Tag Archives: concern

Rising Atmospheric Hydrogen: A Potential Climate Concern

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Hydrogen can indirectly warm the atmosphere

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Hydrogen levels in the atmosphere have surged by 60% since the pre-industrial era, underscoring the significant influence of fossil fuel use on the Earth’s atmospheric makeup. While hydrogen itself isn’t a greenhouse gas, it contributes to warming indirectly through its interactions with other substances.

The research findings stem from the first comprehensive long-term observations of atmospheric hydrogen, which are derived from ice core data collected in Greenland in 2024. “Ice core records are incredible,” notes Alex Archibald from Cambridge University.

Being a small and lightweight molecule, hydrogen tends to escape into the atmosphere easily, often leaking from the ice core before it is analyzed in the lab.

To tackle this issue, John Patterson from the University of California, Irvine, and his team examined the ice core samples right after extraction. “We took our equipment out onto the ice. As soon as we extracted the samples, we cleaned and sealed them in a melted chamber for analysis,” he explains.

This approach enabled the researchers to establish a long-term record of atmospheric hydrogen stretching back 1,100 years, marking a significant improvement over previous records that reached only 100 years, largely based on observational data and snowfall analyses. “It’s quite an impressive feat logistically. We’re excited to share these findings,” remarks David Stevenson from the University of Edinburgh, UK.

The study discovered that hydrogen concentrations have risen from roughly 280 parts per billion in the early 19th century to around 530 parts per billion today. According to Patterson, this is not surprising given the rapid increase in fossil fuel usage since the pre-industrial period—when fossil fuels or biomass burn, hydrogen is released as a by-product.

Patterson and his team merged data from ice core records with modeling efforts to illustrate the fluctuations in hydrogen levels over the millennium. “Our data reveals changes in atmospheric composition, but the reasons behind these changes remain unclear,” says Patterson. “We aim to utilize biogeochemical models to investigate these variations.”

Ice cores can reveal historical hydrogen levels in the atmosphere

John Patterson

For instance, evidence from ice cores indicates that atmospheric hydrogen levels dipped by 16% during the so-called Little Ice Age, a cold period from the 16th to the 19th century. The decrease in wildfire emissions during this time does not completely account for the notable drop in hydrogen concentrations, according to Patterson. “This suggests that natural hydrogen biogeochemistry is adapting to climate change in ways we still don’t fully comprehend. This unexpected finding could be significant for future scenarios, indicating that atmospheric hydrogen levels might be more sensitive to climate fluctuations than previously believed,” Patterson cautions.

In the atmosphere, hydrogen competes with methane and engages with hydroxyl radicals, which play a crucial role in eliminating methane from the atmosphere, a potent greenhouse gas. “As hydrogen levels rise, the amount of hydroxyl available to react with methane decreases,” explains Patterson, potentially enhancing methane’s warming effect. “Currently, hydrogen constitutes about half of the total in the atmosphere, contributing approximately 2% to the overall anthropogenic warming effect according to our best estimates.”

Gaining a deeper understanding of the hydrogen cycle is essential to assess whether the widespread adoption of hydrogen fuels, as a transition away from fossil fuels, might lead to unanticipated consequences. For instance, a sudden spike in atmospheric hydrogen could magnify the warming impact of methane. Methane emissions have consistently risen since 2007, influenced by fossil fuel production, agriculture, and warming that releases stored methane from wetlands and permafrost.

“Methane is a significant factor causing us to hesitate in endorsing a hydrogen economy, as it inevitably leads to hydrogen leaks into the atmosphere,” emphasizes Archibald. “If hydrogen escapes into the atmosphere, it worsens the methane issue.”

It might spark discussion over the cautious use of hydrogen, especially if renewable energy cannot sufficiently replace fossil fuels, according to Archibald. Nonetheless, Patterson and other experts highlight that the warming effects from increased hydrogen use are expected to be minimal compared to the considerable warming impact of fossil fuels. “We don’t want to discourage people from pursuing hydrogen energy, as it’s a much cleaner option than its fossil fuel counterparts,” emphasizes Patterson.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Scientists Express Concern Over Emerging Type of Acid Rain

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Researchers have raised concerns about a novel type of acid rain that is becoming increasingly prevalent, complicating efforts to mitigate its impact; I did it poses a hazard to all forms of life on Earth.

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) — a type of persistent “forever chemical” — is now found in rain and snow globally, in concentrations significantly higher than in past decades.

While the exact implications of TFA for human health and the environment remain unclear, some scientists are suggesting that these chemicals I did it may present an existential risk.

“Recent findings indicate that TFA can interfere with critical Earth system processes, such as mammalian embryo development and diminished soil respiration,” stated Professor Hans Peter Alp, a chemist at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, in BBC Science Focus.

Professor Alp’s latest research categorized TFA as a planetary threat comparable to global warming and ozone depletion.

“We are uncertain about the long-term consequences,” he continued. “Due to the global accumulation of TFA, any long-term effects may manifest on a worldwide scale.”

“Moreover, when TFA impacts the environment, it does not break down naturally, making intervention too late. Existing technologies for TFA removal are prohibitively expensive and only applicable in limited scenarios.”

The ARP paper emphasized the necessity of taking proactive measures to curb the rapid buildup of TFA before it is officially deemed an emergency threat.

“In the heating and cooling sectors, this means we must avoid gases that lead to TFA formation,” Alp added.

“Another necessary step is to phase out pesticides and pharmaceuticals that produce TFA during degradation.”

Some nations have already begun taking action. Denmark is leading the charge, having banned 23 pesticide products in July 2025 due to their association with TFA contamination.

TFA is merely one of countless forever chemicals. Other PFAs are linked to health issues such as reproductive problems, fetal deformities, and various cancers – Credit: Chris Macrolin via Getty

TFA belongs to a category of “Forever Chemicals,” more formally known as polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAs), which are notably resistant to degradation.

Among these persistent chemicals, TFA is one of the smallest. It can infiltrate the environment from sources such as refrigerants, aerosols, pesticides, air conditioning units, landfills, and sewage systems. When larger PFAs degrade, they often convert into TFA.

Because of its small size, TFA readily dissolves in water. This property contributes to its prevalence as a persistent chemical, as it is rapidly increasing not only in rain but also in rivers, lakes, groundwater, oceans, vegetation, food, and urine.

The ARP indicated that finding TFA in “previously untouched water resources” could be alarming. This is particularly troubling as TFA is considered nearly impossible to remove from drinking water.

Some scientists suggest that TFA may not pose significant risks to humans because it does not linger or accumulate in our bodies but is quickly excreted through urine.

However, the ARP maintains that new evidence shows an increasing presence of TFA in humans, animals, and ecosystems.

“We observe that TFA can penetrate cells, becoming integral components of lipids, proteins, and cellular structures. This may explain noticed alterations in microbial activity within soil,” stated ARP.

Researchers, including Alp, are exploring methods to eliminate TFA from the environment, such as cultivating crops that can absorb TFA.

Nonetheless, Alp emphasizes that further research is essential to assess the true level of threat posed by TFA. In the meantime, he urges that “the foremost priority is to curtail emissions before irreversible global consequences unfold.”

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About our experts

Professor Hans Peter Alp is a chemist at the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute and a professor at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. His research focuses on how pollutants behave in environments that include microplastics, everlasting chemicals, metals, and more.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

The US Military’s Expanding Carbon Footprint: A Concern That Urges Action—Here’s How They Plan to Reduce It.

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A new study has unveiled the significant carbon footprint of the US military, indicating that even modest budget cuts can lead to substantial reductions in emissions.

Published in the journal PLOS Climate, the study reveals a strong correlation between spending by the US Department of Defense (DOD) and energy consumption, along with greenhouse gas emissions. The authors assert that lowering military expenditures could result in considerable environmental benefits.

The US military stands as the largest emitter of greenhouse gases globally, with an estimated output of 636 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents (a standard measure for greenhouse gas emissions) recorded between 2010 and 2019.

In fact, if the military were classified as a country, its emissions would surpass those of nations like Sweden and Portugal.

Moreover, this data only considers scope 1 and 2 emissions, which are the direct emissions from fuel combustion and purchased electricity. Indirect emissions (scope 3) from factors such as employee travel, waste disposal, and supply chains are not included, indicating that the military’s actual carbon footprint is even larger.

Utilizing public data from 1975 to 2022, Professor Ryan Tomb of Penn State University has examined the relationship between military spending, energy consumption, and consequently greenhouse gas emissions.

As expected, increased military spending leads to higher energy usage, while budget cuts result in decreased consumption. Interestingly, the study found that the reduction in spending had a more pronounced effect on energy consumption than increases did.

“Our findings show that spending reductions correlate with lower energy use, particularly from military facilities, vehicles, equipment, and jet fuel,” Thombs stated in an interview with BBC Science Focus.

“Although further research is required to explore specific mechanisms, these results imply that cutting spending may compel the military to diminish the scale, distance, and frequency of operations more than increased spending would push for expansion,” he added.

More than half of the fuel consumed by the national army is allocated to flying fighter jets. – Christopher Campbell, senior airline in the Air Force

Another potential reason for this trend could be that budget cuts may disproportionately limit aviation activities.

Globally, military jets rank among the most energy-intensive machines. In the US military, jet fuel has accounted for 55% of total energy usage over the last fifty years.

“Given the substantial share of energy consumption, prioritizing a reduction in aviation activities is critical,” Thombs commented. “Aviation is highly energy-intensive, and serious efforts to lessen military emissions should target this area.”

It is widely acknowledged that controlling aviation emissions is challenging. Both military and commercial aviation are often described as “hard-to-abate” sectors that cannot yet transition away from fossil fuels at the scale and energy density currently required.

This suggests that curtailing aviation operations is essential for achieving emissions reductions, according to Thombs.

The research team also outlined projections for various future budget scenarios. They discovered that if military spending were to decrease by 6.59% annually from 2023 to 2032, the DOD could save energy equivalent to the entire energy usage of Slovenia or Delaware. This represents a feasible reduction rate observed over the last 50 years, making it a plausible target.

While the scientific rationale is evident, the political landscape tells a different story. Governments worldwide are increasingly escalating their defense budgets amid a climate fraught with conflict and instability.

On June 26th, President Trump’s administration proposed a $1.01 trillion National Defense Budget for the upcoming fiscal year, marking a 13.4% increase from the previous year.

Despite this trend, Thombs remains hopeful. He believes that with the right framing, it is possible to achieve spending reductions. He pointed to previous proposals by Senators Edward Markey and Bernie Sanders to cut military spending by 10%, redirecting those funds toward jobs, healthcare, and education.

“Framing these reductions in such a manner could be an effective strategy, as reinvesting these resources could significantly enhance people’s lives,” Thombs remarked. “Ultimately, the most effective way to mitigate the social and environmental costs associated with the military is to scale it back.”

Researchers are currently planning to explore why spending cuts yield such exceptional energy savings and whether this trend holds for other major military forces.

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About our experts

Ryan Tomb serves as an assistant professor of rural sociology in the Faculty of Agricultural Economics, Sociology, and Education at Penn State University in the United States. His published research appears in American Sociological Review, Sociological Methodology, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, and Society, along with interdisciplinary journals such as Changes in the Global Environment, Energy Research and Social Sciences, Climate Change, and Environmental Survey Letters.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Real Concern: Video Game Developers Face Accusations of AI Usage Despite Not Implementing It.

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In April, game developer Stamina Zero made a significant marketing move with the launch trailer for their game, Little Droid, available on PlayStation’s official YouTube channel. The developers were taken aback by the reaction; while many found the game intriguing, it was “smashed down” by claims of AI-generated art. However, the cover art, featured in its YouTube thumbnail, was indeed created by a person. Developer Lana Ro stated, “We know the artist and have seen her work, so this negative feedback was unexpected. Initially, we were unsure how to react; it left us confused.”

There’s validity in people’s concerns regarding AI in video games. It’s important to ensure that the media you support aligns with your values. Discussions surrounding generative AI often touch on environmental impact, art theft, and overall quality. Video game developers are navigating how generative AI influences their work. However, the unexpected issue is the strong aversion to generative AI now translating to “Please don’t use it.” Veteran game developer Josh Caratelli, Digital Director of Chess Plus, remarked, “I’m all for caution, but collateral damage can be painful.”

Karatelli and his game, Chess Plus, faced a similar backlash when he shared art on Reddit, explicitly stating it was created without AI assistance. However, he received comments and messages accusing him of dishonesty or suggesting he was deceived. “It’s clearly handcrafted,” he asserted. “We spent a substantial amount to hire an indie artist for the artwork; it was a worthy investment.”




Darth Vader will be appearing in Epic Games’ Fortnite. Photo: Epic Games/Disney/Lucasfilm

Increasingly, games are being scrutinized for instances perceived as AI replacing human labor. (Epic Games has recently faced criticism for AI-generated Darth Vader, as noted). Sometimes, this anger is misdirected at individuals and small businesses, where the assumption is made that AI has been utilized. For example, an artist for Magic: The Gathering faced false accusations about using AI, prompting Wizards of the Coast to issue a statement. Even Nintendo was implicated in using AI-generated images for in-game signs in Mario Kart World back in May, leading to a denial from the company.

Major companies like Wizards of the Coast and Nintendo may weather unfounded accusations, but indie studios with lesser visibility can find it challenging. Released in April, Little Droid features small robots traversing a lush, pixel-art landscape. On the other hand, the cover art showcases the droid in a distinct style, known for the glossy finish typical of AI-generated art. YouTube commenters pointed out details that “prove” the art was AI-generated due to symmetry issues, even though the robot itself is asymmetrical. Stamina Zero consistently maintained that AI was not utilized in creating their game or art.

The studio eventually shared a video claiming to demonstrate the art process, highlighting early art concepts and various layers in Adobe Photoshop to illustrate how the piece was created. “We contacted the artist and insisted on all available intermediate sketches and source PSDs,” Ro explained. “I quickly posted a collection of videos based on the files we had. It was a damage control strategy—a way to calm the situation and promote more productive conversations. We have nothing to hide.”

Some viewers accepted the video as proof that AI was not involved, while others remained skeptical. The video didn’t contain the actual drawings, making it impossible to share the artist’s entire process unless recorded. Some artists do this already, but it adds to their workload. As Stamina Zero knows, there will always be those who refuse to believe.

https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/dfN5FxIs39w?wmode=opaque&feature=oembed" title="Little Droid – Launch Trailer | PS5 & PS4 Games" height="480" width="854" allowfullscreen="




Stamina Zero Little Droid trailer

“Honestly, we don’t have a clear strategy for the future,” Ro admits. “On Reddit, some suggested we avoid creating art resembling AI outcomes, which has triggered various reactions. This piece of advice might be effective.”

Karatelli also shares the community’s ethical worries surrounding AI, such as plagiarism, environmental concerns, and the ramifications for human creativity. However, he’s aware of the accusations against Chess Plus. “It’s exceptionally difficult for AI to create something meaningful. It’s a thousand small complexities that make a game exceptional… [That] work is often undervalued,” he concurred.

Both games illustrate how generative AI can taint creative processes. It doesn’t just end there. We can’t definitively know whether we’re witnessing human creation or AI output. For creatives and gamers alike, it ultimately boils down to a matter of trust.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Nuclear Fusion Disasters: Why They’re Not a Major Concern

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Modern atomic energy technologies primarily utilize nuclear fission. In this process, the nuclei of heavy atoms, such as uranium, are bombarded with neutrons, causing them to split apart and release lighter nuclei along with significant energy.

However, a major drawback of fission energy is that the resultant waste is often far more radioactive than the original fuel, with its hazardous nature persisting for extended periods. Moreover, managing the rate of fission reactions is crucial for ensuring safety.

A failure in this context can lead to catastrophic consequences.

An alternative to nuclear fission is fusion energy. In this process, lighter elements, specifically isotopes of hydrogen, merge to form heavier nuclei, releasing substantial energy in the process.

This is the fundamental reaction that powers stars, including our sun.

The byproducts of the fusion reaction are generally safe, primarily producing inert helium, though some mildly radioactive substances are also generated, but they are short-lived. The challenge with fusion energy lies in achieving the conditions required to initiate the reaction.

It necessitates temperatures in the millions of degrees, along with the incorporation of ultra-high-pressure fuel (usually within a magnetic field), which presents significant technical hurdles.

Like any industrial process, there are inherent risks, but the nature of a fusion reactor means that any failure would quickly halt energy production.

As a result, fusion energy “disasters” are considerably less probable than conventional industrial accidents; indeed, they lack the potential for the environmental and ecological crises associated with fission energy meltdowns.

This article responds to the inquiry (made via email by Brandon Harris) regarding “What does a Fusion Energy Disaster look like?”

Feel free to email us with your questions at Question @sciencefocus.com or reach out via Facebook, Twitter or Instagram (please remember to include your name and location).

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Face ID: A Useful Resource or a Source of Concern? The Subtle Integration of Facial Recognition in Law Enforcement

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The future is arriving ahead of schedule in Croydon. While it may not initially seem like the UK’s forefront, North End is a pedestrian-friendly high street filled with typical pawn shops, fast-food restaurants, and a blend of branded clothing stores. It’s anticipated that this area will host one of the UK’s first permanent fixed facial recognition cameras.

Digital images of passersby will be captured discreetly and processed to derive biometric data, which includes facial measurements. This data will be rapidly compared against a watchlist via artificial intelligence, and a match will trigger an alert that might lead to an arrest.

As per the latest violence reduction strategy from the South London Borough, North End and its adjacent streets are identified as “major crime hotspots.” However, they do not rank among the most hazardous routes in the capital.

The crime rate here is the 20th worst among the 32 London Boroughs, excluding the City of London. Plans to launch permanent cameras for a trial phase later this summer are not an emergency measure; instead, North End and nearby London Roads might soon see more surveillance.

When approached about the surveillance initiative, most shopkeepers and visitors in the North End were unaware of the police’s plans or the underlying technology.

For many, the cameras appear as just another form of street furniture alongside signs promoting safe cycling. While some express concern, others reference studies indicating widespread exhaustion of the public facing rising crime rates.

The police began experimenting with facial recognition cameras in the UK and Wales in 2016. Recent documents released under the Freedom of Information Act (FOI) and police statistics shared with the Guardian reveal substantial growth in usage over the last year. This technology is evolving from a niche tool to a regular component of police strategies.

Last year, police scanned almost 4.7 million faces using live facial recognition cameras, with deployments more than doubling in 2023. In 2024, live facial recognition vans were utilized at least 256 times, up from 63 the previous year.

There’s speculation that mobile units of 10 live facial recognition vans may operate throughout the country.

Meanwhile, civil servants collaborate with law enforcement to develop a new national facial recognition system called strategic facial matchers. This platform will enable searches through various databases, including custody images and immigration files.

“The implementation of this technology could become a common sight in city centres and transit hubs across England and Wales,” states one funding document submitted by the South Wales police to the Home Department and released by Metropolitan Police under FOI.

Activists warn that this technology may disrupt everyday public life by subjecting individuals to impromptu identity checks facilitated by extensive facial recognition systems. Advocates of the technology acknowledge its risks but emphasize its importance for safety.

Recently, David Scheneller, a 73-year-old registered sex offender from Lewisham, who had served nine years for 21 offenses, was sentenced to two years in prison for breaching probation terms.

Officers were alerted by the live facial recognition cameras to Scheneller walking alone with his six-year-old child.

“He was on the watchlist due to his compliance conditions,” said Lindsay Chiswick, Metropolitan’s Intelligence Director and advisor to the National Police Chief of Facial Recognition.

“He formed a relationship with his mother over time and began picking up his daughter from school. If something went wrong that day, he was aware of the repercussions. This exemplifies how police could track him. Without facial recognition, recognizing him would have posed a challenge.”

Many see this as a compelling argument, but critics raise concerns about the unanticipated ramifications as law enforcement adopts technology without legislative guidance.

Madeline Stone from the NGO Big Brother Watch, who has observed mobile camera deployments, reported witnessing misidentifications of schoolchildren in uniforms undergoing “long, humiliating, and unnecessary police stops,” where they were compelled to verify their identities and provide fingerprints.

In these instances, the affected individuals were young Black boys, leaving them frightened and distressed, she noted.

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“The effectiveness diminishes as the threshold rises,” Stone added. “The police might not prefer employing it in specific environments. There are no legal mandates requiring them to do so. The notion that police could unilaterally create their own guidelines for usage is truly alarming.”

A judicial review was initiated by Londoner Sean Thompson, with backing from Big Brother Watch, after he was wrongly identified as a person of interest due to the technology and detained for 30 minutes upon returning from a volunteer shift with the anti-knife initiative Street Father.

Additionally, Dr. Dara Murray, tasked with an independent evaluation of the trials by the Met in 2019, highlights the potential “chilling” effect this technology might have on society, suggesting that considerations must go beyond just the technology’s implementation.

“It’s akin to police tailing you, recording your interactions, where you go, how often, and for how long,” he remarked. “I believe most would be uncomfortable with such reality. Democracy thrives on dissent and discourse; if surveillance stifles that, it risks entrenching the status quo and limiting future opportunities.”

Live facial recognition is being utilized to apprehend individuals for traffic violations, growing cannabis, and neglecting community orders. Is this truly justified?

Fraser Sampson, former biometrics and surveillance camera commissioner in England and Wales until his position was dissolved in October 2023, currently serves as a non-executive director for FaceWatch, the leading UK firm in retail security systems designed to prevent shoplifting.

While he acknowledges the technology’s potential, he expresses concern that independent regulations concerning surveillance haven’t kept pace with its deployment by the state.

Sampson commented: “There’s an abundance of information about the technology’s functionalities, yet in practical terms—its application, the reason for its use, and the avenues for challenges or complaints—those clarity elements seem lacking.”

Chiswick noted her understanding of the concerns while recognizing the potential advantages of regulatory measures. The Met is cautiously making “small strides” that are continually reviewed, she stated. With limited resources, law enforcement needs to adapt and capitalize on the possibilities brought by AI. They are cognizant of potential “chilling effects” on society and have made it clear that cameras will not be deployed in protest areas.

“Will this become common? I cannot say,” Chiswick remarked. “We need to approach that assumption with caution. There are numerous possible scenarios; areas like the West End? It’s conceivable, instead of the static trials we’re conducting in Croydon, we could utilize it there. However, that’s not our current plan.”

She added: “I believe the integration of technology, data, and AI will continue to rise in the coming years, as personally, that’s how we can improve our operations.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

AI Can Clone Faces Instantly: Is There Cause for Concern?

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Advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) has simplified the process of creating digital doppelgangers.

For decades, AI tools have been programmed to generate faces. The face was chosen as a primary focus for testing capabilities due to multiple factors.

Firstly, the structure and layout of human faces are relatively consistent, making them ideal for early AI learning. There is also an abundance of facial images available online, providing more data for AI to train on.

Importantly, the choice to focus on facial recognition stemmed from its familiarity. Humans are highly skilled at recognizing and interpreting faces, while assessing the accuracy of AI-generated images of landscapes or buildings can pose challenges.

This is why studies showcasing AI’s ability to create hyper-realistic synthetic faces have continually garnered significant attention.

Consequently, AI has evolved into a facial recognition expert. Today, it can analyze live video footage, precisely identify facial features, and transition seamlessly between different pre-learned faces, including those of celebrities and public figures.

Moreover, users can adjust lighting and create exaggerated facial expressions. The “Deepfake” technology successfully mimics these effects.

Additionally, with a collection of images showing faces from various angles, AI has the capability to generate double the number of faces, enabling overlays on existing images. With such doppelgänger technology, anyone can effectively become you.

Best of all, this technology is freely accessible to anyone who knows how to install and operate it on a standard computer.

While creating a digital doppelgänger may require a certain skill level, it’s not difficult to find user-friendly software. However, these advancements raise significant concerns for privacy and verification.

This article addresses the inquiry (submitted by Julian Fisher via email) “How can I easily create my digital doppelganger?”

Please email us with your questions at Question @sciencefocus.com or reach out via Facebook, Twitter or Instagram Page (please include your name and location).

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Billions of Cicadas Have Emerged Across the U.S. Could Their Waste Be a Concern?

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Here’s a question you might want to skip while enjoying a meal: Which animal has the fastest urine stream in the world? Is it the elephant? The lion? Perhaps the horse?

Interestingly, as revealed in a journal study Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, one of the unexpected contenders is the CICADA. Researchers, likely equipped with goggles, found that these tiny insects can shoot their pee at speeds of up to 3 meters per second.

While that’s quite astonishing, billions—possibly trillions—of cicadas emerged in the US in 2017, possibly making you reconsider your summer plans.

So, should you be hiding away until the cicada frenzy subsides? Experts say that it might be wise, but it may not be for the reasons you think…

What are Cicadas and why are they headed our way?

“Cicadas are remarkable insects known for their unique life cycle and distinctive sounds,” says Dr. Elio Charita, one of the primary researchers on their urination studies at BBC Science Focus. “These sap-sucking insects belong to the order Hemiptera and can be found in temperate and tropical regions worldwide.”

Cicadas can grow quite large and are, indeed, very noisy. Their calls can reach volumes comparable to a chainsaw.

“One intriguing aspect of cicadas is their long juvenile phase, during which they spend several years underground feeding on plant roots. Depending on the species, this phase can last from a few years to 17,” Charita continues.

This year, the US will witness the significant emergence of Brood XIV, the most extensive group of regular cicada broods, as noted by the University of Connecticut.

After spending over a decade underground, these fascinating insects will appear en masse for a brief but enthusiastic mating season. Expect to see them across much of the eastern US, including states like Georgia, Kentucky, Indiana, Massachusetts, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia.

If their activity persists until late June, prepare for their numbers to swell at any moment.

For more on the cicada life cycle, be sure to check out our detailed article.

Is it time to prepare for a pee-pocalypse?

Before stocking up on canned goods and toilet paper this summer, Dr. Jonathan Larson, an entomologist at the University of Kentucky, tells BBC Science Focus that there’s really not much to worry about.

“For many, the thought of a swarm of six-legged bugs might recall sci-fi movies, but in reality, it’s more of a spectacular, almost Mardi Gras-like experience.”

Though large, cicadas pose no threat to humans, animals, or crops.

Larson also points out that compared to the Peruvian cicada species, which emerges annually, US cicadas are expected to feed and urinate less during their short lifespan.

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“In our studies, we find that these US species feed far less as adults compared to some others. When they emerge, their primary focus is finding a mate,” Larson explains.

Nevertheless, they still spend time feeding and urinating. Charita notes that cicadas have been seen urinating jets, even captured on camera.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gnmgiaufm5o

Another upside (if you can call it that) is that cicada urine isn’t like that of larger animals. As mentioned, cicadas primarily excrete sap from trees, which is the same substance that forms the basis of maple syrup. Thus, what drips down is a sweet, watery substance known as “honeydew.”

Although it has a delightful name, I wouldn’t recommend tasting cicada pee this summer, but at least if it lands on you during a walk, it won’t be unpleasant.

As Larson says, “You can leave your umbrellas at home; these cicadas aren’t a big problem.” Phew.

“Watch your step.”

So, while cicada pee is remarkably fast, it’s not a major concern. According to Larson, the real issue arises when they die, not when they urinate.

“They tend to die en masse, creating piles of carcasses, which can lead to slippery sidewalks. I think that’s a more significant issue to worry about,” Larson says.

How significant could this be? Reports from 1990 indicated that people used snow shovels to clear sidewalks of dead cicadas.

What’s even worse is that when billions of these bugs die simultaneously, it leaves behind a nasty odor. Some have described the stench as reminiscent of rotten nuts.

Billions of cicadas emerge from the ground, mate, and soon after die. – Image credits: Getty

On the bright side, this process enriches the soil with nutrients, such as nitrogen. Although the smell may be unpleasant, these insects are beneficial to the ecosystem.

How Cicada Pee Could Inspire Future Robots

According to Charita, the fact that cicadas can generate such powerful urine jets is surprising for two reasons.

  1. Most insects don’t exhibit this behavior because producing jets like larger animals demands a significant amount of energy. Typically, insects excrete urine in droplets. And since cicadas primarily consume sap with low nutritional content, this adds another layer of energy efficiency issues.
  2. Moreover, earlier studies suggested that creatures weighing less than a kilogram are too small to generate such powerful jets, making cicadas’ ability unexpected.

Understanding this phenomenon is crucial for a variety of reasons. Given that cicada populations can number in the trillions, their role in environmental nitrogen cycling may be significant.

“We still do not fully grasp the ecological effects of cicada excretion on surrounding flora and fauna, especially for the seasonal species,” Charita notes.

Cicadas can produce jets of liquid traveling up to 3 meters per second. – Image credit: Elio Challita

When feeding, cicadas consume up to 300 times their body weight in sap daily, and all that sap has to go somewhere.

The research team also considers broader applications for this work. Insights gained could lead to advancements in small robotic jets, nozzles, and various applications in additive manufacturing and drug delivery systems.

“Our study underscores the significance of exploring seemingly trivial aspects of animal biology, such as excretion,” concludes Charita. “Investigating these processes reveals fascinating adaptations and illuminates how animals interact with their environments.”

“It also serves as a reminder that even in the most unexpected places, there’s still much to learn about the natural world.”

About our Experts

Elio Charita is a postdoctoral researcher at the Harvard Microrobotics Research Institute. He previously worked at Georgia Tech, where he studied how ultrafast invertebrates (including insects, hexapods, and arachnids) tackle challenges in fluid dynamics (e.g., feeding, excretion, predator evasion, etc.).

Jonathan Larson is an extension entomologist and assistant professor at the University of Kentucky, providing insect expertise for urban landscapes, turfgrass, nurseries, greenhouses, and household issues. He also co-hosts an informative insect podcast, Arthro-Pod.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Climate Change: A Major Concern Falling Off the Agenda in Canadian Elections

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Melting Arctic ice. Record-breaking wildfires across multiple states. Countries experiencing average warming are warming at a twice the rate of other regions worldwide.

Yet, when Canadians head to the polls on Monday, climate change isn’t even among the top ten issues for voters. Recent surveys indicate this shift.

“That’s not the focus of this election,” remarked Jessica Green, a political scientist at the University of Toronto specializing in climate-related topics.

The election revolves around a collective desire to choose a leader capable of standing up to Donald J. Trump, who poses a threat to Canada amidst a trade war, if not a full annexation as the “51st state.”

Leading the polls is liberal Mark Carney, who boasts decades of experience in climate policy. He served for five years as a UN envoy on climate action and finance, orchestrating a coalition of banks committed to halting carbon dioxide emissions through financing practices by 2050.

Despite his impressive background, Carney hasn’t prioritized climate change in his campaign. Following Prime Minister Justin Trudeau’s resignation, one of Carney’s initial actions was to eliminate fuel taxes based on emission levels, including gasoline taxes.

While many Canadians have redirected the resulting funds into rebate checks, Mr. Carney appears to misunderstand the policy, labeling it as “too divided.”

This decision, coupled with similarities between his Conservative opponents, Pierre Poilievre and Trump, has contributed to Carney’s rise in the polls.

“Carney made a clever move by abolishing the consumer carbon tax, which was widely unpopular and essentially formed the basis of Poilievre’s campaign against him,” said Dr. Green. “It took the wind out of the Conservative Party’s sails.”

Mr. Carney is acutely aware of political dynamics. In a recent television discussion, he mentioned to Poilievre, “I spent years advocating for Justin Trudeau and the carbon tax.”

Poilievre is a staunch supporter of Canada’s vast oil and gas industry, making Canada the fourth-largest oil producer and the fifth-largest gas producer globally. Yet, unlike Trump, he recognizes the necessity of reducing greenhouse gas emissions driving climate change.

“Canadian oil and clean natural gas must replace coal globally, allowing countries like India and others in Asia to utilize gas instead of dirty coal,” he stated at a recent press conference during his campaign.

However, Carney’s proposals don’t significantly differ. He envisions Canada as a “superpower of both traditional and clean energy.” His platform suggests reforms like bolstering the carbon market and expediting approvals for clean energy initiatives.

Perhaps the most significant distinction between the candidates lies in their views on Canada’s oil and gas emission caps and the tax on industrial emissions, both defended by Trudeau.

Poilievre aims to eliminate these in accordance with industry demands, whereas Carney intends to maintain them. The Canadian Climate Research Institute states that the Industrial Carbon Tax reduces emissions by at least three times more than the consumer tax, making it the most effective policy deployed to decrease emissions leading up to 2030.

Canada ranks among the world’s highest per capita greenhouse gas emitters and is not on track to meet its commitments under the 2015 Paris Agreement. By 2030, the aim is to achieve a minimum of 40-45% reductions from 2005 levels, but the latest national emissions Inventory Report indicates just an 8.5% decrease through 2023.

Source: www.nytimes.com

Scientists’ Grave Concern over Hidden Climate Tipping Point

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If you want to unsettle climate scientists, simply stand next to them and quietly mention the phrase “tipping point” in their ear. While climate change due to global warming is already concerning, the concept of climate tipping points adds an extra layer of fear. But what exactly are they and why are they causing alarm?

We find ourselves in a unique time where Earth’s average temperature is increasing at a rate at least 10 times faster than ever recorded in geological history. This has led to a surge in extreme weather events, melting ice sheets, and rising sea levels. Despite these clear signs, greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise rapidly, with global temperatures increasing by 1.64°C (nearly 3°F) in the past year alone. As a result, the possibility of irreversible and drastic changes in the climate system becomes more and more likely.

Tipping points are named as such because they require a critical threshold to be crossed before a significant change occurs. Once activated, like a seesaw tipping over, there is no turning back. These moments, as defined by the American Cultural Heritage English Dictionary, are described as “a critical moment in a complex situation where a small influence or development suddenly produces a large or irreversible change.” This holds true for the climate crisis we face.

How things shift

One of the challenges for scientists studying global warming is the unpredictability of tipping points in terms of timing and impact. Additionally, how these points are integrated into climate models can greatly affect predictions of future climate change. The complexity of the climate system suggests that there are numerous tipping points, with nine identified as having the potential to trigger significant global environmental changes.

These include the potential collapse of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets, dieback of the Amazon rainforest, and release of methane from melting Arctic permafrost. Each of these events could have far-reaching consequences, from massive sea level rise to increased carbon levels in the atmosphere.

While some of these tipping points may seem distant, the looming collapse of the Gulf Stream and associated ocean currents presents an immediate concern. Previously considered unlikely, recent data suggests that this crucial system may be on the brink of destabilization sooner than expected, posing a threat to the UK and Northern Europe’s climate stability.

Recent research suggests Antarctic ice sheets may be melting faster than existing models predict – Photo courtesy of Getty Images

The Earth’s great engine

Understanding the significance of AMOC’s collapse requires knowledge of its role as a key component of the global ocean current system. This system, known as the global conveyor belt, transports heat from the tropics to the Arctic, playing a crucial role in global climate and weather patterns.

The sheer scale of AMOC’s operation is astounding, moving millions of cubic meters of water and gigawatts of heat every second. However, disruptions to this system, such as increased freshwater input from melting ice, can hinder AMOC’s ability to function properly, potentially causing a shutdown with severe global consequences.

If AMOC were to fail, global weather patterns would be disrupted, leading to a range of impacts from cooler temperatures in Europe to altered monsoons in Asia and Africa. The effects would be felt globally, with implications for food security, migration patterns, and geopolitical stability.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Could Scientists Soon Revive the Tasmanian Tiger? Is Concern Necessary?

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Scientists in the United States and Australia are working on bringing back the Tasmanian tiger nearly a century after their extinction. They believe that with new DNA technology and Tasmanian tiger fossils, the animal could be reintroduced into the wild.

Researchers are collaborating with Colossal Biosciences to develop a plan to revive the Tasmanian tiger. They aim to address ecological issues and consider the potential impact of resurrecting an extinct species.

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What was the Tasmanian Tiger?

The Tasmanian tiger, also known as the Tasmanian possum, resembled dogs and wolves in many ways. Its official name, Thylacine, means “dog-headed pouched animal” when translated. Despite its dog-like appearance, the marsupial was comparable in size to a golden retriever, including its long tail.

However, human misunderstanding and hunting led to the extinction of the Tasmanian tiger, with the last known species dying in a Tasmanian zoo in 1936.

Why would they want it back…?

Colossal Biosciences believes that reintroducing the Tasmanian tiger could have positive impacts on the ecosystem. Predators like the Tasmanian tiger could help control population levels of other species and prevent diseases from spreading.

Researchers suggest that the presence of Tasmanian tigers could have prevented the decline of the Tasmanian devil population, which is currently facing extinction due to facial tumor disease.

…and how?

Scientists are using DNA technology to recreate the genetic structure of the Tasmanian tiger using samples from related species. By comparing DNA sequences and making genetic edits, they hope to reconstruct the Tasmanian tiger’s genome and potentially bring it back to life.

While challenges remain in transitioning revived species from the lab to the wild, researchers are optimistic about the project’s progress.

Are we all doomed?

The implications of reintroducing extinct species like the Tasmanian tiger are still unknown. Scientists are cautious about the potential consequences on existing ecosystems and the behavior of revived animals in the wild.

Further research and monitoring will be crucial to understanding the impact of reviving extinct species and reintroducing them to their natural habitats.

What animals might come back next?

Colossal Biosciences is also working on reviving other extinct species, such as the dodo and woolly mammoth. These projects pose similar ethical and ecological challenges, but researchers are hopeful about the potential benefits of bringing back these ancient creatures.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Researchers claim that the widespread issue of alien visitation claims is a significant societal concern

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Around a fifth of Brits believe that extraterrestrials have visited Earth, and an estimated 7% think they have seen a UFO. In the US, the figures are even higher and rising: the number of people who believe that UFO sightings are likely evidence of extraterrestrial life has risen from 20% in 1996 to 34% in 2022. Around 24% of Americans say they have seen a UFO. New Paper of Proceedings of the International Astronomical UnionDr Tony Milligan of King’s College London argues that belief in alien visitors is no longer an eccentricity but a widespread societal problem.

The idea that aliens may have visited Earth is becoming more and more popular. Image by Fernando Ribas.

This belief has now grown to the point that politicians, at least in the United States, feel they must respond.

The Department of Defense’s alleged disclosure of information about UAPs (Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena) has attracted bipartisan attention across the country.

Many of them draw on familiar anti-elitist tropes that both parties are happy to employ, such as the idea that a cabal of military and private commercial interests is hiding the deeper truth about alien visitation.

The truth is thought to involve sightings, abductions, and the reverse engineering of alien technology.

People who believe in a cover-up are even more numerous than those who believe in alien visitations: A 2019 Gallup Poll found that a staggering 68% of Americans believe the U.S. government knows more about UFOs than it is releasing.

This political bias has been decades in the making: Jimmy Carter promised to release the documents during his 1976 presidential campaign, several years after his own UFO sightings were reported. As with many other sightings, the simplest explanation is that he saw Venus.

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Source: www.sci.news

Why the potential hacking of satellites in orbit is a major cause for concern

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Picture this: a hacker sitting at their laptop, frantically typing code as it flashes across the screen. Suddenly, they successfully hack into a satellite. Sounds like a scene from a James Bond movie, doesn’t it? But in reality, it poses a real threat.

Contrary to the dramatic portrayal in movies, hacking a satellite is much more complex than simply having a laptop and a strong internet connection. The issue of cybersecurity in space is becoming increasingly concerning as the number of operational satellites continues to grow.

By the end of 2022, there were 6,718 operational satellites orbiting the Earth, representing a significant increase from the previous year. With 10,206 objects in space, predominantly satellites, the space environment is rapidly expanding.

Satellites play crucial roles in GPS navigation, military surveillance, and banking systems, making them attractive targets for potential hackers. But despite their vulnerability, instances of successful hacks on satellites are rare. So, how can a satellite be hacked, and what are the potential consequences?

How can a satellite be hacked?

While space may seem like a distant realm filled with satellites in remote galaxies, most satellites actually orbit in low earth orbit (LEO), between 99 and 1,243 miles above Earth. Physically accessing a satellite remains a challenge, but there are various methods hackers can employ to compromise satellites without venturing into space.

According to Anuradha Dhamal Dey, a SpaceX space ecosystem manager at Satellite Applications Catapult, potential satellite hacking methods include physical attacks, cyber attacks, and the use of kinetic anti-satellite (ASAT) technology. These methods have raised concerns about the security of space-based systems.

ASAT refers to any means of destroying a satellite, with kinetic ASAT involving physical strikes on satellites, such as through ballistic missiles or drones. While kinetic ASAT attacks are unprecedented outside of testing scenarios, non-kinetic attacks using malware or viruses pose a theoretical threat to satellite security.

Despite these risks, no actual satellite hacks have occurred yet. In 2023, the US Air Force organized Hack the Sat event to test satellite vulnerabilities, with three teams successfully breaching a satellite’s security.

What will happen?

While satellite hacking remains theoretical, the potential consequences of a successful attack are significant. Space plays a vital role in various industries, from national security and defense to everyday services like food delivery and entertainment.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Is the impending arrival of billions of cicadas in America cause for concern over their urine?

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Here’s a question you probably shouldn’t think about while eating. What is the fastest peeing animal on earth? Elephants? Lions? Horse?

According to the magazine’s recent research, there’s one surprising candidate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: cicada. After studying urine flow throughout the animal kingdom, some scientists (preferably wearing goggles) have discovered that this tiny insect can spray pee at speeds of up to 3 meters per second. This is about three times faster than the average human.

So far so bad. But when you add that to the fact that a once-in-200-year event will soon see billions, perhaps trillions, of birds across the United States, you might start to feel a little nervous about your summer plans…

Now, is it time to hide out until the cicada storm passes? Experts say it probably is, but not for the reasons you might think…

What are cicadas and why do they come towards us?

“Cicadas are truly fascinating insects, known for their unique life cycles and unique sounds.” Dr. Elio Charita says the lead author of their urinary study. BBC Science Focus. “They belong to the order Hemiptera, are sap-feeding insects, and are found in temperate and tropical regions around the world.”

Cicadas can grow quite large, in some cases as large as hummingbirds, but in reality they really are quite noisy. In fact, their cries, clicks, and crackles are as noisy as a chainsaw.

“One of the most interesting things about cicadas is that they have a long larval stage, during which they stay underground for several years and feed on plant roots. Depending on the species, this stage lasts anywhere from a few years to 17 years. It can continue,” Charita continues.

This year, two “family members” of the so-called periodic cicadas (one emerges every 13 years, the other every 17 years) are synchronizing in some parts of the eastern United States. This is something that hasn’t happened since 1803 and will not happen again until 2245.

If you want to know more about the cicada life cycle, you can read all about cicadas in our explanatory article.

Is it time to prepare for the pee apocalypse?

Before we started buying canned goods and toilet paper in bulk in preparation for a summer spent indoors, the University of Kentucky entomologist said, Dr. Jonathan Larson, tells you BBC Science Focus Really, there’s no need to worry too much.

“For many people, the idea of a six-legged teenage insect invasion sounds like something out of a science fiction movie, but in reality, it’s a beautiful life experience, just like Mardi Gras.”

Although cicadas are large, they are harmless to people, animals, and crops.

Larson also pointed out that the cicadas found in the recent study were a species that lives in Peru and emerges every year. As a result, they spend more time feeding and urinating than the U.S. species we expect this summer.

read more:

  • “Insect Apocalypse” will feature billions of cicadas. Here’s what you can expect
  • Top 10 largest insects in the world
  • Bugs on the brink: Why bugs are disappearing from your garden this year

“For species in the United States, we’re talking about species that feed much less as adults than some of the species studied. The periodicals here say that once they emerge as adults, it all comes down to finding a mate,” Larson says.

However, it takes a while for them to eat and pee. Charita explains that periodic cicadas have been observed to urinate on jets before. It was also captured on camera.

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Another good thing (or should we call it that?) is that cicada pee is completely different from animal pee. As mentioned above, cicadas feed exclusively on the xylem sap of trees. This is the same thing that forms the basis of maple syrup. Therefore, what comes out is a sweet, watery liquid known as “honeydew.”

Despite its delicious name, we don’t recommend drinking cicada pee while walking around this summer, but at least you’ll feel a little less sick if cicada pee falls on your head during a walk.

In other words, as Larson says, “With these cicadas, you can leave your umbrella at home.” Phew.

“Please watch your step.”

So cicadas pee surprisingly fast, but that’s not really a problem. In fact, the bigger problem for Larson would be when he dies, not when he goes to the bathroom.

“They die in groups, so you get big piles of carcasses. If they get stepped on, they can make sidewalks slippery. I think it’s a bigger liquid nightmare,” Larson says.

How bad could this be? In 1990, there was a report as follows. Chigoan has to use a snow shovel to remove dead insects from the sidewalk.

To make matters worse, billions of bugs die and rot at the same time, leaving a terrible stench in the air. Several people explained this. Hmm, a unique smell like rotten nuts.

Billions of cicadas come out of the ground, mate, and then die one after the other. – Image credit: Getty

On the positive side, this process returns many nutrients, including nitrogen, to the ground. So, while they may stink, they benefit the ecosystems they end up in.

How cicada pee can help build future robots

The fact that cicadas urinate in such powerful jets was surprising for two reasons, Charita said.

  1. Most insects do not urinate because it takes a lot of energy to urinate in a jet like larger animals do. Instead, they are excreted as droplets. Cicadas in particular feed on tree sap, which has little nutritional value, making their energetic eviction even more troublesome.
  2. Not only is jet peeing less energy efficient, previous research suggested it would be impossible for animals weighing less than 1 kilogram because their orifices are too small to produce a dense jet.

Understanding this process is important for several reasons. Especially since cicada populations number in the trillions and the impact their excrement has on the environment can be significant.

“We still don’t fully understand the ecological impact of cicada excretion on surrounding flora and fauna, especially in the case of periodic cicadas,” Charita says.

Cicadas can produce jets that travel at speeds of up to 3 meters per second. – Image credit: Elio Challita

When feeding, cicadas can consume 300 times their body weight in sap each day, and all that sap has to go somewhere.

But the team also has other applications for this research in mind. The knowledge gained could be useful for manufacturing jets and nozzles for small robots, and could also be applied to additive manufacturing and possibly drug delivery.

“Our study highlights the importance of studying seemingly mundane aspects of animal biology, such as excretion,” concludes Charita. “Investigating these processes can reveal interesting adaptations and provide insight into how animals interact with their environments.

“It also reminds us that there is still much to discover about the natural world, even in the most unexpected places.”

About our experts

Elio Charita He is a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University’s Microrobotics Institute. Previously, at Georgia Tech, he studied fluid mechanics to help ultra-fast invertebrates (insects, hexapods, and arachnids) perform essential biological functions (e.g., feeding, excretion, and predator avoidance). I was researching how to deal with this issue.

Jonathan Larson He is an extension entomologist and assistant professor at the University of Kentucky, providing insect expertise to those working on urban landscapes, turfgrass, nursery crops, greenhouses, and household problems. He is also the co-host of the Informative Insects Podcast. arthropod.

read more:

  • “Insect Apocalypse” will feature billions of cicadas. Here’s what you can expect
  • Top 10 largest insects in the world
  • Bugs on the brink: Why bugs are disappearing from your garden this year

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Is the potential for more powerful electric bikes cause for concern over increased fire risk?

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The UK Government has initiated a consultation to gather public and industry input on increasing the legal power of electric bike models from 250W to 500W in the UK. This move has sparked concerns in the fire protection community.

Electric bicycles utilize various types of batteries, with lithium-ion technology being the common choice. These batteries come in different shapes and sizes, such as cylindrical or box-shaped configurations.

Battery packs in electric bikes are composed of multiple cells connected in series and parallel to provide the necessary voltage and capacity. Incidents of fires linked to lithium-ion batteries are on the rise, posing risks to users of electric bikes and e-scooters.

Recent data disclosed in May 2023 by the Guardian newspaper revealed that defective electric bikes and e-scooters have caused injuries to 190 individuals and claimed eight lives in the UK. The London Fire Brigade noted a substantial increase in battery-related fires in 2023, with a rise of 78% compared to the previous year.

Potential causes of fires in lithium-ion batteries include mechanical or thermal shock, overcharging, and reactive materials interacting with each other, leading to heat generation and abnormal electrical behavior. Despite the benefits of higher wattage batteries in electric bikes, there are concerns about the increased risk of fires and other safety issues.

To mitigate the risk of battery fires, users are advised to avoid tampering with batteries, charge them within the recommended parameters, and store them in a safe environment away from flammable materials. Adherence to manufacturer guidelines and proper disposal of damaged batteries are crucial in preventing incidents of fires.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Has the bubonic plague, cholera, and measles made a comeback? Is there cause for concern?

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In the first two months of 2024, measles outbreaks in the US and UK, a global cholera vaccine shortage, and a case of bubonic plague from an infected cat in Oregon have sparked concern. The resurgence of seemingly eradicated diseases raises questions about their return.

To shed light on the frequency of disease resurgences, we spoke with Paul Hunter, Professor of Medicine at UEA Norwich Medical School. Paul uncovers the reasons behind the resurgence, identifies potential epicenters, and discusses preventive measures to avert another Black Death.

How common is it for an infection that you thought had gone away to come back?

Many infectious diseases that were once prevalent and endemic continue to resurface with varying intensities. Globally, there is an average emergence or re-emergence of one or two significant diseases per year.

The resurgence of classic infections often occurs at a localized level. For instance, an area that was previously unaffected by cholera may suddenly witness an outbreak after decades.

Is it possible to completely wipe out disease from the earth?

While diseases like smallpox have been eradicated, the prospect of eliminating most infectious diseases remains elusive. Global spread and early transmission of infections make eradication improbable.

The success of smallpox eradication was attributed to an effective vaccine with clear diagnostic criteria for detection. However, challenges persist, especially with diseases spreading before symptoms manifest, as evident from the difficulties in eradicating COVID-19.

Moreover, conflict zones hinder disease control efforts, as seen during the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

What are the main ways the disease can return?

Viruses can evolve, leading to rapid spread and new strains, as seen with the emergence of new coronavirus variants. Environmental factors can also facilitate disease transmission, as exemplified by sylvatic plague spread through rodents.

Climate change plays a significant role in altering disease distribution, with dengue fever outbreaks appearing in unexpected regions due to warming climates.

Declining vaccine availability and uptake further contribute to disease resurgence, highlighting the importance of vaccination in disease prevention.

What does it take for a resurgent disease like bubonic plague to get out of control?

Bacterial infections like plague have the potential to wreak havoc, but antibiotics offer effective treatment. When diseases escalate, societal collapse often exacerbates the situation, increasing disease transmission and mortality.

Conflicts, environmental degradation, and economic crises create conditions conducive to disease spread, as observed in outbreaks like the one in Madagascar.

Which infectious disease would be the worst if there was a resurgence?

Cholera poses a significant threat, especially in conflict zones like Ukraine and Gaza. Shortages in cholera vaccines and increasing infection rates heighten concerns for rapid spread and high mortality rates.

An influenza pandemic akin to the 1917 Spanish flu remains a grave concern, given the potential for widespread fatalities, especially among younger individuals.

Another risk, of course, is international travel, as we’ve seen with coronavirus. What kind of unnecessary souvenirs can I bring back from abroad?

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria pose a major threat to international travelers, fueled by factors like sex and medical tourism. These infections, resistant to multiple drugs, raise concerns about global disease transmission.

Unsafe medical procedures during medical tourism contribute to the spread of drug-resistant infections, emphasizing the need for vigilant healthcare practices abroad.

Read the full interview with Instant Genius.

About our experts

Professor Paul Hunter, a renowned epidemiologist at UEA Norwich Medical School, focuses on emerging infectious diseases linked to environmental factors. His research published in prominent medical journals underscores the importance of disease surveillance and prevention.

read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

T cells: the potential secret weapon against the latest coronavirus ‘variants of concern’ amid Pyrrha panic

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A new SARS-CoV-2 variant, Pirora (BA.2.86), has been detected worldwide and is causing concern due to its high mutation rate

Researchers at the La Jolla Institute for Immunology are using immune epitope databases to predict T-cell responses to Pirora, suggesting that past exposure to existing vaccines and variants like Omicron remains important and may have a preventive effect. Although the results are promising, they are still predictive and require further experimental validation. (Credit: SciTechDaily.com)

Utilization of bioinformatics

LJI scientists are using bioinformatics to predict how T cells will adapt to fight the highly mutated Pirora mutant. In August, researchers discovered a new SARS-CoV-2 ‘Variants of concern’ in patients in Israel and Denmark. Since then, this variant has been called BA.2.86 or “Pirola” and has spread all over the world. Pirola’s mutant species is highly mutated, so caution is advised. In fact, Pirora has mutated similarly to the Omicron variant when compared to the earlier SARS-CoV-2 variants that were included in the first vaccinations. As Pyrolla spreads, researchers at La Jolla Immunology Institute (LJI) COVID-19 (new coronavirus infection) Vaccines (or previous SARS-CoV-2 infection) can still protect people from severe disease.

“The concern is that virus With so many mutations, T-cell immunity will ‘escape’,” says LJI Professor Alessandro Sette, Ph.D. in Biological Sciences. New research is currently being conducted Cell hosts and microorganisms This suggests that T cells can accurately detect mutations in pyrola and find their targets.

“Our analysis suggests there is positive news,” says LJI research assistant professor Dr. Alba Grifoni. “It appears that past exposure to Omicron, or vaccination with the new bivalent vaccine, may provide a person with T cells that can ‘catch up’ and generate a specific response to fight Pyrrha. ” LJI Professor Alessandro Sette, Doctor of Biological Sciences
(Credit: La Jolla Institute of Immunology)

Next step

Grifoni emphasizes that these findings are predictive and not observations based on actual pylora infections. Still, she thinks it’s important to see how these “in silico” (in silico) predictions are reflected in recent real-world research. “Although we still need experimental validation, we have established several collaborations around the world and are talking about this issue as we study it,” says Grifoni. Sette added that even with the Pirora variant, many people are still vulnerable to SARS-COV-2 infection. “That’s why people should still get vaccinated, especially the latest vaccines.” The researchers are currently collecting experimental data to learn more about T cell responses to the mutant strains and further strengthen their predictive tools. Griffoni is particularly interested in understanding exactly how people who have received a bivalent vaccine booster or a “breakthrough” infection will mount a T-cell response against future variants.

Reference:

“Existing SARS-2-specific T cells are predicted to cross-recognize BA.2.86,” Alessandro Sette, John Sidney, and Alba Grifoni, December 8, 2023. Cell hosts and microorganisms.DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.11.010 The study, “Existing SARS-2-specific T cells are predicted to mutually recognize BA.2.86,” also includes study author John Sidney. This research was supported by: National Institutes of HealthNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (Contract No. 75N93021C00016 and Contract No. 75N93019C00001)

Source: scitechdaily.com