Nearly two years ago, during the COP28 climate summit in the heart of the oil-rich United Arab Emirates, nations committed to begin “transitioning our energy systems away from fossil fuels” to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. However, the global share of energy sourced from fossil fuels has stubbornly remained over 80 percent, consistent with trends from previous decades.
Due to our inability to decarbonize, researchers now believe we have set off Earth’s first “tipping point,” a significant shift in climate that cannot be easily reversed. Current ocean temperatures are alarmingly high, putting coral reefs at risk of widespread death (see page 9).
What obstacles are impeding the energy transition? While there isn’t a straightforward answer, it is often noted that a select few companies, predominantly fossil fuel corporations, are responsible for the majority of emissions. Criticism of such statements is easy, as they deflect responsibility away from consumers who utilize this energy.
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Major tech companies are minimizing earlier promises to achieve net zero “
However, it is reasonable to critique oil and gas firms that tout their ecological initiatives yet fail to follow through. Many of these companies promote their renewable energy investments, but in reality, their contributions to future energy production remain minimal (see page 16).
Regrettably, the situation appears poised to worsen before it improves. Encouraged by the Trump administration, numerous oil and gas companies have vowed to boost production, while significant players in other sectors, like tech, are downplaying their net-zero commitments.
Next month, governments are set to convene once more to deliberate on climate policy at COP30 in Brazil. While military action is unlikely from the United States, UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer has yet to confirm his participation. At this juncture, it’s reasonable to question whether any politicians or business leaders genuinely regard the climate change threat seriously. If they do, they must start demonstrating that urgency through action.
In September, Mexican officials confirmed an outbreak of the lethal flesh-eating parasite in Nuevo Leon, located less than 70 miles (113 kilometers) from the Texas border.
The outbreak was identified in an 8-month-old cow along the busy Monterrey to Laredo highway. Cocliomia hominivorax – the New World screwworm – has resurfaced for the first time in decades, threatening its eradication status achieved in the United States over fifty years ago.
This discovery raised concerns among U.S. ranchers and veterinarians who vividly recall the destruction this voracious insect once wreaked. The screwworm fly, a metallic blue-gray, appears relatively ordinary until its larvae begin to burrow into the living flesh of animals.
“The adults resemble the blowflies commonly found in my lab in North Carolina,” remarks Professor Max Scott, an entomologist at North Carolina State University who has dedicated his career to pest research. “The difference is that this blowfly is an obligate parasite. The female must lay her eggs in a living host.”
Within hours of being laid in a wound or natural opening, the eggs hatch into maggots that burrow deep into the tissue. After several days of feeding, the larvae drop to the ground and pupate, often leaving the host deformed or dead.
Each female can lay hundreds of eggs, and untreated infestations often attract other species of flies, exacerbating the host’s decline.
In livestock, screwworms can result in significant weight loss, skin damage, and even fatalities, representing a multibillion-dollar challenge for the livestock industry in South America.
A Terrible Past
The New World screwworm once plagued regions in the southern United States, Mexico, and the Caribbean. It wasn’t until the mid-20th century that an unexpected mix of genetics, radiation, and air transport helped regain control over the species.
Post-World War II, scientists at the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) pioneered germ-free insect technology, a groundbreaking method for genetic control. The approach was both simple and radical—breed millions of screwworm flies in captivity, sterilize them using gamma rays, and release them into the wild.
Females mate only once, so even if they pair with a sterile male, they won’t produce offspring, leading to a population collapse.
In the 1950s, experiments on Curaçao confirmed the method’s effectiveness. By the early 1960s, screwworms had been eradicated from Florida. The initiative spread west and south, ultimately eliminating the fly from the continental United States, Mexico, and much of Central America by the early 2000s.
The eradication campaign was costly, reportedly exceeding $750 million. However, it saved the livestock industry billions in losses annually and allowed U.S. cattle production to thrive in the following years.
A small production facility in Panama, jointly managed by the U.S. and Panamanian governments, maintained permanent barriers, releasing 100 million sterile flies weekly along the Panama-Colombia border and regularly developing new strains for longevity.
This system functioned effectively for two decades until it faltered. By 2023, infection cases began to re-emerge in Panama. Within two years, the parasite spread to Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras, now reaching northern Mexico.
New World screwworm larvae feed on infected animal wounds for about seven days, then fall to the ground, burrow into the soil, and pupate. – Credit: COPEG
What Went Wrong?
The specific reasons behind the barrier’s collapse remain unclear, but Scott noted “warning signs indicating trouble along the border.”
Farmers failing to adhere to protocols when transporting livestock may have further facilitated the spread of infection, explaining the surge in cases beyond the natural movement of fly populations.
Scott pointed out that the Panama facility is currently overburdened, producing around 110 million sterile flies weekly. In contrast, during the initial eradication efforts in Mexico, local facilities generated between 500 million and 700 million units weekly. “We needed that volume,” he noted.
This shortfall means an insufficient supply of sterile flies to manage the ongoing outbreak.
Read More:
The Enemy at the Gate
As of now, there is no evidence that the screwworms have crossed into the U.S. The USDA has deployed approximately 8,000 traps in Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico but has not detected any flies. Nevertheless, vigilance is high.
“The risks are substantial,” Scott cautions. “The best chance to curb the outbreak was further south, near the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Reports of cases further north complicate containment given the current production capacities.”
In response, the U.S. government initiated a “five-pillar plan,” which includes constructing two new fly dispersal facilities in Texas. One facility at Moore Air Force Base can spray 100 million sterile flies weekly, while plans for a larger production plant in southern Texas aim to triple that capacity.
The USDA is also investing $100 million into innovative pest control technologies, exploring options from electron beam and X-ray sterilization to genetically modified flies.
A significant resurgence of screwworms could be catastrophic for U.S. livestock producers. An outbreak may incur billions in animal losses, quarantines, and trade restrictions. When the parasite re-emerged in Florida in 2016 from Caribbean-imported deer, it infected 145 animals, taking nearly a year to eradicate.
Human infections are rare but can be severe. The parasite’s scientific name, Cocliomia hominivorax, translates to “man-eating fly.” Most cases affect travelers to infested regions, leading to infections from wounds and nasal passages.
“This is not a major public health issue,” Scott explained. “However, caution is advised when visiting affected areas.”
The bulges on the larva’s body are the origin of the name “screw maggot.” – Credit: USDA Agricultural Research Service
Modern Genetic Upgrades
Scott believes that the old sterile fly method remains viable, especially when enhanced by new biotechnology. His lab at North Carolina State University has spent years developing genetically engineered screwworm strains that produce only males, significantly increasing efficiency.
Traditional sterile insect techniques require releasing both males and females, resulting in many males mating with sterile females.
This means that very high doses of radiation are needed to fully sterilize females, Scott noted. In contrast, his team’s method yields only males. They can then focus on sterilizing these males specifically, allowing researchers to maintain a higher quantity of healthier flies unlikely to reproduce.
These male-only stocks were field-tested in Panama in 2018 but were not deployed because existing methods were deemed sufficient. As the parasite moves northward, regulatory approval for genetically modified screwworms might become essential.
Moreover, researchers are investigating “gene drive systems” utilizing CRISPR technology to bias genetics, ensuring that most offspring carry infertile or male-only genes. In theory, this could drastically reduce the number of flies needed for suppression.
“We hope funding will be available to develop more effective technologies,” Scott stated. “The goal is to reduce releases from 100 million sterile flies to potentially just 10 million. This would make genetic control far more feasible.”
For the time being, strategies remain focused on aerial dispersal, targeted capture, and cross-border collaboration. Yet, scientists are increasingly concerned about the screwworm’s capability to migrate northward faster than anticipated.
“Given the current fly population, we sincerely hope to prevent them from entering the United States,” Scott warned. “But uncertainties remain.”
At present, the border remains intact. With each new case emerging towards the north, the focus shifts from whether the screwworms will invade the U.S. to whether they will be prepared upon their arrival.
Oliver Fiegel, a 47-year-old Munich-based photographer, was reading a newspaper on Germany’s National Sunday when he saw a strange look on the top page image. The images showed the boy chasing soccer on the pitch. However, some of the wild flowers on the grass floated without stems. Half of the goal net was missing. The boy’s hands were shaped.
Photographer Oliver Fiegel, 47, said he would no longer be able to make a living from his trading alone in the industry in 18 years. Photo: Oliver Fiegel/Guardian Community
Over the past few years, many of Fiegel’s photography clients have been newspapers and magazines. However, the job has recently dried up. The image he felt showed one reason for “generic illustrations,” the provided caption said.
Fiegel was irritated. The use of artificial intelligence rather than human creatively represented the crafts that he spent years training and was tainted and erased by the emergence of cheaper and faster generative AI tools.
“AI has had the most devastating impact on the industry.” observer How is the rise of generative AI tools changing their working lives, for better or worse, amidst the economic changes of earthquakes? “It’s happening very quickly.”
Fiegel, a photographer for almost 18 years, said he was no longer able to make a living and was forced to fundamentally diversify his income streams. Now he is considering opening a natural wine bar instead.
In advanced economies such as the UK, Germany and the US, about 60% of jobs are exposed to AI, according to AI, a survey conducted by the International Monetary Fund last year, with about half of them potentially negatively affected. In the UK alone, AI can drive down private sector jobs up to 3M, according to the Tony Blair Institute for Global Change, but some unemployment could be offset by a new role in economic change.
“I still only know a few photographers who can live out of this deal,” Fiegel said. “It’s not easy. I’ve identified it as being creative for the rest of my life.”
Longtime translator Karl Kerner said the AI tools had a negative impact on him. Photo: Karl Kerner/Guardian Community
Since 1994, Karl Kerner has focused on non-fiction scientific texts as a translator among English, German and Norwegians. This type of translation requires expert knowledge and careful terminology, he said.
“I’m basically out of business now,” Kerner said. “This AI has become like a tsunami.” In the past few years of AI-driven translation and editing tools, the number of “[work] Requests have just diminished,” he added.
His loss of identity had a major impact, said Kerner, who is born in New York and now lives in Tonsburg, Norway. “All night, everything about this linguistic culture is worthless. It does something for you, because you were professional. [It’s like] Someone takes the rug from under you.”
Kerner, 64, began working for an agricultural consultant. “It’s not a good age to join the job market. It wasn’t easy,” he said.
But technology is also helping him with some translation work he still gets. Instead of translating words by word, he can send the text to automated translation software, and use his knowledge to eliminate inaccuracies and mistranslations, significantly reducing working hours. “I’m not a Techno Forbe, I think it’s attractive,” he said.
Other workers have more positive experiences as they integrate AI into their daily work.
Alexander Calvey, a self-employed Locum GP in Surrey, said he used AI Scribe to write down his notes, saving him time and improving quality. The results mean he can “focus more on the patient than on the notes.”
Calvey, who also works for a private GP provider, added that he managed to increase The number of patients he sees is sometimes 4-5 per hour. In the future, as technology improves, Calvey feels that AI will have more use to guide questions and treatments.
ChatGpt Chatbot has become the sounding album of Paul, a 44-year-old university researcher on mathematics and philosophy based in Stockholm. He said the tool would help summarize the literature and brainstorm research questions.
“It knows a lot, I know other things that I don’t want to be challenging,” he said, allowing me to study those topics more deeply.
However, Paul’s use ChatGpt is not just his professional job. He also uses it for personal tasks, such as providing analysis if he experiences strange dreams.
A mother’s pencil portrait by freelance illustrator Jenny Turner. Illustrations: Jenny Turner/Jeturnarath/Guardian Community
Despite this feature, he is concerned about the amount of information that companies that control generative AI tools learn about their users. He said he is “very worried” about the “power of a small number of companies’ high-tech giants.”
Meanwhile, British Prime Minister Kiel Starmer said he hopes that AI will be “mainlined to the vein” of the nation to promote productivity and economic growth. But this month, the TUC is calling for urgent government action to protect workers in the creative industry amidst the risk of disruption and unemployment.
For Jenny Turner, a 33-year-old freelance illustrator in the northeastern England, the decline in fee demand was “very sudden” and coincided with the spread of AI imaging tools. Turner previously sold his work on Etsy. For example, she charges about £100 for a portrait drawn by a colored pencil. However, in the last few years she has begun to see AI-generated images beneath her work in the “You Like too” section.
“I can’t compete any more…it’s on sale at a price I could never drop,” she said. “It really hit me hard and made me feel empty like you were wasting everything. It just gets upset and makes you mad.”
Turner said after drawing from a young age and studying at university, she was now forced to abolish her illustrations on Etsy and consider other jobs. “If that’s what happens in everything,” she said, “How many people aren’t going to do their job?”
Hidden somewhere in the dark of space, there is a giant asteroid on a collision course with Earth. If we don’t spot it and somehow stop its arrival, it will hurtle through Earth’s atmosphere at 60,000 kilometers per hour and slam into the ground, vaporizing everything it touches.
With millions of asteroids hurtling through the inner solar system, the threat is inevitable. A conflict will occur sooner or later. But that doesn’t mean the Earth has to be a sitting duck. The global community is obsessed with planetary defense, carefully planning how to repel extraterrestrial invaders should they appear, or at least minimize carnage.
Among other things, this research includes scanning the sky for threats and testing missions to throw asteroids off course. But it also includes a surprising amount of role-playing, with scenarios in which teams impact asteroids in a war game. “Exercises like this are necessary because in the real world, we have not yet reached this point where we need to actually design and build a mission,” NASA said. Paul Chodas do a lot of role-playing. “It makes you think about details that you wouldn’t otherwise think about.”
In the coming paragraphs, you’ll be in the hot seat for a choose-your-own-adventure version of one of these role-playing games. You decide how to react when an asteroid comes towards us. Whether you want to crash your spaceship, use sunlight-absorbing paint to change its course, or just blow it to pieces, you’ll realize we have even more options…
Predicted trajectory of asteroid CAQTDL2 over the Philippines
Catalina Sky Survey/ESA
Astronomers have discovered that an asteroid is on its way to collide with Earth at thousands of kilometers per hour, likely somewhere east of the Philippines, over the ocean. Fortunately, this relatively small object won’t pose any harm and will simply burn up in the atmosphere in a fireball.
The asteroid, estimated to be about one meter in diameter, was a NASA-funded Catalina Sky Survey. The asteroid has been named CAQTDL2 and is scheduled to impact Earth at approximately 16:45 GMT, 17:45 London time, 12:45 New York time, and at approximately 00:45 local time at the impact site in the Philippines.
It is currently estimated that CAQTDL2 will impact at a speed of 17.6 kilometers per second, or 63,360 kilometers per hour. Alan Fitzsimmons That’s average for such an object, says a researcher at Queen’s University in Belfast, UK. “Don’t be fooled by Hollywood movies where you see something screaming into the sky and you have time to run out the house, grab your cat, hop in your car and drive somewhere. You don’t have time for that,” he says.
Fortunately, no such evacuation is necessary. Although the impact would be dramatic and could shine as brightly as the moon in the night sky, it poses no danger to people on the ground. “An object this small can’t do any damage on the ground because it’s protected by the Earth’s atmosphere,” Fitzsimmons says. “It would just burn up harmlessly and then explode in a very impressive fireball.”
Asteroid CAQTDL2 can be seen moving across the sky in a purple circle.
Catalina Sky Survey
Fitzsimmons said two to three objects this size hit Earth each year, and early detection is becoming more common – astronomers first spotted a near-Earth asteroid before it fell to Earth in 2008. CAQTDL2 is the ninth asteroid to be accurately predicted to hit Earth.
“The really good thing about this is that our survey telescopes are now good enough to detect these objects as they approach and to provide a warning,” he says. “In other words, if this object was bigger and potentially threatening to people on the ground, it would have appeared brighter and projected farther. So this is a really cool demonstration that our current survey systems work really well. Right now, we’re probably averaging about one asteroid per year that gets detected before it hits the atmosphere, and survey systems are getting better and better.”
Not only is Earth developing and improving its early warning systems, but in 2022 NASA’s Dual Asteroid Reorientation Test (DART) spacecraft proved it could potentially save Earth from a catastrophic impact with a larger object. DART struck the 160-meter-wide moonlet Dimorphos, slowing it slightly, demonstrating that in theory such a disaster could be averted. Next month, the European Space Agency will launch the Hera mission to study the consequences of the impact up close and further our understanding of planetary defense.
To prevent a fate similar to the dinosaurs, The European Space Agency (ESA) has initiated work on a groundbreaking planetary defense mission known as the Rapid Apophis Mission for Space Security (RAMSES).
RAMSES is designed to rendezvous with 99942 Apophis, an asteroid the size of a cruise ship, and accompany it as it approaches Earth in April 2029.
Apophis, with a diameter of about 375 meters, will pass within 32,000 kilometers of Earth’s surface on April 13, 2029. This rare event will be visible to the naked eye in parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia, attracting global attention. An asteroid of this size only comes this close once every 5,000 to 10,000 years.
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Astronomers believe that Apophis is unlikely to collide with Earth in the next 100 years, but the 2029 flyby will provide scientists with a unique opportunity to observe a close encounter.
The ESA’s Ramses spacecraft is set to reach Apophis two months before the closest approach, allowing monitoring of any physical changes to the asteroid caused by Earth’s gravity.
Ramses is scheduled to launch in April 2028 and arrive at Apophis by February 2029. The mission aims to observe and study how Earth’s gravity affects Apophis, potential landslides, and any new material beneath the asteroid’s surface.
Patrick MichelGerry McClellan, CNRS Director of Research at the Observatory of the Côte d’Azur, emphasized the significance of the mission, stating: “There is much we still don’t know about asteroids, but now, nature is bringing one to us to conduct the experiment itself. All we need to do is watch as Apophis is stretched and compressed by powerful tidal forces.”
Ramses will utilize a variety of scientific instruments to comprehensively study Apophis, analyzing its shape, surface, orbit, rotation, and more.
The collected data will be closely examined by scientists to understand the asteroid’s composition, structure, and how to deflect potentially hazardous asteroids in the future.
Experts predict that Earth’s tidal forces could alter the asteroid’s rotation, potentially causing earthquakes and landslides. They hope that Ramses’ flyby will offer detailed observations of how Apophis is affected by the close encounter.
Additionally, NASA is redirecting its OSIRIS-REx spacecraft (now renamed OSIRIS-APEX) towards Apophis, set to arrive about a month after the 2029 flyby.
OSIRIS-REx was the first US mission to collect samples from an asteroid, returning material from Bennu to Earth in September 2023. After successfully delivering the sample, the spacecraft was renamed OSIRIS-APEX for its new mission to explore Apophis.
“Ramses will demonstrate humanity’s capability to deploy a reconnaissance mission to rendezvous with an approaching asteroid in just a few years,” said Richard Moisle, head of ESA’s Planetary Defence Division.
A decision on the full implementation of Ramses will be made at ESA’s Ministerial Council meeting in November 2025. If approved, Ramses will not only enhance knowledge of asteroid deflection but also provide valuable scientific insights into the solar system’s formation and evolution.
astronomer using Mid-infrared measuring instrument The NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope's (MIRI) detected molecules ranging from relatively simple ones like methane to complex compounds like ethanol (alcohol) and acetic acid. interstellar ice One low-mass protostar and one high-mass protostar: toward NGC 1333 IRAS 2A and IRAS 23385+6053, respectively.
This image taken by Webb's MIRI instrument shows the region near the IRAS 23385+6053 protostar. Image credit: NASA/ESA/CSA/WRM Rocha, LEI.
Complex organic molecules (COM) are molecules with six or more atoms, including at least one carbon atom.
These materials are the raw material for future exoplanetary systems and are therefore of essential importance in understanding the chemical complexity developed in star-forming regions.
If this material becomes available in a primitive planetary system, it could facilitate the planet's habitability.
In a new study, astronomers Will Rocha, Harold Linnaerts and colleagues at Leiden University used Webb's mid-infrared instrument to determine the extent of COM ice in two protostars, NGC 1333 IRAS 2A and IRAS 23385+6053. We investigated the characteristics.
They were able to identify a variety of COMs, including ethanol (alcohol) and perhaps acetic acid (a component of vinegar).
“Our discovery contributes to one of the long-standing questions in astrochemistry,” Dr. Rocha said.
“What is the origin of COM in the Universe?” Are they created in the gas phase or in ice? Detection of COM in ice is based on the solid phase at the surface of cold dust particles It suggests that chemical reactions can build complex types of molecules. ”
“Some COMs, including those detected in the solid phase in our study, were previously detected in the warm gas phase, so they are now thought to originate from ice sublimation.”
“Sublimation is the change from a solid directly to a gas without becoming a liquid.”
“Therefore, we have hope that detecting COM in ice will improve our understanding of the origins of other, larger molecules in the universe.”
This figure shows the spectrum of the NGC 1333 IRAS 2A protostar. Image credit: NASA/ESA/CSA/Leah Hustak, STScI.
The researchers also detected simpler molecules such as formic acid, methane, formaldehyde, and sulfur dioxide.
“Sulfur-containing compounds, such as sulfur dioxide, played an important role in promoting metabolic reactions on early Earth,” the researchers said.
“Of particular interest is that one of the investigated origins, NGC 1333 IRAS 2A, is characterized as a low-mass protostar.”
“NGC 1333 IRAS 2A may resemble the early stages of our solar system.”
“Therefore, the chemicals identified around this protostar may have been present during the earliest stages of the development of the solar system and were later delivered to the proto-Earth.”
“All of these molecules could become part of comets, asteroids, and ultimately new planetary systems as icy material is transported inside planet-forming disks as protostar systems evolve.” '' said Dr. Ewain van Dyschoek, an astronomer at Leiden University.
“We look forward to using more web data in the coming years to follow this astrochemical trajectory step by step.”
of the team paper It was published in the magazine astronomy and astrophysics.
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WRM Rocha other. 2024. JWST Young Protostar Observation (JOYS+): Detection of icy complex organic molecules and ions. I.CH.FourSo2,HCOO−,OCN−,H2Colorado, Cooh, Switzerland3CH2Oh, CH3Cho, channel3Ocho and CH3Coo. A&A 683, A124; doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202348427
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