Historically, science operated under the notion of a “normal brain,” one that fits standard societal expectations. Those who diverge from this model have often been labeled with a disorder or mental health condition, treated as if they were somehow flawed. For years, researchers have refined the notion that neurodevelopmental conditions, including autism, ADHD, dyslexia, and movement disorders, should be recognized as distinctive variations representing different neurocognitive frameworks.
In the late 1990s, a paradigm shift occurred. What if these “disorders” were simply natural variations in brain wiring? What if human traits existed on a spectrum rather than a stark boundary between normal and abnormal? Those at either end of the spectrum may face challenges, yet their exceptional brains also offer valuable strengths. Viewed through this lens, diverse brains represent assets, contributing positively to society when properly supported.
The concept of neurodiversity gained momentum, sparking lively debates in online autism advocacy groups. By 2013, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders recognized autism as a spectrum condition, abolishing the Asperger’s syndrome diagnosis and classifying it on a scale from Level 1 to Level 3 based on support needs. This shift solidified the understanding of neurodivergent states within medical literature.
Since the early 2000s, research has shown that individuals with autism often excel in mathematical reasoning and attention to detail. Those with ADHD frequently outperform others in creativity, while individuals with dyslexia are adept at pattern recognition and big-picture thinking. Even those with movement disorders have been noted to develop innovative coping strategies.
These discoveries have led many scientists to argue that neurodivergent states are not mere evolutionary happenstance. Instead, our ancestors likely thrived thanks to pioneers, creative thinkers, and detail-oriented individuals in their midst. A group possessing diverse cognitive strengths could more effectively explore, adapt, and survive. Some researchers now propose that the autism spectrum comprises distinct subtypes with varying clusters of abilities and challenges.
While many researchers advocate for framing neurodivergent characteristics as “superpowers,” some caution against overly positive portrayals. “Excessive optimism, especially without supporting evidence, can undermine the seriousness of these conditions,” says Dr. Jessica Eccles, a psychiatrist and neurodiversity researcher at Brighton and Sussex Medical School. Nevertheless, she emphasizes that “with this vocabulary, we can better understand both the strengths and challenges of neurodiversity, enabling individuals to navigate the world more effectively.”
aAt first glance, the current landscape of artificial intelligence policy indicates a strategic step back from regulation. Recently, AI leaders in the United States and beyond have echoed this sentiment. J.D. Vance describes AI policy as “Deregulation flavor.” Congress seems poised for a 10-year suspension. This is especially true regarding state AI laws. On cue, the Trump administration’s AI action plan warns against obscuring the technology “through bureaucracy at this early stage.”
However, the emphasis on deregulation is a significant misunderstanding. Although the U.S. federal government adopts a hands-off stance toward applications like chatbots and image generators, it is deeply engaged in the fundamental aspects of AI. For instance, both the Trump and Biden administrations have actively dealt with AI chips, crucial components of advanced AI systems. The Biden administration restricts access to these chips to safeguard against competitive nations such as China. The Trump administration sought a deal with countries like the UAE for AI sales.
Both administrations have significantly influenced AI systems in their respective manners. The United States is not deregulating AI; rather, it is regulating where many are not looking. Beneath the rhetoric of a free market, Washington is stepping in to shape the components of AI systems.
Embracing the comprehensive nature of the AI technology stack—analyzing the contributions of hardware, data centers, and software operating in the background of applications like ChatGPT—reveals that nations are targeting different components of AI systems. Early frameworks, such as the EU’s AI law, prioritized prominent applications, banning high-risk uses in sectors like health, employment, and law enforcement to mitigate social harm. However, nations are now focusing on the fundamental building blocks of AI. China restricts certain models to combat deepfakes and misinformation. Citing national security concerns, the U.S. has limited exports of advanced chips, and under the Biden administration, model weights—the “secret sauce” that converts user inputs into results. These AI regulations are embedded within dense administrative terminologies like “implementation of additional export controls” and “end uses of supercomputers and semiconductors,” obscuring their foundational rationale. Nevertheless, clear trends emerge behind this complex vernacular, indicating a shift from regulating AI applications to regulating their foundational elements.
The initial wave of regulations targeted applications within jurisdictions like the EU, emphasizing issues such as discrimination, surveillance, and environmental damage. Subsequently, rival nations like the United States and China adopted a national security approach, aiming to retain military dominance and thwart malicious entities from leveraging AI for obtaining nuclear weapons or disseminating disinformation. A third wave of AI regulation is emerging as countries tackle parallel social and security challenges. Our research indicates that this hybrid approach is more effective as it breaks down silos and minimizes redundancy.
Overcoming the allure of laissez-faire rhetoric necessitates a more thorough analysis. Viewed through the lens of the AI stack, U.S. AI policy resembles a redefinition of regulatory focus rather than an abdication of responsibility. This translates to a facade of leniency while maintaining a firm grip on core elements.
No global framework can be effective if the United States—the host of the world’s largest AI research institution—continues to project an image of complete deregulation. The country’s proactive stance on AI chips undermines this narrative. U.S. AI policy is anything but laissez-faire. Decisions regarding intervention reflect a strategic inclination. While politically convenient, the myth of deregulation is largely a fabrication.
The public demands enhanced transparency concerning the rationale and framework of government regulations on AI. It is difficult to rationalize the ease with which the U.S. government intervenes in chip regulation for national security while remaining muted on social implications. Awareness of all regulatory aspects—ranging from export controls to trade policies—is the first step toward fostering effective global cooperation. Without such clarity, discussions surrounding global AI governance will remain superficial.
Alexander Grothendieck was a towering figure in mathematics
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When you ask someone to name the top 20 physicists of the 20th Century, Albert Einstein will likely be at the forefront of their thoughts. However, a similar inquiry regarding mathematics may leave you with silence. Let me introduce you to Alexander Grothendieck.
Einstein, known for formulating the theory of relativity and playing a pivotal role in the advancement of quantum mechanics, became not only an influential physicist but a cultural icon. Grothendieck, too, revolutionized mathematics in profound ways, but he withdrew from public and academic life before his passing, leaving behind a legacy characterized solely by his groundbreaking contributions.
In contrast, while both Grothendieck and Einstein brought complexity to their respective fields, the former’s approach lacked the narrative charm that made Einstein’s theories, such as the twin paradox, more accessible. Grothendieck’s work, on the other hand, often veers into intricate and abstract concepts. I will endeavor to shed light on some of these profound ideas, even if my coverage is necessarily superficial.
To begin, Grothendieck is primarily renowned among mathematicians for revolutionizing the foundations of algebraic geometry, a domain examining the interplay between algebraic equations and geometric shapes. For instance, the equation x² + y² = 1 creates a circle of radius one when graphed.
Rene Descartes, a 17th-century philosopher, was among the first to formalize the relationship between algebra and geometry. This intersection, nevertheless, is far more intricate than it appears. Mathematicians are keen on generalizing, allowing them to form connections that were not previously evident. Grothendieck excelled in this endeavor—his life was depicted in a book recounting “the search for the greatest generality,” a hallmark of his mathematical ethos.
Taking our previous example, the points satisfying the equation and forming the circle are referred to as “algebraic varieties.” These varieties may reside not only on a Cartesian plane but also in three-dimensional space (like a sphere) or even in higher dimensions.
This foundational idea was merely the beginning for Grothendieck. As an illustration, consider the equations x² = 0 and x = 0. Each has a single solution where x equals 0, meaning the set of points (algebraic varieties) is identical. However, these equations are distinct. In 1960, during his quest for broader generality, Grothendieck introduced the notion of “schemes.”
What does this entail? It involves another concept, the “ring.” Confusingly, this term has no relation to circles. In mathematics, “rings” represent collections of objects that remain within that set when added or multiplied. In many respects, a ring is self-contained, akin to its namesake.
The simplest form of a ring is the integers: all negative integers, positive integers, and zero. Regardless of how you operate with integers, whether through addition or multiplication, you will remain within the integers. Moreover, a defining feature of a ring is the presence of a “multiplicative identity.” For integers, this identity is 1, since multiplying any integer by 1 results in that integer remaining unchanged. We also gain insight into what does not constitute a ring.
Through the introduction of schemes, Grothendieck effectively combined the notion of algebraic varieties with that of rings, addressing the missing elements for equations such as x² = 0 and x = 0 while utilizing geometric tools.
Handwritten notes by Alexander Grothendieck in 1982
University of Montpellier, Grothendieck Archives
This leads to two significant challenges that became pivotal for mathematicians. The first concerns four conjectures proposed by mathematician Andre Weil in 1949 regarding counting the number of solutions to certain types of algebraic varieties. In the context of the circle example, an infinite number of values satisfy the equation x² + y² = 1 (indicative of a circle containing infinite points). However, Weil was focused on varieties that permit only a finite number of solutions and speculated that the zeta function could likely be employed to count such solutions.
Utilizing the scheme, Grothendieck and his colleagues validated Weil’s three conjectures in 1965. The fourth was proved by his former student Pierre Deligne in the latter half of 1974 and is viewed as one of the 20 most significant outcomes in 20th-century mathematics, addressing challenges that had puzzled mathematicians for 25 years. This success underscored the profound power of Grothendieck’s schemes in linking geometry with number theory.
The scheme also played a crucial role in solving the infamous Fermat’s Last Theorem, a problem that confounded mathematicians for over 350 years, ultimately resolved by Andrew Wiles in 1995. The theorem states that there are no three positive integers a, b, and c that satisfy the equation an + bn = cn for any integer value of n greater than 2. Fermat had paradoxically written of a proof that was too vast to fit within the margin of his book, although he likely had no proof at all. Wiles’ solution incorporated methods developed post-Grothendieck, utilizing algebraic geometry to reformulate the problem in terms of elliptic curves—a particularly important class of algebraic varieties—which were studied through the lens of the scheme, inspired by Grothendieck’s innovative approach.
There remains a wealth of Grothendieck’s work that I have not explored, which forms the foundational tools many mathematicians rely on today. For instance, he generalized the concept of “space” to encompass “topoi,” introducing not only points within a space but also additional nuanced information, enriching problem-solving approaches. Alongside his collaborators, he authored two extensive texts on algebraic geometry which now serve as the essential reference works for the discipline.
Despite the magnitude of his influence, why does Grothendieck remain somewhat obscure? His work is undeniably complex, demanding considerable effort to understand. He also became a lesser-known figure for various reasons. A committed pacifist, he publicly opposed military actions in the Soviet Union, and notably declined to attend the prestigious 1966 Fields Medal ceremony, famously stating that “fruitfulness is measured not by honors, but by offspring,” indicating a preference for his mathematical contributions to stand on their own merit.
In 1970, Grothendieck withdrew from academia, resigning from his role at the French Institute for Advanced Scientific Research in protest against military funding. Though he initially continued his mathematical pursuits independent of formal institutions, he grew increasingly isolated. In 1986, he penned his autobiography, Harvest and Sowing, detailing his mathematical journey and disillusionment with the field. The following year, he created a philosophical manuscript, The Key to Dreams, sharing how a divine dream influenced his outlook. While both texts circulated among mathematicians, they were not officially published for some time.
Over the ensuing decade, Grothendieck further distanced himself from society, residing in a secluded French village, severing ties with the math community. At one point, he even attempted to subsist solely on dandelion soup until locals intervened. He is believed to have continued producing extensive writings on mathematics and philosophy, though none of these works were released to the public. In 2010, he began sending letters to various mathematicians. None were demands for engagement. Despite the myriad connections forged within mathematics, he ultimately chose to disengage from them personally. Grothendieck passed away in 2014, leaving behind an immeasurable mathematical legacy.
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During my recent week-long journey to Paris, I racked up nearly $100 in data charges on my iPhone, including taxes and fees. This was similar to an earlier 8-day visit to Spain, which turned out to be even pricier. Jokingly, I’m referring to an upcoming three-week adventure across seven countries, featuring a week-long cruise, that is likely to exceed $300 in data costs.
After some learning, I found a straightforward solution that can simplify travel. This involves switching to a local carrier, which used to mean visiting airport kiosks and mobile stores to install nail-sized plastic SIM cards. However, with the introduction of eSIM technology, you can manage everything right from your phone. My eSIM in Paris offered 5GB of data for checking emails, using Google Maps, and browsing social media (while ensuring not to upload photos until on WiFi). In Spain, I paid $10 for 5GB.
Here’s how it works and how to utilize it during your next trip abroad:
How eSIMs Work
Photo: Candyretriever/Getty Images
I previously faced high roaming fees when using mobile data outside my home country. You can disable roaming before you travel, but then you’re limited to texting and browsing on WiFi.
eSIMs are temporary electronic add-ons to your mobile device that allow you to buy affordable short-term local cell coverage while traveling. While you can purchase individual eSIMs from local carriers like Vodafone in the UK or Telcel in Mexico, using apps that handle everything for you is more convenient.
Airalo app. Composite: Provided by Airalo
Three popular platforms offering eSIM for international travel are Airalo (which I’ve utilized and found helpful), Saily, and Holafly. All three cater to popular destinations, though there can be variations for lesser-known places. For instance, during my recent trip to Bhutan, only Airalo was recommended. Saily tends to be slightly cheaper, making it worthwhile to compare all three options. Holafly exclusively provides unlimited data, which can be more expensive if you don’t require it.
iPhones manufactured after around 2021 are typically compatible with eSIM, but if you’re unsure, Airalo provides a straightforward, checkable compatibility list. Additionally, ensure your phone is unlocked, meaning you don’t owe anything to your carrier. Most carriers will unlock your device online or over the phone once it’s fully paid off.
Setting Up and Choosing Your Plan
Photo: Debalina Ghosh/Getty Images
Installing an eSIM can vary a bit by provider, but they generally simplify the process. Simply download the app and follow the instructions. While not overly complex, a few steps are involved, so it’s best to complete the setup before you travel. All listed providers offer support via their website or app in case you encounter any issues.
Most eSIMs provide data only and don’t include voice services, so you’ll need to use apps like WhatsApp for calls. If you require a local number, Airalo has a package named Discovery+ for voice calls, available in over 130 destinations.
How much data should you get? For checking emails, sending a few texts daily, and light web browsing and social media, a plan offering 3GB to 5GB should suffice for a week’s trip. The 5GB I purchased for six days in Spain was adequate, as I utilized WiFi for downloading photos and streaming. However, for video streaming, browsing Instagram, or making video calls, you might need closer to 10GB. If you’re gaming online or partaking in video conferences for work, plus uploading large photos, you will require more data.
Once you have everything set up, you can embark on your next adventure without worry—well, at least not regarding your phone!
The US government raised concerns about painkillers used during pregnancy
Solstock/Getty Images
On Monday, the US government introduced two initiatives concerning autism. One update involves labeling for paracetamol, commonly known as acetaminophen, emphasizing that its use during pregnancy could elevate the risks of autism and ADHD in children. The government also approved leucovorin for certain children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, these actions are not strongly supported by scientific evidence and may have negligible effects on autism prevalence in the United States.
This announcement followed Robert F. Kennedy Jr.’s pledge, made in April, to uncover the causes of autism by the close of September. President Donald Trump later described this initiative at a press conference as “a historic step towards battling the autism crisis.”
This portrayal indicates a possible misunderstanding or distortion of existing knowledge about autism. There is no crisis as such. Autism rates began to surge rapidly since the 1980s, significantly influenced by increased awareness and recognition of its symptoms leading to more frequent diagnoses.
Evidence supporting the idea that paracetamol causes autism is limited. While several studies indicate a correlation between paracetamol use during pregnancy and an elevated risk of autism in children, causation should not be assumed. A recent investigation involving 46 studies found that 27 of them reported a significant link between paracetamol use in pregnancy and heightened risk for neurodevelopmental issues, including autism. Nevertheless, correlation does not imply causation; other underlying factors may also play a role.
Contrasting findings are evident in other studies. For instance, a 2024 evaluation analyzing around 2.5 million children determined that while those exposed to paracetamol during pregnancy faced a marginally higher autism risk, this effect diminished when comparing children exposed to painkillers with their siblings. “It wasn’t the paracetamol use, but rather family history that played a crucial role,” said Dimitrios Siasacos from University College London. “Although studies indicate a slight increase in autism outcomes related to paracetamol use during pregnancy, this tends to vanish when analyzing the more significant factors involved.”
During a press briefing, Trump advised that pregnant women should avoid taking paracetamol for pain or fever. However, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a press release stating that no causal link between paracetamol and autism has been established. Additionally, in a notification to healthcare providers, the FDA confirmed that paracetamol remains the safest and most accessible pain relief option during pregnancy. “[It] is the only over-the-counter medication that is approved for use to treat fever during pregnancy, as a high fever can pose risks to the developing fetus,” emphasizing potential fetal brain or spinal cord defects.
The FDA also announced its approval of leucovorin for individuals with cerebral folate deficiency, a condition that affects the brain’s capability to absorb vitamin B9. Studies suggest that around 40% of people with autism may be affected by this deficiency, leading to similar symptoms, including difficulties with communication and sensory processing.
Leucovorin, a form of vitamin B9, is already utilized to address deficiencies of this vitamin and to mitigate side effects from certain cancer treatments. Preliminary evidence implies that it might aid in alleviating severe autism symptoms. For instance, a 2016 study involving 25 autistic children treated with leucovorin demonstrated that 65% showed meaningful improvements in verbal communication skills compared to only 24% in the placebo group after 12 weeks.
However, existing studies on leucovorin and autism have been relatively small, often yielding only modest positive results. Larger clinical trials are in progress, with results expected next year. “Currently available evidence is tentative and not yet deemed comprehensive,” stated Monique Botha at Durham University. “While these medications might offer benefits in specific areas, there are no treatments that effectively address or eliminate autism as a whole.”
Following the announcement, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services reiterated that “while promising, it’s crucial to understand that leucovorin is not a cure for ASD but may help to enhance speech-related skills in a limited group of children with the condition.”
With Trump’s backing, Kennedy is positioning the “autism epidemic” as a cornerstone of U.S. public health policy. They are both framing these policy developments as substantial milestones achieved in a brief timeframe. However, scientific evidence suggests that avoiding paracetamol during pregnancy or utilizing leucovorin is unlikely to have the significant impact on autism that Trump and Kennedy claim. Instead, the most probable outcome of these initiatives pertains to how and when to manage pain and fever safely during pregnancy.
Before entering the MRI scanner, Emily Weldon practiced moving a lost finger from her amputated arm, accompanied by a researcher.
Tamar Makin/Hunter Schone
Research suggests our brains may not reconfigure as much as previously believed following an amputation.
The somatosensory cortex, which processes sensory data like touch and temperature from the entire body, has been shown in various studies to have distinct regions mapped to different body parts. For instance, the sensation of burning your hands might activate regions corresponding to your toes.
There is evidence indicating that when a nerve is severed, the somatosensory cortex may reorganize. A study observing macaques with severed arm nerves revealed that neurons typically responding to hand stimuli were instead active when the face was touched. The researchers inferred that some cortical areas initially linked to the hands were repurposed to respond to facial sensations.
However, a team led by Tamar Makin from Cambridge University conducted a groundbreaking comparison of brain activity in individuals before and after amputation, revealing minimal changes.
Using MRI, researchers scanned the brains of three participants prior to their medically necessary arm amputations. During the scans, they were instructed to pucker their lips and attempt to move their fingers.
Interestingly, even after numerous attempts to willfully move fingers they no longer possessed, the brain signals remained unchanged. “To the best of our measurement, they remain the same,” Makin noted.
Long-term follow-ups on two participants, 18 months and 5 years post-surgery, indicated no significant alterations in brain signals since the initial scans.
The researchers utilized an AI model that was trained to correlate brain activity with specific finger movements. When participants imagined moving their fingers in a random sequence, the model accurately identified which finger they were trying to move, demonstrating consistent neural activity.
In another experiment segment, somatosensory cortical activity was assessed in 26 individuals, average 23 years post-amputation, during attempts to move their lips and fingers. The findings showed comparable activity levels.
“This study decisively challenges the notion that the brain can easily remap, rewire, or reorganize as initially thought,” remarked John Krakauer from Johns Hopkins University in Maryland.
The implications of these findings could significantly affect treatments for phantom limb pain, a common condition where amputees experience discomfort in limbs that are no longer present.
Some therapeutic approaches utilize virtual reality and visual stimuli to prompt brain reorganization, yet results have varied, sometimes influenced by placebo effects, according to Makin.
Researchers suggest that innovative methods, such as implanting nerves into new tissues during amputation, might help mitigate this condition. If remaining nerves are left unconnected, they can thicken, potentially contributing to phantom limb pain.
“The previous maladaptive plasticity theory regarding phantom pain relied on the belief that reorganization was possible, which now seems incorrect,” stated Krakauer. “This fundamentally alters our approach to treating phantom limb pain since its underlying theory has been disproven.”
It’s not that the enormous, carnivorous dinosaurs weren’t the terrifying, bone-crushing predators we envision.
A new study published in the journal Current Biology reveals that a variety of bipedal carnivorous dinosaurs, including Tyrannosaurus Rex, Spinosaurus, and Allosaurus, have evolved to possess the necessary skull strength for powerful bites.
Utilizing 3D scanning and computer modeling, the researchers examined the skull biomechanics of 18 species of theropods.
The findings indicated that while T. Rex and other giants had skulls designed to deliver immense bite forces capable of breaking bones, they actually possessed relatively weak jaws and employed diverse hunting strategies.
“The skull of a T. Rex was specifically optimized for high bite force, which led to significant skull stress,” stated the lead author, Dr. Andrew Lowe from the University of Bristol, UK. “In contrast, stress patterns in other giants like Giganotosaurus suggested they had relatively mild bites. This implies a variety of evolutionary pathways for these carnivorous giants.”
Giganotosaurus is larger than T. rex, reaching 13m (43 feet) long and weighing almost 14 tons – Credit: Getty
Instead of adhering to a singular evolutionary path to apex status, large carnivorous dinosaurs evolved various skull shapes and feeding strategies. Some, like T. Rex, would bite down akin to a crocodile, while others, such as Allosaurus and Spinosaurus, employed thrashing or ripping techniques reminiscent of modern Komodo dragons and big cats.
“The Tyrannosaurus took a different approach,” remarked Steve Brusatte, a professor and paleontologist at the University of Edinburgh who was not part of the study, as reported by BBC Science Focus. “They developed immense bite strength, allowing them to crush the bones of their prey. This created a perilous lifestyle, subjecting the skull’s bones and muscles to significant stress.”
The results also challenge the belief that larger dinosaurs necessarily had stronger bites. Some smaller species may actually exert more stress on their skulls due to increased muscle mass, indicating that size alone isn’t the key factor in bite power.
The variability in bite strength and skull architecture hints at a more specialized ecological landscape in dinosaur ecosystems, offering multiple strategies for dominance in the prehistoric food chain.
“There wasn’t a singular ‘best’ skull design for being a predatory giant. Various designs proved effective,” noted Lowe. “This biomechanical diversity implies that dinosaur ecosystems supported a more extensive range of giant carnivorous ecological niches than we typically consider, with less competition and greater specialization.”
Read more:
About our experts
Steve Brusatte is a professor and paleontologist at the University of Edinburgh, and author of the book Mammal Ascending and Governing (20 pounds, Picador), focusing on 325 million years of mammalian evolution and fossils.
“The internal documents disclosed to Congress by Facebook whistleblowers suggest that “Weens are herd animals,” with references to “the stories” of the addicts that highlight a strong irony and obfuscation. Snapchat seems to have shifted its focus in its efforts to expand its user base.
Drawing from the investigative work of Bloomberg journalist Olivia Carville, this film discusses the endeavors of Minnow’s legal team in seeking justice for social media victims, confronting the predatory practices of Silicon Valley. It tells the harrowing stories of families devastated by extreme online content. This includes children or teenagers who tragically replicated dangerous self-harm or suicide methods from videos, or those who lost their lives after encountering online predators. The struggle here involves challenging Section 230, a legal shield established in the Telecommunications Act of 1996. Meanwhile, Mark Zuckerberg continues to engage in harmful practices.
The Center’s founder, Matthew Bergman, has compared social media companies to tobacco firms, alleging that these companies put profit above user well-being. While the film effectively illustrates this connection and the consequent harm, it doesn’t imply that the path to accountability is straightforward. Gaining justice for individual cases and proving that tech companies deliberately design their algorithms to provoke our darker tendencies and impulses represents a significant challenge. A crucial goal is to prevent the dismissal of the Snapchat case due to Section 230. This may appear as a minor victory, but it’s a necessary first step. This narrative is a vital piece of public journalism that articulates what many of us only sense.
“Don’t Look Away” is set to shock audiences in British cinemas starting August 8th.
In France, where kindergarten begins at age 3, there is a debate on whether staff should allow children to nap. “Although naps are widely acknowledged to positively impact cognitive development, some parents and educators worry that daytime resting might disrupt nighttime sleep or diminish essential learning opportunities,” notes Stephanie Mazza from the University of Lyon, France.
Mazza and her team researched whether naps interfere with nighttime rest by observing 85 children aged 2-5 years across six French kindergartens using wrist sleep trackers for about 7.8 days.
The findings, combined with sleep diaries maintained by parents, showed that an hour increase in napping was linked to a reduction of roughly 13.6 minutes in nighttime sleep, delaying bedtime by about 6.4 minutes. However, children who napped gained an overall 45 minutes of additional sleep.
“Parents need not worry if their child still requires a nap before turning six,” asserts Mazza. “Our results imply that naps can boost total sleep, even if they slightly delay bedtime. Instead of viewing naps as detrimental, they should be seen as a valuable source of rest, particularly in stimulating environments.”
“I believe this indicates—if they can nap, let them nap,” says Rebecca Spencer from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. She emphasizes, considering that sleep duration during early childhood varies globally, further research is necessary to assess the broader applicability of these findings.
Every April, the Lilid Meteor Shower returns to our sky, offering the chance to get a glimpse of the fireballs across the sky.
Though not the most prolific meteor exhibit of the year, Lilid is a welcome treat for Stargazer.
All you need to know about Lilid in 2025 is when to look up, what to expect, how to get the best views and more.
When is Lyrid Meteor Shower 2025?
Lilid will be active from April 15th to 25th, 2025, and peak activity is expected on the evening of April 22nd early on April 23rd.
Your best bet is to still go out before dawn on April 23rd. The radiation point (the part of the sky where the meteor appears to come from) is the best.
Where to see Lilid
Lilids are emitted from the constellation Lyra, located near the bright star Vega, one of the easiest stars in the Northern Hemisphere.
Look east or northeast after midnight and let your eyes clean the sky. Meteors may appear in any direction rather than near meteors.
No telescopes or binoculars are required. In fact, it’s better to see the meteor shower with the naked eye and be able to take in as many sky as possible.
read more:
Can you hear the meteor?
Meteors, Asteroids, Comets: What’s the difference?
How can you tell that a metstone comes from a particular planet?
How many meteors are there?
Under a dark moonless sky, Lilids usually produce 10-15 meteors per hour, but sudden bursts can produce up to 100.
Lilid is known for being quick and sometimes bright, with strange fireballs thrown in properly.
The month around this time will pass the third quarter, so if it rises it will be very bright. Thankfully, this won’t last until around 4am (US and UK). This means you’ll get unobstructed meteor monitoring for hours.
Laila’s constellation. Vega is a bright star in the top right. – Getty
What causes the Lyrid Meteor Shower?
The Lyrid meteor is caused by the Earth passing through the traces of debris left by Comet Thatcher. It finally reached the approach closest to the sun in 1861, so it takes a long time to wait until our path comes again (c. 2276).
When comet dust and rock fragments collide at high speed in the atmosphere (approximately 50 km/s), they burn out and create stripes of light seen from the ground.
Lilid is actually one of the oldest recorded meteor showers. Chinese astronomers observed them over two to six hundred years ago.
Tips for viewing lyrids
Catching a meteor shower is not complicated, but some wise strategies can make all the difference.
Find a dark place It’s quite far from the city lights – less light pollution, the better.
Give me time to adjust my eyes In the darkness. It can take 20-30 minutes to see the sky at its best.
Wear warm clothesEven in spring. The temperature in the early morning can be chilly.
Lie down It allows you to comfortably scan the sky on a blanket or reclining chair.
be patient – Meteors have bursts and may take some time to catch good ones.
If you’re having trouble finding the sky you need, Technology helps. “Star Map apps like Sky Guide, Star Walk 2, and Stellarium will help you find Sky Vega and Lyra using your phone.” Dr. Sham Balajia researcher in space particle physics and cosmology at King’s College London.
“Many apps use augmented reality, so just point your phone in the sky and you’ll see where to look.”
Is this the best meteor shower of the year?
Not at all – that title is usually sent to Persade in August or Geminid in December.
However, Lilid is the first decent meteor shower for Northern Hemisphere observers, and could be surprisingly dramatic.
Additionally, for the UK people, they arrive during school holidays. So, if the sky is clear, it’s the perfect excuse to make a late family stargaze.
read more:
Can you hear the meteor?
Meteors, Asteroids, Comets: What’s the difference?
How can you tell that a metstone comes from a particular planet?
CCenter staff at some of the world's biggest tech companies, including Apple, Google, Microsoft and Netflix, have all accused the employer of retaliating against union organizers, constantly monitoring staff and denying them even bathroom breaks.
In the United States or Europe, if you're looking for technical or customer support from a major technology company, you might end up talking to an employee at Tele Performance's call center in Greece.
Teleperformance, the world's largest call center operator, Approximately 12,000 workers Based in Greece, we serve over 140 markets around the world in 43 different languages and dialects. The company is 7 multilingual hubs In Greece, it takes place in Athens, Chania and Thessaloniki.
Workers in Greece who have been seeking a collective agreement with Teleperformance say that the company has recently retaliated Targeted firings of union leaders, etc.
they say wages have increased unchanged Since 2010, Greece has been hit by creditor austerity measures despite high inflation and rising costs of living in recent years.
Mr. Nikos Spilleris, a call center worker at Teleperformance, Setep, The union representing teleperformance workers in Greece explained that its efforts began in early 2024 in response to years of no wage increases and increased production pressures placed on workers.
Setep Teleperformance call center employees go on strike in Greece. Photo: SETEP/Courtesy of SETEP
“They judge you on dozens of productivity metrics, and depending on the project, you have to be on the phone multiple times. Not being allowed to go to the bathroom even if you want to. is common,” Spilleris said. “If an employee is sick or absent for any reason, that is considered counterproductive and is grounds for renewing or not renewing the employee’s contract.”
Our skin is not only our largest organ, but also the one we are most familiar with. We see it, touch it, wash it, and inspect it all the time. Nevertheless, when thinking about taking care of it, our minds often jump to aesthetics. We are inundated with advertisements for lotions and drugs that promise to improve our appearance, as if sexual appeal is all that matters to this special organ.
But there are many reasons to take care of your skin beyond cosmetic concerns. According to new research, this condition can have ripple effects on other parts of the body. Because blood vessels run densely beneath the surface, inflammation that starts in the skin can easily spread to the heart and brain, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease and dementia. Wrinkles don't just reflect our age, they can actually accelerate the aging process. Therefore, you should think of skin care like exercise. The best reason to take care of your skin isn't for appearance, but for the undeniable health benefits.
Therefore, keeping the epidermis in good condition should be a top priority for anyone who wants to increase their chances of living a long life. That's why we've created a special report summarizing what we know about the best ways to care for your epidermis (see Why caring for your skin is so important to your long-term health).
Taking a scientific approach helps you make informed decisions about new products
As evidence mounts about the importance of skin to general health, research on how to care for it is moving from a marketing campaign for health care products to the realm of proper scientific research.
For example, certain foods have been shown to reduce damage from air pollution and the sun's UV rays, and more regular contact with nature may help nurture your microbiome. Taking a scientific approach can also help you evaluate new trends and fashions, allowing you to make informed decisions about products and services that are proven to work, not just claims of quick fixes. Masu.
Beauty may not be superficial, but our desire to protect our bodies from the outside and inside is never shallow. It may save our skin in various ways.
Predicted trajectory of asteroid CAQTDL2 over the Philippines
Catalina Sky Survey/ESA
Astronomers have discovered that an asteroid is on its way to collide with Earth at thousands of kilometers per hour, likely somewhere east of the Philippines, over the ocean. Fortunately, this relatively small object won’t pose any harm and will simply burn up in the atmosphere in a fireball.
The asteroid, estimated to be about one meter in diameter, was a NASA-funded Catalina Sky Survey. The asteroid has been named CAQTDL2 and is scheduled to impact Earth at approximately 16:45 GMT, 17:45 London time, 12:45 New York time, and at approximately 00:45 local time at the impact site in the Philippines.
It is currently estimated that CAQTDL2 will impact at a speed of 17.6 kilometers per second, or 63,360 kilometers per hour. Alan Fitzsimmons That’s average for such an object, says a researcher at Queen’s University in Belfast, UK. “Don’t be fooled by Hollywood movies where you see something screaming into the sky and you have time to run out the house, grab your cat, hop in your car and drive somewhere. You don’t have time for that,” he says.
Fortunately, no such evacuation is necessary. Although the impact would be dramatic and could shine as brightly as the moon in the night sky, it poses no danger to people on the ground. “An object this small can’t do any damage on the ground because it’s protected by the Earth’s atmosphere,” Fitzsimmons says. “It would just burn up harmlessly and then explode in a very impressive fireball.”
Asteroid CAQTDL2 can be seen moving across the sky in a purple circle.
Catalina Sky Survey
Fitzsimmons said two to three objects this size hit Earth each year, and early detection is becoming more common – astronomers first spotted a near-Earth asteroid before it fell to Earth in 2008. CAQTDL2 is the ninth asteroid to be accurately predicted to hit Earth.
“The really good thing about this is that our survey telescopes are now good enough to detect these objects as they approach and to provide a warning,” he says. “In other words, if this object was bigger and potentially threatening to people on the ground, it would have appeared brighter and projected farther. So this is a really cool demonstration that our current survey systems work really well. Right now, we’re probably averaging about one asteroid per year that gets detected before it hits the atmosphere, and survey systems are getting better and better.”
Not only is Earth developing and improving its early warning systems, but in 2022 NASA’s Dual Asteroid Reorientation Test (DART) spacecraft proved it could potentially save Earth from a catastrophic impact with a larger object. DART struck the 160-meter-wide moonlet Dimorphos, slowing it slightly, demonstrating that in theory such a disaster could be averted. Next month, the European Space Agency will launch the Hera mission to study the consequences of the impact up close and further our understanding of planetary defense.
Consider the happiest country in the world. Are you thinking of somewhere in Scandinavia? Well, a new study has brought to light something that may have been overlooked. They are actually the happiest people in the world, but they are often not included in rankings.
In global happiness rankings, such as the World Happiness Report (WHR), researchers typically note a correlation between high levels of life satisfaction and high incomes. However, these rankings often fail to differentiate between small indigenous groups and the overall population of a nation. In some of these communities, money has a minimal impact on daily life and livelihoods.
A new paper suggests that not all happiness is tied to money. In fact, it turns out that some low-income societies, particularly those that rely on nature rather than money, exhibit significantly higher life satisfaction and may even be some of the happiest people in the world.
“The frequently observed strong correlation between income and life satisfaction is not universal and proves that the wealth generated by developed economies is not fundamentally necessary for humans to live happy lives.” – Professor Victoria Reyes Garcia, senior author of the study
Who is the happiest person in the world?
Although not conducted by the same research institute as WHR, this new study was published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) and measured happiness in a similar way. The WHR asks respondents to imagine a ladder with 10 being the best life and 0 being the worst, and then evaluate their life on that scale.
In this study, researchers translated the question into local languages: “Taking all aspects into consideration, how satisfied are you with your life on a scale of 0 to 10?”
The research team collected responses from 2,966 people from 19 indigenous and local communities around the world. Only 64 percent of households surveyed in these communities had any cash income.
These 19 communities had an average score of 6.8, with the lowest score being 5.1. However, four of these communities scored above 8/10 and, if included in the WHR, these small societies would be among the happiest people in the world. In 2023, WHR found that the countries with the highest scores were Finland (7.8), Denmark (7.6), and Iceland (7.5).
The highest scores were reported in Latin America, despite many of these societies having suffered from histories of marginalization and oppression, according to the authors.
Researchers say the findings are positive news for sustainability in the face of climate change, as this research suggests that people can achieve high levels of happiness without the need for resource-intensive economic growth.
They encourage future research to examine specific factors that influence well-being in societies where money is not central, such as family and social support, spirituality, and connection to the natural world.
a A friend of mine was recently fooled by a fraudulent email purporting to be from her middle school daughter and transferred £100 into her account to cover a mysterious situation, which she described as a very time-sensitive and inconvenient event. That’s it.
You can imagine how the scammers managed to pull it off. Remember the everyday low-level anxiety of parents expecting bad news when their children are further away than the kitchen table? What’s more, the bad news story, which begins with a 19-year-old’s email saying, “I broke my phone,” is completely believable. All the scammer has to do is lean back.
Still, the story isn’t complete, as it neglects to ask basic questions like, “But if your phone is broken, why transfer money to someone else’s bank account?” , and for years afterward we called him a fool. He didn’t even call her number to see if he could talk to her. A 100-pound lighter was probably the best place to land. If someone tries to release his life savings, he will concentrate.
But what happens when you hear your child begging for money just like you? Who has strong enough defenses to withstand voice cloning? Members of Stop Scams UK tried to explain this to me last year. Scammers can extract the child’s voice from her TikTok account. Then all they have to do is find the parent’s phone number. I thought I had gotten the wrong end of the stick and had to piece together the message from recorded words available on social media. Good luck getting some soccer tips and some believable havoc from K-Pop, I thought. When it comes to AI, he didn’t think for 10 seconds about whether it could infer speech patterns from samples. In fact, it’s possible.
I think it’s still pretty easy to get around. Kid Machine is seeking urgent assistance. You say, “Precious and perfect being, I love you with all my heart.” Kid Machine will surely reply, “I love you too.” Why can’t we do that? A real child would claim to have been sick in the mouth. You can’t build an algorithm for this.
This April marked: Tenth One year since Google released the first generation of Glass. It may be hard to believe in retrospect 10 years later, but the limited release Explorer’s Edition was a coveted item. They felt like the future, at least for a while. But the past decade for smart glasses has been a very mixed bag. There have been more misses than hits, and it seems like it will be years before we can reach any kind of agreement on form or function. Google Glass has never reached the critical mass needed to launch a commercial product, but the company seems content to try again every few years.
Meanwhile, AR’s success has been largely confined to smartphone screens, but it’s not for lack of trying. Magic Leap, Microsoft, and Meta have all introduced their AR products to varying degrees of success, but next year’s Apple Vision Pro release is sure to shake things up. However, technical limitations limit these solutions to significantly larger form factors. Shrinking this kind of technology down to the size of regular glasses is a great goal, but it’s still a long way off.
It’s telling that at Meta’s recent hardware event he released two head-mounted devices. The first was the Quest 3, a VR headset that offers an AR experience thanks to pass-through technology. The other Ray-Ban Meta makes no pretense of offering augmented reality, but fits nicely into a standard glasses form factor. Image credits: brian heater Like Snapchat Spectacles before it, Ray-Ban Meta is all about capturing content. A camera built into the frame allows wearers to shoot quick videos for social media or livestream. When it comes to content consumption, there are speakers built into the temples that direct music and podcast audio into the wearer’s ears.
However, unlike the Ray-Ban, Amazon’s Echo Frames 3 don’t do video capture (you can almost hear the collective sigh of relief from privacy advocates around the world). However, it offers similar audio settings. The speaker is located just in front of the tip of the temple. The company didn’t opt for bone conduction here, which is probably for the best (though neat, the technology is generally a passing grade at best). Unlike most headphones and earbuds, they do not cover the entrance to your ear canal. This is great for situational awareness, but not so great for immersive sound.
This is not a bad option if you want to focus on the world around you while walking down the street or riding a bike while listening to music. Image credits: brian heater They’re pretty loud when held close to your ear, and their directional nature means they’re hard to hear when you’re not wearing them (though they’re not completely silent to others). On the other hand, the actual audio quality still leaves a lot of room for improvement. They can help in a pinch for music, but I’d rather not rely on them as a daily driver of any kind.
However, as the name suggests, the real highlight here is the Echo feature. Frames are yet another form factor for invoking Alexa. This makes a lot of sense at first glance, being a hands-free voice assistant that you can take with you anywhere as long as your phone is properly connected. First, you can play/pause, make calls, and set reminders. All of these things can be done in your earbuds using a connected voice assistant. Image credits: brian heater There are five styles: black square, black rectangle, blue circle, brown cat’s eye, and gray rectangle. The first ones Amazon sent were similar to your typical Buddy Holly/Elvis Costello glasses, but with electronics inside, a plastic-like design, and large temples.
They fit me well enough, and while they’re not something I would choose over, say, a Warby Parker, I don’t feel embarrassed wearing them in public. You can further customize your frames with prescription lenses, blue light filtering, or sunglasses. Sure, there are all great options. Battery life is listed at 14 hours with “moderate” usage. One charge should get him through the day if he listens to a standard amount of music. This is especially great considering that the charging dock is larger and more unwieldy than the glasses themselves. Charging instructions are included in the package (along with some short Braille instructions, a nice accessibility consideration). This is necessary because the design is not intuitive.
When the glasses are folded and the lenses are facing up, the charging points on the temples make contact with the charger. It’s very different from the Ray-Ban Meta’s extremely convenient and well-designed charging case. Amazon’s case, on the other hand, is collapsible. It’s not great, but it does have the convenience of being able to fold it flat while wearing your glasses. If I hadn’t recently tested the Ray-Ban Meta, my thoughts on the latest Echo Frame might have been different. The price is $270, which is $30 cheaper than Metagras. If you’re having trouble deciding between the two, I think you should take the plunge and spend the extra $30. Of course, it’s also worth considering that as of this writing, Amazon is currently offering new Echo Frames for a heavily discounted $200.
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