Study Reveals Average Person Farts 32 Times Daily: Discover the Innovative Underwear Designed to Prove It!

Posted on May 15, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Personal question: Do you consider yourself a frequent farter? On average, how many times a day do you pass gas? 5 times? 20? More?

There’s no boring answer here. Recent scientific studies reveal that human flatulence is surprisingly under-explored in medical literature.

While some claim the average person experiences 5 to 15 flatulence episodes daily, this estimate is based on limited 1980s research, according to Professor Brantley Hall, a microbiome expert from the University of Maryland.

“Invasive studies involving rectal tubes have hindered our understanding,” he asserts, adding, “Our knowledge hasn’t progressed significantly since.”

But there’s good news! Hall’s team is developing a groundbreaking Human Fart Atlas to chart normal flatulence ranges across the population. A key element of this initiative is innovative smart underwear that detects human gas emissions.

A coin-sized sensor clips discreetly onto standard briefs, continuously monitoring gas releases and sending data to an app, providing valuable insights for both users and researchers.

In a study published in December 2025 in Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X, participants wore these smart pants for at least 11 hours over three days. Findings suggest that people fart far more than previously believed.

The average healthy adult expels gas about 32 times a day, but the range is diverse.

The study revealed individual differences, with participants reporting anywhere from 4 to 59 farts daily. Unpublished data indicates even higher numbers in some cases.

“Some individuals farted up to 175 times a day,” Hall noted, contrasting it with others on similar diets who only farted four times.

The human gut microbiome contains approximately **38 trillion bacterial cells** – Photo credit: Getty

Breakthrough in Gas Detection

These fascinating insights stem from a technology the research team has refined over five years.

Hall humorously describes its inception: “As a microbiologist, one day I was studying microbial metabolism in an anaerobic chamber when everything went wrong. Someone farted, and we got a groundbreaking signal.”

This incident led to placing sensors in a place no wearable has ventured before—inside your pants. The sensors detect hydrogen, a gas produced by intestinal bacteria during food metabolism.

While future versions aim to capture a broader gas spectrum, current technology mainly detects the “hydrogen bomb.”

This data allows researchers to begin monitoring flatulence frequency and proceeds to shape a comprehensive Human Flatus Atlas. Hall mentioned the oversubscription for study participation demonstrates how comfortable the device is to wear.

“The most unexpected revelation was that there was room for the sensor in that area,” he explains. “You won’t even feel it. We’ve tested various shapes and materials; ultimately, we found that a round shape works best.”

Holding up what he coined a “butt mannequin,” he elaborates on sensor placement next to the perineum. “When seated, you’re typically not in contact with it,” he adds.

“Plus, women often wear menstrual pads without issue; our device is much smaller.”

Read more:

Gastrointestinal Insights

Wearing Hall’s smart underwear provides critical insights into our daily bodily functions. For skeptics, it offers essential information about your gastrointestinal health.

Generally, farting is a normal part of digestion. In fact, individuals consuming a fiber-rich diet often pass more gas, as beans and vegetables ferment in the intestines, producing excess gas.

Bloating can indicate good gut health but might also signify irritable bowel syndrome or a food intolerance.

Changes in frequency or habits can hint at shifts in your microbiome, influenced by stress or dietary changes. Excessive or foul-smelling gas might indicate lactose or gluten intolerance.

Consult a healthcare provider if you experience persistent digestive symptoms, such as diarrhea, pain, or bloating.

The variation in flatulence stems from multiple factors, including genetics, diet, and microbiome diversity. For instance, lactose intolerance is often hereditary.

“Those who are lactose intolerant must adjust their diets accordingly, as consuming milk can lead to increased gas production,” Hall explains.

The average person produces enough gas in a day to inflate a small balloon – Photo credit: Getty

Hall envisions that smart pants technology could revolutionize personal health tracking, providing clinicians with valuable data for better patient care.

“While we lack medical approval for this technology currently, future adaptations could empower gastroenterologists with this data, making it easier to distinguish normal from abnormal,” he explains.

His dream is to create a “fart score” akin to cholesterol levels, enabling individuals to monitor their health effectively.

Next steps involve adding methane detection, known to correlate with constipation, while exploring how farting habits across the globe compare with those in the United States.

Don’t you just love the smell of progress in the morning?

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

DNA Study Reveals Most ‘Wild Dogs’ in Australia Are Actually Dingoes

Posted on May 15, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A significant genetic study has unveiled that Australia’s so-called “wild dogs” are predominantly dingoes, redefining the discussions surrounding conservation and wildlife management in the region.

Australian dingo. Image credit: Charcolot.

“Dingoes fulfill a vital ecological role in the Australian ecosystem, being the only terrestrial apex predator on the mainland (and some offshore islands) since their arrival over 3,000 years ago,” stated Yassin Souilmi, a researcher at the University of Adelaide.

“They hold immense cultural significance for many Indigenous Australians, frequently appearing in ancestral songlines as essential contributors to ecological and cultural balance.”

“However, dingoes have historically clashed with livestock farmers since the colonial era (the 1800s), leading to extensive dingo management strategies implemented throughout Australia.”

In a groundbreaking new study, researchers examined over 300 free-roaming dogs across Australia and discovered that only 11.7% of their DNA originated from domestic dogs.

These domestic DNA levels were highest in southeastern Australia, particularly in Victoria and New South Wales, while being significantly lower in remote northern and western regions.

“Over the decades, various genetic tests have produced conflicting results regarding the composition of dingoes, which are descended from European dogs and free-roaming animals,” Dr. Souilmi explained.

“Our research utilized pre-colonial dingo DNA as a true benchmark to clarify this discrepancy, concluding that the majority of free-roaming dogs in Australia are indeed primarily dingoes.”

This revelation is supported by ancient DNA records and has profound implications for species classification and population management.

“The term ‘wild dog’ obscures crucial biological and cultural distinctions. Dingoes are fundamentally different from feral dogs,” Dr. Souilmi emphasized.

“Future wildlife management strategies should incorporate local insights and work closely with Australia’s Indigenous communities, who have long regarded dingoes as companions and relatives.”

This innovative testing technology maintains accuracy with a minimal number of DNA markers, paving the way for large-scale, cost-effective ancestry screening.

“Our test’s reliability with minimal markers means that ancestry screening can now be routinely employed,” explained lead author Dr. Shamsunder Ravishankar, also from the University of Adelaide.

“Wildlife organizations can now achieve dependable results without needing extensive whole-genome budgets.”

The study categorized Australian dingoes into eight genetically distinct populations, including two newly identified groups in northern and central Australia.

Considering domestic dog ancestry, the findings revealed that southeastern populations exhibit far less genetic diversity compared to those in northern and central regions.

Dingoes from the Mallee (Great Desert) in northwest Victoria stood out, showcasing even lower ancestral diversity than the small, isolated Kugari population.

“Eliminating the domestic dog component alters our understanding,” stated co-author Dr. Ní Chau Nguyen, also from the University of Adelaide.

“While the ancestors of domestic dogs increased the overall genetic variation among southeastern dingoes, they simultaneously compromised some genetic traits that distinguish these dingoes.”

“Our research also corroborated previous studies indicating that gene flow from European dogs to dingoes peaked in the mid-20th century, especially during the 1960s, coinciding with rapid post-war population growth and agricultural expansion in southeastern Australia.”

For detailed findings, see the published study in the journal Conservation Letters.

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Shamsundar Ravishankar et al. 2026. European dog admixture inference based on paleogenomics allows for scalable dingo conservation. Conservation Letters 19 (3): e70052; doi: 10.1111/con4.70052

Source: www.sci.news

New Study Reveals Ancient Earth Experienced Repeated Melting Events During Catastrophic Ice Ages

Posted on May 14, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

During the Neoproterozoic Era (1 billion to 538.8 million years ago), Earth underwent dramatic climate fluctuations, notably the Sturtian Ice Age, where ice is believed to have enveloped the planet. Understanding the geological record and the survival of life during this pivotal event has remained a significant challenge. Geochronological studies indicate that the Sturtian Ice Age persisted for an astonishing 56 million years, far exceeding predictions made by conventional climate models. A recent study from Harvard University proposes that Earth may have experienced cycles of ice-covered and ice-free states during the Sturtian period.

Artist’s impression of ‘Snowball Earth’. Image credit: Oleg Kuznetsov, http://3depix.com/ CC BY-SA 4.0.

“The global glaciation that occurred near the advent of animal life, known as the Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth event, represents one of the most severe climate transformations in Earth’s history and likely had profound effects on biological evolution,” stated Charlotte Minsky, a Harvard graduate student, along with her research team.

“However, the causes, severity, and ecological impacts of these glaciations continue to be the subject of intense debate.”

Employing a coupled model of ancient climate systems and the global carbon cycle, researchers propose that Earth was not trapped in a singular, incessant snowball state.

Their simulations indicate that extensive weathering of basalt in the Franklin Igneous Province, a significant volcanic area in northern Canada that likely erupted prior to the Sturtian Ice Age, dramatically reduced atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, leading to multiple global ice ages.

As volcanic activity and other processes gradually rebuilt atmospheric carbon dioxide, global temperatures rose, ice melted, and previously covered basalt regions were exposed once more.

This renewed decomposition through weathering replenished carbon dioxide, triggering another snowball cycle.

The authors contend that this recurring cycle of freezing and thawing driven by carbon dioxide could sustain glacial and interglacial variations for tens of millions of years.

The mechanisms revealed in this study address several longstanding discrepancies, particularly the duration of the Sturtian Ice Age, which was previously challenging to reconcile with established climate models.

This research aligns with sedimentation patterns from that era, elucidating how atmospheric oxygen levels could remain stable amidst extreme climatic shifts.

Moreover, frequent returns to warmer, ice-free states may have been critical in preventing a total collapse of atmospheric oxygen.

“This discovery may elucidate how aerobic life continued to thrive throughout such severe intervals,” Minsky noted.

For more details, refer to the study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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Charlotte Minsky et al. 2026. The snowball greenhouse cycle repeats within Neoproterozoic Sturtian glaciers. PNAS 123 (19): e2525919123; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2525919123

Source: www.sci.news

New Study Reveals U.S. Coastlines Facing Accelerated Marine Disaster Risk

Posted on May 12, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A significant ocean current system that plays a crucial role in regulating the climate across the Northern Hemisphere is projected to weaken more dramatically by the end of this century than previously anticipated, according to a new study published in Scientific Progress.

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is an extensive ocean current system transporting warm water north from the tropics, releasing heat into the atmosphere before descending and returning south.

“This system essentially forms a loop that transports heat from the equator to the North Atlantic,” stated Dr. Valentin Portman, the lead author of the study from France’s Bordeaux Southwest Research Center, during an interview with BBC Science Focus.

“Warm, salty water flows north, releasing heat, thickening, sinking, and then traveling south through deep ocean currents.”

Research indicates a projected 51% slowdown by 2100, a figure approximately 60% higher than average projections derived from conventional climate models, with significantly lower uncertainty.

The weakening of AMOC could lead to severe consequences. Sea levels along the northeastern U.S. coast are already rising faster than the global average, partially due to a weakening AMOC.

Globally, the tropical rain belt is expected to weaken and shift southward, jeopardizing the monsoons on which millions in West Africa and South Asia depend for agriculture.

In Europe, these changes could result in harsher, colder winters as the conveyor belt of warm water to the continent decelerates.

Worryingly, each additional weakening increases the system’s proximity to a tipping point where complete collapse becomes more probable, posing potentially catastrophic risks.

The AMOC extends across the Atlantic Ocean, forming a part of a vast network of ocean currents – Photo credit: Getty

Understanding a Complex System

Predicting the future of AMOC as the Earth warms is notoriously challenging due to the system’s vast complexity and influence from both local and global factors.

Previous forecasts about AMOC’s future varied significantly based on the employed climate prediction models. While most agree the system is weakening, the degree of potential collapse ranges from minimal to complete failure.

The new study identified two systematic errors prevalent in much of the prevailing modeling: underestimating salinity in the South Atlantic and overestimating coldness in the North Atlantic.

These biases cause models to underestimate how dense, saline water sinks and maintains current flow across the system.

By correcting these variables using a statistical approach called ridge-normalized linear regression, seldom applied in climate research, the expected weakening escalated to 51%, significantly lowering uncertainty surrounding the results.

“Typically, only one variable is used in studies, such as a singular observation of AMOC’s strength in the past,” Portman explained.

“This study aimed to incorporate more information by leveraging multiple variables simultaneously, which is vital due to AMOC’s complexity and dependence on various processes.”

The current strength of AMOC is already notably weak. Recent observations suggest a decline of 10% to 20% since the mid-2000s, equating to hundreds of millions of gallons of water no longer flowing north each second.

A 2025 study disclosed that the recent weakening of currents has contributed to nearly 50% of flooding along the northeastern U.S. coast since 2005.

However, attributing this decline to human-induced climate change rather than natural fluctuations remains a challenge. Experts state that it may take until 2033 (with 29 years of data) to confidently distinguish between the two.

Not a Complete Collapse—But It’s Worrisome

Results from this recent study are concerning, but researchers emphasize clarity regarding what they do and do not illustrate. In the 6th assessment report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) expressed confidence that AMOC would diminish throughout this century, albeit with “moderate confidence” that it would not collapse by 2100.

Yet, such assurances may offer little comfort given the extensive changes that collapse could entail, whether prior to or following this century’s conclusion.

For instance, a 2025 study in Geophysical Research Letters predicted that under such circumstances, temperatures in London could plummet to -20°C (-4°F) and -48°C (-54°F) in Oslo, despite global warming driven by greenhouse gases.

As human-driven climate change causes polar ice melting, ocean salinity decreases, disrupting AMOC processes.

Moreover, a weakening AMOC risks crossing an unknown tipping point threshold. A study suggests that the AMOC may hold two stable “on” or “off” states, with reversals potentially taking thousands of years to rectify.

The exact location of this threshold remains uncertain. Extending existing models beyond the typical 2100 cutoff, a 2025 study in Environmental Research Letters indicated AMOC shutdowns could occur in 67% of high-emission scenarios and 30% under moderate conditions.

“We don’t definitively know where the threshold lies or if this situation truly applies,” Portman noted. “We can speculate that this decline, even more significant than predicted, may be approaching a tipping point.”

Critical Action Window

Portman’s team tested four distinct emissions scenarios. Three (ranging from moderate to very high) consistently yielded results of approximately 50% weakening, suggesting that many impacts of human-induced climate change could become irreversible beyond a certain threshold.

“We are introducing considerable heat into the ocean, which will persist for centuries,” Portman stated.

However, the most optimistic scenario, marked by robust and sustained emissions reductions, resulted in only about a 20% decline.

“There are two perspectives here. One is that it may be a bit too late, given significant CO2 emissions leading to long-term effects,” Portman explained.

“Conversely, if we dramatically lower CO2 emissions prior to hitting the tipping point, we can avert a serious decline.”

While Portman expresses confidence in his research’s projections for this important ocean system, he acknowledges that other significant processes may still need to be considered.

“This necessitates prudence regarding the findings,” he emphasized. “Substantial uncertainty remains in climate models concerning AMOC’s future. Addressing this issue is vital.”

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Harvard Doctor Reveals One Simple Change to Dramatically Improve Your Digestion

Posted on May 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

We’ve all faced the struggles of bathroom visits. Instead of sitting uncomfortably and waiting for relief, why not explore some effective ways to enhance your experience?

Improving your time on the toilet can be achieved by incorporating fiber into your diet, staying well-hydrated, and maintaining regular exercise. These habits may take time to develop, but there’s a simple change you can make today.

According to Dr. Trisha Pasricha, a gastroenterologist and professor at Harvard Medical School, “The easiest way is to elevate your knees above hip level.” You can do this using a stool, a stack of books, or even high heels, depending on your stature.

“This adjustment makes bowel movements significantly easier, even for those who don’t realize they have issues,” Dr. Pasricha adds.

Research supports Dr. Pasricha’s claims. A 2019 study by Ohio State University examined the impact of defecation positions on 52 adults. Participants documented their bowel movements for two weeks: one group used a standard toilet posture while the other utilized a “defecation posture correction device,” or footstool.

The study revealed that after over 1,100 bathroom visits, those using the footstool experienced reduced time on the toilet, decreased strain, and enhanced feelings of emptiness afterward. You can read the findings here.

Why does this work? Dr. Pasricha explains that elevating your knees relaxes the rectum. “The rectum functions as a reservoir for stool,” she elaborates. “It contains the puborectalis muscle that wraps around it, acting like a sling.”

While this muscle’s function is beneficial to prevent premature release, sitting at a 90-degree angle can obstruct this process.

Conversely, squatting straightens your rectum, allowing for smoother bowel movements. A review of 42 studies concluded that squatting significantly reduces the likelihood of constipation and hemorrhoids.

Using your phone in the bathroom can be fun, but it may distract you from the task at hand – Credit: Getty

While squatting is a common practice globally, many in the US and Europe prefer sitting toilets.

Dr. Pasricha notes, “We’ve accepted sitting as the norm. I understand the preference for stability on a toilet, but we compromise our physiological function in doing so.”

For those comfortable with traditional toilets, using a footstool can provide the benefits of squatting without the hassle.

Raising your knees above your hips can open the rectum and facilitate easier bowel movements.

Even a small footstool can increase the anorectal angle by 10 to 15 degrees – Credit: Getty

It’s worth noting that while a footstool is helpful, recent research from Australia and Israel showed no significant changes for individuals suffering from constipation despite using it.

Nevertheless, Dr. Pasricha suggests this approach could alleviate an “artificial, self-created problem that is counter to our physiology.”

For optimal results, a Japanese study indicates that leaning forward can further enhance your bowel freedom.

So, if you find yourself struggling, remember: it’s not you, it’s your angle.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Research Reveals Earth’s First Organisms Used Molybdenum for Biochemical Processes

Posted on May 6, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A groundbreaking study reveals that approximately 3.4 billion years ago, during the Archean Era, ancient microbes were not only reliant on molybdenum—a rare metal at the time—but also explored the use of tungsten. This discovery has the potential to transform how astrobiologists search for extraterrestrial life.

Early Earth. Image credit: Peter Sawyer/Smithsonian Institution.

Geochemical evidence indicates that the concentration of molybdenum in early Earth’s anoxic oceans was extremely limited; however, modern organisms are largely dependent on this essential element.

Previous theories proposed that life initially utilized tungsten before transitioning to molybdenum as it became more abundant.

Professor Betül Kaçar from the University of Wisconsin-Madison and her research team aimed to test this hypothesis.

“The transition metal molybdenum presents a puzzling evolutionary narrative in relation to biological systems,” the researchers stated.

“Molybdenum plays a significant role in vital biogeochemical processes involving carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur, which previous studies suggest have deep-rooted evolutionary histories.”

In their research, the authors analyzed genome databases to pinpoint species with genes responsible for molybdenum transport, storage, and enzymatic functions.

They applied a technique known as phylogenetic matching to trace the evolutionary lineage of molybdenum- and tungsten-utilizing proteins within the current tree of life.

Moreover, they investigated the mechanisms of molybdenum movement and utilization within living cells, focusing on intracellular transport from uptake to catalysis.

Simultaneously, they explored the historical context of biological tungsten use for similar functions.

The researchers compiled existing data regarding molybdenum’s prevalence over time and found that, despite its scarcity, ancient microorganisms on Earth found ways to utilize it, dating back to between 3.3 and 3.7 billion years ago.

“Counterintuitively, geochemical records suggest that the abundance of molybdenum on early Earth was significantly lower billions of years ago, particularly prior to the emergence of oxygenic photosynthesis,” noted Dr. Aya Cross, a student at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

“Yet, life persisted in evolving biochemical pathways that depended on molybdenum, despite its limited availability.”

“These processes have been passed down to modern organisms.”

“Understanding the elemental dependencies of early life could aid astrobiologists in identifying other planets capable of supporting life,” Professor Kaçar remarked.

“This study illustrates that a lack of an element in the environment doesn’t negate the potential for life to adapt and exploit it in innovative ways.”

“Life exhibits remarkable adaptability, and insights like these remind us that the quest for extraterrestrial life may necessitate considering possibilities previously unimagined.”

A research paper detailing these findings was published in the latest edition of Nature Communications.

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AS Cross et al. 2026. The biological utilization of molybdenum and tungsten dates back 3.4 billion years. Nat Commun 17, 3943; doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-72133-0

Source: www.sci.news

Study Reveals Butterflies and Moths Have Used the Same Genetic Toolkit for 120 Million Years

Posted on May 4, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A groundbreaking study examining various South American butterfly lineages and diurnal moths reveals that convergent evolution—where unrelated species develop similar traits—follows a consistent genetic pattern. This discovery has significant implications for understanding how species may adapt to climate change.

Ben Chehida and others. A flight study of Itomini, Isomini, and Heliconius butterflies, along with the Ketonga moth. Image credit: Ben Chehida et al., doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003742.

“Convergent or parallel evolution serves as a natural experiment where unrelated species independently evolve similar traits in response to equivalent selective pressures,” states Kanchon Dasmahapatra, a professor at the University of York.

“This indicates how reproducible—and thus predictable—evolution can be.”

“Highly divergent lineages often display significant trait convergence, such as repeated colonization of habitats like land, water, and air, or the evolution of resistance against threats like pesticides, drought, and heat stress.”

According to the researchers, “Convergence in traits across different species can stem from genetic changes occurring in different genes or in the same gene (gene reuse).”

“Gene reuse is expected to be more prevalent among closely related lineages or when developmental pathways towards optimal fitness are limited.”

“Convergence may happen when the same allele is reused (allele sharing), either through independent mutations in one gene or through ancestral variation and introgression between species.”

In this study, the authors investigated various species of distantly related South American rainforest butterflies and moths that share similar wing color patterns for predator deterrence, a phenomenon known as mimicry.

The study aims to identify the genes responsible for these similar mimic color patterns among seven distantly related species.

Remarkably, researchers found that distinct butterfly and moth species reuse the same two genes—ivory and optics—which evolve into similar color patterns, despite being very distant relatives.

Genetic alterations in several butterfly species did not occur in the genes themselves but rather in similar “switches” that control gene expression.

Interestingly, one moth species utilizes an inversion mechanism where substantial DNA sequences flip directions, mirroring a genetic strategy used by a butterfly.

“Convergent evolution, where numerous unrelated species independently develop the same trait, is a widespread phenomenon across the tree of life,” says Professor Dasmahapatra.

“However, there is limited opportunity to explore the genetic foundation of this phenomenon.”

“By studying seven butterfly lineages along with diurnal moths, we demonstrate that evolution is surprisingly predictable and that both butterflies and moths have repeatedly employed the same genetic tricks to develop similar color patterns since the time of dinosaurs.”

The findings from this study reveal that evolution may not always be random and could be more predictable than previously believed.

Professor Joanna Meyer from the Wellcome Sanger Institute remarked: “All these distantly related butterflies and moths are toxic and unpalatable to birds that attempt to consume them.”

“Their similarities are advantageous; if birds recognize a specific color pattern as indicating ‘don’t eat us, we are poisonous’, it benefits other species to exhibit the same warning colors.”

“Our research illustrates that these warning colors are remarkably optimal. With a highly conserved genetic basis over 120 million years, evolving these similar color patterns could be quite straightforward.”

The results are published in the journal PLoS Biology.

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Y. Ben Chehida et al. 2026. Convergent mimic coloration in lepidopterans over 120 million years of evolution is underpinned by genetic parallelism. PLoS Biol 24 (4): e3003742; doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003742

Source: www.sci.news

Fossil Evidence Reveals Early Platypuses Had Strong Teeth and Powerful Jaws

Posted on April 28, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent fossil discoveries from the Namba Formation in South Australia have revealed that 25 million years ago, Obdurodon’s insignis — an ancient, larger, toothed ancestor of the modern platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) — thrived alongside freshwater dolphins and other now-extinct species in verdant inland lakes.

An artist’s impression of the approximately 25-million-year-old fossil platypus and its surroundings. Image credit: Gen Conway, Flinders University Institute of Paleontology

“The platypus is extremely rare in the fossil record, mostly limited to tooth remains, making the discovery of new fossils significant for understanding this unique mammal,” stated Flinders University palaeontologist Dr. Aaron Camens.

First described in 1975, Obdurodon’s insignis inhabited the vast permanent lakes, slow-flowing rivers, and forested lowlands of central Australia during the late Oligocene, approximately 25 million years ago.

This species notably differs from today’s platypuses, possessing fully formed molars and premolars, unlike modern platypuses, which lose their vestigial teeth shortly after hatching.

Previously, Obdurodon’s insignis was known only from limited remains, including one and a half molars and fragments of the jaw and pelvis. However, this recent find includes one of the few well-preserved fossils of a related younger species, Obdurodon dicksoni, identified in 1992.

While Obdurodon dicksoni resembled modern platypuses, it had a slightly larger skull and a stronger bite.

“The new material of Obdurodon’s insignis includes the first premolars, the key teeth located in front of the molars,” said Dr. Camens. “This species had large, pointed front teeth and formidable molars capable of crushing shelled animals, such as yabbies.”

Dr. Trevor Worthy, also from Flinders University, highlighted an intriguing discovery: the scapulochoroid bone, which supports the arms and forelimbs. “This finding indicates that the limb structure closely resembles that of modern platypuses, suggesting ancient platypuses were adept swimmers like their modern relatives,” he noted.

“These fossils, dating back 25 million years, provide a glimpse of an ancient platypus that was larger and possessed teeth compared to modern variants.”

Research indicates that during this period, dense forests nurtured diverse communities of arboreal mammals, including koalas and various possum species.

On the forest floor, a sheep-sized marsupial coexisted with numerous other species, including familiar lizards, frogs, and small carnivorous marsupials.

These ancient trees also hosted a variety of birds, including the impressive Steller’s sea eagle, Archehieracus.

The ancient lakes teemed with lungfish and other small fish, while several species of waterfowl, cormorants, and flamingos thrived along the shores, feeding on fish, plants, and small invertebrates.

Interestingly, these freshwater ecosystems were also home to small dolphins, with their teeth and bones discovered at several fossil locations, revealing signs of this diverse ancient community.

“This rich environment was where the ancient toothed platypus lived 25 million years ago, before its remains settled into the lake’s depths,” explained Dr. Jen Conway, also from Flinders University.

This remarkable discovery is detailed in the latest issue of Australian Zoologist.

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Trevor H. Worthy et al. 2026. New material for the toothed platypus Obdurodon’s insignis (Monotremata: Ornithorhynchidae) from the Late Oligocene fauna of Pimpa, Billeroo Creek, South Australia. Australian Zoologist 45 (1): AZ26011; doi: 10.1071/AZ26011

Source: www.sci.news

Infrasound Linked to Increased Stress and Discomfort, New Study Reveals

Posted on April 28, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A recent study reveals that infrasound (very low frequency sounds below 20 Hz) can elevate cortisol levels and increase irritability, providing a scientific rationale for why certain “haunted” locations may evoke feelings of discomfort.

Research by Scatterati et al. has shown that infrasound can evoke irritation and aversion in humans through a combination of self-reports and biological measures, also suggesting a link to increased negative emotional assessments.

Infrasound is defined as sound waves with frequencies below 20 Hz, which can manifest naturally from sources such as tectonic shifts, volcanic eruptions, convective storms, and air-water interactions during upstream water discharge.

Additionally, infrasound is commonly found in urban settings, particularly near ventilation systems, air conditioning units, low-noise piping, traffic, and various mechanical systems.

Exploratory field recordings have detected infrasound energy linked to urban sound environments and live music events.

Professor Rodney Schmaltz from MacEwan University states, “Infrasound is widespread in everyday surroundings, frequently emanating from ventilation apparatus, transit systems, and industrial machinery.”

“Many individuals are unknowingly subjected to these sounds. Our research indicates that even brief exposure can modify mood and elevate cortisol levels. Understanding the effects of infrasound in real-world contexts is crucial.”

The study involved 36 participants who sat alone in a room while either soothing or anxiety-inducing music played.

For half the participants, an inconspicuous subwoofer emitted infrasound at 18 Hz. Afterward, they were asked to report their feelings, emotional evaluations of the music, and whether they suspected infrasound was present. Saliva samples were collected before and after the listening session.

Results showed that cortisol levels in saliva were elevated in participants exposed to infrasound.

These individuals also reported increased irritability, reduced interest, and a perception of the music as sadder, despite not being aware of the infrasound presence.

“This study indicates that the body can react to infrasound even when it goes consciously unheard,” Schmalz explains.

“Participants struggled to accurately identify the presence of infrasound, and their beliefs regarding it had no discernible impact on cortisol levels or mood.”

“When feeling irritable or stressed, cortisol levels naturally rise as a part of the body’s stress response, establishing a connection between increased irritability and elevated cortisol,” notes Dr. Kale Scatterati, a student at the University of Alberta.

“However, exposure to infrasound influenced both outcomes beyond their normal correlation.”

These findings suggest humans can detect infrasound, yet often fail to recognize it, though the underlying mechanism remains unclear.

Furthermore, this research points to the need for further exploration into whether long-term infrasound exposure could affect health due to consistently heightened cortisol levels and mood disturbances associated with increased irritability.

Professor Trevor Hamilton from MacEwan University commented, “Increased cortisol levels trigger alertness and help the body respond to potential stressors.”

“This is an evolutionarily beneficial response but chronic cortisol release can lead to various physiological issues and adversely impact mental health.”

The findings of this research are published in the journal Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience.

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Kale R. Scatterati et al. 2026. Exposure to infrasound is associated with aversion, negative evaluation, and elevated salivary cortisol in humans. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 20; doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2026.1729876

Source: www.sci.news

New Study Reveals Honey Bees’ Ability to Process Numerical Information

Posted on April 27, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A recent study on bee vision reveals that their capacity to differentiate quantities goes beyond simple visual patterns, indicating authentic numerical cognition influenced by their distinct brain perceptions.

To understand the mechanisms behind animal cognition, it is essential to adopt experimental designs that respect the biological and perceptual limitations of the species being studied. Zanon et al. addressed the ongoing debate around visuospatial frequency in numerical cognition research using honeybees (Apis mellifera) as a model system. Image credit: PollyDot.

In this study, researchers from Monash University, including Scarlett Howard, revisited previous critiques of bee intelligence, considering the unique sensory and perceptual limitations bees possess.

By evaluating experimental stimuli from a biologically relevant standpoint, the researchers demonstrated that previous critiques suggesting bees are merely sensitive to visual cues like spatial frequency are unfounded.

“These findings emphasize the necessity to eliminate anthropocentric biases in animal research,” stated Dr. Howard.

“In evaluating an animal’s cognitive capabilities, it is crucial to prioritize the animal’s perspective; otherwise, we may miscalculate their abilities.”

“Given that humans perceive the world quite differently from animals, we must refrain from centering human perspectives when researching animal intelligence.”

As the researchers conclude, properly assessing cognitive abilities demands experimental designs that align with the natural sensory capabilities of the target species.

“Neglecting how animals perceive their environment can lead scientists to erroneous conclusions,” remarked Dr. Mirko Zanon from the University of Trento.

“There is an ongoing debate regarding whether bees are genuinely ‘counting’ or merely responding to visual patterns.”

“Our findings indicate that this critique is invalid when considered within the ecological context of the animals.”

“Analyzing stimuli through the lens of how bees perceive their world reveals a genuine sensitivity to numerical concepts.”

“While it may be challenging to envision the world from a bee’s perspective, understanding animal perception is vital for our research,” Dr. Howard stated.

“Bees consistently astonish us with their navigation, their responses to our inquiries, and their decision-making processes.”

For further details, refer to the study published in the April 22 issue of Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

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Zanon et al. 2026. Matching stimuli: A biology-aligned approach to numerical cognition research. Proc Biol Sci 293 (2069): 20253057; doi: 10.1098/rspb.2025.3057

Source: www.sci.news

NASA Telescope Reveals 10,000 New Planets: A Groundbreaking Discovery

Posted on April 27, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Stunning Artist’s Impression of a Star with Two Exoplanets Transiting

Credit: NASA, ESA, and G. Bacon (STScI)

Artist's impression of a star with two planets transiting it — Stunning Artist’s Impression of a Star with Two Exoplanets Transiting

Credit: NASA, ESA, and G. Bacon (STScI)

Astronomers have discovered over 10,000 candidate planets using data from NASA’s telescopes, representing the largest number ever noted in a single observation.

NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), launched in 2018, specializes in searching for exoplanets—planets orbiting stars outside our solar system. Exoplanets are detected by observing temporary decreases in brightness from stars, indicating that an orbiting planet has moved in front of the star.

To date, TESS has confirmed more than 750 exoplanets, with thousands more candidates awaiting validation. The aggregate number of confirmed exoplanets by various telescopes has now surpassed 6,000.

Joshua Roth and researchers at Princeton University reported an even higher potential count by re-evaluating TESS’s first year of data. By merging images from different telescopes, they identified planets that are less luminous, whether due to their smaller size or greater distance from Earth. This effort has uncovered 11,554 candidate exoplanets, 10,091 of which weren’t previously acknowledged.

“Predictions indicated there were likely thousands of undiscovered planets within TESS data,” says Roth. “We simply hadn’t searched thoroughly enough yet.”

These newly identified planets extend up to 6,800 light-years from Earth, reaching deeper into the galaxy than TESS previously could. More than 90% of these new findings are categorized as ‘hot Jupiters’, gas giants orbiting extremely close to their stars in just a few days. TESS is particularly adept at detecting such worlds. Smaller variants, including Neptune-like planets and super-Earths, are also among the findings.

However, not all candidates are confirmed exoplanets. Each must be monitored using additional telescopes, as some signals may be false positives due to factors like binary stars. “The false positive rate for TESS is typically around 50%,” Roth states, estimating there could be a maximum of 5,000 genuine planets, but cautions that perhaps only 3,000 truly exist.

Nonetheless, this wealth of data could effectively double the known exoplanet count in the universe. Jesse Christiansen, the lead scientist at NASA’s Exoplanet Science Institute, emphasizes the importance of these discoveries for understanding exoplanet formation. “The more exoplanets we have, the better we can analyze and differentiate them,” she notes, highlighting the diverse types of ‘Jupiters’ different stars produce. “These are essential questions we can address with a sizable sample.”

Additionally, there are many more planets in the TESS data that await discovery, including around 8,000 previously identified candidates still under investigation. “We always anticipated that eventually thousands of planets would be revealed,” Christiansen predicted, suggesting that TESS could ultimately confirm between 12,000 and 15,000 planets. “I’ve eagerly awaited a document like this for quite some time.”

Topics Covered:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Study Reveals How Malaria Shaped 74,000 Years of Human Settlement Patterns

Posted on April 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent research from the Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology and the University of Cambridge reveals that malaria significantly impacted early humans, not just as a disease, but as a factor that influenced habitat selection, population fragmentation, and the genetic evolution of our species.

Colucci et al. investigated how Plasmodium falciparum-induced malaria influenced habitat selection among early human societies from 74,000 to 5,000 years ago.

“Malaria, a significant global health issue caused by the Plasmodium parasite, affects approximately 263 million people annually,” stated lead author Dr. Margherita Colucci and her team.

“Genetic evidence indicates that malaria posed a serious challenge during both recent prehistory and the Pleistocene epoch, with sickle cell anemia mutations linked to malaria emerging in Africa between 25,000 and 22,000 years ago.”

Archaeological findings also suggest that early humans developed tactics to minimize exposure to mosquitoes, such as using aromatic leaves with insecticidal properties in their surroundings.

The new study highlights how Plasmodium falciparum malaria played a crucial role in shaping human history in sub-Saharan Africa from 74,000 to 5,000 years ago.

Researchers discovered that malaria affected where early human populations settled, pushing them away from high-risk areas and leading to increased dispersal across various landscapes.

Over thousands of years, this demographic fragmentation influenced how groups intermingled and exchanged genetic material, ultimately shaping the genetic landscape of modern humans.

These findings suggest that malaria was more than just a health threat; it was a key factor in shaping human history.

“We utilized species distribution models for major mosquito groups alongside paleoclimate data,” explained Dr. Colucci.

“By integrating these findings with epidemiological insights, we estimated malaria transmission risks throughout sub-Saharan Africa.”

The researchers then compared these risk estimates with independent reconstructions of human ecological niches in the same regions during that time frame.

The results indicated that humans actively avoided high-risk malaria areas or could not survive in them.

Professor Andrea Manica remarked, “These decisions have significantly influenced human demographics over the past 74,000 years—and possibly beyond.”

“Malaria has played a pivotal role in shaping the structure of human societies.”

“Factors like climate and geographical barriers were not the only determinants of human habitation,” he added.

Professor Eleanor Seri noted, “This study opens new avenues in the exploration of human evolution, as disease has rarely been considered a driving force in our ancestry. Without ancient DNA from this period, verification would have been challenging.”

“Our research redefines this narrative and provides a new perspective on the role of disease in early human history.”

The findings are published in today’s edition of Scientific Advances.

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Margherita Colucci et al. 2026. Malaria’s impact on human spatial organization over 74,000 years. Scientific Advances 12(17); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aea2316

Source: www.sci.news

Curiosity Rover Reveals Chemical Signatures of Ancient Shallow Lake in Gale Crater

Posted on April 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent analyses using the ChemCam instrument aboard NASA’s Curiosity rover have revealed significant mineral deposits rich in iron, manganese, and zinc within ripple layers of rocks at Gale Crater. This discovery suggests that a prehistoric shallow lake likely existed in this area.

This image showcases the Amapari Marker Band, a significant area where NASA’s Curiosity rover unveiled evidence of an ancient lake. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.

The ChemCam instrument employs laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy to analyze rocks by generating plasma and collecting light from it, facilitating understanding of the elemental composition on the Martian surface.

The primary objective is to assess the past habitability of Mars and explore whether it was ever conducive to life.

Curiosity has been investigating vast sedimentary formations believed to indicate the transition from a warm, wet Mars—characterized by phyllosilicates—to a cold, dry Mars abundant in sulfates.

The identification of redox-active metals like iron and manganese suggests that if life did exist on Mars, it may have thrived in this ancient lake.

Notably, some microorganisms on Earth can utilize these metals as energy sources.

“The presence of these metals in preserved ripple formations marks the clearest evidence of a lake at Gale Crater,” stated Dr. Patrick Gasda, a ChemCam science team member and researcher at Los Alamos National Laboratory.

“What is truly astonishing is that this lake was located high on Mount Sharp, where the rover examined rocks formed during a time when Mars’ climate was shifting towards dryness.”

“Historic Mars was significantly wetter, with lakes common in craters during that era.”

“As the planet transitioned to a drier and colder state, the formation of lakes became less frequent and their durations substantially shorter.”

The detection of iron, manganese, and zinc deposits provides a valuable benchmark for future Martian research.

These findings will guide scientists in identifying new exploration sites for Curiosity and assessing locations for potential sample return missions.

“Considering the astrobiological implications of the Amapari marker band, prioritizing these materials for future chemical analyses by Curiosity is crucial, and returning samples from Jezero Crater should be a significant focus,” Dr. Gasda emphasized.

Find more on this discovery in a recent paper published in Geophysical Research Journal: Planets.

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PJ Gasda et al. 2026. Metal enrichments in the Amapari marker band: potential mechanisms and effects of surface and groundwater and weathering in Gale Crater. JGR: Planet 131 (4): e2025JE009153; doi: 10.1029/2025JE009153

Source: www.sci.news

New Research Reveals Connection Between Coffee Consumption, Microbiome Changes, and Enhanced Mental Health

Posted on April 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A groundbreaking study conducted by researchers at University College Cork reveals that both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee can positively reshape the gut microbiome, leading to reduced stress and enhanced psychological well-being. This study provides valuable insights into the long-acknowledged health benefits of coffee.

Boscaini et al. uncover a previously unrecognized effect of coffee on the microbiota-gut-brain axis, indicating a strong link between coffee consumption and gut microbial composition. Image credit: Sci.News.

Coffee, a popular plant-based beverage derived from processed coffee beans, offers a complex flavor and chemical profile influenced by factors such as bean variety, ripeness, processing methods, roasting techniques, and brewing styles.

This beverage is rich in bioactive compounds, including alkaloids (like caffeine), polyphenols (such as phenolic acids), diterpenes, and melanoidins formed during the roasting process.

Research indicates that moderate coffee consumption is linked to a reduced risk of several chronic illnesses, including type 2 diabetes, liver disease, cardiovascular issues, and certain types of cancer.

Moreover, increased coffee intake has been associated with a lower risk of Parkinson’s disease, emphasizing a dose-dependent relationship.

Individuals who drink coffee regularly are statistically less prone to depression, with one study noting a 27% lower incidence of Alzheimer’s disease among habitual coffee consumers.

In this recent research, Professor John Cryan and his team from University College Cork explored how coffee intake, withdrawal, and reconsumption impact cognition, mood, and behavior, specifically in relation to the microbiota-gut-brain connection.

The researchers conducted a comprehensive analysis involving psychological assessments, caffeine and food diaries, as well as stool and urine samples from 31 coffee drinkers and an equal number of non-coffee drinkers to track changes in their microbiome and reported mood and stress levels.

Coffee aficionados were identified as individuals who consume 3 to 5 cups daily, a quantity deemed safe by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).

Participants initially abstained from coffee for two weeks, during which they underwent regular psychological evaluations and provided stool and urine samples.

This abstinence period correlated with significant changes in the gut microbiota among coffee drinkers compared to their non-coffee-drinking counterparts.

Upon reintroducing coffee, participants experienced a blinded trial where half consumed decaffeinated coffee while the other half drank caffeinated coffee.

Both groups reported decreased scores for stress, depression, and impulsivity, indicating that coffee consumption notably enhances mood, independent of caffeine content.

Notable increases in specific bacterial species such as egger terra sp. and Cryptobacterium cultum were observed in coffee drinkers, suggesting their roles in promoting digestive health by supporting stomach and intestinal acidity and contributing to bile acid synthesis, crucial for combatting harmful gut bacteria and stomach infections.

A rise in Firmicutes bacteria, which is linked to positive emotional states in women, was also noted.

However, cognitive improvements such as enhanced learning and memory were predominantly seen in those consuming decaffeinated coffee, hinting at the influence of non-caffeine components like polyphenols on cognitive function.

Conversely, scientists determined that only caffeinated coffee contributed to reduced anxiety levels and heightened alertness, with caffeine also linked to a lower risk of inflammation.

“The growing public interest in gut health is significant,” states Professor Cryan.

“As the connection between digestive health and mental well-being becomes clearer, we still need to unravel the mechanisms through which coffee impacts the gut-brain axis.”

“Our research illuminates the relationship between the microbiome and neurological responses to coffee, highlighting potential long-term health benefits related to a healthier microbiome.”

“Coffee modifies microbial activity and the metabolites they utilize.”

“As awareness regarding dietary adjustments to promote digestive health increases, coffee could serve as a beneficial addition to a balanced diet.”

“Coffee is more than just a caffeine source; it is a multifaceted dietary element that interacts with gut bacteria, metabolism, and mental health.”

“Our findings imply that both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee have distinct, yet complementary, health impacts.”

The team’s findings were published in today’s issue of Nature Communications.

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S. Boscaini et al. 2026. Habitual coffee consumption shapes the gut microbiota and alters host physiology and cognition. Nat Commun 17, 3439; doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-71264-8

Source: www.sci.news

Study Reveals Parrots Use Flexible Naming: Mimicking Human Communication Styles

Posted on April 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A comprehensive study involving nearly 900 parrots living alongside humans has unveiled groundbreaking insights. Researchers from the University of Northern Colorado, the University of Vienna, the Acoustical Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and the University of Pittsburgh Johnstown discovered evidence that certain parrots don’t just imitate human speech but may also create and utilize names to identify specific individuals.

Gray parrot (Psittacus erithacus) named John munching on a cucumber. Image credit: Papuga.

The question of whether animals can employ proper names for themselves and others has intrigued both scientists and the general public for years.

Significant evidence indicates that numerous animals can recognize and respond to names assigned by humans, and some can even invent and utilize unique vocal traits.

Despite this, previous research has failed to demonstrate that a variety of animal species can create and use names that conform to human language conventions.

“While many animals respond to human language cues, only a select few are capable of learning language-like sounds and using them correctly,” stated Professor Lauryn Benedict of the University of Northern Colorado and her team.

“Parrots excel in vocal learning, including human words, and can accurately apply those words as labels for individuals.”

“This capacity for vocal production learning allows researchers to delve into whether and how animals employ vocal labels, rather than merely responding to them. This enriches our understanding of the cognitive processes behind word usage and labeling.”

In this study, the authors scrutinized data from over 889 captive parrots as part of the ManyParrots project, designed to explore vocal learning and cognition in parrots through survey responses and vocal recordings.

Moreover, many survey participants shared additional details that assisted researchers in comprehending how these birds utilize their names.

Nearly half of the respondents provided examples of parrots using names creatively.

Of the 413 audio clips analyzed, 88 instances demonstrated birds using their names as labels for humans or other animals.

The findings also revealed strong evidence that some parrots refer to specific individuals rather than general categories like ‘human.’

Interestingly, many parrots employed these labels in ways typically unrecognized by humans. For example, parrots might vocalize their names to attract attention.

This study suggests that parrots possess the cognitive and vocal abilities to use names flexibly, ranging from social communication with humans to conversing about individuals who are not present.

Nonetheless, due to variations among species and individual birds, numerous questions persist regarding when, why, and how animals utilize these skills to call out the names of other beings.

“Our research indicates that parrots frequently learn names from humans and apply them in diverse contexts, aligning with their cognitive ability to associate names with specific individuals,” the researchers asserted.

“Although the parrots in our study primarily used human-given names, unanswered questions linger about their capacity for self-naming.”

“Nonetheless, our findings clearly illustrate that animals can learn and employ unique names in appropriate social contexts.”

“Future studies need to investigate this behavior in controlled settings to comprehend the cognitive foundations behind it in parrots and other animal species.”

“The capability to label individuals is expected not only in captive animals but also extends to those in the wild.”

“We anticipate that forthcoming research will unveil effective methods to identify animal names independent of human language.”

For more details, refer to the study published this month in the online journal PLoS ONE.

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L. Benedict et al. 2026. Name use by companion parrots. PLoS One 21 (4): e0346830; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0346830

Source: www.sci.news

New Geological Discovery Reveals Evidence of Ancient Ocean in Mars’ Northern Plains

Posted on April 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A continent-like shelf beneath Mars’ surface indicates that a vast ocean may have once covered up to one-third of the planet, reigniting a long-standing debate about Mars’ watery past.

Artist’s impression of Mars as it appeared around 4 billion years ago. Credit: M. Kornmesser / ESO.

While it is widely accepted that Mars had some liquid water on its surface, the existence of long-lasting oceans remains uncertain. It’s debated whether water existed solely in lakes and streams or whether significant oceans formed during Mars’ history.

Previous Mars missions have identified geological features resembling coastlines, but their subtlety and varying elevations complicate their interpretation.

Real coastlines would exhibit consistent elevation across the globe, similar to Earth’s sea level. However, observations suggest otherwise.

“If Mars had an ocean, it likely dried up billions of years ago, more than half of Mars’ age,” states Michael Lamb, a professor at the California Institute of Technology.

“Earth has very few features that are billions of years old, especially after continuous erosion and disturbances over time,” he adds.

“We sought terrain that could provide stronger evidence of such an ancient ocean.”

Illustration from orbiter data showing the coastal shelf region of Mars, a hallmark of global oceans formed over extended periods. Image credit: A. Zaki.

Professor Lamb and Dr. Abdallah Zaki from the California Institute of Technology and the University of Texas at Austin analyzed Earth’s geological features to find indicators of past oceans.

Using computer simulations, they drained ocean models to assess the remaining terrain.

The simulations revealed that a distinct flat landmass, known as the continental shelf, surrounds the region where land meets sea, akin to a ring left by a drained bathtub.

While sea levels have fluctuated on Earth, continental shelves have remained stable, which supports the hypothesis of an ancient Martian ocean.

The researchers utilized topography data from Mars orbiters, discovering similar shelf formations in the northern hemisphere, hinting at an ocean covering a significant portion of the planet.

Such landforms take considerable time to form and are rare in lake environments, supporting the theory of a stable ocean existing for millions of years.

Additionally, evidence of river deltas and coastal features known as “bathtubbling” shelves were observed.

“The discovery of the shelf is a vital observation that consolidates the evidence for a Martian coastal zone,” Dr. Zaki commented.

“This previously overlooked aspect strengthens the case for a northern ocean on Mars, leading to further studies on deposits and satellite data.”

For further details, refer to the publication in Nature.

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Zaki, A. & Ram, M.P. Identifying topographical features of the early Martian ocean. Nature, published online April 15, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41586-026-10381-2

Source: www.sci.news

Unexpected Evidence Reveals Fake News Is Not Just a 21st Century Issue

Posted on April 17, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

“The Largest Ear of Corn Ever Cultivated,” photographed by W.H. Martin and published by the North American Post Card Company in 1908

Rijksmuseum Amsterdam

The Largest Ear of Corn Ever Cultivated, photographed by W.H. Martin, published by The North American Post Card Co. in 1908, acquired in 2018 — “The Largest Ear of Corn Ever Cultivated,” photographed by W.H. Martin and published by the North American Post Card Company in 1908

Rijksmuseum Amsterdam

Rijksmuseum Amsterdam

Do you remember the viral image of Pope Francis in a striking white down jacket from 2023? It was later found to be generated by the AI tool Midjourney. With fake images and videos saturating the internet, a new exhibit at the Rijksmuseum delves into the historical manipulation of photographs since the advent of the medium.

Featuring prominently in this exhibit is the extraordinary image of a giant ear of corn (above), captured by W.H. Martin in 1908 as part of a fascinating series of postcards showcasing oversized crops and livestock. Martin would cut and paste his scenes before reshooting new images, showcasing innovative photographic techniques for the time.

This incredible work is part of the exhibition fake! Early Photo Collages and Photo Montages, which is on display at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam until May 25th. Below is a pre-1908 photomontage postcard depicting a futuristic New York where cars can soar above the skyline. The color was added later, slightly altering the contours to give a painterly effect despite being a photograph.

“Cars Flying Over Mulberry Bend Park, New York” by Theodor Eismann, published before 1908

Rijksmuseum Amsterdam

The Rijksmuseum notes that photographers began utilizing cut-and-paste techniques as early as 1860. This exhibition showcases the evolution of image manipulation leading up to World War II.

Next, we see a peculiar image of a wheelbarrow with an oversized head, crafted between 1900 and 1910.

Photomontage by Unknown Artist, 1900-1910

Rijksmuseum Amsterdam

The fascination with oversized crops culminates once more in a 1908 postcard featuring geese, dwarfed by their human companions, congregating at a market.

Bringing Our Geese to Market, published by Martin Post Card Company, 1908

Rijksmuseum Amsterdam

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Record-Breaking Universe Map Reveals 47 Million Galaxies and Quasars

Posted on April 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The DESI project has produced an unprecedented map of galaxies and quasars across the cosmos, with Earth positioned at the center.

Credit: Claire Laman/DESI collaboration

DESI Map of the Universe — The DESI project has produced an unprecedented map of galaxies and quasars across the cosmos, with Earth positioned at the center.

Credit: Claire Laman/DESI collaboration

The Dark Energy Spectrometer (DESI) has recently completed a monumental five-year survey, documenting over 47 million galaxies and quasars. This expansive dataset contributes to the most precise map of the universe ever constructed, potentially unraveling the perplexing enigma of weakening dark energy — a factor that could radically alter our understanding of the universe.

Since its launch in 2021 at Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona, DESI has outperformed expectations, initially set to gather data from 34 million celestial bodies. Due to its exceptional efficiency, many faint galaxies, located at considerable distances, have been observed with as few as 100 to 200 photons.

David Schlegel and his team at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory assert that this invaluable data boosts our comprehension of cosmic structures by nearly tenfold, surpassing previous maps that documented only 5 million galaxies.

“Throughout our careers, we’ve continuously expanded our mapping capabilities to include ten times more data every decade,” he states. “We anticipate completing a comprehensive mapping of all observable galaxies within 10 billion light-years by 2061 if we maintain this trajectory.”

Although the primary study is concluded, accessible analysis from this new data will take an additional year to finalize. DESI will persist in its data collection efforts for at least another two-and-a-half years, with planned upgrades to extend its operational life into the 2030s. “This instrument remains the premier technology for such research,” he adds.

Currently, DESI’s cosmic mapping spans 14,000 square degrees, with aspirations to cover up to 17,000 square degrees. Given that the entire celestial sphere is over 41,000 square degrees, certain areas remain challenging to observe due to the brightness of nearby astronomical entities, including our home galaxy, the Milky Way.

This groundbreaking dataset will empower scientists to analyze and compare the distribution of galaxies from both the ancient past and the present, potentially yielding insights into the nature of dark energy — which constitutes roughly 70% of our universe. DESI’s initial findings for 2024 suggest an intriguing possibility that dark energy is not static but may be diminishing over time.

Should dark energy indeed prove to be weakening, it could significantly disrupt the established lambda-CDM model of cosmology. The culmination of DESI’s data will provide a robust framework for a deeper investigation into these phenomena.

Ofer Lahav, a professor at University College London, recalls a time when access to data like DESI’s was merely a dream. “Four decades ago, during my PhD at Cambridge, we sampled thousands of galaxies, and the thirst for data was immense. Now, with a plethora of data available, analyzing it presents a different set of challenges for my students,” he remarks.

As the deluge of data grows, breakthroughs regarding the fundamental nature of the universe are anticipated. This influx may also illuminate rare cosmological events, opening doors to fresh avenues of research.

Astronomy in Chile: A Must-Visit Destination

Discover Chile’s astronomical wonders. Explore the world’s most advanced observatory and enjoy stargazing beneath the clearest skies available on Earth.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Study Reveals California’s Hybrid Honey Bees Develop Natural Defenses Against Varroa Mites

Posted on April 14, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The Western honey bee is a crucial ecological and agricultural pollinator. In the U.S., beekeepers face annual colony losses primarily due to parasites such as Varroa destructor. A recent study explored a hybrid population of honey bees in Southern California, comprising a genetic mix of Western European, Eastern European, Middle Eastern, and African lineages. Researchers discovered that these hybrid bees can effectively suppress Varroa levels without chemical intervention, paving the way for innovative strategies to safeguard pollinators against global stressors.

Electron micrograph of Varroa destructor (arrow) nestled between the honey bee’s exoskeleton plates. Image credit: UMD/USDA/PNAS.

The Varroa mites feed on the fatty tissues of bees, compromising their immune systems, causing weight loss, and shortening their lifespans.

The fat body in honey bees operates similarly to the liver, pancreas, and immune system in humans.

Moreover, these mites serve as vectors for severe viruses like the deformed wing virus and acute bee paralysis virus, which they introduce directly into the bee’s bloodstream.

Early studies relied on chemical treatments for control, yet these approaches often lose effectiveness over time.

“We frequently heard accounts of honey bees in California thriving with minimal chemical treatments,” stated Genesis Chong Echavez, a graduate student at the University of California.

“I aimed to rigorously test these claims and uncover the factors influencing beekeepers’ observations.”

During their research from 2019 to 2022, Chong Echavez and UC professor Boris Baer monitored 236 honey bee colonies in Southern California.

Although California bees are not entirely immune to mites, a colony led by a locally bred California hybrid honey bee queen saw a roughly 68% decline in Varroa levels. In contrast, commercial honey bee colonies had higher mite counts.

Additionally, colonies with these queens were more than one-fifth less likely to exceed mite levels that would necessitate chemical treatment.

To further investigate honey bee resistance to mites, the researchers also performed lab experiments on developing honey bee larvae.

Since Varroa mites must invade reproductive cells to breed, the scientists assessed whether they were equally attracted to larvae from commercial and hybrid honey bee colonies. The results showed a stark difference.

California hybrid honey bee larvae attracted fewer mites during their seventh day of life, which is typically when mites are most vulnerable.

This finding indicates that the key to honey bees’ ability to resist mites may lie in their early development stages, prior to adult exposure.

“What surprised me the most was the differences observed even in the larval stage,” Chong-Echavez remarked.

“This hints that the resistance mechanism may be deeply embedded in the genetic makeup of the bees.”

The full results are published in the journal Scientific Reports.

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G. Chong-Echavez & B. Baer. 2026. Varroa Mite resistance in hybrid honey bee (Western honey bee) populations of Southern California. Scientific Reports 16, 10952; doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-45759-9

Source: www.sci.news

New Study Reveals Dragonflies and Humans Have Identical Red Vision Mechanisms

Posted on April 14, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent research from Osaka Metropolitan University has unveiled a groundbreaking visual protein, enabling dragonflies to perceive deep red and near-infrared light. This discovery showcases an evolutionary parallel to human vision, hinting at exciting medical applications.

Asiagomphus melaenopus Female from Miroku Forest, Kasugai City, Aichi Prefecture. Image credit: Alpsdake / CC BY-SA 4.0.

Humans perceive colors through a specific protein called opsin found in our eyes.

In humans, there are three distinct opsins responsible for color perception: blue, green, and red light.

Dragonflies possess notably enhanced red vision compared to most insects.

A recent study led by Professor Mitsumasa Koyanagi at Osaka Metropolitan University identified a unique dragonfly opsin that detects light wavelengths around 720 nm, extending beyond the visible spectrum’s deep red range.

“This is one of the most red-sensitive visual pigments ever found,” stated Professor Akihisa Terakita from Osaka Metropolitan University.

“Dragonflies likely see red light more profoundly than many other insects.”

The researchers posited that this heightened sensitivity assists dragonflies in identifying ideal mates.

To support this hypothesis, they measured the reflectance properties of surfaces, indicating how dragonflies visually perceive one another.

Findings reveal significant differences between male and female Asiatic gomphus melaenopus dragonflies, displaying reflectance from red to near-infrared light. This ability may promote quick differentiation between sexes during flight.

“Interestingly, the mechanism by which dragonfly red opsin detects red light mirrors that of mammals, including humans,” explained Ryu Sato, a graduate student at Osaka Metropolitan University.

“This surprises us and indicates an independent evolutionary development in vastly different species.”

The research team also identified a critical position within the protein that regulates light sensitivity.

By altering this position, they were able to enhance the sensitivity further, enabling the opsin to respond to light approaching the infrared spectrum.

They engineered a protein variant that reacts to even longer wavelengths, demonstrating activation of cells by near-infrared light.

These discoveries hold promise for the field of optogenetics, leveraging light-sensitive proteins to investigate various disease states.

Given that dragonfly opsins are responsive to longer light wavelengths, they could operate effectively in deeper tissue applications.

“In this research, we’ve successfully shifted the sensitivity of the modified near-infrared opsin found in the Odonata family to longer wavelengths, confirming that this opsin triggers cellular responses via near-infrared light,” noted Professor Koyanagi.

“This illustrates the potential of this opsin as an innovative optogenetic tool for deep tissue light detection.”

For further detailed insights, refer to the study published in January 2026 in the journal Cell and Molecular Life Sciences.

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Takashi Sato et al. 2026. Dragonfly red opsin shares a common regulatory mechanism with mammalian red opsin, further enhancing near-infrared sensitivity. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 83, 66; doi: 10.1007/s00018-025-06017-9

Source: www.sci.news

Mysterious 1950s Sky Flashes Linked to Nuclear Tests and UAP Sightings: New Study Reveals

Posted on April 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A groundbreaking statistical analysis of archived sky surveys from the early Cold War reveals that enigmatic, short-lived bursts of light in the night sky are likely to coincide with ground-based nuclear weapons tests and rise in correlation with reports of Unexplained Aerial Phenomena (UAPs).

Four exposures of a 3 x 3 arc minute area of the sky centered on a triple transient identified in July 1952. Top left: POSS I red image from July 19, 1952 at 8:52 (UT) showing a triple transient just above center. Top right: 10 m exposed POSS I blue image taken immediately after. No evidence of a triple transient is present. Bottom left and right: POSS I red (left) and blue (right) images captured two months later (September 14, 1952), with transients still visible. Image credit: Solano et al., doi: 10.1093/mnras/stad3422.

“Sky surveys conducted prior to the launch of the first artificial satellite on October 4, 1957 identified transient star-like objects,” stated Dr. Beatriz Villarroel from the Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics (Nordita) and Dr. Stephen Brühl of Vanderbilt University Medical Center.

“These short-lived transients (lasting less than 50 minutes) display a point spread function that is absent in preceding images and all subsequent surveys.”

“In several instances, multiple transients are observed in a single image, featuring characteristics that defy conventional explanations such as gravitational lensing, gamma-ray bursts, fragmenting asteroids, and plate defects.”

As part of the VASCO (Sources of Vanishing and Appearing Over a Century of Observations) project, Dr. Villarroel and Dr. Brühl identified over 100,000 short-lived star-like “transients” on photographic plates from the initial Palomar Observatory sky surveys conducted from 1949 to 1957.

They then correlated the timing of these flashes with a record of 124 ground-based nuclear tests and thousands of reported UAP sightings.

“Across 2,718 days during this period, transient phenomena were observed on 310 days (11.4%),” they reported.

“The count of transients per date varied from 0 to 4,528 across multiple locations and plates.”

“Terrestrial nuclear weapons tests (conducted by the US, USSR, and UK) occurred on 124 days (4.6%) during the study period.”

“UAP reports were logged in the UFOCAT database for 2,428 days during the study period (89.3%).”

The researchers noted that transients were approximately 45% more likely to occur on days within one day of a nuclear test compared to other days.

This effect peaked the day after nuclear testing, increasing the likelihood of witnessing a transient by about 68%.

The study also indicated a moderate correlation between the frequency of transients and the number of UAP sightings recorded on the same day.

For each additional reported sighting, the incidence of transient phenomena rose by about 8.5% on average.

While the researchers’ findings do not confirm what the transient phenomenon is or prove a causal link, they challenge several conventional explanations.

Scientists assert that the transient phenomenon differs from defects caused by dust or radioactive contamination on photographic plates. Additionally, its timing, notably its peak on the day post-nuclear tests, doesn’t align with simpler scenarios like debris from an explosion.

Consequently, the authors propose two major possibilities:

One possibility is that nuclear explosions may trigger previously unidentified atmospheric phenomena that create brief, point-like bursts of light.

The other, more speculative idea suggests that some transients may reflect high-altitude or orbital objects, possibly related to the same event that led to UAP sightings.

The researchers emphasize that neither hypothesis is currently proven.

“Our findings lend further empirical support to the legitimacy of the UAP phenomenon and its possible connections with nuclear weapons activity, augmenting data beyond mere sighting reports,” they concluded.

“We cannot dismiss the likelihood that some transients represent on-orbit UAP events captured on photographic plates prior to the first satellite launch.”

“This study enriches the limited peer-reviewed literature striving to employ systematic scientific methods in analyzing UAP-related data.”

“The ultimate implications of the associations discussed in this study for enhancing our understanding of transient phenomena and UAPs still require further investigation.”

A research paper detailing these findings was published in the journal on October 20, 2025. Scientific Reports.

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S. Brühl & B. Villarroel. 2025. Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS-I) transients may relate to nuclear tests or reports of unidentified anomalous phenomena. Science Officer 15, 34125; doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-21620-3

Source: www.sci.news

Video Reveals Rising Hostility Among Chimpanzees After Social Split

Posted on April 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

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Study Reveals Distinct Chemical Regions of Minerals and Organic Matter on Asteroid Bennu

Posted on April 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent nanoscale analysis of Bennu sample OREX-800066-3, obtained from NASA’s groundbreaking OSIRIS-REx mission, reveals organic compounds and minerals are strategically clustered in distinct regions. This indicates that water once altered the asteroid in a heterogeneous and localized manner.

Mosaic image of asteroid Bennu captured by OSIRIS-REx’s PolyCam instrument on December 2, 2018, from a distance of 15 miles (24 km). Image credit: NASA / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center / University of Arizona.

Classification of Bennu as a primitive carbonaceous asteroid marks it as one of the best-preserved remnants from the early Solar System.

While meteorites are typically viewed as a source of primitive asteroid material, they face risks of alteration during atmospheric entry and potential contamination on Earth.

In contrast, the samples returned by Bennu are regarded as truly pristine, significantly enhancing the reliability of the findings derived from them.

In a recent study, scientists at Stony Brook University employed nanoscale infrared and Raman spectroscopy to analyze the chemical composition of OREX-800066-3 samples, achieving a spatial resolution ranging from 20 to 500 nanometers per pixel.

All analyses were conducted without exposing the samples to air, preserving sensitive chemical bonds and organic functional groups crucial for accurate detection.

Furthermore, both techniques utilized are non-destructive, which is vital considering the irreplaceable nature of these samples.

At the nanoscale, the fundamental building blocks of asteroid mineralogy and organic chemistry can be investigated within these precious specimens.

The new analysis pinpointed distinct chemical domains, including regions rich in aliphatic compounds, carbonate materials, and nitrogen-containing organic substances.

This finding indicates that water-induced alterations on Bennu are chemically heterogeneous.

Interestingly, nitrogen-rich organic functional groups are preserved despite extensive water-mediated changes.

“These findings have extensive implications for planetary science and astrobiology,” stated Mehmet Yeşiltas, a professor at Stony Brook University.

“They illustrate the survival of chemically sensitive nitrogen-containing organic matter through water alterations in small solar system bodies, impacting fundamental questions about the formation and preservation of organic complexity within primitive planetary material.”

“This may shed light on how organic compounds linked to prebiotic chemistry were delivered to early Earth via carbonaceous asteroids, potentially influencing the chemical processes that led to the origin of life.”

The full study result will be published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

_____

Mehmet Yesiltas et al. 2026. Nanoscale infrared spectroscopy reveals the complex organo-mineral assemblage of asteroid Bennu. PNAS 123 (14): e2601891123; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2601891123

Source: www.sci.news

Artemis II Astronaut Reveals Stunning View of Moon’s Far Side in Exclusive Space Interview

Posted on April 5, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

HOUSTON — The Artemis II mission astronauts have crossed the halfway point to the moon, witnessing the far side of the lunar surface for the first time in history.

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In a recent interview with NBC News from orbit, NASA astronaut Christina Koch observed that the moon looked strikingly different through the window of the Orion capsule compared to how we see it from Earth.

“The dark areas just aren’t in their usual places,” she remarked. “It felt like a completely different moon.”

Koch, alongside fellow astronauts Reed Wiseman, Victor Glover, and Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen, consulted their research materials to decode their extraordinary views.

“We’re seeing the dark side of the moon—an experience we’ve never had before,” Koch stated.

NASA astronaut Christina Koch illuminated by a screen aboard the Orion spacecraft, while Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen gazes out of the window.

Wiseman, Koch, Glover, and Hansen embarked on their ten-day lunar expedition on Wednesday, marking humanity’s first exploration of the moon in over five decades. They are the first humans to launch aboard NASA’s Space Launch System rocket and Orion capsule, officially on their way to the moon after a vital engine burn propelled them out of Earth’s orbit on Thursday night.

Wiseman described the flight as an “incredible achievement,” noting that the astronauts’ views of both Earth and the moon were truly “awe-inspiring.”

“Earth is in a near-total solar eclipse while the moon is basking in near-full daylight,” he said. “The only way to appreciate this perspective is to be positioned between the two celestial bodies.”

Koch added that, despite their excitement, the crew managed to find time to relax and sleep comfortably within the 16.5-foot-wide Orion capsule, which offers habitable space roughly similar to that of a camper.

Sleep is among the many essential aspects that occupy a space traveler’s day.

“Being human here is one of the most rewarding facets of this mission,” Koch said. “We’re just humans trying to thrive. One moment we could be marveling at the far side of the moon, and then, it might hit us, ‘Hmm, perhaps I should change my socks,’ and start hunting for them. That encapsulates the essence of human spaceflight.”

The four astronauts took the opportunity to communicate with their families on Friday and Saturday, an experience Wiseman described as a significant highlight.

“It was surreal,” he expressed. “For a brief moment, I was reunited with my little family. It was the best moment of my life.”

The Artemis II crew has been busy since their move into space. Shortly after launch, they initiated tests of various life support systems on the Orion capsule. Although they faced a few minor setbacks, including technical issues with email and the space toilet, the flight has been mostly smooth sailing.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Unlocking Health Insights: What Your Body’s Natural Smell Reveals About Your Well-being

Posted on April 4, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

While we often associate body odor with being unpleasant, these natural scents can provide insightful information about our overall health.

What Causes Body Odor?

Body odor originates from sweat, but not all sweat has the same effect. Most unpleasant odors arise when bacteria interact with secretions from the apocrine glands, mainly located in the armpits and groin.

These glands emit a thicker, protein-rich fluid that initially has little odor. However, when bacteria on your skin break it down, the result is that familiar pungent scent.

In contrast, eccrine glands, found throughout the body, secrete a more diluted mixture of water and salt, which typically carries little inherent odor, although bacteria can produce a smell.

Read more:

What Can Body Odor Indicate About Your Health?

Minor changes in your odor may be your body’s way of signaling a potential health issue. For instance, poorly managed diabetes can cause a sweet or fruity aroma on the skin and breath, often likened to pear drops or nail polish remover.

This scent may indicate diabetic ketoacidosis, a medical emergency due to the buildup of ketone bodies from insufficient insulin.

Moreover, liver disease can produce a musty or “fecal” scent, while kidney failure may lead to an ammonia-like smell due to the body’s struggle to expel waste products.

Changes in odor can also be influenced by infections, pregnancy, menstrual cycles, and hormonal fluctuations, including menopause.

Interestingly, researchers are investigating whether body scent can assist in the early and accurate diagnosis of various diseases.

Your skin’s natural microbiome significantly influences your body odor, which is why some individuals naturally emit stronger scents than others – Image courtesy of Getty Images.

Recent research suggests that certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs), released by the skin, can indicate conditions like Parkinson’s disease even before noticeable neurological symptoms occur.

This investigatory field was partly inspired by individuals with heightened olfactory sensitivity, including a woman who recognized a unique musky scent from her husband long before he was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease.

Impact of Lifestyle, Diet, and Genetics

Not every odor is concerning. Foods like garlic, onions, and curry contain volatile compounds that can affect sweat’s scent. Alcohol, caffeine, and various medications can also alter your body odor.

Even stress can shift your scent due to changes in sweat composition.

Your skin’s microbiome (the diverse bacteria community on your skin) plays a crucial role in determining body odor, explaining why some individuals naturally have stronger smells than others.

What To Do If You’re Concerned About Body Odor?

Maintaining good hygiene is crucial. Regularly washing with soap, especially in areas with high concentrations of apocrine glands, can reduce bacteria responsible for strong odors.

Antiperspirants help decrease sweat production, while deodorants mask unpleasant scents.

Wearing breathable fabrics, such as cotton or moisture-wicking materials, can help minimize bacterial growth, particularly during physical activity. Keeping well-hydrated and maintaining a balanced diet can also alleviate odor concerns.

If you notice a persistent or unexplained change in body odor, especially alongside symptoms related to diabetes, liver, or kidney issues, consider consulting a healthcare professional.

This article addresses the question (by Spalding’s Scott Edwards): “Can my scent provide insights into my health?”

If you have questions or feedback, feel free to email us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or connect with us on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (don’t forget to include your name and location).

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Study Reveals Giant Prehistoric Dragonfly-Like Insects’ Size May Not Be Due to Environmental Factors

Posted on April 3, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

For many years, scientists believed that the size of prehistoric insects, such as the griffin fly, was linked to elevated oxygen levels in the atmosphere. However, a groundbreaking study led by paleontologist Edward Snelling from the University of Pretoria suggests that the impressive size of these Carboniferous insects may have other underlying causes.

A giant griffin fly that thrived in Carboniferous forests.

In the 1990s, researchers suggested that the high oxygen concentrations of the Carboniferous period, around 300 million years ago, coincided with the emergence of these giant insects.

They theorized that the increased oxygen demand due to the larger body sizes of these insects necessitated higher atmospheric oxygen levels.

This hypothesis is logical, given that insects rely on a specialized tracheal system for oxygen intake, a network of branching airways that culminate in trachea.

Insects require oxygen to travel by diffusion through this system, fueling their flight muscle cells.

Prior researchers posited that such giant flying insects could not exist today due to current atmospheric oxygen levels being insufficient to meet the high oxygen needs of their flight muscles.

In the latest study, Dr. Snelling and his team employed high-magnification electron microscopy to examine the relationship between body size and the number of tracheae within flight muscles.

They discovered that trachea typically occupy only about 1% or less of the flight muscles’ space in most species, a trend that holds true for the griffin fly as well.

This finding indicates that insect flight muscles are not limited by atmospheric oxygen levels; they can easily accommodate additional trachea within the muscle itself.

“If atmospheric oxygen truly restricts the maximum body size in insects, we should observe compensatory adaptations at the tracheal level,” remarked Dr. Snelling.

“There is some cost associated with larger insects, but overall it is minor.”

Professor Roger Seymour from the University of Adelaide pointed out, “In contrast, capillaries in bird and mammal heart muscles occupy approximately ten times more relative space than trachea in insect flight muscles. Thus, if oxygen transport is indeed a limiting factor for body size, significant evolutionary potential exists to enhance tracheal investment.”

Some researchers argue that oxygen flow to trachea and other body parts may still impose limits on insect size, leaving the theory of maximum size due to oxygen constraints open for debate.

“Regardless, these new findings clearly demonstrate that diffusion within the flight muscle trachea does not pose a constraint. Scientists need to investigate other factors that may explain the existence of these giant insects,” Dr. Snelling concluded.

If oxygen is not the limiting factor for insect size, alternative explanations like predation from vertebrates or limitations in the biomechanical support of the exoskeleton may be at play.

A detailed paper outlining this research was published in the latest issue of Nature.

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EP Snelling et al. Oxygen supply via the tracheal musculature does not suppress insect gigantism. Nature published online March 25, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41586-026-10291-3

Source: www.sci.news

Chimpanzee Drum Solo Reveals Insights into the Origins of Music

Posted on April 3, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

In a groundbreaking analysis of spontaneous performances by a male chimpanzee named Ayumu, researchers discovered that the chimp’s rhythmic prowess and expressive “playful face” provide insights into how early humans might have transformed vocal emotions into musical instrument sounds.

Chimpanzee Ayumu exhibited long, multi-element musical displays by drumming and manipulating objects. The analysis of his rhythmic transitions revealed structured sequences, primarily isochronous timing, and a more stable tempo with tools compared to body drumming. His playful expressions suggest heightened arousal and positive emotions, reinforcing the concept that emotional vocal expressions can manifest through instrumental sounds. Image provided by: Hattori et al., doi: 10.1111/nyas.70239.

In February 2023, Ayumu, a 26-year-old male chimpanzee at the Center for Research on the Origins of Human Behavior and Evolution at Kyoto University, showcased a spontaneous musical performance that intrigued researchers.

He creatively removed floorboards to use as drums, generating complex sounds reminiscent of vocal expressions.

Dr. Yuko Hattori of Kyoto University noted, “Ayumu’s drumming is not unprecedented.” Chimpanzees are indeed recognized for their musical talents, especially in drumming.

However, Dr. Hattori emphasized that Ayumu’s unique combination of drumming and vocalizations introduced multiple rhythmic elements, marking a novel instance.

Between February 2023 and March 2025, researchers documented a total of 89 spontaneous performances by Ayumu.

The recordings reveal him ripping floorboards apart to create music through innovative tool use.

“Observing chimpanzees utilize tools to produce diverse sounds and express vocal emotions was fascinating,” remarked Dr. Hattori.

The researchers aimed to determine if vocal expressions could transition to instrumental sounds based on Ayumu’s performances.

They meticulously categorized his actions into elements such as hitting, dragging, and throwing.

Transition analysis was utilized to differentiate between random occurrences and intentional actions.

Finally, they assessed the rhythmic stability of tool use versus hand and foot drumming by analyzing intervals between strikes.

Notably, they found that the order of sounds produced was structured, with isochronous intervals that maintained a constant tempo, akin to a metronome.

Indeed, using tools yielded a more consistent rhythm compared to solely relying on hands and feet.

The researchers also documented Ayumu’s facial expressions, including the “play face,” commonly associated with playfulness and positive emotions.

This type of emotional signaling, typically absent in audio displays, suggests that vocal emotions may have previously been externalized into sounds produced with tools.

“Ayumu’s performance illustrates that non-human primates have the capacity to externalize voice-like expressions through musical instruments,” the authors concluded.

Moving forward, they expressed interest in studying the reactions of other chimpanzees and the influence of Ayumu’s performance within his social group.

For detailed insights, refer to the study published in Annual Report of the New York Academy of Sciences.

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Yuko Hattori et al., 2026. Combination of Instrument Sound Production in Captive Chimpanzees: Evolution of Vocal Externalization. Annual Report of the New York Academy of Sciences 1557 (1): e70239; doi: 10.1111/nyas.70239

Source: www.sci.news

Discovering WASP-189b: Superhot Jupiter Reveals Star’s Chemical Makeup, Astronomers Find

Posted on April 2, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Astronomers utilizing the Immersion Grating Infrared Spectrometer (IGRINS) at the International Gemini Observatory’s Gemini South Telescope have made groundbreaking discoveries regarding WASP-189b’s atmospheric composition. Their findings indicate that the planet’s elemental composition closely aligns with that of its host star, offering compelling evidence that the planet inherits its chemical makeup from the protoplanetary disk from which it formed.

Artist’s impression of super-hot Jupiter. Image credit: Sci.News.

WASP-189, classified as a 730-million-year-old A-type star, is located 322 light-years away in the constellation Libra.

Also known as HD 133112, this star is significantly larger than our Sun and boasts a temperature exceeding 2,000 degrees Celsius.

First discovered in 2018, WASP-189b is a gas giant that orbits its star at a distance roughly 1.6 times that of Jupiter.

This exotic planet lies about 20 times closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun, completing an orbit in a mere 2.7 days.

According to Arizona State University graduate student Jorge Antonio Sanchez and colleagues, “Superhot Jupiter has temperatures sufficient to vaporize rock-forming elements, such as magnesium, silicon, and iron. This presents a unique opportunity to observe these elements through spectroscopy, a technique that identifies chemicals by analyzing light spectra.”

The astronomers harnessed the IGRINS instrument to capture high-resolution thermal emission spectra of WASP-189b.

They successfully identified neutral iron, magnesium, silicon, water, carbon monoxide, and hydroxyl groups within the exoplanet’s atmosphere.

“The IGRINS data reveals that WASP-189b exhibits a magnesium to silicon ratio identical to that of its host star,” they noted.

This pivotal finding offers the first observational evidence supporting a commonly held hypothesis regarding planetary formation, paving the way for deeper insights into exoplanet creation and evolution.

Gas giants like WASP-189b are believed to possess outer gas layers whose chemical makeup is heavily influenced by the protoplanetary disk from which they originated.

Researchers suspect that the ratio of rock-forming elements in the protoplanetary disk mirrors that of the host star, as they formed from the same primordial matter cloud.

This inferred chemical connection between a star and its surrounding planets is frequently utilized to model the composition of rocky exoplanets.

Previously observed only within our solar system, this link has now been directly documented on distant planets.

“WASP-189b represents a critical observational milestone in understanding terrestrial planet formation, as it allows for measurable quantities to confirm the similarities in stellar composition and the proportion of rocky materials that form alongside planets,” Sanchez stated.

Dr. Michael Rhine, an astronomer at Arizona State University, added, “Our study showcases the capabilities of ground-based, high-resolution spectrometers to analyze key species like magnesium and silicon, two essential elements in rocky planet formation. This advancement opens a new frontier in exoplanet atmospheric studies.”

The findings of this research were published in a paper in the journal Nature Communications on February 18, 2026.

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JA Sanchez et al. 2026. The magnesium to silicon ratio in the exoplanet’s atmosphere. Nat Commune 17, 2902; doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-69610-x

Source: www.sci.news

Neuroscientist Reveals Why Some Psychopaths Wish They Were Nicer: Insights into the Mind

Posted on March 26, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

When discussing psychopathy, many envision a dangerous individual whose self-serving actions harm others while benefiting themselves. This trait is more prevalent than one might think; approximately 1% of the population experiences psychopathic traits, with research indicating a significant link between psychopathy and leadership roles in corporate settings.

Yet, living with psychopathy can be challenging.
Abigail Marsh, a psychology and neuroscience professor at Georgetown University, explores the lives of individuals with psychopathic traits who lead seemingly ordinary lives. Surprisingly, many do not aspire to become psychopaths.

While the precise definition of psychopathy is still under investigation, it typically includes traits such as emotional insensitivity, lack of empathy, and impulsiveness. Screening tools assess behaviors like pathological lying and manipulative tendencies.

A recent study, available here, indicates that psychopaths have an intense focus on their own goals and struggle to understand the perspectives of others. Researchers, including Marsh, have found physical differences in the brains of those with psychopathic traits.

By focusing on individuals with high psychopathy scores from the general population, Marsh’s team recently quantified how psychopathic individuals perceive others’ well-being. In an interview with New Scientist, Marsh discusses her unexpected findings and the complexity of feeling compassion towards individuals with psychopathy.

Interview with Abigail Marsh: Understanding Psychopathy

Sabrina Weiss: How do psychopaths generally perceive life?

Abigail Marsh: Psychopaths often report a lack of strong emotions, including fear, guilt, and love. While some believe this could simplify life, many find their existence more challenging, often “hiding” their identities to navigate social situations. This stigma, usually seen as a moral failing, actually stems from similar roots found in other mental health issues, involving genetics and life experiences.

Investigating the Brain: What Do We Know?

While brain scans cannot “diagnose” psychopathy, they do reveal consistent differences in certain areas such as the amygdala, which is often smaller in individuals with psychopathic traits. Research from my lab indicates that children with smaller amygdalae may show more severe psychopathic behaviors over time, coupled with reduced responsiveness to others’ emotions.

*The Wolf of Wall Street:* A portrayal of psychopathic traits.

Photo 12/Alamy

Treating Mental Illness: What Are the Options?

One analysis suggests that three years of therapy can aid psychopaths in managing their emotions. Unfortunately, available resources for treating personality disorders remain limited. The societal perception that psychopaths elicit no sympathy makes their need for care often overlooked, despite our moral obligation to provide it.

Can Psychopaths Change Their Behavior?

Some individuals manage significant behavior changes through personal determinations, including fostering relationships they don’t want to jeopardize or simply “faking it” until it feels natural. Others create personal moral codes to guide their behavior, demonstrating that improvement is indeed possible.

How Common is the Desire for Change?

While quantifying this desire is challenging, many individuals express discontent with their behaviors and aspire for change. This is especially evident among those who seek assessments through the organization I co-founded, raising awareness about psychopathy.

Choosing Inclusive Language: Why Does It Matter?

The field is evolving toward a more compassionate, person-centered approach. For instance, we now refer to “individuals with psychopathy” rather than using stigma-laden terms. However, the tendency to label still prevails, particularly concerning personality disorders.

Exploring the Roots of Interest in Psychopathy Research

My fascination began with understanding altruism and evolved through personal experiences that highlighted both the good and bad in human nature, leading to my current research interests.

Recruitment for Research:

My latest study involved over 700 participants with psychopathy scores, primarily recruited through the Aggressive Disorder Prevention Association. A thoughtful approach to advertising has been crucial to our participant recruitment.

Exploring Psychopathy’s Impact on Society

With around 1% of the population exhibiting psychopathic traits, it’s essential to recognize the potential presence of individuals within your social circles. These traits can lead to manipulative or harmful behaviors that significantly affect others.

What to Do If You Suspect Someone of Psychopathy?

Remember, psychopathy is a legitimate mental health issue that can be addressed. Individuals with psychopathy face numerous challenges in their lives and relationships, but dedicated therapeutic support can lead to meaningful changes. Visit the Aggressive Disorder Association website for resources and assistance.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Fossil Evidence Reveals Tyrannosaurus Attack on Duck-Billed Dinosaur

Posted on March 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Discover the Semi-completed Skull of an Adult Edmontosaurus – A captivating snapshot from the Late Cretaceous period, preserved at the Montana State Museum of the Rockies, showcases a dramatic encounter where a Tyrannosaurus rex attacks a duck-billed dinosaur.

A striking scene of a Tyrannosaurus rex attacking an adult Edmontosaurus. Image credit: Jen Hall.

This damaged Edmontosaurus skull was unearthed in 2005 within the Hell Creek Formation of eastern Montana.

Now housed in the Museum of the Rockies’ paleontology collection, this fossil offers a remarkable detail: the interior of the skull is filled with Tyrannosaurus teeth.

According to Taia Winberg-Henzler, a doctoral student from the University of Alberta, “While bite marks on fossils are somewhat common, discovering embedded teeth is exceptionally rare.”

“Analyzing these teeth, especially those lodged in a skull, allows us to identify the bitten and the biter,” she explains.

“This phenomenon enables us to envision the harrowing encounter involving this Edmontosaurus. It’s akin to being a detective at a prehistoric crime scene.”

Comparative analysis of the embedded teeth with all carnivorous species from the Hell Creek Formation revealed a match with the Tyrannosaurus. A CT scan of the skull provided deeper insights into this event.

“Fossils like this one are particularly fascinating because they capture the behavior of a Tyrannosaurus rex attacking this herbivore,” states John Scannella, the curator of paleontology at the Museum of the Rockies.

“With no signs of healing around the embedded Tyrannosaurus teeth, it suggests that the Edmontosaurus may have been deceased at the time of the attack or succumbed to its injuries.”

Based on the way the teeth are embedded in the nose of the Edmontosaurus, “This indicates what often transpires when predators kill their prey,” Winberg-Henzler notes.

“The force required to embed these teeth into the bone also signifies the use of lethal strength.”

“To me, this paints a chilling picture of the final moments for this Edmontosaurus,” she adds.

“The typical feeding habits of the Tyrannosaurus—considered one of the largest carnivores to ever roam the Earth—have sparked extensive research and debate over the years,” Dr. Scannella remarks.

“Insights gained from the teeth embedded within the Edmontosaurus skull allow for a deeper understanding of Tyrannosaurus behavior.”

For detailed findings, refer to the published study in the online journal PeerJ.

_____

TCA Winberg-Henzler and JB Scannella. 2026. Behavioral Effects of Tyrannosaurus Teeth and Associated Tooth Marks Embedded in an Articulated Skull of Edmontosaurus from the Hell Creek Formation in Montana. PeerJ 14: e20796; doi: 10.7717/peerj.20796

Source: www.sci.news

NASA Reveals Meteor Streaks Over Texas Causing Sonic Booms: What You Need to Know

Posted on March 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A spectacular fireball was observed over southeast Texas on Saturday afternoon, confirmed by NASA as a meteor likely breaking apart over the Houston area.

Residents in the greater Houston area reported sightings, including video from a doorbell camera and dashcam footage taken during a Little League baseball game, showing flaming balls of light traversing a clear blue sky. The meteor event was first noticed at 4:40 p.m. local time in Stagecoach, northwest Houston, according to NASA.

NASA reported that “it moved southeast at 35,000 miles per hour and broke apart 47 miles above Bummel, just west of Cypress Station.” The agency noted in a post on X.

Initial estimates suggest that the meteorite was approximately 3 feet in diameter and weighed around 1 ton. As it entered Earth’s atmosphere, the pressure waves generated a sonic boom audible in parts of the area.

Houston resident Shelley James reported that debris from the meteorite may have crashed through her home on Saturday afternoon. She was in the bathroom when loud thuds resonated from her daughter’s room.

“I went in to check and found a hole; the floor was caved in,” she described.

Next to her daughter’s bed, James discovered what she called a “big black rock.”

“I thought, ‘What is this?'” she recalled. “I called my grandson and asked, ‘Is that a meteorite?’ It was pitch black, which was the first thought that came to mind.”

While the meteorite was roughly the size of a baseball, James noted it felt heavier than one. Fortunately, despite the dramatic event, her family members were unharmed when the rock struck their home.

“It just looked like a rock. Rocks falling from the sky don’t mean anything,” James remarked.

The American Meteor Society monitors bolide events globally, recording over 140 meteor reports that Saturday, across regions in South Central and Southeast Texas, including Houston, Katy, College Station, San Antonio, and Austin.

NASA indicated that Doppler weather radar suggests a meteorite might have impacted an area of Houston between Willowbrook and Northgate Crossing.

This meteor sighting occurred just four days after another fireball was reported in northeastern Ohio and Pennsylvania. Bill Cook, head of NASA’s Meteor Environment Office, shared with NBC News that the earlier fireball likely resulted from a small asteroid weighing 7 tons and measuring about 6 feet in diameter. As the meteorite disintegrated, it released energy equivalent to 250 tons of TNT.

Preliminary data showed this previous meteor was traveling at 45,000 miles per hour before breaking apart over Valley City, Ohio. Cook illustrated that the fireball likely created several meteorites around Medina County.

While large meteors that create bright fireballs are infrequent, they do occur. Countless smaller space rocks, dust, and remnants from rockets collide with Earth daily, according to NASA. However, the majority burn up harmlessly in the atmosphere.

This revision incorporates SEO-friendly language and maintains the original HTML structure.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

New Study Reveals Democracy’s Origins Extend Beyond Ancient Greece

Posted on March 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent research analyzed 31 ancient societies from Europe, Asia, and the Americas, revealing that democratic institutions were more prevalent than previously thought and not solely dependent on factors like population size or geography.

Acropolis of Athens by Leo von Klenze.

The term “democracy” originated in ancient Greece, where it was defined as the power of the people (demo = people, kratos = power).

This definition transcends specific institutional frameworks, framing democracy as an overarching goal.

Traditionally, scholars rooted in Western social science have viewed the core elements of democratic governance—such as power centralization and national inclusiveness—as products of the classical Mediterranean world, which lay dormant for over a millennium until the Renaissance reinvigorated these ideals in Europe and its colonies.

Yet, this prevalent perspective that democratic governance emerged exclusively in the West has rarely undergone systematic scrutiny.

“Many believe that democracy first flourished in Greece and Rome,” says Dr. Gary Fineman, MacArthur Curator of Mesoamerican and Central American Anthropology at the Field Museum’s Negaunee Center for Integrative Research.

“However, our research indicates that numerous societies around the globe devised methods to limit the authority of rulers and empower ordinary citizens.”

In contrast to democracies, dictatorships centralize power in a single individual or a small group, examples of which include absolute monarchies and authoritarian regimes.

In a democracy, decision-making is a collective process among the populace. While elections often correlate with democratic practices, this association is not always accurate; many dictators are elected through popular votes.

“Elections alone do not serve as the best indicators of democratic value, thus our study emphasized historical instances of political organization,” Dr. Fineman noted.

“We identified two critical governance aspects: the concentration of power within individuals or institutions, and the degree of inclusiveness, reflecting how accessible power is to significant segments of the population.”

The current study evaluated 40 cases from 31 distinct political entities across Europe, North America, and Asia over numerous millennia.

Due to varying record-keeping methods, not all societies maintained written archives, necessitating innovative approaches to infer their governance structures.

“The spatial arrangement of societies is particularly revealing,” Dr. Fineman remarked.

“Urban areas featuring open spaces and public structures that facilitate community gatherings tend to exhibit more democratic tendencies.”

Conversely, architectural remnants suggesting concentrated power—such as pyramids with limited upper space or urban designs funneling into a ruler’s residence—signal more authoritarian regimes.

The researchers developed an “authoritarianism index” to classify each society along a continuum from highly authoritarian to highly democratic.

“Many archaeologists maintain that Athens and the Roman Republic represent the only democracies of the ancient era, while governance in Asia and the Americas was predominantly autocratic,” stated Dr. Fineman.

“Our analysis reveals that various regions possessed democratic structures comparable to those of Athens and Rome.”

“These results indicate that both democratic and authoritarian governance existed widely in the ancient world,” commented David Stasavage, a professor at New York University.

“Societies innovated ways to democratize power and enhance inclusivity, suggesting that democratic principles have profound and unexpected historical roots,” added Dr. Linda Nicholas of the Field Museum.

The study also challenges the notion that population size and political complexity inherently lead to authoritarian rule, highlighting how funding mechanisms shaped authority.

“Societies reliant on income controlled by leaders—such as mines, trade routes, or warfare gains—tended to be more authoritarian,” Dr. Fineman explained.

“On the contrary, societies that primarily derived funds from community labor or domestic taxes were more likely to decentralize power and uphold shared governance.”

Furthermore, the research found that societies with more inclusive political frameworks generally exhibited lower economic inequality.

“These insights contradict the belief that dictatorship and high inequality are inevitable outcomes of socio-economic complexity and growth,” Dr. Fineman stated.

“Historical evidence shows that people globally have developed inclusive political systems, even under challenging conditions.”

For more information, check out the research paper, recently published in Scientific Progress.

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Gary M. Feynman et al. 2026. Distribution of power and inclusiveness over deep time. Scientific Progress 12(12); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aec1426

Source: www.sci.news

Research Reveals How Draining Relationships Can Cost You Years of Your Life (With One Exception)

Posted on March 17, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent research indicates that surrounding yourself with difficult individuals can speed up the aging process and even elevate your mortality risk. You can learn more about these findings in a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

So, why does this happen? Instead of enriching your life, “harassers” tend to heighten your stress levels. Chronic stress significantly contributes to biological aging, leading to inflammation, a weakened immune system, and a higher likelihood of cardiovascular diseases, which can result in heart attacks.

The authors of the study note, “Negative social connections were associated not only with self-reported stress and mental health but also with molecular measures of biological aging,” according to Dr. Lee Byung-gyu from New York University, as reported by BBC Science Focus.

This comprehensive study analyzed biological age and survey data from 2,345 participants aged between 18 and 103 years.

Researchers discovered that each additional troublesome person in one’s life could negatively affect health outcomes. Specifically, the pace of aging could increase by 1.5 percent, or roughly nine months of biological age. For example, having three harassers in one’s life may equivalently make a person biologically 2.5 years older than someone of the same chronological age without such stressors.

Additionally, the toll is even greater when the difficult individual is a family member.

According to Dr. Lee, not all harassers appear the same. “A nuisance could be a parent, sibling, friend, or someone in your inner circle who regularly causes conflict and drains your time and mental energy,” he explains.

In day-to-day life, this could manifest as a family member who frequently seeks assistance or criticizes you, a friend who generates drama, or a romantic partner who instigates persistent stress in your relationship.

Being surrounded by “haters” can be mentally draining; it might even shorten your lifespan – Credit: Getty

Does this sound familiar? You’re not alone. Research indicates that nearly 30% of individuals report having at least one harasser in their close circle.

Interestingly, the study revealed that having a troublesome spouse doesn’t exert the same detrimental effects on health. The benefits of shared routines, resources, and emotional intimacy can counteract stress responses that are often present in other relationships, as explained by Lee.

However, some individuals may be more susceptible to having difficult people in their lives. The study found higher instances among women, daily smokers, those in poor health, and individuals with challenging childhoods.

Lee commented, “One possibility is that people who already face higher stress levels and have fewer resources may struggle to avoid or disengage from difficult relationships, allowing chronic tension to permeate their daily lives.”

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

New Study Reveals Daily Multivitamins May Slow Biological Aging

Posted on March 12, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A recent randomized clinical trial involving older adults revealed that daily multivitamin intake over two years significantly slowed epigenetic markers of aging. This finding translates to an approximate four-month reduction in biological aging when compared to a placebo group.

Lee et al. investigated the effects of a daily multivitamin/multimineral supplement alongside cocoa extract (500 mg cocoa flavanols and 80 mg epicatechin daily) over two years, focusing on five DNA methylation markers of biological aging in 958 participants (482 women and 476 men) from the COSMOS study. Image credit: Li Butov.

Epigenetic clocks measure biological aging by monitoring subtle changes in our DNA.

These clocks play a crucial role in regulating gene expression, tracking specific DNA sites that naturally change with age, and assessing mortality and aging rates.

Dr. Howard Sesso, a researcher at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, stated, “There’s a growing interest in finding ways not only to extend lifespan but to enhance life quality.”

“It was thrilling to observe the beneficial effects of multivitamins related to biological aging markers.”

“This study paves the way for further exploration of safe, accessible interventions that could promote healthier, higher-quality aging.”

The study utilized data from the COcoa Supplement Multivitamins Outcomes Study (COSMOS).

Researchers analyzed DNA methylation data from blood samples of 958 healthy participants with an average chronological age of 70.

Participants were randomly assigned to receive cocoa extract and a multivitamin daily, cocoa extract and a placebo, multivitamins and a placebo, or just a placebo.

Changes in five epigenetic clocks were assessed at the beginning, the end of the first year, and the end of the second year.

Compared to participants in the placebo-only group, those taking multivitamins exhibited delays across all five epigenetic clocks, including significant delays in two clocks indicating mortality predictions.

This reduction corresponds to around four months of biological aging over the two-year period.

Interestingly, those whose biological age exceeded their chronological age benefited the most.

“We aim to conduct follow-up studies to determine if the observed slowing of biological aging persists post-study,” said Dr. Yangbin Dong, a researcher at Augusta University.

“Many individuals take multivitamins without fully understanding their benefits. The more we uncover about these potential health advantages, the better,” Dr. Sesso added.

“Within COSMOS, we are fortunate to compile an extensive resource of biomarker data that can test how specific interventions may mitigate biological aging and related clinical outcomes.”

For further details, refer to the published paper in this week’s edition of Nature Medicine.

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S. Lee et al.. Effects of daily multivitamin/multimineral and cocoa extract supplementation on the epigenetic aging clock in the COSMOS randomized clinical trial. Nat Med published online March 9, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41591-026-04239-3

Source: www.sci.news

Study Reveals Raccoons Solve Puzzles for Fun, Not Just for Food

Posted on March 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A groundbreaking study led by University of British Columbia Ph.D. student, Hannah Griebling, reveals that raccoons (Procyon lotor) continue to engage with complex puzzle boxes long after securing their only marshmallow reward. This behavior suggests that these clever animals are driven by an inherent desire for information, a trait that may contribute to their remarkable adaptability in urban environments.

Multi-access puzzle box showcasing easy (a), medium (b), and difficult (c) solutions. Image credit: Griebling et al., doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2026.123491.

In this innovative study, Griebling and her team employed custom multi-access puzzle boxes equipped with various mechanisms, including latches, sliding doors, and knobs. These boxes featured nine entry points, categorized as easy, medium, and difficult.

During each 20-minute trial, the puzzle box contained a single marshmallow; however, the raccoons frequently pursued additional mechanisms even after consuming the treat, signaling their quest for knowledge.

“We were surprised to observe all three solution types being utilized in a single trial,” Griebling remarked.

“Even after the marshmallows were gone, they continued to tackle the puzzle.”

When faced with easier tasks, the raccoons explored multiple openings, mixing up their approach while covering a broad area.

As the difficulty increased, they favored reliable solutions but still demonstrated flexible problem-solving abilities, exploring various solutions even in the most challenging scenarios.

“This behavior highlights the classic trade-off between curiosity and potential risk,” Griebling noted.

Raccoons adapted their strategies based on perceived costs and risks, similar to decision-making patterns observed in other animals and humans.

“It’s akin to the common dilemma of choosing a dish at a restaurant,” Griebling explained. “Do you stick with your favorite or try something adventurous? If the risk is high—like an expensive meal you may dislike—you opt for the safe choice.”

“Raccoons tend to explore when costs are minimal and quickly play it safe once the stakes rise.”

This research sheds light on why raccoons thrive in urban areas. Their success can be attributed to cognitive and physical traits that make them well-adapted to city life.

With front limbs rich in sensory nerves for foraging in rivers, they are particularly skilled at manipulating locks and handles, often similar to those used by humans.

By solving problems related to information access—not merely food—raccoons gain advantages in complex environments, facilitating their ability to access trash cans and other food sources.

“Understanding cognitive traits that empower raccoons can inform strategies for managing struggling species and provide insights for other animals, such as bears, that utilize problem-solving to access engineered resources,” Griebling asserted.

The experiment was conducted with raccoons in a research facility in Colorado; however, earlier studies have indicated that wild raccoons exhibit comparable problem-solving capabilities, though researchers caution that their behaviors may differ.

“Raccoon intelligence has long captivated folklore, yet scientific research into their cognitive abilities remains relatively nascent,” stated Sarah Benson-Amram, also from the University of British Columbia.

“Research like this provides empirical validation for that reputation.”

The team’s results were published in the Journal of Animal Behavior on February 27, 2026.

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Hannah J. Griebling et al. 2026. Raccoons optimally gather information: The exploration-exploitation tradeoff in innovation. Animal Behavior 234: 123491; doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2026.123491.

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient Parrot DNA Reveals Evidence of Pre-Inca Animal Trading

Posted on March 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Ancient DNA extracted from vibrant feathers found in Peru has been linked to at least four distinct species of Amazonian parrots: the scarlet macaw (Ara macao), blue and yellow macaw (Ara ararauna), red and green macaw (Ara chloropterus), and mealy amazon (Amazona farinosa). These birds were reportedly transported alive across the Andes centuries before the rise of the Inca Empire, showcasing a complex network of long-distance trade that connected Amazonian communities, high-altitude routes, and the Pacific Ocean.

A pair of scarlet macaws (Ara macao) in Costa Rica. Image credit: Julio-César Chávez / CC BY 4.0.

Discovered in Pachacamac, Peru, an ancient parrot feather lies far beyond the natural habitat of these birds, which are native to the rainforest.

“Through the integration of ancient DNA sequencing, isotope chemistry, and computational landscape modeling, we tracked the movement of these birds across diverse terrains,” explained Dr. George Oler, a researcher affiliated with the Australian National University and King’s College London.

“Our models of ancient habitats confirm that the western Andes were equally inhospitable for these species a millennium ago. These parrots thrive solely in rainforest environments, typically spanning a natural home range of about 150 kilometers.”

“The evidence that they were found on the opposite side of South America’s tallest mountain range—over 500 kilometers away—indicates human involvement, as these birds do not fly over the Andes under normal conditions.”

“Our research illustrates that multiple species of Amazonian parrots were captured in their natural habitat, transported over mountainous pathways, and survived long enough to regrow feathers along the coast.” – Dr. Oler.

Through genome analysis, researchers identified the four Amazonian parrot species from feather assemblages: scarlet macaw, blue and yellow macaw, red and green macaw, and mealy amazon, all of which traditionally inhabit tropical rainforests hundreds of kilometers from the Pacific coastline.

The journey for these birds likely took weeks or even months as traders navigated rugged mountain terrain and steep plateaus.

“Our findings provide genetic and isotopic evidence showing that these parrots were not merely traded for their feathers but were actually transported alive across challenging landscapes to significant coastal ceremonial sites,” Dr. Oler asserted.

By investigating chemical signatures within the feathers, the team discovered that the birds’ diet had shifted to include C4 plants like corn and marine proteins, implying that they continued to live post-transport over the Andes.

“Our analysis indicates that the parrots were fed a nitrogen-rich diet similar to that of their captors, clearly illustrating long-term care after their removal from the rainforest,” Dr. Oler noted.

Landscape modeling tools further unveiled trans-Andean corridors and river routes that may have facilitated avian transport, revealing a sophisticated network of overland and river exchanges.

This bird species, valued for its striking plumage, held immense cultural significance in pre-Hispanic societies and was frequently featured in rituals and elite burial practices.

“This discovery challenges previous beliefs that pre-Inca societies were isolated or fragmented,” Dr. Oler remarked. “Instead, we uncover evidence of organizational networks, ecological understanding, and logistical strategies that connected vastly differing ecosystems long before formal imperial roads established these routes.”

For further details, refer to the original publication in the journal Nature Communications.

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G. Ola et al. 2026. Ancient DNA and spatial modeling reveal pre-Inca trans-Andean parrot trade. Nat Commun 17: 2117. doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-69167-9

Source: www.sci.news

Revolutionary Study Reveals How Bird Watching Can Help Slow Aging

Posted on February 26, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Research from Toronto’s Baycrest Hospital indicates that **birdwatching** significantly enhances cognitive abilities and overall brain function.

According to their latest findings, skills such as keen observation, prolonged attention, and robust memory are linked to extensive use of binoculars. Notably, these abilities can fundamentally reorganize brain structure, leading to enhanced cognition.

Published in the Journal of Neuroscience, the study involved a comparison of brain structures in 29 expert birdwatchers and 29 novices, with balanced gender and age distribution.

Brain scans demonstrated that expert birdwatchers possess more compact areas related to attention and perception, which enhances their bird identification skills.

Interestingly, the mobility of water molecules in these brain regions is enhanced, improving the birdwatchers’ ability to discern unfamiliar or local bird species.

While various learning experiences, such as picking up a new instrument or language, are beneficial for brain health, this study emphasizes that birdwatching’s complexity offers unique cognitive advantages.

“What’s notable about this research is that birdwatching engages ongoing perception, attention, and memory, preventing a state of cognitive autopilot,” explained Professor Martin Sliwinski to BBC Science Focus. Sliwinski, who was not part of the study, serves as director at Penn State’s Center on Healthy Aging.

“To have cognitive benefits, a stimulating activity must remain challenging, which holds true for birdwatching,” he added.

“Even experienced birders cannot depend on automatic responses due to the ever-changing environment and cues, often experienced under conditions of uncertainty and time constraints.”

Moreover, researchers suggest that these enhanced skills and accompanying brain changes could bolster cognition in older adults, as older birdwatchers in the study demonstrated superior facial recognition and recall abilities compared to novices.

However, Sliwinski noted that other influences may also play a role, stating, “Individuals with higher cognitive capabilities and an interest in birds may be more predisposed to take up birdwatching and progress to experts.”

In essence, it’s possible that rather than birdwatching directly sharpening cognitive function, those with existing cognitive strengths are naturally inclined to pursue this engaging hobby.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Evidence Reveals Brutal Iron Age Massacres Targeting Women and Children

Posted on February 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Illustration of the Iron Age Mass Grave at Gomolava

Credit: Sarah Nylund

In a groundbreaking discovery, evidence suggests that women and children were intentionally targeted in the largest prehistoric mass murder ever found in Europe. The 77 victims, buried over 2,800 years ago, appear to have died from brutal violence.

This significant mass grave was unearthed at Gomolava, an early Iron Age site located in the Carpathian Basin of modern-day Serbia. The site is characterized by a man-made mound, known as a tell, formed through layers of debris accumulated over thousands of years of human habitation since the late 6th millennium B.C. Archaeological findings also include remnants of adobe structures, pottery, and organic materials.

Research led by Linda Fibiger and her colleagues at the University of Edinburgh analyzed skeletal remains sourced from cemeteries at the Vojvodina Museum in Novi Sad, Serbia, employing DNA and isotope studies to shed light on these ancient events.

Of the 77 individuals, 51 were identified as children and adolescents. Biological sex was ascertained for 72 of the individuals, revealing that 51 were female.

Initial assessments in 1976 had misattributed the cause of death to a pandemic; however, new analyses revealed unhealed injuries consistent with violent acts, including defensive wounds and projectile impacts.

“Many injuries were to the head, indicating forceful contact. The prevalence and nature of these wounds suggest intentional killing rather than accidental death,” Fibiger remarked. “This incident appears to be exceptionally brutal.”

The research team analyzed DNA from the remains of 25 individuals and studied the ratios of strontium, oxygen, and carbon isotopes found in the tooth enamel of 24 victims. This analysis helps reconstruct childhood environmental conditions and revealed that the individuals were often not closely related and had diverse diets in their youth.

“Most were not even related within the last 12 generations,” asserted Barry Molloy from University College Dublin, Ireland. He posits that the victims were part of a broader societal structure that shared cultural practices without necessarily forming close-knit groups.

This horrific genocide occurred during the 9th century BC, coinciding with the migration of nomadic pastoralists from the Eurasian steppes, while local populations were reestablishing old settlements and agricultural practices. Molloy highlighted the potential for conflicts over land rights during this transitional period, which could have led to such violent outcomes.

“The targeting of women and children suggests a different motive than what we typically associate with warfare,” Molloy explained. “It points toward a calculated strategy to assert control or quell dissent.”

There is speculation that perpetrators may have aimed to undermine resistance by killing young children, previously considered for enslavement, sending a strong message to nearby tribes.

Interpreting genocide is complex,” noted Pere Gelabert of the University of Vienna, Austria. “The Iron Age was marked by regional instability and conflict. Mass burial practices may reflect ritualistic massacres, focusing on women and children, or result from men being absent during such violent occurrences.”

Interestingly, the burial sites contained personal artifacts like bronze jewelry and ceramic vessels, along with animal remains and crushed stones, suggesting a careful and symbolic burial process. “This implies distinct groups carried out the killings and the funerals,” Molloy concluded.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

10-Year Study of the Arctic Ocean Reveals Disturbing Findings: What Scientists Discovered

Posted on February 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

When you envision the North Pole, you likely imagine a vast, icy wonderland devoid of life. Noise might be the last thing on your mind.

However, recent findings from a study published in npj Acoustics reveal that the underwater soundscape is far more expansive and diverse than we previously thought. This raises crucial questions about how to monitor and protect this unique environment.

Analyzing a decade’s worth of underwater sound data from Cambridge Bay in the Canadian Arctic, researchers discovered that climate change is accelerating ice loss, reshaping the region’s underwater soundscape—an alteration that could have serious ramifications for local wildlife.

“Climate change is more than tripling in the Arctic, which means ice is melting faster, melting earlier, and reforming later,” stated Dr. Philippe Blondel, the lead author of the study and a senior lecturer in the Department of Physics at the University of Bath, UK, in an interview with BBC Science Focus.

“As a result, the Arctic becomes more accessible for human activities. Navigation becomes easier for ships in an ice-free environment. A key finding from our research is that while ships generate noise, they are not the only contributors.”

The study identifies that not only large ships—often the focus of noise pollution regulations—but also other significant sources such as snowmobiles, aircraft, and smaller vessels contribute to underwater noise. Many of these smaller noise sources evade detection by satellite systems, leading to gaps in models that rely solely on vessel position data.

Vital Arctic species, including whales and seals, depend on sound for communication, navigation, finding food, and evading predators. With increasing underwater noise both in frequency and volume, these essential communication tools are increasingly compromised.

Whales rely on sound production and hearing for survival – Photo courtesy of Getty

Dr. Blondel likens the situation to standing next to a busy freeway. “You might only hear the ambient noise, but when a motorcycle rushes by, that high-frequency noise disrupts your ability to hear music.”

“When a large truck thunders past, it becomes nearly impossible to hear anything else.”

In a similar manner, one sound source could disrupt a whale trying to communicate with its calves, while another noise at a different frequency might drive the whale away from critical feeding areas.

However, the research team is not advocating for total silence in the Arctic. Instead, Blondel proposes that environmental policies should encompass a broader array of frequencies beyond the narrow “transport bands” typically measured in protection frameworks, such as the European Maritime Strategy Framework Directive.

He recommends establishing stricter shipping routes in the increasingly ice-free Arctic and implementing varying speed limits depending on wildlife presence, as potential strategies to mitigate harmful noise pollution.

Yet, enforcing such regulations poses challenges, as they would need to encompass everything from large vessels to smaller crafts, and the region is bordered by multiple nations.

“My primary goal was to demonstrate that when assessing the ocean’s soundscape, we need to consider all sound sources, not just large ships,” Blondel emphasized. “But my overarching aim is to establish some form of framework in the Arctic. We must devise effective noise guidelines before the situation worsens further.”

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

5,000-Year-Old Cave Ice Reveals Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Strain: A Groundbreaking Discovery

Posted on February 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Scientists have discovered Cyclobacter cryohalorentis seeds in the 5,000-year-old ice of the Scalisoara Ice Cave in Romania. The strain, designated SC65A.3, exhibits remarkable resistance to 10 widely used antibiotics, including treatments for severe infections like tuberculosis and urinary tract infections.

Isolated colony of Cyclobacter SC65A.3 on R2A medium at 4°C (A) and on TSA medium at 15°C (B). Image credit: Ioana Paun et al., doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1713017.

Cyclobacter is a genus that comprises approximately 50 bacterial species adapted to cold and saline environments.

First identified in 1986, Cyclobacter immobilis is recognized as the type species and has a broad distribution.

This species forms cream to orange colonies and is capable of growing at low temperatures, withstanding a range of 35-37°C and various salinities. Some species are known to be pathogenic to humans and animals.

Characteristically, they are strictly aerobic, catalase, and oxidase-positive, utilizing amino acids and organic acids as carbon sources, albeit demonstrating limited biochemical diversity.

“Despite its ancient origin, the SC65A.3 strain isolated from the Scalisoara Ice Cave is resistant to modern antibiotics and possesses over 100 resistance-related genes,” stated Dr. Cristina Purcarea, a researcher at the Biological Institute of the Romanian Academy in Bucharest.

“Moreover, it has demonstrated the ability to inhibit the growth of several prominent antibiotic-resistant ‘superbugs’, showcasing significant enzymatic activity with considerable biotechnological potential.”

Cyclobacter SC65A.3 was isolated from a 5,000-year-old ice layer within a 25.33-meter ice core in the Scalisoara Ice Cave.

“Our research on Cyclobacter SC65A.3, retrieved from ancient cave ice deposits, sheds light on how antibiotic resistance evolved naturally in the environment long before modern antibiotics were introduced,” Dr. Purcarea added.

Researchers sequenced the Cyclobacter SC65A.3 genome to pinpoint genes that allow bacteria to endure extreme cold and those that support antimicrobial resistance and activity.

They tested the strain against 28 antibiotics, including 10 commonly prescribed for bacterial infections, many of which are known to encounter resistance due to specific genes or mutations that diminish their effectiveness.

“The 10 antibiotics to which we found resistance are widely utilized in oral and injectable therapies for various serious bacterial infections in clinical settings,” Dr. Purcarea explained.

The resistance profile of this strain indicates that cold-adapted bacteria may act as reservoirs for resistance genes.

“As the ice melts and releases these microorganisms, the resistance genes could spread to contemporary bacteria, exacerbating the global challenge of antibiotic resistance,” Dr. Purcarea remarked.

“Conversely, they produce unique enzymes and antimicrobial compounds that could lead to the development of new antibiotics, industrial enzymes, and other biotechnological advancements.”

These findings were published in the journal Frontiers in Microbiology.

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Victoria Ioana Paun et al. 2026. First genome sequence and functional profiling of Cyclobacter SC65A.3 preserved in 5,000-year-old cave ice: Insights into ancient resistomes, antimicrobial power, and enzyme activity. Frontiers in Microbiology 16; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1713017

Source: www.sci.news

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