with PFAS before the dangers were acknowledged publicly. The same properties that make PFAS valuable—such as their resistance to degradation—pose significant health risks.

PFAS can accumulate in the human body. Consequently, the Biden administration has established limits on two common types, PFOA and PFOS, which continue to be found in the environment despite being phased out of production.

Exposure to certain PFAS has been linked to various health issues, including kidney disease, low birth weight, elevated cholesterol levels, and even certain cancers, according to the EPA.

Guidelines for PFOA and PFOS have significantly evolved in recent years, reflecting new scientific discoveries. For instance, the 2016 EPA recommended that combined levels of these two substances should not exceed 70 parts per trillion, while the Biden administration later deemed this amount unsafe.

Understanding the EPA’s actions

The EPA is planning to roll back restrictions on three types of PFAS, including less commonly known substances like GenX found predominantly in North Carolina, as well as PFHXS and PFNA. Furthermore, limits regarding PFAS mixtures are also set to be withdrawn.

Few utilities currently would be impacted by the easing of restrictions on these specific types of PFAS. Recent sampling showed that nearly 12% of U.S. water utilities exceed the Biden administration’s limits. However, many utilities are still addressing PFOA and PFOS challenges.

For the more commonly found types, PFOA and PFOS, the EPA will maintain existing restrictions but will provide an additional two years—until 2031—for utilities to comply.

Reactions to the announcement

Environmental groups argue that the EPA’s move to weaken regulations may be illegal. The Safe Drinking Water Act empowers the EPA to limit water contaminants and ensures that new rules do not loosen previous standards.

“The law clearly states that the EPA cannot abolish or weaken drinking water standards,” noted Eric Olson, a senior strategist with the nonprofit Natural Resources Defense Council.

Activists are largely critical of the EPA for not upholding Biden-era standards, warning that this could worsen public health issues.

Industry responses have varied. The American Chemistry Council questioned the scientific foundation of the Biden administration’s stricter rules, asserting that the Trump administration had prioritized cost considerations and scientific foundations.

“EPA actions only partially address this issue and are necessary to prevent significant community impacts and unintended consequences,” the industry group stated.

The American Water Works Association, representing two major utility industry groups, expressed support for the EPA’s decision to withdraw the new approach to limiting chemical mixtures, though they cautioned that this change would not significantly alleviate compliance costs associated with PFAS regulations.

Some utilities expressed a desire for stricter PFOA and PFOS limits, according to Mark White, a drinking water expert at engineering firm CDM Smith.

However, they received the extension instead.

“This will require additional time to handle the current knowledge, demanding more resources. Some utilities are still determining their existing situation.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com