An Essential Guide to Navigating the Complexity of the COP Summit

Peter Betts (seated, in a pink shirt) at COP17 in Durban, South Africa, 2011

IISD/ENB Leila Mead

Climate Diplomat
Peter Betts, Profile Edition

Next month, climate negotiators, advocates, and global leaders will gather in Belem, Brazil, for COP30, this year’s United Nations climate change summit.

For those who have attended a COP summit or observed it from a distance, the experience can be quite overwhelming. Numerous negotiation sessions occur at once, filled with intricate topics and jargon—everything from “dialogue” and “consultations” to “informal informal” discussions.

To an onlooker, it may seem like a bustling marketplace, steeped in its unique customs and largely disconnected from the outside world. Fortunately, the insights of Peter Betts, a well-respected figure in COP circles, offer clarity.

While many outsiders may not recognize Betts, he was the former chief climate change negotiator for the UK and EU, instrumental in laying the groundwork for the Paris Agreement and guiding the negotiations that culminated in 2015.

Sadly, Mr. Betts passed away from a brain tumor in October 2023. His posthumously published book, Climate Diplomats: A Personal History of the COP Conference, released in August of this year, provides a comprehensive view of the inner workings of the climate summit and chronicles the modern history of these events, starting from Betts’s appointment as head of UK international climate policy in 1998.

One key revelation is that while COPs are often set in exotic locales—from Peru to Paris, and Durban to Dubai—the life of a climate negotiator is anything but glamorous. Teams spend years preparing negotiating strategies for the two-week summit, yet they often find themselves confined to windowless temporary structures, finalizing crucial details.


Amid the chaos, negotiators must find a way to get everyone to the table and reach agreement

During COP17 in Durban, Betts recounted how delegation offices were set up in a parking garage basement that “reeked of petrol and diesel,” while at COP15 in Copenhagen, meals consisted solely of large circular bread rolls filled with bland paste. Clearly, climate diplomats are not drawn to a life of luxury; their dedication to addressing the climate crisis is evident.

Through his writing, Betts guides readers on a whirlwind journey of how COP summits function, explaining the rules governing these meetings as well as the goals and positions of each participating nation.

The scale of the challenges is immense. Some countries prioritize securing increased financial assistance for development, others aim to commit nations to ambitious greenhouse gas emissions reductions, while some seek to maintain the status quo. Domestic politics, economic circumstances, and cultural perspectives further complicate negotiations.

In the midst of chaos, negotiators are tasked with uniting all parties to agree on next steps in combating climate change. This is no small feat.

Betts possesses a knack for clear communication and often employs dry humor, even when discussing the complex intricacies of multilateral climate finance. Through his narratives, readers begin to understand the meticulous crafting of a balanced agenda that aims to bring nations together towards a shared goal.

Things become particularly engaging when readers are granted behind-the-scenes access to pivotal summits like Copenhagen, Paris, and Glasgow. Betts shares anecdotes of prime ministers and presidents “eating biscuits like robots” during high-stress meetings, creating headlines at unplanned “damaging” press conferences, retreating into VIP areas to avoid their teams, and “erupting” in frustration when outcomes don’t align with their desires.

There’s no shortage of gossip about influential figures in Whitehall to keep British politicians intrigued, along with insights into the pitfalls of climate change advocacy efforts, which have, at times, hindered progress in emission reductions.

Despite criticisms suggesting that summits merely function as prolonged spectacles, evidence indicates they play a significant role in spurring global climate action. Before the signing of the Paris Agreement in 2015, projections suggested a potential increase of 5°C in global temperatures by the end of this century. Now, a decade later, that trajectory has shifted to approximately 2.7°C—still excessive but far from the dire future we once faced.

Diplomacy has the power to reshape the world. In this enlightening book, Betts unveils the intricate mechanisms behind this transformation.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Navigating Silicon Valley Culture Shock: Nick Clegg on His Experience at the MMA Gym with a Lieutenant

I am not a product of Silicon Valley. I never pursued computer science and have never coded. My career hasn’t revolved around the discussions or sciences of technological progress. In 2018, I transitioned to Facebook Meta from the British and European political sphere, uncertain of what lay ahead.

As a Brit, the immense scale of America does not shock me. The distance from the power hubs on the East Coast feels significant when you first arrive in Northern California. It’s not merely 3,000 miles from Washington, DC, or New York; a 3-hour time difference creates a temporal dissonance. By the time the West Coast rises, the East has already moved on with its news agenda. Europe’s major events happen the night before. It feels isolated here. It’s understandable why those wishing to distance themselves from the scrutiny of the corporate world find refuge in this area. It serves as a natural haven for idealists daring to challenge the status quo.

There’s an alluring aspect to Silicon Valley, a place where affirmation flourishes. It draws in innovative minds brimming with creativity. Aspirations know no boundaries. Obstacles transform into opportunities, and every vibrant day could yield extraordinary breakthroughs. Anyone can conceive ideas that might revolutionize the world and amass wealth. However, it also functions as an industrial-scale breeding ground, predominantly for a certain male-centric environment—where assertive men and capable women must constantly vie for recognition. This ecosystem, which ideally serves new ideas, often distracts from the lives of average individuals. The wealth in this environment can create a disconnect from their everyday struggles, allowing an idealism that often overlooks harsh realities.

Upon my arrival at Facebook, the company was undergoing turmoil. Many employees were active during a time when their reputation diverged significantly from its former self. It was once an exhilarating ideal, spearheaded by a youthful genius with a remarkable mission, rapidly generating revenue while connecting the globe. Transforming from a group of rising stars to the public’s enemy was a cultural shock I was scarcely prepared for. It drew parallels to the Liberal Democrats in coalition government—a collective of idealists striving for change, leaving me bewildered as to why they were viewed unfavorably.


oThe most profound culture shock I faced in Silicon Valley had little to do with transatlantic differences. Since commencing my university journey in the mid-1980s, my path to success relied heavily on the power of words. At its core, politics embodies the contest of diverse narratives defining how things ought to be—liberalism, socialism, conservatism, fascism—all stories providing varying perspectives, analyses of problems, and proposed solutions. Winning an election hinges on how many resonate with your narrative about opponents’ affairs and visions.

Yet, Silicon Valley is populated with individuals viewing the world from a different lens: engineers. They navigate a realm of facts and processes. An engineer’s objective is to identify and solve issues, then move to the next challenge. They reside in a universe punctuated with acronyms, crafting a lexicon that feels akin to an exercise in boiling conversations down to their essence. Upon my arrival, I found myself immersed in XFNS, STOS, and FOAS, where every roadmap demanded a playbook, every community belonged to an ecosystem, and every topic was either TL;DR or worthy of deep dives. Everything—absolutely everything—needed quantification. In an early meeting, a senior engineer queried the likelihood of ‘government X’ passing law Y. I chuckled, believing it to be a jest. The notion of summarizing political processes into a pseudo-science seemed absurd. He didn’t laugh. When I retorted with “oh, maybe 23.67%,” he nodded earnestly. From that moment, I learned that persuasive narratives lacked weight without data points supporting every argument and evaluating potential outcomes. This realization grounded me. While science holds value, a systematic approach to problem-solving sharpens clarity in decision-making.




“He may be the most competitive person I’ve ever met”: with Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg in April 2019. Photo: Niall Carson/PA

However, this perspective can also be reductive. It commodifies everything, stripping away nuances, instincts, and humanity. Conversations about data with engineers often resembled how carpenters discuss wood. This reflects a broader cultural shift in privacy and data protection expectations shaped by regulation, but the reliance on logic over emotion and intuition reveals why Silicon Valley sometimes seems insensitive to the concerns of those beyond its colorful campus.

I might not be the typical figure you envision in Silicon Valley. My career has revolved around suits and ties, not hoodies or flip-flops. Faced with the flood of brightly colored, quirky posters decorating Facebook’s vibrant MPK campus (a nickname for Menlo Park), my initial impulse was to respond in a very British fashion with gentle sarcasm. During one of my first meetings with a recent team, a poster boldly proclaimed a common Silicon Valley mantra. Trying to break the ice, I quipped, “Don’t bring your real self to work. If I present my real self, you won’t like it. Just bring your inauthentic self between 9 to 5, then return home and revert to your true self.” The room fell silent. One team member later approached me, visibly embarrassed, explaining that the statement resonated uncomfortably with them. At that moment, I realized I wasn’t in Kansas anymore.

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While Mark Zuckerberg is often recognized as a visionary leader, two attributes stand out: his boundless curiosity and fierce competitiveness. Many who achieve early success tend to stagnate, lost in their own triumphs. In contrast, Mark displays humility, drive, and a continuous thirst for knowledge. If he feels uninformed, he passionately immerses himself in learning, absorbing every bit of wisdom related to the topic. He contemplates deeply and evaluates every angle. And no one—truly no one—can hold silence like Mark. I tend to fill awkward silences with chatter, but Mark allows it to linger, often to an unbearable extent. Yet, when he does speak, his words are always profoundly considered. While he might embody an engineer’s rational mindset—absent of emotions—this should not be misconstrued as a lack of depth or curiosity; it’s precisely the opposite.

Simultaneously, he is perhaps the most competitive individual I’ve ever encountered; I say this as someone seasoned in frontline politics and who has encountered numerous competitive personalities throughout my time in the UK private school system.

This competitive spirit manifests in his passion for Mixed Martial Arts (MMA). He’s an avid UFC enthusiast and approaches his training with utmost seriousness. His involvement in MMA had to be disclosed to investors due to its potential business implications. Once characterized in the public eye as a geeky figure two decades ago, he has indisputably become quite muscular. Just ask Elon Musk, who, after challenging Mark to an MMA bout, made various excuses to avoid actually stepping into the ring with him. Mark’s commitment to MMA is so profound that he insisted during an offsite management day that some of his senior executives join him for training sessions at his personal gym. Everyone partnered up to practice techniques under the guidance of Mark’s professional instructors. Consequently, I found myself wrestling with my then-direct report, Joel Kaplan. This engagement sometimes felt overly intimate as we awkwardly navigated moves that established an entirely new level of corporate bonding.

Joel later humorously admitted he considered reporting it to the then-HR Director Lori Gaul, but when he looked for her, he found her in a chokehold from Mark Zuckerberg. Surviving that challenge meant that Joel left Meta, armed with a peculiar yet robust shared experience that fortified our collaboration in global business operations.

Here is an excerpt edited from How to Save the Internet by Nick Clegg, published by Bodley Head For £25. To support the Guardian, order a copy from GuardianBookshop.com. Shipping charges may apply.

Source: www.theguardian.com

How Navigating Uncertainty During Key Life Stages Transforms Our Brains

Pandemic. Conflict. Market crash. Government upheaval. A quick look at recent headlines conveys a sense of instability in the world. However, “volatility” isn’t just a concern for hedge fund managers; it holds crucial significance for our brains as well.

In my new book, The Trick of the Heart, the latest science suggests that the brain operates like a scientist. It constructs hypotheses and frameworks to understand the world, others, and even itself. However, if your brain is busy crafting a framework, it must also recognize when it’s time to adapt. This process involves a network of frontal and subcortical brain regions, with noradrenaline playing a vital role in monitoring how unstable our environment is.

This “volatility tracking” mechanism allows our brains to detect tipping points in the external world and adjust our expectations and hypotheses accordingly. This adaptability becomes crucial when our daily realities shift; as a result, our mental frameworks can become more flexible. This process is entirely adaptive and logical. After all, when circumstances are in flux, we want our minds to adjust as well.

Yet, in a transformative environment, having an open mind can present dangers. For instance, research conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic indicated that unexpected viruses and unprecedented lockdowns led some people to question what constitutes a normal mindset. A study in the US found that as lockdowns intensified across states, unstable thinking surged. Those who began perceiving their surroundings as insecure were more likely to endorse bizarre conspiracies related to the pandemic, such as the belief that vaccines contain mind-controlling microchips or support for political conspiracies like QAnon.

While these ideas may appear ludicrous, this behavior can be understood through the lens of brain function. Our minds need to remain malleable and resilient, adapting their paradigms based on a rapidly changing world. We must be willing to consider perspectives we’ve never previously entertained.

I actually believe that navigating uncertain times isn’t inherently detrimental for us or our brains. After all, unpredictability does not equate to inevitable doom; it simply means we can’t foresee what lies ahead. Historically, many periods of significant progress have emerged during times of upheaval when our familiar realities were disrupted. In the UK, support for women’s suffrage gained momentum after World War I, which also paved the way for a transformative welfare state and the establishment of a second National Health Service.

While I can’t travel back in time to observe the brains of those historical figures, I can imagine those moments of new opportunities functioning just like our minds do today. When our surrounding touchpoints appear unstable, old concepts can be discarded and new ones adopted.

Uncertainty and volatility are distinctly perceived based on how the brain operates. While volatility can induce anxiety, living amidst constant change opens our minds to new possibilities. We must remain alert to those who might exploit our adaptable minds towards extreme or conspiratorial concepts, but we can also embrace a brighter, more optimistic future by steering our cognitive processes toward pivotal changes.

Daniel Yong is the director and author of the Uncertainty Lab at Birkbeck, University of London. His book, The Trick of the Heart, delves into these themes.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Navigating the Workforce Crisis: Key Insights for Alumni Battling AI in the Job Market


  • 1. The current crisis has as much to do with economics as it does with AI

    According to Kirsten Barnes, head of Bright Network’s digital platform, the graduate labor market is facing challenges that are not uncommon.

    “Typically, fluctuations in the graduate job market hover around 10-15% this year, stemming from various factors such as the overall economic landscape and typical business demand changes, rather than being solely driven by AI.”

    Fewer graduates report that among companies employing alumni, “no one attributes this to AI,” said Claire Tyler, director of insights at the Institute for Student Employers (ISE), which advocates for leading graduates.

    Some recruiting professionals noted that the recent rise in employer national insurance contributions is hindering entry-level hiring.

    Ed Steer, CEO of Sphere Digital Recruitment, highlighted a drop in graduate vacancies from 400 annually in 2021 to a projected 75 this year, indicating that companies prefer candidates with more experience to “hit the ground running.”


  • 2. Nonetheless, AI is indeed a significant factor

    Auria Heanley, co-founder of Oriel Partners, reported a 30% decrease in entry-level personal assistant roles this year, stating, “It’s undeniable that AI, coupled with broader economic uncertainty, is making it increasingly challenging for graduates to secure these positions.”

    Felix Mitchell, co-CEO of Instant Impact, noted that fields related to STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) are particularly affected. “Evidence suggests while AI will create jobs, job losses will occur faster than new roles are generated.”


  • 3. The revolution is set to escalate

    Major tech companies like Microsoft are highlighting the profound impacts of AI agents—technology capable of performing complex cognitive tasks autonomously. Developer AI leader Dario Amodei has cautioned that this advancement could eliminate half of all entry-level office roles within the next five years.

    James Reid, CEO of Employment Agency Reid, remarked that AI is on the verge of reshaping the job market dramatically.

    “This seems to be a pivotal year where AI is truly transforming and becoming ingrained in workflows.”

    Sophie O’Brien, CEO of Pollen Careers, catering to early-career and entry-level roles, mentioned that AI has “accelerated” the decline in graduate recruitment over several years.

    She added: “It’s evident that a substantial number of jobs in the coming years will vanish due to the prevalence of desk jobs focused on information processing.”


  • 4. Acquire AI skills immediately

    According to David Bell from Odgers, an executive search firm, law firms are increasingly prioritizing AI skills in their graduate recruitment processes. “During interviews, they are inquiring about candidates’ knowledge and use of AI,” he noted. “Candidates unfamiliar with tools like ChatGPT will find it hard to secure positions.”

    James Milligan, global head of STEM recruitment for multinational Hayes, concurred: “Without an understanding of AI tools, candidates will disadvantage themselves. Jobs remain, but they evolve. We are in the midst of that evolutionary shift.”

    Chris Morrow, managing director at Digitalent, which specializes in AI-related placements, mentioned he is developing a new category of AI-Adjacent roles rather than merely adopting technology.

    This rising demand for skills has led universities to rethink their curriculum. Louise Ballard, co-founder of atheni.ai, stated that while assisting companies in integrating AI technology, there’s a noticeable gap in “basic AI literacy education” at the university level.

    “Your workforce lacks the necessary training,” she remarked. “Success in AI requires practical skills, which are not strictly academic.”

    Morrow asserted the real concern lies in underutilizing AI, emphasizing that educational institutions and governmental policies need to adapt. “Universities must incorporate AI training across all subjects,” he urged.


  • 5. Graduates are using AI to job-hunt, but caution is advised

    AI is proving helpful for composing resumes and cover letters, leading to an increase in applications as the process becomes more user-friendly.

    Bright Network reports that AI utilization among alumni and undergraduates has grown to 50%, up from 38% last year. Teach, a prominent graduate employer, plans to enhance non-writing review processes to mitigate the effects of AI-generated inputs.

    ISE’s Tyler cautioned that over-reliance on AI in applications may force employers to cut recruitment efforts short and focus on specific demographics. This could disadvantage underrepresented groups, she indicated.

    James Reed noted that what was once a major red flag, such as typos, may now be viewed differently. “In the past, I filtered out CVs with spelling mistakes, assuming candidates were either careless or inattentive to detail,” he remarked.


  • 6. Consider applying to small businesses

    Small and medium-sized enterprises, defined as those with fewer than 250 employees, have also emerged as viable options for graduates.

    Pollen O’Brien noted that small businesses are the largest employers in the UK, accounting for 60% of the workforce. A lack of AI proficiency in these organizations presents unique employment opportunities.

    “Many of these businesses are unaware of AI capabilities and may even fear them, creating chances for new graduates to provide much-needed skills,” she affirmed. “By imparting these skills to small businesses, there’s potential to revolutionize operations.”

    Dan Hayes, co-founder of the Alumni Recruitment Office, remarked on the thousands of lesser-known employers “eager for innovative individuals.”

    “There exists a vast, untapped market seldom covered in discussions,” he concluded.

  • Source: www.theguardian.com

    Navigating Uncertainty: The Newsroom’s Approach to AI Challenges and Opportunities

    I
    n In early March, job advertisements were circulating among sports journalists for the “AI Assisted Sports Reporter” position at USA Today’s publisher Gannett. This role was described as being at the “front of a new era of journalism,” but it was clarified that it did not involve beat reporting or require travel or in-person interviews. Football commentator Gary Tafaus made light of this dark humor.

    As artificial intelligence continues to advance, newsrooms are grappling with the challenges and opportunities it presents. Recent developments include an AI project at a media outlet being criticized for softening the image of the Ku Klux Klan, as well as UK journalists producing over 100 bylines in a day with the help of AI. Despite uncertainties surrounding technology, there is a growing consensus on its current capabilities.

    Media companies are well aware of the potential pitfalls of relying on AI tools to create and modify content. While some believe that AI can improve the quality of information, others emphasize the need to establish proper guidelines to avoid detrimental consequences.

    The rapid integration of technology into newsrooms has led to some unfortunate instances, such as the LA Times using AI tools to provide alternative viewpoints that were criticized for minimizing the threat posed by groups like the Ku Klux Klan. Executives in the media industry recognize the challenges of making unpredictable decisions in the era of AI.

    Even tech giants like Apple have faced setbacks in ensuring the accuracy of AI-generated content, as evidenced by the suspension of features creating inaccurate summaries of news headlines from the BBC.

    Journalists and tech designers have spent years developing AI tools that can enhance journalistic practices. Publishers use AI to summarize and suggest headlines based on original reporting, which can then be reviewed by human editors. Some publishers have begun implementing AI tools to condense and repurpose their stories.

    The Make It Fair campaign was created to raise awareness among British citizens about the threats posed by Generative AI to the creative industry. Photo: Geoffrey Swaine/Rex/Shutterstock

    Some organizations are experimenting with AI chatbots that allow readers to access archived content and ask questions. However, concerns have been raised about the potential lack of oversight over the responses generated by AI.

    The debate continues on the extent to which AI can support journalists in their work. While some see AI as a tool to increase coverage and enable more in-depth reporting, others doubt its impact on original journalism.

    Despite the challenges, newsrooms are exploring the benefits of AI in analyzing large datasets and improving workflow efficiency. Tools have helped uncover significant cases of negligence and aid in tasks like transcription and translation.

    While concerns persist about AI errors, media companies are exploring ways to leverage AI for social listening, content creation, and fact-checking. The industry is also looking towards adapting content formats for different audiences and platforms.

    However, the prospect of AI chatbots creating content independently has raised fears about the potential displacement of human journalists. Some media figures believe that government intervention may be necessary to address these challenges.

    Several media groups have entered licensing agreements with owners of AI models to ensure proper training on original content. Despite the uncertainties, there is hope that the media industry can adapt to the evolving landscape of AI technology.

    Source: www.theguardian.com

    Navigating the highly politicized landscape of microchips | Technology

    In a small town in the Netherlands, there is only one factory that produces the only chip manufacturing machine that produces the type of light found naturally on the planet.

    Known as EUV, this light is the only way to create cutting-edge semiconductor chips, one of the most valuable and important technologies in the world at scale. The factory is prohibited from selling EUV machines to China.

    Below we will explain how the chips are made, why they became the focus of the US-China trade war, how Taiwan was drawn into the vortex, and what comes next. The answer is that we need three planes to travel from deep underground from space, from the dirtiest places in the world to the cleanest places, from the hottest temperatures, from artificial structures smaller than viruses, to the very big, and ultimately two opposite states at the same time.


    How are they made?

    The chip is made up of a thin, flat layer of silicon (called a wafer) that holds the electrical circuit. These circuits consist of billions of switches called transistors. Very complex and powerful chips containing these networks of transistors are commonly referred to as semiconductors.

    If you want to build a semiconductor, you’ll need $380 million. This is the cost of modern EUV machines from Advanced Semiconductor Material Lithography (ASML). Delivery is a nightmare. The machine is so large and delicate that it requires 40 cargo containers, three cargo aircraft and 20 trucks to transport from the Dutch factory in Beldoven. All of this creates light at a shorter wavelength than an X-ray, focusing, and has enough energy to penetrate into solid objects.

    Chipmakers strive to meet Moore’s law: its capabilities – or the predictions called the number of transistors on the chip. If the chips keep the same size and ideally smaller, this means that the transistors must be finer.

    The ASML machine carries the pattern into a silicon wafer that holds the transistors. The finer the pattern, the more you can stuff it into the chip. Company spokesman Marc Assinck compares the thickness of the pen stroke to the light wavelength. The thinner the pen should be, the more detailed the page is needed. EUV lights have very narrow wavelengths, invisible to the human eye, and pass through most materials.

    The light is produced by firing a laser with a tin microscope ball. The tin evaporates into the plasma, and the plasma emits light, travels through the lithography machine and hits a specially made mirror. The light shines through the “mask,” a pattern of one layer of chips. Areas exposed to light cure, and areas that are not exposed will dissolve in the chemical solution, leaving a 3D pattern.

    Think of a chip like a 100-story building. Each building takes four months to produce, and each floor has its own layout. This layout features only 25 nanometers. It is about 100 nanometers smaller than influenza virus particles. EUV and other lithography machines carve patterns of these layers one by one.

    Building a machine is not easy. Like the chips themselves, they are assembled into dust-free rooms, the cleanest space on the planet. The chips work at the atom level: a single spot of dust can make them useless.

    1 is a diagram showing the semiconductor chip structure. FIG. Illustration: ASML

    Why is Taiwan so important?

    ASML creates a machine that makes the chips, but does not create the chips themselves. This is primarily done by another notable company with another notable name, TSMC, or Taiwanese semiconductor manufacturing company. Taiwan manufactures and supplies many of the US semiconductor chips, which adds to protecting Taiwan amid concerns that China will invade.

    In 2022, the US persuaded the Dutch government to take control of ASML machines exports and limit sales to China. To date, according to ASML, no EUV lithography machines have been shipped to China. This means that unless you invent your own EUV lithography machine, or you will use deep ultraviolet lithography rather than extreme ultraviolet lithography, rather than in Western countries, if not more powerful than technology a few years old. These machines can produce extremely complex chips on a large scale, but they are not that complicated.

    Another technology that the US and China are fiercely competing to advance, artificial intelligence relies on the world's most complex and powerful semiconductor chips. The main designers of these chips are an American company called Nvidia. The chip is generated by TSMC on a machine created by ASML.

    China's lack of access to EUV lithography explains why the debut of Chinese chatbot Deepseek shocked the market. Chinese companies have produced products as powerful as Chat GPT, which has advanced, cheaper technology. Deepseek claims that training costs just $6 million compared to Billions of dollars It was spent by US companies to do the same.

    “The US believes that AI is a transformative technology and affects almost every sector of the economy,” says Chris Miller, author of Chip War: The Fight for The World the Critical Technology. “So we don't want China to gain an advantage.”

    It is also important for defense and intelligence. The People's Liberation Army has made “great advances” in recent years in efforts to use AI in combat. According to Center for security and emerging technologies.

    However, not everyone believes that access to Chinese ASML machines, including ASML, should be restricted.

    At a Bloomberg meeting in October, CEO Christophe Foucet said, “We were asked how much the security threat restrictions are.”

    The debate may not need to last long. In 2024, China's Shanghai Microelectronics Company (SMIC) revealed that it had filed a patent for its EUV lithography machine a year ago.


    Where do you find rare earths?

    China boasts other advantages over the West in the race to produce chips. In addition to silicon, semiconductors require so-called “rare earths,” especially germanium and gallium. Gallium demand is forecast by 2030 More than 350% increase from 2015 level. Demand for germanium is expected to double over the same period. China produces 98% of the world's raw gallium and more than two-thirds of the world's raw germanium.

    This is one of the reasons why Donald Trump is putting pressure on Ukraine to hand over its rare earth in exchange for aid and has announced that he has agreed to launch a “recovery and processing initiative” for the rare earth after his first meeting with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

    Silicon wafers for semiconductor manufacturing. Photo: Panther Media GmbH/Alamy

    Does Quantum Chips change everything?

    Next is the quantum chip. In theory, quantum chips allow computers to solve problems much faster than the world's current supercomputers. This is because instead of an on or off equivalent, or zero or zero or one, the Quantum chip can be in both states. The general explanation is a maze. A regular computer will find a path through the maze by testing each option one after the other. Quantum computers can test them all at once.

    So far, quantum computing has been achieved only in limited circumstances. However, Microsoft announced this month that it had built a chip that means quantum computers could be built within years, not decades.

    Meanwhile, China's public spending on quantum technology is four times more than the US. According to The Institute of China Research, a European think tank. Furthermore, the chips are not made from EUV machines. Instead, quantum chips are made by machines that use electrons to engrave patterns onto chips. China has these machines.

    China also has resources that are often overlooked in chip discussions, said David Reilly, professor of physics and head of the Quantum program at the University of Sydney.

    “The key to all this is people,” he says. As people see their needs and know what the existing way to meet those needs is, breakthroughs can happen and imagine what they are.

    “There are a lot of smart people in China. They train a lot of STEM graduates,” he says. And those alumni tend to pursue undergraduate or graduate degrees from universities in the US, Australia and Europe before returning.

    “The government doesn't want to say it's blind to it, but it has a lot of focus on relocating concrete,” he says. “Invention doesn't happen in a vacuum.”

    Source: www.theguardian.com

    Navigating Zoom calls in 2025: Managing small group meetings with stationary backgrounds on the internet

    WWhether it’s catching up with colleagues or gathering to set New Year’s resolutions, many of us will be reconnecting via Zoom, Teams, or Google Meet on Monday morning. But while such platforms have revolutionized flexible remote work in recent years, scientists are increasingly realizing that they can have a negative impact on people’s energy levels and self-esteem. So how can you have a healthier relationship with video conferencing in 2025?

    Psychologists coined the term relatively early in the pandemic. “Zoom fatigue” Learn about the physical and psychological fatigue that can result from using video conferencing platforms such as Zoom for long periods of time. We found that people who had longer meetings using technology or who had a negative attitude toward meetings were more likely to feel: They made me even more exhausted..

    Further research has found that the use of the self-view feature, which allows you to control whether your video is shown on screen during a meeting, is associated with increased fatigue levels. “We also found a gender effect, with women reporting more Zoom fatigue than men,” said Dr. Anna Carolina Queiroz, associate professor of interactive media at the University of Miami in Florida, who has been involved in these studies. says.

    An insight from her the study People tend to feel more connected to others through frequent, short, and small group video calls rather than long meetings with many participants. This is likely because it takes longer to maintain nonverbal communication cues, such as eye contact, with many people. A lot of mental effort.

    Those who are more sensitive to these communication cues may be more negatively affected, which may explain why women, who often feel greater pressure to present a positive image of themselves on video, tend to feel more fatigued. That could help explain things, Queiroz said.

    She suggests keeping online meetings as short and small as possible and taking breaks between meetings to improve cognitive performance.

    another the study This suggests that people who spend a lot of time video conferencing may become more conscious of their appearance and may be more likely to report greater dissatisfaction with it. Some people become so preoccupied with perceived flaws that they become anxious about attending gatherings and seek cosmetic surgery to change their appearance.

    Dr. George Klompouzos, a professor of dermatology at Brown University and a practicing dermatologist, says, “If you’re worried about imperfections, continued exposure to images of yourself in virtual meetings tends to make those problems worse.” “There is,” he says. “Zoom dysmorphia is at least as common as body dysmorphia, which is a painful or disabling form of perceived or real defect that affects about 2% of the general population.” I’m thinking about it.

    Dr. Cemre Turk, a dermatologist and postdoctoral fellow at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, US, says that Zoom dysmorphia is very likely to cause an increase in body dysmorphia, which can be devastating to people’s work and personal lives. It said it was important to identify it because it could have an impact. , in collaboration with Kroumpouzos. screening questionnaire It could help identify and treat more such patients.

    Even if frequent video conferencing didn’t motivate people to seek facial surgery or “tweaks,” something else did. Recent research suggests It can unconsciously shape purchasing decisions in other ways.

    Li Huang, Ph.D., an assistant professor of marketing at Hofstra University in New York, and his colleagues used a combination of eye tracking and surveys to determine how people liked different products after participating in different types of Zoom video calls and in-person meetings. Interest was assessed. Researchers found that video calls increased people’s anxiety about being negatively evaluated by others, whether they realized it or not, and increased their interest in self-help products in the aftermath of the call. It turns out.

    Although it may sound negative, “this could actually have some positive consequences,” Huang said. “People are increasingly interested in self-improvement products, but this is not limited to body improvement products such as facial creams, but more general forms such as signing up for a LinkedIn learning course or participating in a health check-up. It also includes self-improvement.

    “Most of the time, we are unaware that these types of virtual interactions are affecting our psychological well-being, and we may end up making impulse purchases online without knowing why. By learning about these findings, people can try to reduce these types of impacts.”

    For example, the study found that this effect was reduced if study participants were able to turn off their webcams or use ring lights to emphasize their appearance during calls.

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    Switching to “Speaker View” instead of “Gallery View” and turning off “Self View” can also help, and asking participants to write about their strengths and characteristics after the call can also boost self-esteem. It was helpful.

    Another factor that may help reduce the negative effects of video calls is zoom the background Selected. Dr. Heng Chan of Nanyang Technological University in Singapore and his colleagues assessed how tired people felt after video conferencing and found that virtual video backgrounds, such as videos of swaying palm trees or waves crashing on a beach, were associated with feelings of fatigue. I discovered that it does. There is a feeling of fatigue at the highest level, followed by a blurred background. Perhaps this is because the brain is forced to work harder by constantly reacting to new visual information, including the occasional intrusion of unblurred objects, Chan said.

    People looking at static virtual backgrounds felt the least fatigued, especially if it was a nature-based image, and another study suggests it may have a calming effect. Masu.

    The study didn’t assess the impact of people using real-world backgrounds, but Zhang, who uses backgrounds of trees and mountains for his video calls, said still images were still better. I think it might be better. “If you have your own office, that’s fine, but if you’re in a coffee shop or working outside, there’s a chance that people will be walking behind you or something else will happen that will distract your brain. Yes,” says Chan. “Even if you have your own office, you might be distracted by your personal belongings or worried about what others think of you.”

    Huang hopes that in addition to using insights like this to help individuals protect themselves from the negative emotional impact of video conferencing, platforms will also take steps to foster a more positive user experience. I’m here. For example, instead of offering standard beauty filters, you can allow users to adjust lighting and background blur to improve their look more seriously.

    “Increasing autonomy over privacy settings, such as controlling who can see and when, could also help reduce the pressure on users to always be visible to many people in meetings,” she said. I say.

    Platforms could also consider leveraging artificial intelligence to detect signs of emotional distress in people’s voices and facial expressions, offering features such as discreet breaks and mindfulness exercises to help manage emotions. says Huang.

    Source: www.theguardian.com

    Navigating the Latest Nutrition Trends: A Survival Guide

    Loading plates has never been more complicated. While we urge people to avoid ultra-processed foods and ‘bad’ fats, we are also exposed to a growing number of sometimes contradictory dietary advice. Not only is it confusing, but it’s difficult to determine what difference these choices will actually make in the long run.

    Social media is full of people talking about the health benefits of what they eat, and diets that promise to improve hormonal balance, for example, are rapidly gaining popularity. It goes without saying that any nutrition advice shared on TikTok should be taken with a pinch of salt, but some people get carried away by the excitement and begin to believe that there must be a grain of truth to such claims. I tend to put it away.

    Then there are fermented foods that are often sold as dietary panaceas. Do we really need to consume a lot of kimchi and kombucha to be healthy?

    Even nutrition can be confusing. The more we hear about the latest discoveries, such as reducing chronic inflammation, improving health and weight by eating at specific times, and choosing what to eat based on personal preferences, It seems like you can adjust your diet to focus on the results. reaction to food.

    Not only is it confusing, but it’s hard to tell what difference these choices actually make

    To help you navigate this minefield, we’ve put together a delicious special issue. new scientist We highlight seven of today’s hottest nutrition trends and teach you how to eat better.

    This revealed some surprising things. For example, recent research shows that snacking, long generally demonized as a bad thing, may actually be good for your health and waistline.

    Plus, there are the surprisingly wide-ranging health benefits of dietary fiber, which we already know is good for your gut. Unlike many ingredients touted as superfoods, this one lives up to its promise, and most of us don’t get enough of it.

    So check out our feature on science-based guides on what you should actually do to increase your chances of living a longer, healthier life.

    topic:

    Source: www.newscientist.com

    Navigating the Climate Crisis: Ghost Gamers Guide the Tides of Tomorrow | Games

    aBlue skies, crystal clear waters and a fleet of boats bearing the words “Welcome to Pleasureland” – it sounds like a dream vacation, but in reality it’s a dystopia: after a great flood, the continent is submerged and diseases caused by toxic plastic are affecting all living things.

    Tides of Tomorrow is nothing less than unsettling climax fiction, but its tone is lighthearted, blunt and irreverent rather than gloomy and unsettling. It’s set on the fictional planet Elynd, and lead game designer Adrien Poncet says he and his colleagues had free reign to play with the science and technology they depicted. At one point, a character inhales “ozen” from a container, an oxygen-like substance that helps keep people alive. At other times, players witness shocking and unsettling imagery, including tons of floating plastic that resemble the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.




    Tomorrow’s trends. Photo: Deep Silver/PLAION

    Fans of DigixArt’s previous project, the border-crossing adventure Road 96, will be pleased with the amount of challenge in Tides of Tomorrow’s gameplay. Players will navigate the oceans of Erind, encountering pirates, religious cults, and deep-sea trawlers loaded with junk, sprinkling in first-person exploration, mini-games, and scripted action sequences (including, predictably, a boat-driving sequence and, unexpectedly, the odd bit of parkour). But Poncet stresses that at its core, the game is a thrilling, branching narrative. Kill a crime boss or attempt an escape? The choice is yours. You may live or die by the consequences.

    It’s a new and particularly ambitious twist on this long-running “choose your own adventure” formula. Playing as a so-called Tide Walker (name subject to change), you share what Poncet calls a “strange connection” with other Tide Walkers. They appear to you as apparitions, out of time but not out of place. The catch here is that these apparitions aren’t pre-programmed encounters, but other players connected to you over the internet, already playing out the same events. Think of it as an asynchronous multiplayer system, like Elden Ring’s ghosts, except here your ghosts have a tangible impact on the game, perhaps leaving behind important items like a knife to stab the aforementioned unsuspecting kingpin.

    You’ll follow in the footsteps of one player at a time, getting to know them through their decision-making impulses. Who is that player? “It could be a stranger on the internet, a friend, or even your favorite streamer,” says Poncet.

    Soon, a chain reaction of decisions made by both you and your bound partner begins to pile up. Testing a game with such a dizzying narrative structure proves to be extremely difficult.[Tides of Tomorrow] “The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim is the first game to really push the idea of ​​asynchronous multiplayer narrative,” Ponsetto said. “We didn’t approach this game with any blueprint or preconceived ideas. This is uncharted territory.”

    Despite the novelty of this component, the lead designer claims that it speaks to the game’s deeper themes. Indeed, the mechanic doubles as a carefully considered metaphor: after all, what could survive the all-encompassing climate crisis and mitigate its worst effects other than a massive collaborative effort involving people spread across a vast continent?

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    “Tides of Tomorrow asks players to question our world,” Poncet says, “but especially about holding on to hope in a world where all seems lost, and helping each other in a common effort to make things better.”

    Tides of Tomorrow is in development for PC, with a release date yet to be determined.

    Source: www.theguardian.com

    Navigating the Challenges of Modern Sports Games with EA Customer Support | Games

    I I’m so grateful for my dual citizenship now. The horror of Scotland’s dismal performance at Euro 2024 was tempered by Canada’s heroic play in the inaugural Copa America and by the Edmonton Oilers, a Canadian hockey team that’s reached its third Stanley Cup final in 18 years – a team so thoroughly Canadian that it has a fossil fuel in its name.

    Thank you, NHL 93 and 94 on the Mega Drive. Not only were those two games the twin-headed epitome of sports gaming perfection, but they’re also the reason I can walk into any pub in Canada and bluff my way through a conversation about Mario Lemieux, Steve Yzerman, and Mark Messier. I could also make the case for why Jeremy Roenick is the most underrated hockey player of his generation, if only because NHL 94 combined the four horsemen of the apocalypse into one. He was on par with Barry Sanders in Madden, Kylian Mbappe in any FIFA, the Stockton/Malone combo in NBA Jam, and other insanely good players whose teams you couldn’t beat.




    The Edmonton Oilers and Florida Panthers will play in 3D. Photo: Rebecca Blackwell/AP

    I hadn’t played NHL in decades, but inspired by the Oilers’ near-victory, I decided to fire up NHL 24 on my Xbox, and I was instantly neurotic. What happened to the simple game on the Mega Drive, where you skate to one side, shoot at the back post, and get one-timers into the net 4 out of 5 times? Now it’s hyper-realistic, with 50-meter control options and loads of icy inertia. In the first game, I felt like a Rebel soldier during the Empire’s attack on Hoth.

    So, back to the beginning. Master the basics with free skating. Then move on to the awesome 1v1v1 mode, where three people shoot at the same goal in a variety of snowy, convenient locations. This is the perfect place to start mastering the individual skills that matter in a game where creating scoring chances is surprisingly easy, but actually scoring is like threading a needle. With the puck. While sliding. And while getting hit.

    Once you’ve mastered basic individual skills, move on to a 3v3 NHL three-match. You score your team’s first goal and feel great. Then the game stops, the Hawk mascot starts dancing in frustration and you start playing as the Blackhawks. This is how it should be at the Euros. Can you imagine a beleaguered Gareth Southgate trying to explain why he chose Hartlepool’s Hangus the Monkey over Harry Kane? Or how well Scotland would have performed with the Gunnersaurus in place of the injured Kieran Tierney?

    I got overconfident and tried my first trick deke move, lost the ball, Hawk got the puck, and the mascot scored on me. A mascot! And I got two points! Why? Apparently we were playing MONEY PUCK, which is a rhyming slang for what I was yelling at the screen. But I put in the hours and soon got a mascot to play on my team. And it’s fun!

    I was ready to play online. But things have changed because I’m one of those people with an old EA account linked to an email address I no longer have access to. I went through 7 layers of hell that is EA Online Support and submitted a ticket asking them to link another account to my Xbox One. I was told I needed to wait 6 minutes. That’s not too bad. The number 6 shows up on the screen but doesn’t change. For 10 minutes. And then it finally switched over.

    Up to 8.

    So 10.

    So it’s 11.

    Hell, EA took all the money they ripped people off of Fifa Ultimate Team and spent it on time travel. Wait a few days and you’ll see how the dinosaurs went extinct (and probably starve to death while waiting for help from EA).

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    NHL 94 on the Mega Drive – Ahh, the good old days. Photo: EA

    After decades, I finally connected with a human being. To access my account, I need to correctly answer six personal questions. Six! No way. The Canadian citizenship test was easier than this. Six personal questions? More than I asked my wife before we got married. Two questions are enough to access my bank account. Frustrated, I tried to prove my identity, offering to hold out my finger since I wouldn’t need it to play NHL 24 online anyway.

    I tried to imitate Karen and said I wanted to speak to a manager, politely explaining that I was writing an article about the game. My “helper” said she would raise a ticket with the team and someone would get in touch. In the end, no one contacted me. Later, I realized there was an old case on my account from 2021. Clicked through the transcript. Same issue, still not fixed then.

    My virtual hockey adventures will likely continue for a few more decades. I never have Something that happened on the Mega Drive.

    Source: www.theguardian.com

    Navigating the 2024 Venture Environment: Strategic Insights for Technology Founders from Seed to Series A

    I do not have any questions 2023 was a tough year for the venture and technology ecosystem. Carta revealed that the total number of funding rounds and total investments have decreased dramatically. 64% decrease in Q1 2023 Total investment was down 86% from its peak in Q4 2021. Forum Ventures has invested in more than 100 B2B SaaS companies across accelerators and seeds this year, and we’ve seen first-hand how difficult the funding environment can be for founders at every stage of this market. funds. Michael Cardamone, his CEO and managing partner at Forum Ventures, spoke to up-and-coming executives about the state of the market, saying, “This has been the most difficult to raise money in a long time.”

    in recent reports, Forum Ventures surveyed 70 funds and 167 closed pre-seed and seed funds between January and October 2023 to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the early-stage B2B SaaS investment landscape. We analyzed the round data.

    Key findings from this report include:

    • Data across these rounds shows a 10% decrease from the same survey conducted last year, with 75% of respondents citing a decrease in valuations from 2022 onwards.
    • The average valuation at pre-seed was $9 million post, and the same for pre-revenue until the ARR (Annual Recurring Revenue) for the entire round for which data was collected was $250,000.
    • Companies with an ARR of $250,000 or more raised at an average valuation cap of $15 million.

    seed round

    As a founder, manage your cash flow wisely, convince top talent to join your company, and focus on building the product your customers want.

    While seed valuations remain stable from 2022 to 2023, it has become more difficult to achieve the traction needed for these rounds, which can create false expectations for founders. In 2020-2021, it is relatively common for $3-5 million seed rounds to close with little if any traction, depending on the space and founder. They were typically completed at a valuation of $12 million to $25 million. ‘Background.

    While there are exceptions, today’s market is looking for big traction early on, and companies typically need $250,000 to $1 million in ARR to raise a $3 million+ seed round, and these rounds is typically completed with about 20% to 25% dilution (i.e. $12 million post $3 million, $1 million to $15 million post, or $16 million to $20 million post $4 million). The hurdles to raising an institutional seed round are much higher, and founders and companies often need to prove more of a track record in today’s market than ever before. This dynamic means that many founders must first raise a pre-seed round to reach those milestones, and thus multiple rounds to reach Series A. To do.

    Source: techcrunch.com

    Founders’ Guide to Navigating Economic Uncertainty: A Step-by-Step Blueprint

    Company formation Achieving superior performance amid economic uncertainty requires more than just hungry founders with good ideas. A strong foundation is needed to withstand the market. Companies founded today need to focus on being profitable while growing, which can be a priority for companies with active VC funding. Profitability may be top of mind during the pre-monetization phase, but maintaining operational efficiency and focus is essential to maximizing monetization potential.

    According to Investors, investors are becoming less interested in pitch materials from founders. DocSend data — Investor activity decreased by less than 2% year-on-year (y/y) from 2022 and 4% from 2021. However, investors are still considering pitch materials at a higher level than in 2020, proving that there is a market for early-stage deals.However Funding decreased by 27% Year-on-year comparison for the third quarter.

    Every market has opportunities and challenges. Just a few years ago, the founders’ market caused a situation in which “zombie” companies raised funds at unrealistic valuations with the mindset of “growing at all costs,” and the market was extremely founder-friendly. has also proven to have its pitfalls.

    Now that investors have returned to par, founders need to prove that their companies are built to survive with long-term profitability and scalability in mind. Historically, this has followed the example of Big Tech companies such as Google, Microsoft, and Adobe, all of which were profitable or close to profitable when they went public.

    In 2023, some founders will fail, but others will succeed in leading companies that define a generation.

    As the economy and investor market tightens, it becomes even more important to instill solid building blocks in your company’s foundations. Some of the world’s most innovative companies were founded in economically difficult circumstances, and those companies were built to withstand the markets they entered.

    The next generation of market-defining companies will operate with the same integrity. A strong foundation will help you raise early-stage funding and, if necessary, help you scale your company and reach further stages of its lifecycle. In the era of growth at all costs, making profits and paying attention to unit economics were often ignored or looked down upon. That has clearly changed now. For founders, perfecting their pitch, developing an efficient sales strategy, and quickly narrowing down their product scope will create a strong foundation for success in attracting investors.

    Give investors what they want

    Source: techcrunch.com