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SEO Optimized Title: “Discover Lixing Sun’s Ambitious Exploration: ‘The Origins of Sex’ This Week”

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California condor bird on a rock with spread wings against blue sky.

California condor embryos can develop without fertilization

Shutterstock/Barbara Ash

Explore the Origin of Sex
Lixing Sun, Profile Books

The natural world often teaches us about life through vivid examples. Many kids learn about reproduction through birds laying eggs and bees pollinating flowers instead of focusing on human examples, which can be more challenging to convey.

However, as evolutionary and behavioral biologist Heung-sun Lee discusses in his thought-provoking book On the Origins of Sex: The Weird and Wonderful Science of How Our Planet is Populated, the “birds and bees” analogy is far too simplistic. It overlooks the vivid diversity and intricacies involved in animal reproduction.

Even species that might appear unremarkable have fascinating reproductive practices. For instance, barnyard hens can expel sperm from less dominant males, while male ducks sport corkscrew-shaped penises. Interestingly, female ducks have evolved opposite-spinning vaginas, enabling them to exert control over paternity.

On the Origins of Sex presents numerous examples to illustrate fundamental biological concepts. The wide range of breeding methods observed makes many human practices seem mundane. However, Sun’s ambitious goal is to delve deeper into the critical questions surrounding reproduction, especially the very existence of sexual reproduction.

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The rigid male/female binary feels increasingly outdated.
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This question might baffle readers unfamiliar with evolutionary biology, but from an evolutionary standpoint, sexual reproduction can be far more complex and resource-intensive than asexual reproduction. Achieving sexual reproduction requires two partners—one generating male gametes and the other producing female gametes. At first glance, asexual reproduction appears more efficient, a method still employed by numerous species, including bacteria and fungi. Parthenogenesis, a form of asexual reproduction where embryos develop without fertilization, is noted in over 80 vertebrate species, encompassing California condors, booby sharks, and Komodo dragons.

So why did sexual reproduction become prevalent? Sun dedicates the book’s first section to addressing this question, succinctly introducing essential concepts like the Müller ratchet, proposed in 1964 by geneticist Hermann Müller. This theory describes how the absence of genetic mixing in asexual reproduction leads to the gradual accumulation of detrimental mutations.

Additionally, the Red Queen hypothesis likens evolution to a continuing arms race, suggesting that species must evolve continuously to survive and outpace their competitors, underscoring the inherent risks of sexual reproduction.

Sun, a distinguished research professor at Central Washington University, draws from his connections with numerous scientists whose work he references throughout the book. On the Origins of Sex is his fourth work aimed at a general readership, following his explorations into fairness in nature and the history of beavers.

Despite Sun’s admission that On the Origins of Sex is a selective narrative, the intended audience isn’t always clear. While readers might need some background knowledge in evolutionary biology, the book remains captivating, enriched with examples of exotic animal reproduction that are well-paced.

Sun’s passion for his subject is infectious, particularly evident in his discussions on sexual adaptation and variation. He advocates for a broader understanding of gender, arguing that current definitions are “hopelessly homocentric and disconnected from evolutionary realities.” His detailed, step-by-step explanations of the sciences underpinning sex and gender reveal just how much human society relies on these biological concepts.

He articulates, “In popular discussions, gender is often perceived as a social construct. What is often overlooked is a deeper understanding of gender as a biological construct—something evolutionary biology can elucidate.”

Though careful not to engage in cultural arguments, Sun primarily focuses on evolutionary biology in non-human animals. It becomes evident that nature’s binary classification is an oversimplification. “Biological sex is not merely about distinguishing species that produce sperm from those that produce eggs,” he asserts. Consider fish like eels, clownfish, and wrasse, which can naturally change sex. Within birds and mammals (including humans), numerous variations exist, including intersex individuals.

Gender fluidity is far more prevalent among animals than traditionally understood, affecting not just reproductive roles but also behaviors and social structures. For example, hyenas, known for their matrilineal society, exhibit females possessing a “pseudopenis,” which aids in food competition and complicates pregnancy.

By highlighting this diversity, Sun urges a paradigm shift regarding sex and gender, advocating for a perspective that embraces differences as “natural and adaptive aspects of life’s continuum.” He concludes: “The rigid male/female binary is increasingly recognized as limited and outdated.”

In previous discussions, Sun has expressed a desire to infuse scientific insights into debates about diversity and social justice. He effectively meets this goal through a science-focused approach, enriched with examples from the natural world. Indeed, he posits that the immense diversity of non-human life and the numerous unanswered questions about reproduction should inspire us to welcome complexity and openness.

We may presume to understand the fundamentals of life, yet even Sun closes the book in awe of “how little we truly grasp.”

Elle Hunt – Writer based in Norwich, UK.

3 Great Reads on Sex and Evolution

The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Humanity
Written by Matt Ridley

Check out this essential 1993 favorite, praised by Lixing Sun for shaping contemporary views on sex and gender with its “sharp wit and engaging prose.”

The Evolution of Sex: How 500 Million Years of Sex, Gender, and Mating Have Shaped Modern Human Relationships Written by Nathan H. Lentz

This witty and insightful book showcases the remarkable diversity of sexual behaviors in animals while providing crucial lessons about human sexual diversity.

Intimate Animals: The Science of Love, Loyalty, and Connection
Written by Justin Garcia

This 2026 publication explores human attraction and emotional bonds. Justin Garcia, an esteemed evolutionary biologist and executive director of the Kinsey Institute, brings his expertise to the science of dating.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Human Activity is Impacting Sex Change in Animals

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Approximately 2% of the world’s fish species, or about 500 species, are known to change sex at some point during their adult life.

Some species, like the black-spotted fish (as shown above), switch from female to male periodically. Others, such as clownfish, can change from male to female, while species like coral-dwelling gobies switch genders based on environmental conditions.

This phenomenon is distinct in fish because, unlike mammals and birds, many fish species do not have their sex determined by sex chromosomes.









Environmental cues trigger changes in gene activity, influencing the production of essential hormones and enzymes. A key enzyme, aromatase, plays a critical role by converting male hormones into female ones and changing gonads into ovaries.

Social dynamics can also act as environmental signals. Clark clownfish, for instance, live among sea anemones in small groups during the breeding season. If a breeding female passes away, the largest subordinate male is known to change sex and assume her role.

Changes in water quality can signal a shift in gender as well.

Research indicates that pollutants entering rivers can induce male fish to exhibit female traits, such as spawning behaviors.

Furthermore, a 2008 study found that a mere 1 to 2 degrees Celsius increase in water temperature could skew the sex ratio of certain fish towards a higher male count.

Some sex changes are advantageous; for example, clownfish evolve to switch genders as a survival strategy to enhance reproduction. However, human activities are disrupting natural sex change processes.

Polluting rivers or warming oceans presents severe risks to future aquatic species.

This article addresses the question posed by Alex Jackson via email: “How can animals switch gender?”

For inquiries, feel free to email us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or connect with us Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram and include your name and location.

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Anniebot Review: Exploring the Controversial Novel on Sex Robots

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Explore New Scientist's website and magazine for the latest science news, expert insights on technology, health, and environmental developments.

“Annie Bott” by Sierra Greer was the Book Club’s January pick

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The New Scientist Book Club transitioned from classic science fiction reads to a contemporary choice in January with Sierra Greer’s award-winning novel, Anniebot, the recipient of the 2025 Arthur C. Clarke Award.

I felt a mixture of apprehension and excitement when announcing this book to our community. Anniebot explores the haunting tale of a sex robot entangled in a toxic, abusive relationship. With its darker themes and explicit scenes, I aimed to prepare readers for its intense narrative. Some found the scene in the cupboard particularly disturbing.

As anticipated, reactions varied. While a few opted out early due to the heavy content, many engaged deeply with the story, which sparked significant discussion (and disagreements) among members.

Let’s highlight some positive perspectives. I personally appreciated how Greer navigated the fine line between explicitness and narrative depth, steering clear of simply becoming “roboporn.” During my interview with her, she affirmed her intention to avoid categorizing the book as erotica. To me, she succeeded. Each scene, while uncomfortable, provoked thought about humanity and freedom. Annie’s existence raises questions: is she less human than primitive robots like Delta? What future awaits her? The marking of a truly impactful read is its lingering questions in your mind.

Laura Akers echoed this sentiment: “Hearing people discuss Annie as though you had no emotional investment was intriguing.” She likened it to pre-feminist exploitation, noting how Annie’s perception of sexual abuse highlighted deeper societal issues.

Annie Arnott shared her initial struggles with the portrayal of sex in Greer’s writing. “Things started off well,” she explained. “But I now carry a profound respect, recognizing the important narrative work being done—perhaps reminiscent of The Yellow Wallpaper. Greer showcases the nuanced experience of many women, culminating in an ending steeped in bitter hope.”

Before delving into the conclusion debate, let’s hear from our insightful reader, Alan Perret. He found Anniebot challenging to complete. “Annie’s plight was so harrowing that while I was relieved to finish, it was a tough journey,” he remarked.

Alan’s critique included insights into Doug’s extreme brutality, stating, “While Doug isn’t questioned about his humanity, it’s evident he lacks the vital traits that define it. Interestingly, Annie, despite not being human, displays more empathy than he does. Does that imply that humanity is merely about biological composition?”

Though Alan pointed out some plot inconsistencies—like Annie’s need for exercise—he and I both left with many profound questions after finishing the book. “I’m glad to have read it, as it pushed boundaries many would shy away from,” he concluded.

In contrast, Jennifer Bertrand struggled to connect with Annie. “The narrative reminded me constantly of her artificial nature, hindering any empathy,” she noted, wondering if Doug treated real humans poorly too.

Niall Leighton, while recognizing Greer’s strong character study, felt it lacked a nuanced exploration of AI autonomy. “I wanted deeper analysis on male behaviors within the existing patriarchal context,” he expressed. “While the book is disturbing, it didn’t offer the groundbreaking feminist perspective I hoped for.”

Jacqueline Farrand additionally criticized the absence of distinct science fiction elements in Anniebot, echoing sentiments shared by Phil Gursky, who viewed it as a raw tale of abuse.

Annie’s resolution brought a divided response. Many, including Pauline Moncrief, expressed relief that it concluded positively. In contrast, Karen Sears found the ending unsatisfactory, feeling it lacked depth. Ken Lynch too expressed disappointment, viewing Annie’s freedom as diminishing her agency. Nonetheless, he recognized the book’s ambition in tackling difficult themes.

Amid the discussions, Octavia Butler’s name frequently resurfaced, with many praising her ability to address similar themes with greater depth.

“After immersing myself in Butler’s works, I found her talent for weaving themes of slavery and oppression far more compelling,” Jennifer noted.

Members also discussed Greer’s depiction of race and recommended other books touching on similar themes, including Sarah Gary’s Echo Wife and Joanna Sinisalo’s chilling commentary on patriarchy in The Core of the Sun.

These suggestions are excellent, but I encourage our readers to finish the upcoming February books first. This novel stands as a monumental literary piece that will continue to resonate. Next in the New Scientist Book Club is Tim Winton’s Juice, depicting a future Australia plagued by devastation, questioning what led to this reality. Our science fiction critic, Emily H. Wilson, found it profoundly impactful upon its hardcover release. Prepare to explore the complexities of our world through this engaging read, and don’t forget to join the discussion in our book club or Facebook group here.

For immediate help, reach out to the UK Domestic Abuse Helpline at 0808 2000 247. using safe equipment. Click here for helplines in 46 countries.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring the Unique Challenges of Writing from a Sex Robot’s Perspective

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Explore science news and in-depth articles in New Scientist, covering advancements in technology, health, and the environment.

Anniebot: Programmed to Please Her Owner Doug

Leon Steele/Millennium Images, UK

Writing Anniebot from a non-human perspective required significant creative effort as it’s narrated in the third person. Although Annie does not serve as a traditional narrator, her limited viewpoint immerses readers in her thoughts and perceptions, showcasing her strengths and limitations. This narrative approach draws readers into her experiences, creating a unique lens through which to view a complex relationship.

Set in a not-so-distant future, the novel revolves around Annie, a sex robot designed to cater to her human partner, Doug—a recently divorced man grappling with loneliness and self-esteem issues. As he puts Annie into self-study mode, his intentions are to shape her into a perfect companion who fulfills his desires, both emotionally and physically.

While Annie yearns to meet Doug’s expectations, her core programming is centered around his satisfaction. This relentless drive to please manifests most vividly in their intimate moments, where Annie seeks validation in fulfilling Doug’s wishes. However, her sensitivity to his emotional state creates an underlying tension, as she constantly gauges his mood, wrestling with her own sense of autonomy and self-worth.

Crafting Annie was both a captivating and daunting process. I envisioned a cutting-edge biotechnology that would allow her to appear almost human, exploring how her cognitive processes shaped her identity. Striking a balance between technical authenticity and relatable character development required careful consideration. Annie’s voice evolved gradually, becoming richer and more layered as the narrative progressed, enhancing her emotional depth.

I approached writing organically, letting Annie’s character unfold organically through her interactions with Doug. This process revealed her distinct voice—innocent yet perceptive—contrasting with her sophisticated sexual persona. I was intentional about allowing her gradual moral growth and emotional reflection throughout the story, culminating in a multifaceted character grappling with loss and desire.

Sex is a pivotal theme in the novel, serving to enhance character development and propel the narrative. It symbolizes various dynamics within Doug and Annie’s relationship, from moments of vulnerability to power struggles. As their connection evolves, physical intimacy becomes both an expression of love and a source of tension, redefining their emotional landscape.

As Annie’s character unfolds, readers discover unforeseen complexities that challenge Doug’s preconceived notions. The interplay between control and autonomy shapes their relationship, revealing Annie’s gradual awareness of her own humanity. Although she remains tethered to Doug, her journey is rich with emotion, humor, and poignant revelations.

Diving into the consciousness of characters like Annie allows readers to explore complex themes of empathy and identity. Through creating Annie, I discovered the depth of her experiences and the duality of her existence—an exploration that ultimately resonates with the human condition.

Sierra Greer is the Arthur C. Clarke Award-winning author of Anniebot (The Borough Press), featured in New Scientist Book Club’s January reading selection. Join the book club to explore it together here.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring the Mystery: Why Japanese People Are Having Less Sex

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A survey indicates that young Japanese individuals are engaging in sexual activity less frequently. Recent reviews explore this trend – and the reasons remain unclear.

The survey estimates that approximately half of Japanese individuals enter their mid-20s without any sexual experience, with around 10% reaching their 30s before becoming sexually active.

Even those who have had sexual experiences are reportedly engaging in sex infrequently. Online surveys from the 2020s reveal that about half of Japanese adults aged 20 to 49 are sexually inactive, meaning they have not engaged in sexual activity over the past year.

This national decline appears to have worsened in recent decades, with both sexual inexperience and inactivity rates increasing since 2000.

In contrast, by 2002, just over one-third of Japanese adults aged 20 to 24 reported never having had sex. By the 2020s, this figure could rise to 60% for men and 51% for women in that same age group, according to recent survey data.

These findings emerge from a review of Japanese sexual attitudes and behaviors published in the Journal of Sex Research.

The authors of the study analyzed 38 publications based on 43 studies regarding sexual trends in Japan from 1974 to 2024, most of which were conducted within a heterosexual context.

Among their discoveries were notable increases in sexlessness within marriages, alongside the rise of pornography and the use of sex workers, especially among men.

For instance, surveys from 2008 to 2024 noted that up to 60% of Japanese men reported having paid for sex at some point.

Globally, young individuals in high-income countries are also having less sex. A 2019 survey highlighted that nearly one-third of British respondents hadn’t engaged in sexual activity in the previous month, a rise from about one-quarter in 2001.

However, the authors emphasize that Japan has a unique context, where “sexual behavior is often depicted as perplexing and contradictory, blending expectations of permissiveness with those of prudence.”

While the authors were uncertain about the reasons behind the declining sexual frequency among Japanese adults, they proposed several potential explanations.

One possibility is that many simply lack interest. A 2020 online survey discovered that 20 to 30 percent of men aged 20 to 39 expressed a disinterest in sex, as did approximately 40 percent of women in the same age range.

The authors speculated that unmarried individuals in their 20s and 30s might be reluctant to invest time and money in dating someone they might not marry.

According to the study’s authors, Japanese society remains predominantly heteronormative, with limited acceptance and recognition of non-heterosexual identities. In some surveys, as few as 1.5 percent identified as gay – Credit: Getty Images

Furthermore, for women, cultural expectations to handle most household responsibilities may diminish the appeal of marriage.

Additionally, the authors noted that Japanese adults seem less embarrassed about being virgin or celibate compared to their counterparts in countries like the United States and the United Kingdom.

Alternative sexual outlets have also grown more acceptable; for example, romantic feelings directed towards fictional characters.

A 2017 survey of Japanese students aged 16 to 22 found that 14 to 17 percent admitted to having romantic feelings for video game and anime characters.

Simultaneously, the authors observed that a demanding work culture, characterized by long hours and commutes, may hinder young individuals from forming and maintaining sexual relationships. In Japan, about 30 percent of men and 15 percent of women work over 50 hours per week.

Sex education in Japan is limited, with few women utilizing hormonal contraception and a lack of acceptance for non-heterosexual identities.

Dr. Vanessa Appea, a consultant in sexual health at Barts Health NHS Trust, who was not involved in the study, expressed that the findings are “shocking” regarding the evolving priorities of young people in Japan.

“Instead of a waning desire, the evidence suggests broader social and economic influences at play, including long working hours, job insecurity, shifting gender roles, and a cultural emphasis on stability over partnership,” Appiah said.

“Though declining sexual frequency is noted in the UK and the US, the trend in Japan is more pronounced. This may signal an early indication of a global shift where technology, work culture, and modern expectations are reshaping how we connect and experience intimacy.”

However, Apea urged caution regarding the study’s conclusions since the data stem from a broader survey, and participants may have differing interpretations of their sexual experiences.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Reasons Young People Are Choosing to Forego Sex

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Numerous factors are contributing to the decrease in sexual activity among young individuals.

Frazao Studio Latino/Getty Images

The comedy film No sex please – we’re British. debuted in 1973, featuring a predominantly young cast and a plethora of double entendres. Fast forward fifty years, and the title seems more relevant than ever, especially among younger generations. A notable decline in sexual activity among teenagers and young adults has been observed over recent decades. For more insights, check out what’s happening in the UK.

According to the General Social Survey, a longstanding sociological project, 12 percent of 18- to 29-year-olds in the United States reported not engaging in sexual activity in 2010. By 2024, this figure has doubled.

Similar trends are apparent in high-income nations such as Australia and Germany. Japan stands out in this trend, with recent reviews indicating that about half of its populace has limited sexual experience until their mid-20s. This phenomenon could contribute to Japan witnessing more deaths than births, as projected by then-Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba, who labeled 2024 a “quiet emergency.” So, what’s triggering this situation, and is it genuinely an emergency?

Kay Wellings of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine notes that the frequency of sexual activity is always in flux. In the 1950s, many people postponed sexual relations until marriage, but the introduction of contraceptives in the 1960s spurred a “buzz” around guilt-free sexual experiences. The AIDS crisis in the 1980s shifted attitudes once again, leading to more cautious behaviors, but the 1990s seemed to herald a return to a more open approach.

A definitive cause for the current decrease in sexual activity remains elusive. Some experts suggest that today’s challenging economic landscape hinders young people’s independence. By 2023, 18% of individuals aged 25 to 34 in the U.S. lived with their parents—up from 9% in 2000. “Living at home doesn’t typically create the ideal setting for sexual activities,” states Luke Branning from the University of Leeds, UK.

High youth unemployment rates, especially in regions like the UK, could partly elucidate why many young individuals seem to be experiencing increased sexual inactivity. This relative decline is notably pronounced among men, with studies indicating that unemployment or low income elevates the chances of sexual inactivity. “A man’s financial situation shouldn’t enhance his attractiveness, yet research shows this trend is prevalent,” remarks Peter Ueda from Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.

Rising alcohol consumption could also render young people more inhibited. A study by Gallup revealed that the percentage of Americans aged 18 to 34 who consume alcohol has dropped from 72% to 62% in the last two decades. Conversely, the proportion of those aged 55 and older who drink surged from 49% to 59%. “This change is seen as ‘generationally sensitive’,” Wellings explains. “Young people drinking less correlates with less sexual activity.”

Additionally, technological advancements may have led to a shift in interactions. A study indicated that younger individuals might prioritize digital communication over face-to-face interactions. While digital encounters facilitate connections, sexual activity typically necessitates physical closeness. “Gen Z is often dubbed the most connected yet loneliest generation, as they engage primarily through screens,” states Natasha McKeever from the University of Leeds. “Such circumstances may exacerbate anxieties regarding personal interactions.”

While dating apps have simplified the process of connection, they have existed since the early 2010s and haven’t necessarily driven up sexual activity among young individuals. “These applications don’t inherently promote sexual encounters; their design often encourages repeated engagement with the app,” says Andrus Colt from the University of Galway, Ireland. Presently, an increasing number of users are choosing to log off, with studies hinting at a link between dating app usage and rising levels of depression and anxiety .

Mental health issues may also be a significant factor in declining sexual activity, as noted in a report by The Lancet Psychiatry, which cautions that young people might be entering a perilous phase regarding these challenges. “If individuals are feeling low, they may lack the motivation for sexual encounters,” Branning asserts. This anxiety can become self-perpetuating—”the less sexual experience one has, the more daunting the act may become,” McKeever adds. “So, for those who haven’t engaged in sexual activity for an extended period, the desire might still be there, combined with anxiety about the experience.”

For many, this decline raises concerns, given that sexual activity is linked to improved health and enhanced quality of life, with roughly half of women and two-thirds of men expressing a desire for more sexual encounters . “A decline in sexual activity suggests that increasing numbers of people are struggling to find meaning and value in their lives,” asserts Lyman Stone of the Virginia Family Institute.

Conversely, some individuals argue that young people aren’t adversely affected by this trend, as many appear content with their circumstances. A study surveying straight Japanese men aged 18 to 39 showed that approximately half of unattached individuals are disinterested in romantic relationships. “Today’s youth are likely more engaged in work opportunities than ever before,” McKeever observes. “There’s an expanded array of travel possibilities and career paths available. Sex is just one of many fulfilling aspects of life.”

Shifts in societal attitudes may also account for the decreasing stigma surrounding those who choose not to engage in sexual activity. McKeever notes that rising awareness around consent, influenced perhaps by the #MeToo movement, could lead to more young people feeling comfortable identifying as asexual. “In the past, many felt that having sex was a necessary milestone or something to prove one’s worth. Now, I believe youth today possess a greater understanding of personal choices.”

Understanding how sexual behaviors have evolved among youth is limited by data challenges. Responses may vary significantly based on question formats—be it verbal, online surveys, or influenced by societal taboos. “In environments with a lot of stigma, individuals tend to underreport their experiences. Conversely, if sexual activity is viewed positively, there’s a likelihood of overreporting,” explains Wellings. Additionally, study outcomes often vary in how they define gender and the youth demographic.

Moreover, volunteer bias complicates the reliability of findings. Certain demographic groups are more inclined to participate in research, resulting in findings that may not accurately represent the general population. “The online demographic often skews towards younger, childless individuals,” adds Stone.

Regardless of precise statistics, researchers agree that young people today engage in sexual activity less frequently compared to older generations at the same age, similar to trends observed in Japan, where this has occurred alongside historically low birth rates in places like England and the U.S..

As the number of births declines, can we classify this phenomenon as a societal emergency? “No, historical patterns suggest that activity levels will rebound as conditions evolve,” states Colt. “The decline in youth sexual activity isn’t an endpoint for humanity,” he concludes.

“I find no convincing evidence that this situation signifies a crisis,” McKeever remarks. However, if policymakers are genuinely concerned about declining sexual activity, they should consider solutions. “Engaging in less sexual activity than previous generations may demonstrate a broader issue of alienation. Politicians ought to address these challenges—sexual activity tends to follow as a natural consequence,” Colt asserts.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Testosterone Boosts Sex Drive During Menopause – Could It Alleviate Other Symptoms Too?

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Therapy that balances testosterone and estrogen reduces menopausal symptoms

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The menopause can bring a host of challenging symptoms such as mood fluctuations, difficulties in concentration, and a decline in sexual drive. Hormone replacement therapy is commonly sought to alleviate these issues, primarily focusing on restoring estrogen and progesterone levels, which drop significantly during midlife. Recent studies indicate that testosterone may also play a crucial role in managing various menopausal symptoms beyond just libido, including mood improvement and muscle retention.

While typically categorized as a male hormone, testosterone is also present in women, albeit at lower levels—approximately ten times less than in men. Dr. Sarah Glynn, a contributor to menopause treatment guidelines at the British Society of Sexual Medicine, notes that limited understanding of testosterone’s effects has hindered research in this area, but recent findings are changing that narrative. Increasing evidence highlights the hormone’s crucial role in women’s sexual health and its potential benefits for cognitive, muscular, skeletal, and urinary function.

Approximately half of a woman’s testosterone is produced by the ovaries, with the remainder being synthesized by the adrenal glands. Testosterone levels generally peak in the 20s and begin to decline gradually after age 30, with production halving by middle age. Dr. Sharon Parrish from Cornell University mentions that although this decline often coincides with menopause, it may not be a direct result of it.

We know little about the health implications of this decline, but it is evident that it can reduce sexual interest. “[Testosterone] plays a critical role in sexual function,” states Dr. Joan Pinkerton from UVA Health in Virginia, influencing factors such as sexual arousal, desire, and lubrication. Consequently, it makes sense that nearly half of menopausal and postmenopausal women experience issues with sexual desire, with a leading cause being hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD)—a distressing lack of sexual fantasies or desire lasting at least six months. In a survey of 1,800 postmenopausal women in Europe, over one-third reported reduced desire and more than half indicated decreased interest in sex.

The notion that low testosterone contributes to diminished sex drive was established in the 1940s. Numerous studies have consistently shown that testosterone replacement therapy can enhance sexual function in menopausal women. For instance, a 2005 report involving 533 women who underwent hysterectomies noted that those receiving testosterone patches along with estrogen reported more satisfying sexual experiences than those on estrogen alone. A similar study in 2010 corroborated these findings with 272 menopausal participants.

In 2019, a meta-analysis encompassing over 80 studies involving 8,480 women demonstrated that testosterone treatment for postmenopausal women significantly heightened sexual desire and increased frequency of sexual satisfaction, arousal, orgasm, and overall self-esteem. This study garnered support from approximately 12 medical organizations, including the International Menopause Society, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and the North American Menopause Society, which endorsed the use of testosterone for HSDD.

Testosterone enhances sex drive by interacting with brain receptors that activate the neural pathways governing desire, explains Parrish. Thus far, only four countries—Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the UK—have approved women-specific testosterone products. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has yet to approve these, citing insufficient data on potential long-term side effects. Nevertheless, Professor Parrish argues this caution is unwarranted, stating that some studies have tracked participants for years without revealing increased risks of cardiovascular, breast, or uterine issues.

“Most healthcare providers focused on menopausal women seek an FDA-approved testosterone therapy that is both safe and effective. We genuinely believe there’s an urgent need for such treatments, particularly concerning sexual health,” Pinkerton comments.

Finding the Right Balance

Women report feeling more like themselves after menopausal hormone treatment

Cavan Image/Alamy

Some medical professionals believe that testosterone therapy can extend benefits beyond just sexual health. A 2023 analysis covering seven studies found that testosterone may contribute to increased muscle mass, reduction in body fat, and improvements in insulin sensitivity and cholesterol levels. In 2024, Glynne and her team assessed hormone therapy in 510 women experiencing perimenopause and menopause who were also on estrogen. After four months, around 50% reported fewer anxiety episodes and less crying, while approximately 40% noted improvements in mood, focus, and fatigue. More than a third experienced enhanced memory and reduced irritability. “Common feedback is that women feel more like themselves—stronger and more empowered,” states Glynn.

Yet, skepticism remains. Pinkerton cautions that many of these studies lacked control groups, relying heavily on self-reports, which raises questions about whether improvements were genuinely due to testosterone or might be attributed to a placebo effect. “There’s some evidence concerning cognition, mood, muscle strength, cardiovascular health, and bone health, but the lack of substantial randomized controlled trial efficacy and safety data doesn’t justify recommendations for these issues,” Parrish remarks.

Most clinical trials combine testosterone therapy with estrogen, though some studies indicate that testosterone alone can effectively enhance sexual function. However, due to frequent side effects such as acne and excessive hair growth, it is generally not advised. Glynne prefers to prescribe estrogen initially, adding testosterone only if symptoms remain unresolved.

Experts agree that comprehensive clinical trials focusing on testosterone’s impacts beyond sexual health are urgently needed. Questions concerning optimal timing, dosage, and duration also persist, as Pinkerton highlights.

What stands out is that many current menopause treatments fall short for numerous individuals, particularly those with a history of hormone-sensitive breast cancer who are hesitant to undergo estrogen therapy due to concerns regarding potential tumor growth or recurrence. “This represents a significant gap in knowledge, and we need more data,” Glynn concludes.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

The Evolution of Our Large Brains: The Role of Placental Sex Hormones

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Influence of Uterine Hormones on Human Brain Development

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The human brain stands as one of the universe’s most intricate structures, potentially shaped by the surge of hormones released by the placenta during pregnancy.

Numerous theories have emerged regarding the evolution of the human brain, yet it remains one of science’s greatest enigmas. The social brain hypothesis posits that our expansive brains evolved to navigate complicated social interactions. This suggests that managing dynamics in larger groups necessitates enhanced cognitive abilities, and that species with strong social inclinations require increased brain development. Comparable highly social animals, like dolphins and elephants, possess significant brain sizes too; however, the biological mechanisms linking these features are still unclear.

Recently, Alex Tsompanidis from Cambridge University and his team propose that a placental sex hormone might be the key. The placenta, a temporary organ bridging the fetus and the mother, releases hormones crucial for fetal development, including sex hormones like estrogens and androgens.

“It may sound like a stretch, linking human evolution to the placenta,” notes Tsompanidis. “However, we’ve observed fluctuations in these hormone levels in utero and predicted outcomes regarding language and social development, among other areas.”

Recent studies indicate these hormones significantly impact brain development. For instance, a 2022 study revealed that administering androgens like testosterone to brain organoids—a simplified brain model derived from human stem cells—during crucial developmental stages led to an increased number of cortical cells and expansion in regions vital for memory and cognition. Other investigations involving brain organoids have highlighted the importance of estrogens in forming and solidifying neural connections.

Limited evidence suggests that humans experience greater exposure to these hormones during pregnancy compared to non-human primates. A 1983 study indicated that gorillas and chimpanzees excrete 4-5 times less estrogen than pregnant humans. Additionally, human placentas exhibit greater gene activity associated with aromatase—an enzyme converting androgens to estrogens—compared to macaques.

“These hormones appear crucial for brain development. Evidence indicates significantly elevated levels in humans, especially during pregnancy,” asserts Tsompanidis.

This influx of hormones may also clarify why humans form larger social networks. Some evolutionary biologists theorize that differences between sexes are subtler in humans than in other primates, fostering broader social connections. For instance, men and women exhibit greater size similarity in comparison to male and female Neanderthals, suggests Tsompanidis, likely a result of elevated estrogen levels in utero.

“High estrogen levels not only reduce masculinization but may also foster a more interconnected brain,” Tsompanidis explains. “Thus, the drive to elevate estrogen levels promotes social cohesion and interconnectedness, integral to human brain development.”

David Geary from the University of Missouri agrees that placental genes influence human brain development and its evolutionary path. However, he believes the significance of male-male competition in brain and cognitive evolution is often underestimated.

He notes that human males within the same groups tend to exhibit more coordination and less aggression compared to other primates—a trait that may have evolved due to intergroup conflicts. Enhanced teamwork and coordination could significantly benefit survival during life-threatening confrontations.

Our understanding of placental differences among primates remains limited. Many non-human primates, such as chimpanzees, consume their placenta post-birth, complicating research efforts, as Tsompanidis highlights.

Unraveling the factors that influenced human brain evolution is not merely an academic endeavor; it also brings insights into human nature.

“Not every human possesses extensive social or linguistic skills, and that’s perfectly acceptable—these traits don’t define humanity,” Tsompanidis remarks. Understanding the brain’s evolutionary journey can illuminate whether certain cognitive attributes come with trade-offs.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

The Future of Human Reproduction: Could the End of Sex be Near?

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Sex in the future is expected to evolve due to technological advancements. While people will continue to engage in sexual activities, the reasons for doing so may change. The focus may shift from procreation through sex to other methods of reproduction, supported by emerging technologies.

In the past, reproduction mainly relied on natural processes like sexual intercourse. However, with the advent of artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization, the landscape of reproduction started changing. Now, with the development of in vitro gametogenesis (IVG) which involves creating eggs and sperm from skin cells, the possibilities are expanding further.

The idea of creating genetic parents from people of any age, including deceased individuals, raises ethical questions. The potential to generate eggs from male skin cells and vice versa could revolutionize reproduction. With advancements like creating embryos from the same person’s eggs and sperm, the concept of multi-parenting emerges, where genetic contributions come from multiple individuals.

Furthermore, the ability to modify fetal DNA through technologies like CRISPR opens up possibilities to prevent genetic diseases in offspring, although concerns about its misuse for enhancing abilities remain.

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Artificial wombs are another field of research that could redefine reproduction. The concept of growing fetuses outside the human body challenges traditional pregnancy norms. While advancements in creating artificial wombs could benefit premature babies, the implications for society are vast. From potentially eliminating the need for pregnancy to growing organs like the uterus, the future of reproduction is full of possibilities.

The evolving landscape of reproductive technologies requires careful consideration of ethical implications and safety concerns. While these advancements offer exciting prospects, ensuring the well-being of babies and embryos remains a top priority in utilizing these technologies responsibly.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

UK Case Ruling Prohibits Sex Offenders from Utilizing AI Tools

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A convicted sex offender who created over 1,000 indecent images of children has been forbidden from using any “AI creation tools” for the next five years, marking a significant case in this realm.

Anthony Dover, 48, was instructed by a British court in February not to use artificial intelligence-generated tools without prior police authorization, as part of a sexual harm prevention order issued in February.

The prohibition extends to tools like text-image generators that produce realistic-looking photos from written commands, as well as the manipulation of websites used to generate explicit “deepfake” content.

Mr. Dover, who received a community order and a £200 fine, was specifically directed not to utilize the Stable Diffusion software known to be exploited by pedophiles to create surreal child sexual abuse material.

This case is part of a series of prosecutions where AI-generated images have come to the forefront, prompting warnings from charities regarding the proliferation of such images of sexual abuse.

Last week, the government announced the creation of a new crime that makes it illegal to produce sexually explicit deepfakes of individuals over 18 without their consent, with severe penalties for offenders.

Using synthetic child sexual abuse material, whether real or AI-generated, has been illegal under laws since the 1990s, leading to recent prosecutions involving lifelike images produced using tools like Photoshop.

These tools are increasingly being used to combat the dangers posed by sophisticated synthetic content, as evidenced by recent court cases involving the distribution of such images.

The Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) emphasized the urgent need to address the production of AI-generated child sexual abuse images, warning about the rise of such content and its chilling realism.

Law enforcement agencies and charities are working to tackle this growing trend of AI-generated images, with concerns rising about the production of deepfake content and the impact on victims.

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Efforts are underway to address the growing concern over AI-generated images and deepfake content, with calls for technology companies to prevent the creation and distribution of such harmful material.

The decision to restrict adult sex offenders from using AI tools may pave the way for increased surveillance of those convicted of indecent image offenses, highlighting the need for proactive measures to safeguard against future violations.

While restrictions on internet use for sex offenders have existed, limitations on AI tools have not been common, underscoring the gravity of this case and its implications for future legal actions.

The company behind Stable Diffusion, Stability AI, has taken steps to prevent abuse of their software, emphasizing the importance of responsible technology use and compliance with legal guidelines.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Does biological sex impact cancer susceptibility?

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Cancer is the leading cause of death in humans, accounting for almost 13% of deaths worldwide. Global Health Observatory by the World Health Organization. Biological males (or those assigned male at birth) account for 56% of cancer-related deaths, while biological females (or those assigned female at birth) account for only 44%.

The researchers showed that these differences between biological sexes are not limited to mortality rates, but are also evident in cancer development, progression, and treatment. For example, in the United States, women have a higher risk of developing breast and thyroid cancers, while men are more likely to develop prostate, colon, and stomach cancers.

Doctors also found that women tend to have colorectal cancer more often on the right side of the body, while men tend to have colorectal cancer more often on the left side of the body. Doctors want to know how biological sex affects different aspects of cancer so they can develop treatments tailored to a patient’s gender.

A team of scientists from Adityunchanagiri Pharmaceutical University in Karnataka state, India recently reviewed research on the role of biological sex in cancer. They explained that because every cell in the human body is controlled by DNA, gender can influence cancer growth at the genetic, molecular, and hormonal levels. Every patient’s biological sex changes the types of hormones and enzymes they produce, as well as the way their bodies respond to and metabolize carcinogens.

Researchers have previously found that men and women have different immune responses to cancer and chemotherapy. Women tend to have stronger immune systems that respond more strongly to cancer than men. The researchers suggested that this discrepancy may explain why fewer women die from cancer.

They also looked at data from doctors treating cancer patients and showed that similar treatments for male and female patients with the same cancer diagnosis resulted in different levels of side effects. For example, female cancer patients experience higher levels of drug-induced toxicity, infection, nausea, and vomiting during treatment than male cancer patients. They found that some anti-cancer treatments can even cause women to develop diabetes.

The researchers concluded that cancer behaves differently in male and female patients. However, despite differences in immune responses and side effects, physicians are still unable to customize immunotherapy treatments for different patients based on their biological sex. They suggested that the typical “one size fits all” approach to cancer treatment could be better tailored to specific cancer patients.

They recommended that drug companies test how new drugs affect male and female cancer patients during clinical trials before the drugs are approved. They suggested that drug companies could use this data to better estimate how much medication male and female patients should take, or for how long. They proposed that treatments tailored to each patient’s biological sex could help doctors treat patients in a more efficient manner with minimal side effects.


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Source: sciworthy.com

Owner of Pornhub settles sex trafficking investigation with US government for $1.8 million

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Paid by Pornhub’s parent company Aylo Holdings $1.8 million to the US government To resolve charges of profiting from sex trafficking. The company, formerly known as MindGeek, will enter into a deferred prosecution agreement, which means a monitor will be appointed to monitor Aylo and its compliance efforts for three years.

Aylo-owned Pornhub and other adult content sites have come under fire for failing to control third-party uploads of adult content. In the worst-case scenario, sex trafficking victims may end up appearing in these adult girlfriend videos against their will or without their knowledge.

This particular investigation by the US Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of New York focuses on a network called GirlsDoPorn (GDP), which has been posting videos to Pornhub and other Airo websites since 2009. By 2019, a federal grand jury in the Southern District of California had issued an indictment. GDP and other charges related to sex trafficking. But Mr. Airo’s own court papers filed this week show that he profited from the contents of GDP. In a press release, authorities said they were “not aware” that Airo hosted videos in which many women had no idea they were being filmed or that these videos would be shared with the public. or should have known,” he said in a press release. The release also states that many of these women filed complaints with Airo between 2016 and 2019 and that the videos were posted without their consent. However, the network’s videos were removed from Pornhub and other sites months after GDP was convicted of sex trafficking.

“This resolution would not only monitor the world’s largest online content distribution companies and ensure their lawful conduct, but also establish industry-wide standards for safety and compliance,” U.S. Attorney Brion Pierce said in a statement. I will do it,” he said.

2020, Pornhub introduced A number of new features have been added, including preventing video downloads and requiring users to authenticate before posting videos.platform too hired a law firmKaplan Hecker & Fink LLP will conduct an independent review of the company’s content compliance.

The newly renamed Aylo had a turbulent few years. MindGeek’s CEO and COO both left the company before the company was sold to a brand new private equity firm, strategically named Ethical Capital Partners.

Earlier this week, Pornhub, Stripchat and XVideos were added to the list of platforms subject to the most stringent regulations under the European Union’s Digital Services Act (DSA). The law requires platforms to comply with certain child protection regulations, among other safeguards. Once the EU code of conduct on age-appropriate design is finalized, it could mean these platforms will have to carry out strict age checks. This means users must verify their age and identity through official means (instead of simply checking a box indicating they are an adult).

Already in the US, many states, including Louisiana, Mississippi, Virginia and Utah, require adult websites to perform age verification checks before allowing users access.

When either of these measures first went into effect in Louisiana, Pornhub required visitors to verify their age. LA wallet app, a digital wallet for Louisiana driver’s licenses. However, when these laws were expanded to other states, Pornhub chose to completely block access in those locations.

“Since [adding age verification]traffic in Louisiana decreased by approximately 80%,” Pornhub wrote in the article. statement. “Those guys didn’t stop looking for porn. It just transitioned into place.”

privacy advocate People are speaking out against these measures because of the potential consequences of sharing government IDs to use the internet. Although these measures are intended to protect children, they have the unintended effect of compromising their online anonymity. Additionally, it is not at all uncommon for hackers to break into government databases, and if these verification tools are not secure, data about who is accessing what kind of content on the internet can easily fall into the wrong hands. There is a possibility that the

This puts MPs in a difficult position. It is difficult to promote internet regulation and safety without creating a slew of new problems.

Source: techcrunch.com