Researchers from the Center for Applied Space Technology and Microgravity at the University of Bremen and the University of Transylvania in Brașov have unveiled a groundbreaking theoretical framework that challenges our understanding of the universe’s accelerating expansion, potentially rendering dark energy obsolete. They suggest that this acceleration may be an intrinsic characteristic of space-time geometry, rather than a result of unknown cosmic forces.
This artist’s impression traces the evolution of the universe from the Big Bang, through the formation of the Cosmic Microwave Background, to the emergence of galaxies. Image credit: M. Weiss / Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
For over 25 years, scientists have been puzzled by the unexpected observation that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, counter to the gravitational pull.
In the 1990s, astronomers identified this acceleration through observations of distant Type Ia supernovae, leading to the prevalent theory of dark energy, an invisible force believed to drive this expansion.
Nevertheless, the actual nature of dark energy remains elusive within the Standard Model of cosmology.
Dr. Christian Pfeiffer and his team propose that we may better understand this cosmic acceleration by re-evaluating the geometric framework used to describe gravity.
Central to modern cosmology is Einstein’s theory of general relativity, which details how matter and energy shape space-time.
The universe’s evolution is modeled using the Friedman equation, which originates from Einstein’s principles.
The researchers introduce an innovative solution based on Finsler gravity, an extension of Einstein’s theory.
This approach enhances our understanding of spacetime geometry and allows for a more nuanced exploration of how matter, especially gases, interacts with gravity.
Unlike general relativity, which depends on rigid geometric forms, Finsler gravity presents a more versatile space-time geometry.
With this methodology, the authors recalibrated the equations governing cosmic expansion.
Informed by the Finsler framework, the modified Friedman equation predicts the universe’s acceleration phenomena without necessitating the introduction of dark energy.
In essence, the accelerating expansion emerges directly from the geometry of space-time itself.
“This is a promising hint that we may explain the universe’s accelerating expansion partly without dark energy, drawing from generalized space-time geometry,” Pfeiffer remarked.
This concept does not entirely dismiss dark energy or invalidate the Standard Model.
Instead, it implies that some effects attributed to dark energy might have their roots in a deeper understanding of gravity.
“This fresh geometric outlook on the dark energy dilemma provides avenues for a richer comprehension of the universe’s foundational laws,” stated Dr. Pfeiffer.
The research team’s paper is published in the Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics.
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Christian Pfeiffer et al. 2025. From a moving gas to an exponentially expanding universe, the Finsler-Friedman equation. JCAP 10:050; DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2025/10/050
uIn today’s world, it’s become quite typical to rely on dating apps in the quest for love. However, for many individuals, these platforms can feel like a double-edged sword. The clear advantage of having an infinite array of potential partners at your disposal is readily apparent—yet the downside of engaging with strangers can impose certain time constraints. The prolonged “swipe phase” can often be especially disheartening.
In 2023, the US jeweler Shane Company found that the average American dedicates around 8 months to dating apps, swiping through about 3,960 profiles before securing a partner. That said, for chronic daters, these figures might seem unrealistically promising. Conversations with friends and colleagues often reveal that years can pass “on the app” without any romantic fulfillment. The “Download, Deal, Repeat” cycle can be disheartening, and many users are experiencing increasing dating app fatigue. Last year’s Ofcom’s online Nation report indicated that app usage had significantly dropped, with the ten most popular dating apps seeing nearly a 16% decline. It’s not unexpected that Meta recently announced their plan to introduce AI assistants for Facebook dating. Meet Cute, their new “surprise match” feature, aims to help users “combat swipe fatigue.”
But it doesn’t have to be this way. According to the Pew Research Center, roughly 10% of heterosexual individuals and 24% of LGBTQ+ individuals find long-term partners via dating sites and apps. Is this merely a cosmic coincidence, or is there a secret ingredient to their success?
Liz, 28, from Nottingham, opened Bumble on a Wednesday and matched with her future husband the same day. They had their first date on Friday and remained together for eight years. Her advice for avoiding getting trapped in the app? Delete it.
Deleting apps is a more effective way to connect… Photo: Pose by a model. Emir Memedovski/Getty Images
“If you find someone you connect with, delete the app and focus entirely on that individual. You’re not on a dating show!” she advises. “After our first date, I realized I liked him a lot. I thought, ‘You have to concentrate on one person at a time.’ If it doesn’t work, you can always return to the app.”
She also realized that not everyone she swipes on is active on the app daily, indicating her interest.
While it’s tempting to keep all options available and engaging with multiple matches is generally accepted early in dating, Liz and her partner found that deleting Bumble within a week of their first meeting and focusing on one individual fostered a deeper connection.
Another effective strategy to avert the so-called choice paradox is to intentionally narrow down the dating pool. Joseph, 42, from Liverpool, believes in finding your niche. Glaser, someone he met through an app, became his fiancé ten months later, and they have been happily married for six years with two (vegan) children.
“It eliminated anything I was certain I didn’t want,” he shares. “We both knew we were on the same wavelength. It took a lot of pressure off. There were no awkward conversations about being vegan, nor discussions about raising children as vegans.”
Understanding what you’re seeking is crucial, say couples therapists and dating coaches like Shan Merchant. “Do they like to exercise, enjoy nature, or have a creative side?” Her advice is to use a mainstream app that attracts a large user base.
Naturally, being candid when crafting your app profile is a smart strategy to attract those whose interests and values align with yours.
“My approach was to filter out individuals so that I could engage with those genuinely interested,” explained Hanna, 39, from Leeds, who has been with her partner for seven years. She spent about a month on Bumble before they met and had only dated two others on the app.
“I had a theory about my photos,” Hanna shared. “I wanted them to portray my true self. My first photo was me all dolled up, but my second was a no-makeup garden shot, very authentic.”
Illustration: Michelle Thompson/Guardian
Several individuals I talked to emphasized that dating seriously was crucial to their success with apps, but for Hanna, the opposite rings true. After relocating back to North England from London ten years later, all she wished was to meet new people and rediscover her local area.
“I believe that mindset made a significant difference. I steered clear of checklists,” she states. “It helped me meet wonderful people,” she adds, “by letting go of preconceived notions and remaining open to new experiences.”
Recent trends indicate a growing emphasis on finding “the perfect partner,” while experts like Merchant advise more practical methods to optimize your mental approach to seeking love.
“I only engage with the app when I’m feeling positive. If I’m stressed, fatigued, or hungover, I wouldn’t recommend it,” she advises. Many struggle to maintain a positive outlook while dating, yet that positivity is often key to success in navigating dating apps.
For Nick, 69, from Chichester, the pandemic prompted him to take a more proactive stance on dating. Within a week of joining the now-defunct Guardian Soulmate, he matched with his partner. They’ve been together for over five years and started cohabitating in February 2022.
“I was initially apprehensive but realized I needed to take the plunge,” he shares. “Reflect on whether you genuinely want to pursue this or just seek excuses for why it isn’t working. Show what makes you a great partner. Be ready to step outside your comfort zone.”
Even if not all interactions lead to something meaningful, “you are learning how dynamics function,” he notes. He suggests Romeo, also known as Planetromeo, as a great alternative for LGBTQ+ individuals seeking relationships rather than casual encounters.
Liz observes that, for some people, the app can become problematic instead of beneficial. “I adore my friends, but I’ve seen them become obsessed with swipes and likes in a way that worries me. Their emotions seem to lose value when reduced to mere images on a screen. If you’re truly eager to connect with someone, remember that every profile represents a real person.”
A thoughtful gift can spark a delightful conversation… Photo: Pose by a model. Janina Steinmetz/Getty Images
Although Tinder has garnered some particularly negative reviews over the years, Dan, 45, from the Netherlands, connected with his current wife just two weeks after downloading the app. They’ve enjoyed a decade together and share a son. For him, standing out was essential.
“People often describe me as boring at first glance,” he admits. “I’m not the kind to dazzle anyone with my looks or lavish lifestyle. The great thing about dating apps was that I was able to kick-start a conversation immediately. When I messaged someone, I’d always pose questions or joke about something in their profile to show I was genuinely interested. It didn’t always work, but sometimes it did!”
When he finally met his wife, Dan made sure to leave a lasting impression by bringing along a small, thoughtful gift as an icebreaker. “On our first date, I presented her with a gift-wrapped chocolate bar that was her least favorite flavor, but included another chocolate bar of her favorite in jest,” he recalls. “It was a fun way to demonstrate that I was attentive.”
“Don’t fear rejection,” he suggests. “I once got rejected for not dressing ‘hip enough.’ That was a good decision on her part—if such things matter to you, I’m not your person. I also got turned down for ordering a non-alcoholic beverage on another first date. Fast forward ten years, I ended up with someone who shares my humor.”
Fear of rejection undoubtedly influences why numerous singles approach dating apps with caution. “Many are indeed fearful of rejection,” states Merchant. “They often take it personally, which leads to giving up. When this happens, it saddens me, as if they maintain a positive outlook, they’ll eventually find someone, and I genuinely believe that.”
As frequent as it is, the key to thriving on dating apps might very well be a stroke of luck. “I firmly believe luck plays a substantial role,” Merchant remarks. “Surround yourself with individuals who maintain a positive view of dating. It’s natural to feel fatigued, but avoid isolating those feelings. If you’re burnt out, just step back from the app and return when your energy picks up.”
Even those who seem to have found success instantly acknowledge that taking breaks is essential. “You end up seeing the same faces,” Joseph points out. “If you pause for a bit and return months later, you’ll discover new profiles and opportunities that better align with what you truly desire.
In fact, procrastination (defined as voluntarily and unnecessarily delaying work) is so prevalent that scientists have even found evidence of it in pigeon behavior.
So why do so many people procrastinate? What causes it? And most importantly, how can you stop procrastinating?
Don’t put off answering these questions any longer. In collaboration with Durham University Professor Fuschia Sirois, a researcher who has dedicated 20 years to the subject, presents a beginner’s guide to the psychology of procrastination.
What causes procrastination?
It would be easy, as your mom probably did, to attribute procrastination to poor time management, or worse, to being just plain lazy. However, science does not support this.
“There’s no convincing scientific evidence that procrastination is the result of poor time management, but it’s easy to say it’s all about mood management,” Sirois says.
“The essence of procrastination is an inability to control one’s moods and emotions. Many people think that impulsivity and self-control are the problems, but they are actually contributing factors, but at the root of the problem… There is a lack of emotional response.”
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Sirois explains that everyone faces stressful situations that require them to perform tasks that trigger brain activity that involves an area of the brain known as the amygdala. And it’s the amygdala that processes emotions and signals threats, which can prompt the “fight or flight” response that leads to procrastination.
“Interestingly, people who say they are chronic procrastinators tend to have more gray matter in their amygdala,” says Sirois.
“This means they become more sensitive to the potential negative consequences of their actions, leading to more negative emotions and procrastination.”
Another factor that is strongly associated with procrastination is time thinking. To put it more simply, it means how close you think your current self is to your future self.
If you’re a normal person, chances are you have trouble thinking in terms of time. It really sucks. In fact, according to a study conducted at the University of California, Los Angeles, you probably Imagine yourself in the future as a completely different person.
Using functional MRI scans, researchers found that different parts of the brain are activated when we process information about our current and future selves. And when we imagine our future selves, the same areas of the brain are activated as when we think about strangers.
“This is important because when you perceive your future self in this way, you’re more likely to do something that could be harmful to that person, leaving them with a bigger job than you would do yourself now.”, Sirois explains.
“While your future self may feel psychologically distant to you now, you may also see them as some kind of superhero.’ You might say, ‘I’ll come up with ideas,” or ‘In the future, I won’t have any obstacles in my way as a writer.'”
“But the truth is, in the short term, we won’t change much.”
If you’re a chronic procrastinator, you’re probably familiar with this fallacy. But fortunately, there is some evidence to suggest that there are simple ways to improve your temporal thinking. It’s about doing it more often.
The researchers concluded that such practices were “effective in increasing altruistic motivation.” [a future self]Mainly by reducing your current procrastination.”
Is procrastination bad for your health?
In short, procrastination can cause far more problems than missing deadlines. Sirois has spent decades studying the effects of chronic procrastination on human health, and the results are alarming at best and downright frightening at worst.
“People who are chronic procrastinators, people who have a habit of procrastinating, have higher levels of stress. more acute health problems. You’re more likely to have headaches, insomnia, and digestive problems. It also makes you more susceptible to influenza and colds.”
As you may have already realized, procrastination big problem. But fortunately, psychologists know this and have been looking for effective ways to address it.
First, there are many ways to quickly solve procrastination. For example, persuasive psychological science The paper describes how larger time metrics (think 48 hours instead of 2 days, or 10,950 days instead of 30 years) can be downsized. Make events look more immediateinvite people to participate in upcoming tasks.
But for Sirois, there are two main ways to reduce the root cause: procrastination. self-pity and cognitivereframing.
“People believe that procrastinators, especially chronic procrastinators, very Be strict with yourself before and after work. And instead of putting in the work, they just sit idle and idle,” she says.
“My advice is to not be too self-aware and take that frustration too far. Step back from that for a second and admit that you’re not happy with yourself. And before you Proceed.
“Basically, it’s about recognizing that everyone makes mistakes. You’re not the first to procrastinate, and you won’t be the last. Welcome to humanity.”
Data increasingly supports this theory. For example, in a survey of 750 people, Sirois found the following companies: The link between procrastination and low levels of self-compassion (They are more likely to judge themselves harshly, believing they are the only ones suffering from the problem).
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But what does this actually mean? First of all, as Sirois claims, mindfulness practice is associated with increased self-compassion and lower levels of procrastination. I’m doing it.
As an example of research published in International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology People were found to have completed just three minutes of mindfulness exercises (including “audio instructions aimed at promoting non-judgmental awareness and attention to current bodily sensations, including breathing”). After that, I was less likely to procrastinate..
“These exercises will help you gain a little perspective and prevent you from going down the bad path of negative emotions that lead to procrastination,” Sirois explains.
Sirois also points to recent, unpublished research conducted by doctoral students. Sisi Yang. In an experiment with students who had a task they were procrastinating on, or who predicted they would procrastinate, they divided the participants into several groups.
One group was encouraged to think about happy thoughts by engaging in a specific activity (think watching a video of kittens). Another group was asked to reframe the upcoming task as meaningful, pondering questions such as:
How is achieving this goal valuable in your own perspective?
What value will achieving this goal have in terms of how others see you?
What value will achieving this goal be to my personal growth?
Interestingly, when observing all participants’ activities over the next few days, the second group procrastinated less.
“It’s about reappraisal. Seeing something as more meaningful. And when you create meaning, you create a connection to the task,” Sirois says.
“Finding meaning in your work, whether it’s in your relationship with yourself or with other people, is really, really powerful. And it starts a process of reappraisal, and it starts a process of reappraisal, of negative emotions. It’s a great way to alleviate some or at least make it more manageable.”
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“We are hungry for face-to-face communication. Psychology shows that virtual contact is just as good, if not better.”
Being a freelance writer means that my daily routine can vary greatly. Some days, I have too much work to handle, while on other days, I have too little to do.
Regardless of the type of job you have, one thing remains constant – email. I receive around 100 emails every day, ranging from trivial updates to important messages from my editor.
Every morning, the first thing I do after turning off my alarm is check my email. And before putting my phone away at night, I make sure to clear out any unread messages. I check my phone constantly throughout the day, always afraid of missing something crucial.
Approximately a year ago, I noticed that checking my email had become more of a distraction. I found myself constantly replying to messages during bathroom breaks and feeling anxious if I hit a mental block while working. I began receiving push notifications on my phone twice as often as checking on my computer.
To make matters worse, I started checking and responding to emails even during meals and walks, turning my downtime into work time.
The red dot on my email app had become a symbol of my professionalism. The more unread emails I had, the less competent I felt. Responding quickly to emails was crucial to maintain my reputation and continue receiving work assignments.
However, prioritizing speed over quality was taking a toll on me. I was overextending myself, not leaving any room for thoughtful work. I realized that I needed a change.
After a particularly busy emailing week, I decided to delete the email app from my phone.
Initially, I felt uneasy without notifications on my phone and checked my email frequently on my laptop. But soon, I noticed a positive difference. Being away from my computer allowed me to focus on things other than work, improving my sleep quality and reducing nighttime stress.
While my work days remain unpredictable, I’ve learned the importance of setting boundaries for myself even in the absence of a structured routine. Taking uninterrupted breaks helps me focus better when I return to work. Delaying responses to emails by a few hours instead of immediately has not affected the sender and allows me to grasp the message better.
As a freelancer in a fast-paced industry, I no longer feel overwhelmed. Creating space for myself has been beneficial, allowing me to prioritize rest and relaxation. Now, I can spend my time on activities other than constantly checking emails on my phone.
I I feel as if I have lost days of my life to digital. I’m an extrovert, but the near-constant communication on WhatsApp can be exhausting. I’m always worried about not being able to reply to everyone right away. Add to that the performance factor and worry that proving you care will be judged on the messages you send, and it can all become too much.
“Where did Lemona go?” one friend panicked when I found myself stunned while pressing deadlines, babysitting, and entertaining guests. With 248 unread messages piling up in just one group, including podcast-length audio notes, I felt like the bad guy for being absent. Sometimes I’m happy to be completely silent – because I was in an unnecessarily large group that was added without my consent. I’ve been going unnoticed for years in unsolicited selfies of people I barely know, forwarding messages that if I don’t forward further, I’m going to face some kind of disaster, but someone knows I’m lurking. When they found out I was there, they kicked me out in front of all 43 members. It was frustrating.
I’m not bold enough to completely “keep using the app,” but I’ve managed to significantly reduce my messages over the past few years. My freedom from digital management was gradual. It started with removing my “last seen” status. By doing so, not only did I free myself from my dependence on receiving replies, but I was also less in touch and less needy.
Since I don’t use apps as much, I’ve become more conscious of my time. Instead of getting caught up in the hamster wheel of responses, I created space for other things. Do your morning stretches instead of opening an app as soon as you open your eyes. regain one’s concentrationread the actual book and Please finish it like before. I have also started knitting. I was able to knit an Ewok hood for my toddler niece. This took three years, but it probably would have taken five if we hadn’t reduced our commitment to WhatsApp. Taking a break from communication has cleared my cluttered head and allowed me to think more creatively. I’m also learning Korean on Duolingo.
Still, I fully appreciate the connection that WhatsApp provides. It’s a place where you can share prayers for your sick parents, lift up your friend’s spirits after a bad date, and hold on to your sorrows and frustrations while the world burns and humanity’s hopes look bleak. WhatsApp packs so many heavy emotions, intimate experiences, and different personalities, yet compresses complex thoughts and emotions into fast-talking conversations that can be easily misread. Masu. Perhaps its intensity and dichotomy – the pleasure and stress it gives me, the longing for connection and the flood of over-connection – is precisely why it’s a place where I feel overwhelmed.
I also considered deleting the app completely. But is it really worth sacrificing seeing a photo of your niece dressed as an Oompa Loompa on World Book Day? Can I really disconnect from my supportive cheerleading friends and enjoy the mundane details of life?
I still need WhatsApp, but less than before. By being patient, I learned how to control my desires. I am finally learning how to release from acute fomo without experiencing it. Rather than strict selection, we adjusted the boundaries. My friends also lived up to their expectations, saying, “She will get back to you within 3-5 business days.” But by giving myself permission to not feel pressured, I began to enjoy a newfound freedom. Now I have to resist the yoke of a new app: the forced appeal of maintaining my Duolingo streak.
Back in 1830, what would eventually become one of the most renowned novels in French literature was just an empty page. Victor Hugo had been tasked with writing The Hunchback of Notre Dame the year before, but instead of focusing on it, he was preoccupied with other obligations. His publisher informed him that he was running out of time to finish the book, giving him a strict six-month deadline.
To force himself to deliver, Hugo resorted to working in the nude – except for a large knitted shawl. Unable to go out in public, he had no choice but to stay at home and focus on writing. This wardrobe tactic proved successful, as The Hunchback of Notre Dame was completed and published two weeks ahead of schedule on January 14, 1831.
Procrastination is a common challenge that people face when they struggle to find the motivation to complete tasks. Piers Steel, a prominent researcher in the field of procrastination, defines it as “the act of delaying tasks even though you know it will worsen your situation.” Hugo’s experience highlights how overthinking rather than taking action has been a prevalent issue for centuries.
References to procrastination can be traced back to ancient times, with examples found in early Roman, Greek, and Egyptian texts. Hesiod, an ancient Greek poet, warned against procrastination and laziness in his works, emphasizing the importance of diligence. The Hindu scripture Bhagavad Gita also addresses the consequences of procrastination, highlighting its detrimental effects.
While procrastination has always existed, modern factors like social media and technology have exacerbated the problem. With numerous distractions, the way we approach work has evolved, making it easier to procrastinate when tasks are not immediately vital. Companies are now grappling with challenges like “cyber loafing,” where employees waste time online instead of working.
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The conventional view that procrastination stems from poor self-control has shifted to emphasizing emotional regulation. Research indicates that procrastination often results from avoiding negative emotions associated with tasks, leading to a cycle of procrastination and negative feelings.
Technology, while contributing to procrastination, also offers solutions. Apps like Forest promote focused work by rewarding users with virtual trees. Generative AI can help overcome creative blocks, providing tools to combat procrastination.
It’s important to acknowledge and address procrastination with self-compassion. Occasional distractions can boost self-esteem and curiosity, ultimately enhancing motivation. Starting with small tasks and gradually progressing can help overcome the discomfort of returning to work after procrastination. Remember, even delayed progress eventually leads to completion.
Recent news has not been favorable for those with a fear of flying. Reports of severe turbulence and mid-air door incidents can be distressing, especially for the estimated 5% of individuals who have a fear of flying.
With the summer holidays approaching, those of us with a fear of flying are preparing ourselves. Out of nearly two million flights in and out of the UK in 2023, only a small fraction experienced significant mechanical issues or worse.
A phobia often defies logic.
“When feeling anxious, the brain tends to exaggerate risks,” explains Professor Robert Baugh, Director of the Aviation Psychology Center. “While risks may seem more prominent and real, it doesn’t make them more likely to occur. You’re more likely to die from a donkey kick than from a plane crash.”
Baugh also acknowledges that fear of flying can be treated. As a pilot, Royal Air Force consultant, and fear of flying expert, he understands the obstacles individuals face.
Identifying the specific triggers is crucial to addressing flying anxiety. Techniques such as implementing cognitive and behavioral tools before boarding the flight can be beneficial.
Understanding flight mechanics and sounds can alleviate fears. Knowledge about what the pilot does during flight can provide comfort. Breathing techniques and muscle relaxation exercises can help manage anxiety during air travel.
For extreme cases, medication may be prescribed, and airlines offer courses for those with a fear of flying. Combining various techniques can significantly reduce flying anxiety and offer a sense of control.
About our experts
Professor Robert Baugh: Director of the Aviation Psychology Centre, psychologist, and Fellow of the British Psychological Society. Baugh has contributed to numerous publications on aviation psychology and human factors.
Research suggests that a new online therapy approved by the NHS could significantly increase the number of children and adults recovering from anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. In England, it is estimated that 1 in 5 children and young people between the ages of 8 and 25 may have a mental disorder, while 1 in 4 adults experience a diagnosable mental health problem each year according to NHS England.
Due to long waiting lists for psychiatric care, a surge in demand, and challenges with face-to-face appointments, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommended the use of online therapies across the NHS in their Early Value Assessment. Developed by Oxford University, four internet treatments will be implemented in various NHS trusts, mental health facilities, schools, and universities starting in September.
The University of Oxford has licensed Koa Health to deliver these online therapies, which are tailored for adults, adolescents, children with social anxiety disorder, and adults with PTSD. The treatments involve a series of online modules delivered through phone or video calls with therapists, available 24/7 to replicate in-person treatment.
Studies have shown positive results with these online therapies, with patients recovering as effectively as those receiving face-to-face treatment. Clinical trials have demonstrated significant benefits in treating social anxiety disorder and PTSD, showing promising recovery rates and improvements in quality of life.
The expansion of online therapy has been welcomed by mental health organizations, emphasizing the importance of patient choice in selecting the most suitable treatment. The NHS acknowledges the need to improve access to mental health care and recognizes the potential of digital tools to provide essential support to those in need.
If you’ve ever made it a goal to change your appearance, you’re not alone. Around 43% of UK adults have the goal of losing weightFor many, these goals can extend to more extreme methods of altering their appearance, such as cosmetic or plastic surgery.
But when does this common and widespread desire for self-improvement and betterment become something more sinister? 3 percent of the general populationThis can lead to a constant desire to modify or change one’s physical appearance, a condition known as body dysmorphic disorder (BDD).
People with BDD believe that they have significant physical flaws or defects that, to other people, may be minor or even non-existent.
Rebecca*, a 36-year-old woman, strongly believes she looks like she has a “moon face” because she can’t help but look in the mirror at the acne scars that cover her skin.
Or Tyson*, the 17-year-old who spends hours every day in the gym trying to build muscle mass because he feels he looks like a “toothpick.”
Tyson and Rebecca have been told time and time again by family, friends, and medical professionals that what they see is different from what others see, but they don’t believe it. Seeing is believing, right? But what if your eyes can deceive you?
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Long Attachment
BDD isn’t a new condition: It was first described by Italian psychiatrist Enrico Morselli in 1891, long before we became obsessed with our TikTok feeds.
He described people with “body dysmorphic disorder” (the former name for BDD) as people who are “suddenly overcome by the fear that their body may be deformed in the midst of everyday life, while talking, while reading, while sitting at a table – in fact anywhere and at any time throughout the day.”
BDD is thought to be caused by a complex interplay of biopsychosocial factors, including genetic factors, differences in brain structure and function, and a history of adverse childhood experiences such as bullying, abuse or neglect, which can lead individuals to feel ashamed about themselves and their bodies.
This tendency is often manifested or exacerbated by societal pressures around appearance — in fact, research supports the idea that attractive people often enjoy social advantages, such as being perceived as more trustworthy, healthy, confident, and intelligent.
This increases your chances of finding love, getting a job, or even earning a higher salary.
This often has a negative impact on the minds of people with BDD, making them feel like they have less chance of succeeding in life.While we cannot ignore that these benefits of beauty exist in our society, the pursuit of beauty at all costs can be harmful to both our physical and mental health.
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Unrealistic perfection
Although BDD existed before the development of social media, social media has certainly played a role in increasing the prevalence and severity of BDD.
The emphasis on sharing the “perfect” selfie, the use of filters, the various ways to augment or enhance an image, and powerful algorithms that ensure you (or your disability) are served up with the content that interests you most are the perfect combination to increase the focus on appearance.
Heavy social media use and photo editing have been linked to an increased risk of developing BDD, comparing appearances, and interest in undergoing surgical and non-surgical cosmetic procedures.
This relationship arises in a variety of ways. First, our perception of attractiveness and beauty is often influenced by our “visual diet.” After an extended period of consuming curated content showcasing the best angles, lighting, makeup and outfit choices, and artificial enhancements through the addition of filters, our perception of beauty can start to become biased towards highly idealized and edited images.
As a result, viewers may feel pressured to fit into this newly formed ideal of beauty and may attempt to conform by applying filters to themselves or seeking cosmetic procedures to better meet this standard.
Unfortunately, the positive effect a filter has on your self-image only lasts while it’s applied; once the filter is removed or you see yourself in the mirror in the real world, you may find yourself feeling unattractive or unacceptable.
An estimated 3 percent of people suffer from body dysmorphic disorder. – Photo credit: Getty
There is also an increased pressure to build a “personal brand” online, which can extend beyond just posting the “perfect” photos to achieving the most beautiful feed, the right captions, hashtags and themes. This can lead to a lack of authenticity and cause a widening disconnect between your “online self” and your “real self.”
Some people say their use of social media has increased social anxiety in their daily lives. They fear they will unintentionally “catfish” others who have become accustomed to looking a certain way in the online world. Thus, a personal brand or polished online persona can lead to feelings of embarrassment and shame about their true appearance and personality.
Once BDD has developed, the disorder is often maintained by harmful patterns of thinking and behavior.
For example, engaging in excessive behavior to check, camouflage, or change one’s appearance, including prolonged observation of oneself in the mirror or taking photographs from different angles, hiding oneself with loose clothing, hats, scarves, or glasses, beauty treatments, new hairstyles, or cosmetic procedures.
Many of these are common everyday behaviors that people undertake for self-expression and self-improvement. However, when taken to an extreme, these behaviors can lead to an excessive focus on appearance.
One study compared the mirror-gazing patterns of people with and without BDD and found that even healthy people who stared at themselves in the mirror for more than 10 minutes experienced heightened awareness of their “flaws” and increased levels of distress.
People with BDD experienced this intense distress even after only looking at themselves briefly, for around 25 seconds. These findings support the idea that people with BDD have different patterns of visual processing when looking at faces, often focusing on small details and individual features rather than the overall picture.
Similarly, if someone without BDD looks at themselves long enough, they too will begin to see themselves in parts rather than as a whole, which is one reason why the “Zoom effect” and the proliferation of video calls during the COVID-19 pandemic has increased self-image distress for many people.
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Extreme Measures
People with BDD seek out beauty and cosmetic treatments at a much higher rate than the general population to help them feel better about themselves.
These high rates make sense: For Rebecca, who is concerned about the scars on her face, dermatological treatments like chemical peels and anti-wrinkle injections seem like the obvious solution.
Unfortunately, while most people who seek cosmetic surgery are satisfied with the results, studies have shown that this is not the case for people with BDD. In up to 91 percent of casesBecause your symptoms don’t change, you continue to focus on the areas that were treated and continue to work on ways to hide, check up, or cover up your “flaws.”
After undergoing cosmetic surgery, your concerns may change. People who were concerned about having a “hooked” nose before surgery may develop new concerns after rhinoplasty (nose surgery) about their nose appearing larger as a result of the surgery and about others criticizing them for having the surgery.
In other cases, BDD symptoms may actually worsen after treatment, making someone who is already self-conscious and vulnerable even more so.
Nearly three in ten adult men over the age of 18 have experienced insecurity about their body image.
It is an ethical and professional obligation for cosmetic surgeons to identify BDD in their patients before performing procedures, as patients with BDD may sue, complain, or demand compensation for procedures that do not meet their expectations.
It may be disheartening to learn that cosmetic surgery may not be the answer to your intense and painful obsession with appearance, but the good news is that effective, evidence-based treatments exist.
The National Institute for Health and Technology Assessment First-line treatment for BDD should include cognitive behavioral therapy with exposure and response prevention (CBT-ERP) and the addition of psychiatric medication for moderate to severe cases.
CBT for BDD involves identifying unhelpful stereotypes and expectations you have about yourself and your appearance (such as “I have to always be well-dressed when I leave the house” or “No one will love me with a nose this size”) and learning new ways to move away from these thoughts or develop more flexible, helpful thought processes (such as “I want to find a partner who is attracted to my values, interests, and passions, not the look of my nose”)
Adding ERP involves gradually exposing the patient to situations, environments, or people that they would normally avoid, while at the same time trying not to engage in the compulsive behavior.
For example, Rebecca might work on gradually eliminating cosmetics from her daily routine so she can go out without wearing heavy makeup to hide her skin, while Tyson might work on reducing his training schedule or going to the beach with his friends without having to cover up with a t-shirt.
These exposure exercises are designed to help individuals learn that what they fear most (being judged or ridiculed for their appearance) may not happen. Through exposure rather than avoidance, they can begin to live more productive, fulfilling, and joyful lives.
If you’re reading this and you feel like you’re worrying a little too much about the way you look, here are some things you can try…
How to Worry Less About Your Appearance
Mirror hygiene
Set a limit on the amount of time you spend looking at yourself. Unless you’re doing it for a specific purpose like putting on makeup or shaving, staring at yourself for more than 10 minutes can cause stress. Don’t avoid mirrors, but only look at them when necessary.
Engage in hobbies that have nothing to do with appearance
BDD is often associated with an excessive focus on appearance at the expense of other activities. Spending time with friends and family and doing the activities you love can boost your self-esteem and help you realize that your strengths go beyond just your appearance.
Social Media Detox
Look at your social media and notice how much of the content you’re consuming is highly edited images or content promoting fitness, beauty or cosmetic procedures. Unfollow or hide any content that makes you feel self-conscious, or set limits on the time and amount of time you spend on social media.
Stop looking for reassurance
Try not to talk to others about your appearance. Asking for feedback on your appearance can make you feel bad, whether the answer is positive or negative. Focus the conversation on more interesting topics.
Rather than chasing the perfect body, maybe it’s time to discover a broader sense of self-worth that can withstand the inevitable challenges of aging and growing up that we all experience, whether we like it or not.
*Names and descriptions do not reflect actual clients.
It can be challenging to ask for help when you need it, but you’re not alone in feeling this way.
Psychologists have studied this phenomenon for many years, as people’s reluctance to seek help has led to various high-profile failures. These failures, such as those with the Hubble Space Telescope and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, were often worsened by key individuals not seeking assistance.
Asking for help requires bravery because it means admitting you have needs or lack knowledge in certain areas. You may fear appearing incompetent, losing control, or giving someone else credit for your efforts. However, seeking help is essential for growth and success.
Low self-esteem or anxiety can make asking for help even more challenging, as you may fear rejection. Remember, it’s okay to seek help, as no one can do everything alone. Research shows that asking for advice actually makes you appear more competent.
Studies indicate that those who help others tend to like them more, and people are often more willing to assist than you might think. Remind yourself of this the next time you need help and be thoughtful about who you ask and when.
If someone can’t help, don’t take it personally. They may be busy or unsure of how to assist. Asking for help is a normal and necessary part of life, so don’t hesitate to reach out when needed.
This article addresses the question of why it’s challenging to ask for help, posed by Sally Gardner via email.
If you have any questions, feel free to contact us via the email address below. For more information, you can also reach out on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram.
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I recently came across a photo that I can only describe as “post-apocalyptic cute.” It depicted a small, beady-eyed, purple hermit crab with its fragile abdomen neatly tucked within a bright red object.
This “shell” provided the small crustacean with armor that kept it perfectly balanced and easily manipulated. However, it was not a traditional seashell, but rather a discarded plastic bottle cap. This image is a moving depiction of the serious global problem of plastic pollution we currently face.
Hermit crabs scavenge for things from the ocean floor and use them for protection. This habit of finding their home and carrying it on their backs earned them their delightful name.
However, instead of finding beautiful coiled snail shells to nestle in, many hermit crabs today pick up pieces of trash that we throw away and hide inside them.
A group of Polish researchers based at Warsaw University and Poznań University conducted an “Internet Ecology Study,” during which they scoured social media for photos of hermit crabs decorated with human trash. They found 386 photos in total from every tropical coast in the world.
According to the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) 2021 report, plastic production has increased by an almost unimaginable 18,300% in 65 years, leading to a current oversupply of plastic waste that we are struggling to dispose of responsibly.
Recycling may seem like an obvious solution, but as of 2015, only 9% of generated plastic waste was being recycled, according to a major study on the fate of plastic.
Examples of plastic reuse
Mark Miodnik, Professor of Materials and Society at University College London, has stated that reusing is the best solution to the plastic waste problem. One major effort in bringing reuse into the mainstream is Loop, which operates a “global reverse supply chain” in partnership with major brands, collecting used packaging from consumers and retailers through a deposit return scheme.
Despite the devastating increase in plastic production, there is hope for significant change in the near future. A commitment to a binding treaty to end plastic pollution has already been signed by 175 countries, setting the stage for a pivotal year in rewriting the plastic waste rulebook.
In the meantime, reusing as much of the materials we already have in abundance can help alleviate the plastic waste problem. As a lead researcher on hermit crab research in Poland, Zusanna Jagiello notes that the animals are simply taking advantage of what’s available to them.
Few life milestones are less glamorous and ritualistic than the arrival of middle age. Our skin becomes visibly looser, we get more gray hair, and of course our clothes usually start to feel a little tighter, especially around the waist.
The last one is known as the midlife spread, and it's a commonly accepted idea that as we get older, we start to gain weight around our abdomen. This extra weight is said to be easier to gain and less stable than when we were younger, and it is thought that our active metabolism may slow down as we age. You can no longer get away with consuming this much, and your efforts to get rid of your stomach through diet and exercise will become a losing battle.
So far so miserable. However, in July last year, A study of more than 6,000 people around the world quickly debunked this idea.. It showed that our metabolism remains remarkably stable as we age, at least until our 60s. “From age 20 to age 60, the amount of calories you burn per day is about the same,” says Herman Pontzer of Duke University in North Carolina. “It turns out we have a much lower ability to control our metabolism than we thought.” This will be welcome news for those approaching the age of 45 (usually defined as those between 45 and 65) and facing a frightening epidemic. But that leaves a burning question: If metabolism isn't to blame, what is? And what can you do?
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