Mondo News

Unlock Longevity: The Essential Role of Cross-Training in Your Fitness Routine

Posted on January 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Variety is the key to optimal fitness.

Credit: Lyndon Stratford/Alamy Stock Photo

Diverse Exercises for Longevity — Variety is the key to optimal fitness.

Credit: Lyndon Stratford/Alamy Stock Photo

Many athletes enhance their performance by integrating various exercises. New research suggests this cross-training may also contribute to a longer lifespan.

A comprehensive analysis of two studies following individuals for over 30 years revealed that those who participated in a diverse range of physical activities had a 19% lower risk of mortality compared to equally active individuals with less variety in their workouts.

“Maintaining the same total amount of physical activity while incorporating different exercises can lead to additional benefits,” states Han Han from Harvard University. However, as this type of research is observational, the results are indicative rather than definitive.

Most exercise studies tend to focus on either intensity or total volume of activity, often contrasting aerobic and strength training. In this research, Han and her team examined nine primary aerobic activities, including jogging (defined as a pace slower than 6.2 minutes per kilometer), running, outdoor and stationary cycling, stair climbing, swimming, rowing, bodyweight exercises (like squats and pull-ups), tennis, squash, racquetball, and weight training.

The researchers collected data on 70,000 women and 41,000 men from the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study between 1986 and 2018. Study participants completed a physical activity questionnaire every two years.

The research team analyzed the link between participants’ activity levels and their mortality risk throughout the study duration. Individuals with health conditions that could skew their performance were excluded from the findings.

Results showed that engaging in multiple forms of exercise for several hours each week revealed diminishing returns regarding death risk reduction over the study timeline.

This highlights that diversifying workouts can provide enhanced benefits. As Han suggests, when one reaches diminishing returns with a specific exercise, it may be more advantageous to try different activities instead of repeating the same routine. Different forms of exercise may offer unique physiological advantages that can work together for greater benefits.

“Future research could explore potential synergies between various exercises,” Han notes. This optimal combination can evolve as people age.

Only a few studies have investigated how different types or combinations of exercise affect mortality rates, according to Lee Dak-chul from the University of Pittsburgh. He cautions that results should be approached with caution due to inherent research limitations—such as self-reported exercise, which may be inflated, and the likelihood that healthier individuals tend to participate in more physical activities.

Nevertheless, their findings are somewhat corroborated by the World Health Organization’s guidelines, advocating for both aerobic and resistance exercises as providing comprehensive health and mortality benefits compared to either alone, as Lee mentions.

In the future, this type of research could leverage data from wearable fitness devices instead of relying on self-reported data. “For now, we have to depend on surveys,” Han concludes.

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Boost Your Chess Winning Odds: Discover 3 Essential Cheats for Success!

Posted on January 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Detecting Cheating in Chess: The Challenge

Simple Image/Getty

Chess Game Analysis — Detecting Cheating in Chess: The Challenge

Simple Image/Getty

Just three cunning acts of cheating can drastically shift the odds in chess, turning an evenly matched game into an almost guaranteed victory, a new analysis reveals. This highlights the need for effective systems to detect and prevent cheating in chess.

Daniel Kellen from the University of Haifa, Israel, simulated 100,000 games using the advanced Stockfish chess engine. Famous for its unmatched performance, Stockfish can outplay any human world champion. In these matches, two computer engines competed at an average skill level (1500 Elo rating), while powerful interventions occurred from a more skilled computer with an Elo score of 3190—higher than any human’s.

Typically, playing as White confers a slight advantage with a 51% probability of winning, primarily due to the first move advantage. However, Kellen’s findings showed that leveraging a computer system like Stockfish for guidance on just one move amplifies that probability to an average of 66%. If a player resorts to three instances of cheating, the chance of victory escalates dramatically to 84%.

“We anticipated that the first act of cheating would raise the winning probability to 55%, with a second nudging it to 60%. However, cheating three times escalated the odds to an astonishing 84%,” Kellen notes. This is a crucial insight for players seeking victory.

A single, well-timed move suggested by a superior chess engine (approximately 30 moves into the game) can improve winning chances by 15 percentage points. In contrast, random interventions throughout the game yield a mere 7.5 percentage point boost.

The analysis employed a system that intervened only if the suggested move significantly enhanced winning chances compared to the player’s original choice. The thresholds for cheating became more stringent as gameplay progressed. “Initial acts of cheating are somewhat lenient; however, scaling up your cheating necessitates a marginally greater advantage,” Kellen points out.

Such tactics create a “camouflage measure,” according to Kellen, which enables cheaters to evade detection by the automated systems employed by online chess platforms. These systems may mistake a remarkably effective move as an exceptional human insight rather than a product of computer assistance.

“Proving selective cheating through manual analysis poses significant challenges, as a single strategic hint from an engine can determine the outcome of a game,” emphasizes Kellen. Kim Shu from the University of Mainz in Germany finds this research compelling.

Kellen clarifies that his work does not aim to facilitate cheating but rather to assist chess platforms in recognizing the threats posed by subtle cheating methods. “Understanding your adversary is crucial,” he concludes.

As online chess gains popularity, the community must intensify its efforts to uncover cheating instances, notes Shu. “An effective anti-cheating strategy demands a multifaceted approach,” he advises, suggesting the analysis of behavioral patterns, move timings, and comprehensive histories of online chess accounts.

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Transforming Home Construction: Essential Strategies to Maintain Temperatures Below 2°C

Posted on January 14, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Sawa Housing: Sustainable Wood Construction in Rotterdam

Image Credit: Hollandse Hoogte/Shutterstock

Sawa residential building in Rotterdam — Sawa Housing: Sustainable Wood Construction in Rotterdam

Image Credit: Hollandse Hoogte/Shutterstock

To combat global warming and maintain temperatures below 2°C, cities must drastically reduce greenhouse gas emissions from construction and infrastructure by over 90% within the next 20 to 40 years. This necessitates significant shifts in building design, material choices, or both.

“Canada aims to triple its housing construction rates amidst widespread housing shortages in the U.S., Australia, and many other countries,” explains Shoshanna Saxe from the University of Toronto. “How can we simultaneously meet these housing demands while significantly curbing pollution?”

Despite challenges, Saxe is optimistic. “We are already constructing buildings that meet sustainability goals; we just need to scale up our efforts,” she asserts. “Our expertise and knowledge are long-established; we need to utilize them effectively.”

Globally, the construction sector generates 10-20% of greenhouse gas emissions, primarily from cement production. Thus, understanding current construction emissions is crucial for countries and cities to plan reductions aligned with international climate objectives.

However, Saxe’s research team discovered a surprising lack of studies estimating construction emissions at the city level in Toronto.

“We developed a method to estimate city-level construction emissions and forecast future emissions to adhere to climate limits,” says team member Keegan Rankin, also from the University of Toronto.

Rankin’s analysis covered 1,033 cities, integrating existing models used for assessing the environmental impact of construction. He utilized data on city population, construction investment, and employment from sources like ExioBase. “These datasets were readily available, but combining them innovatively was unprecedented,” Saxe notes.

The team concluded the rate at which each city must reduce construction emissions to meet global carbon budget limits for a 2°C increase. “Understanding these budgets is essential for effective planning,” says Saxe.

The findings indicated that focusing solely on single-family homes to address housing needs would exhaust these budgets; cities should prioritize developing more efficient apartment buildings.

Employing alternative materials like wood and recycled concrete can help lower emissions, but good design remains paramount, adds Saxe.

“It’s a common misconception that merely building with wood resolves emission issues,” she clarifies. “Wood also emits greenhouse gases, and overly optimistic assumptions about forests may only lead to minimal emissions reductions.”

“Thoughtful building design is vital to minimize wasted space and materials,” Saxe emphasizes.

Rankin asserts that cities are uniquely positioned to implement change. “Cities are actively pursuing climate action and hold significant sway over construction practices,” he remarks. “As we identified in Toronto, many cities lack the resources to make informed budgeting choices.”

“Achieving the Paris Agreement’s goals hinges on addressing construction sector emissions, irrespective of reductions in other emissions,” says Prajar Pradhan from the University of Groningen. “Viewing emissions from a city budget perspective is also pivotal.”

It’s crucial to design buildings for low emissions not only during construction but throughout their lifespan, states Susan Roaf from Heriot-Watt University in the UK. “We cannot populate our growing cities with inefficient, pollution-heavy ‘zombie buildings,'” she cautions. Natural ventilation solutions can be a key factor in sustainability.

To reduce construction emissions effectively, prioritization of projects is essential. Saxe points out, “Canada continues to invest heavily in oil and gas infrastructure. We could accommodate housing for 10 million people without increasing emissions simply by reallocating those resources.”

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Climate Change/
Sustainability

Essential Science-Backed Metabolic Strategies for Effective Weight Loss

Posted on January 3, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

If you’ve struggled with weight loss, you may have attributed it to your metabolism. This elusive concept seems to make losing weight effortless for some, while for others, it feels like an uphill battle.

However, this perception misrepresents how the body truly functions, neglecting the critical elements of fat loss.

Metabolism encompasses more than just “the number of calories burned.” It’s a complex network of chemical reactions occurring in your cells and tissues that power everything you do.

Many individuals simplify it to a single statistic: calories burned at a specific moment.

Here, “metabolic rate” becomes relevant. It’s the standard metric for gauging how quickly your metabolism operates. Essentially, it’s the energy expended at rest, representing the minimal energy required to keep bodily functions active.

A common belief is that lean individuals possess a “fast” metabolism, burning more calories effortlessly. In fact, larger bodies often exhibit a “faster” metabolism.

The metabolic rate largely hinges on body size—greater tissue requires more energy for maintenance.

However, weight alone is a rudimentary gauge. Two individuals may weigh the same, but differences in fat-to-muscle ratios can significantly influence their metabolic rates.

Lean mass, particularly organs, plays a pivotal role in energy expenditure. The liver and brain alone contribute about half of the body’s resting energy requirements, with the kidneys accounting for nearly 20 percent.

Though skeletal muscle has a lower metabolic activity than organs (approximately 20 times less active per gram), its substantial mass contributes significantly to resting energy expenditure.

Since organ masses are consistent among individuals of similar size, muscle and fat primarily dictate metabolic variations.

This distinction also elucidates the differences between men and women. Men generally have a higher muscle mass and lower fat percentage, leading to a greater metabolic rate at the same weight.

Once body composition and gender are factored, metabolic rates prove to be surprisingly predictable, challenging the notion that some individuals have substantially “faster” metabolisms than others.

Deceleration Myth

Age-related hormonal changes often promote fat gain – Photo credit: Getty

There’s a common belief that metabolic rates decline with age. However, this perception may not hold, particularly for middle-aged individuals.

Taking body composition into account, metabolic rates typically remain stable until about age 65. The earlier drop is more related to shifts in muscle and fat than a mysterious “aging metabolism.”

Changes in hormonal balance, particularly during menopause, can impact metabolism.

Hormonal changes often promote fat gain while contributing to muscle loss, particularly around the abdomen, both of which can lower metabolic rates.

Additionally, reduced estrogen levels can affect thermogenesis, potentially slowing metabolism and leading to hot flashes.

After age 65, energy expenditure tends to diminish, not because of metabolic “aging,” but due to broader physical changes.

Muscle mass typically declines faster, lessening both muscle and organ metabolic activity, resulting in lower calorie burning.

The good news? Staying active, eating healthily, and preserving muscle mass can help mitigate muscle loss.

Read More:

Built-in Balance Adjustment Function

If metabolism is mostly predictable, can it be entirely fixed? Not quite. Depending on circumstances, your body can gradually adjust its calorie burn.

For instance, someone who is overweight naturally burns more calories due to increased tissue maintenance. Research suggests their bodies might slightly ramp up calorie burning to eliminate excess weight.

Conversely, underweight individuals may consume fewer calories than anticipated because their metabolic rates decrease further, becoming very conservative with energy usage.

How does this occur? Some studies propose that the body can intentionally waste energy by generating heat, a process known as adaptive (or conditional) thermogenesis.

This process involves specialized fat cells called brown fat and certain proteins in muscles and other tissues, which can “leak” more (or fewer) calories as heat instead of storing them.

This heat dissipation is subtle—not felt as sweat or fever—but is a behind-the-scenes adjustment that fine-tunes energy balance.

Brown fat, or adipose tissue, burns energy to regulate body temperature – Photo credit: Getty

Adaptive thermogenesis does not mean being confined to a fixed body weight. This explains why dieting can feel like swimming against the tide. When calorie intake is cut, the body often retaliates by slowing metabolism, making it harder to sustain progress.

This leads to a pressing question: Can you truly change your metabolism, and if so, what methods are effective?

There Is No Magic Menu

You may have encountered claims that certain foods, like caffeine, polyphenols from spicy foods, or chili pepper extract, “boost” metabolism and increase calorie burn through thermogenesis.

However, the actual calorie increases from these ingredients are minimal, detectable only for short periods—lasting mere minutes to hours.

Another suggestion is to increase protein intake to speed up metabolism.

The premise is that digesting and absorbing protein requires more energy than digesting carbohydrates and fats, potentially resulting in fewer overall calories gained. However, this difference in calorie burn is often negligible.

While increased protein can help maintain and build muscle—supporting a higher metabolic rate—muscle growth is not solely reliant on protein.

Muscle repair and growth are stimulated primarily through exercise, especially resistance training.

In fact, exercise and physical activity are key to enhancing caloric usage, increasing your metabolism.

Moreover, exercise generates additional metabolic benefits beyond just the calories burned during the activity. Post-exercise, metabolism recovers at an accelerated rate as muscles adapt to the workout’s demands.

This phenomenon is known as excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), commonly recognized as the “afterburn” effect.

This temporary spike in fuel and calorie usage can last for several hours, even up to 48 hours, particularly after workouts focused on muscle repair and growth.

While it may not be the shortcut many seek, when targeting metabolism and fat loss, exercise—particularly strength-building workouts—remains a far more effective strategy.

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How to Correctly Interpret Science Fiction: Essential Tips to Avoid Misunderstanding

Posted on December 25, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The Infamous Saruman with His Palantir in ‘The Lord of the Rings’

Landmark Media/Alamy

A scene from 'The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers' featuring Saruman — The Infamous Saruman with His Palantir in ‘The Lord of the Rings’

Landmark Media/Alamy

As we embark on the Gregorian New Year, it’s an ideal moment to ponder the future ahead. Will we harness CRISPR to engineer wings? Are we on the verge of uploading human consciousness to the Amazon cloud? Will we encase the sun in a Dyson Sphere? For those passionate about science and engineering, science fiction serves as the canvas for exploring these questions. However, many are misinterpreting these futuristic visions.

As a science journalist and a sci-fi author, I offer a year-end guide to help you avoid misconceptions in reading science fiction. It’s crucial, as our civilization’s trajectory may depend on it.

There are two main ways in which science fiction is often misunderstood. We start with the first issue known as the “Torment Nexus problem,” a term that emerged from a humorous social media post by satirist Alex Breckman. In 2021, he tweeted:

“Science fiction writer: In my narrative, I created the Torment Nexus as a cautionary concept.

Tech Company: We’ve successfully built a Torment Nexus based on the classic sci-fi narrative, ‘Don’t Create a Torment Nexus.’

This encapsulates the Torment Nexus problem, which arises when individuals focus solely on futuristic tech depicted in science fiction, neglecting the core message of the narrative.

As a consequence, billionaires like Peter Thiel have contributed to ventures like Palantir, a surveillance and data analytics company, named after the “Seeing Stone” in The Lord of the Rings. Rather than being a tool of utility, it typically leads its users towards perilous and unethical paths. Its technology has been employed by various military operations, including IDF actions in Gaza. The implications of this are troubling.

Less severe yet still noteworthy examples include Mark Zuckerberg’s rebranding of Facebook to Meta, influenced by Neal Stephenson’s Snow Crash, which showcased a metaverse that is far from desirable. This virtual realm is portrayed as a corporate battleground that propagates mind-altering viruses.

“
Zuckerberg and Thiel are blind to the fact that both Palantir and the Metaverse pose significant threats to human cognition.
“

It’s apparent that Thiel and Zuckerberg aimed to bring their fictional technologies to life but tragically misinterpreted their underlying messages.

The second pervasive misunderstanding in science fiction is often termed the “Blueprint problem.” This assumption presumes that science fiction serves as an accurate forecast for the future, and by mimicking these fictional outcomes, we can assure a prosperous tomorrow.

The Blueprint problem significantly influenced early space exploration initiatives, which prioritized human travel over robotic missions. Pop culture icons like Flash Gordon and the works of Edgar Rice Burroughs propagated images of humans colonizing distant planets. Today, robotic missions are yielding unprecedented discoveries on Mars while media outlets are fixated on celebrity space travels.

The immense expectations for AI technologies can also be traced back to the Blueprint problem. Countless narratives have portrayed AI as servants and experts, creating an inevitable perception of their arrival, which is far from reality.

Ultimately, science fiction is not a literal roadmap, recipe, or prescription. It embodies a worldview that encourages us to challenge the status quo. This perspective has inspired my latest anthology, We Will Rise Again, co-edited with Karen Lord and Malka Older, offering stories that aim to reshape our perceptions of societal progression. In our collection, the future is fluid, molded by human agency.

As we delve deeper into this understanding, the complexities of our contemporary world reveal themselves. Why do we engineer machines for menial tasks? Why adhere to arbitrary national borders? Why limit gender to two fixed categories? These questions capture the essence of science fiction, serving as gateways into new realms of possibility.

To forge a better future, it’s essential to transcend mere imitation of fictional narratives. Instead, we must cultivate our own visions of what could be.

Annalee Newitz, a science journalist and author, presents their latest work, *Automatic Noodle*. They co-host the Hugo Award-winning podcast *Our Opinions Are Correct* and can be followed on Twitter @annaleen. Their website is: techsploitation.com

What I Am Reading
404 Media offers compelling investigative technology journalism.

What I See
A delightful Canadian LGBTQ+ ice hockey romance series.

What I Am Working On
Organizing a European tour for the science fiction anthology *We Will Rise Again*.

Topics:

Technology/
Science Fiction

Comet 3I/ATLAS from Beyond the Solar System Contains Essential Life-Creating Molecules

Posted on December 5, 2025 by

Comet 3I/ATLAS is the third known visitor from beyond our solar system

International Gemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/Shadow the Scientist; J. Miller & M. Rodriguez (International Gemini Observatory/NSF NOIRLab), T.A. Rector (University of Alaska Anchorage/NSF NOIRLab), M. Zamani (NSF NOIRLab)

The interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS releases carbon-rich compounds at a higher rate than most comets in the solar system, including methanol. This compound plays a crucial role in prebiotic chemistry and is not commonly found in other interstellar objects.

Having made only three known visits to our solar system, 3I/ATLAS stands apart from comets found in our galactic neighborhood. While approaching the Sun, it developed a crust of water vapor and gas, containing significantly more carbon dioxide than typically found in Solar System comets. Additionally, the comet’s light appeared unusually red, hinting at atypical surface chemistry, and it began emitting gas well before reaching the Sun. This could indicate that it has not approached another star in hundreds of millions of years, or possibly since leaving its home system.

Recently, Martin Cordiner and a team using the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile discovered that 3I/ATLAS generates significant amounts of hydrogen cyanide gas, as well as even larger quantities of gaseous methanol. “Hydrogen cyanide and methanol are usually found in trace amounts and aren’t dominant components in our comets,” explained Cordiner. “However, they appear to be notably abundant in this alien comet.”

Cordiner’s research team observed that the hydrogen cyanide comes from near the comet’s core, producing around a quarter to half a kilogram per second. Methanol was also found in the core, indicating large quantities are produced even within the comet’s coma, which is the extensive trail of dust and gas extending miles away from the comet itself.

Methanol is emitted at approximately 40 kilograms per second, significantly more than hydrogen cyanide, which represents about 8 percent of the total vapor released (compared to roughly 2 percent from typical solar system comets). The different locations of these two molecules suggest that the comet’s core may not be uniform, which could provide insights into how comets are formed, according to Cordiner.

Cordiner noted that, while methanol is a relatively straightforward carbon-based compound, it plays an essential role in forming more complex molecules critical for life. Its production appears to be high when chemical reactions producing these larger molecules occur. “Chemically, it seems unlikely that we can progress toward highly complex substances without generating methanol,” Cordiner said.

Josep Trigo-Rodriguez and colleagues from Spain’s Institute of Space Sciences suggested that comets with substantial iron and metals are likely to produce considerable methanol as well. The presence of liquid water heated by the Sun could permeate the comet’s core and engage in chemical reactions with its iron, resulting in methanol production. Thus, discovering methanol in the coma might indicate a metal-rich composition of the comet, he adds.

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Asteroid Bennu Contains All the Essential Ingredients for Life as We Know It

Posted on December 2, 2025 by

OSIRIS-REx sample

NASA/Erica Blumenfeld & Joseph Ebersold

Crucial components required for the emergence of life as we recognize it have been found in asteroid Bennu samples. This discovery suggests that Bennu might have transported the vital elements for life to Earth and potentially to other locations.

In 2020, NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission gathered samples from Bennu, an asteroid that travels hundreds of millions of kilometers through space, situated between Mars and Jupiter. The mission successfully returned these samples to Earth in 2023. Since then, the 121 grams collected have been distributed to laboratories worldwide for examination, enabling scientists to start identifying various biological compounds.

Preliminary investigations uncovered the existence of water, carbon, and several organic molecules. Subsequently, they identified amino acids, formaldehyde, and all five nucleobases found in RNA and DNA, along with phosphates. However, these findings do not suffice for constructing molecules that encode genetic information, as the crucial sugars—ribose for RNA and deoxyribose for DNA—were not detected in the initial analysis of the Bennu samples.

Recently, Yoshihiro Furukawa and his team from Tohoku University in Japan ground some of the sample and mixed it with acid and water. They then utilized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to separate and identify the mixture’s components.

This process confirmed the presence of ribose, alongside other sugars like lyxose, xylose, arabinose, glucose, and galactose, but notably lacked deoxyribose.

“This is a groundbreaking find, showing that sugars exist in extraterrestrial materials,” Furukawa remarked, noting that nearly all life relies on glucose for metabolic processes.

“This is a significant achievement of the OSIRIS-REx mission,” says Sara Russell, from the Natural History Museum in London. Although not part of Furukawa’s team, she also works with Bennu samples. “Previously, the only component missing was sugar, which has now been identified, confirming that all essential elements of RNA were present in this primitive asteroid.”

Furukawa and his colleagues propose that Bennu’s parent asteroid generated sugars from saltwater rich in formaldehyde, suggesting the asteroid was saturated with liquid and exhibited numerous chemical reactions.

“Earlier this year, we reported salt findings in the returned samples, indicating that Bennu’s parent body likely housed a saltwater pool,” Russell stated. “Such conditions would provide an optimal environment for synthesizing the complex organic materials found in Bennu.”

Evidence of saline water on Saturn’s moon Enceladus and the dwarf planet Ceres points towards the possibility that fundamental life ingredients might be plentiful throughout the solar system, according to Russell.

Furukawa’s research includes prior discoveries of ribose and other sugars in meteorites, but he emphasized concerns about potential contamination once these compounds reached Earth. “The presence of these sugars in the Bennu sample affirms the legitimacy of these results,” he stated.

The new findings suggest that the asteroid could indeed have supplied all the requisite components for life to other celestial bodies within the solar system, including Earth and Mars, according to Furukawa. The discovery of ribose but not deoxyribose further supports the RNA world hypothesis concerning life’s origins.

This hypothesis posits that, well before the advent of cellular life or DNA-based organisms, Earth’s earliest life forms were RNA molecules capable of carrying genetic information and self-replication.

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From Gears of War to Uno: 15 Essential Xbox 360 Titles

Posted on December 2, 2025 by

Geometry Wars: Retro Evolved (2005)

Initially a mini-game in Project Gotham, this fast-paced twin-stick shooter, inspired by the 80s, was transformed into an exclusive digital title that gained a massive following. With its stylish vector graphics and rapid gameplay, it was the first to showcase the potential of Xbox Live Arcade.

Fast, frenetic, and incredibly stylish…Geometry Wars: Retro Evolved. Photo: Microsoft

A time sink on an epic scale… The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion (Screenshot of the 2025 remake) Photo: Bethesda Softworks

Countless hours were devoted to this groundbreaking open-world RPG. As one of the pioneers in true exploration, it allowed players to traverse anywhere and engage in countless activities. Journeys through Cyrodiil became adventures filled with unexpected mischief, often overshadowing the main quest of combating the gates of hell.

Uno (2006)

The most addictive rendition of the classic card game… Uno on Xbox 360 Photo: Carbonated Games/Microsoft

There’s no denying it – Uno was one of the pivotal Xbox 360 titles. A staple for many of us, it was thrilling to play with a webcam that allowed us to witness our rivals’ expressions during intense Wild Draw 4 moments. As one of the earliest accessible multiplayer game options for consoles, it often diverted players from more complex titles such as Halo or Mass Effect into late-night Uno sessions, leaving echoes of its calming sound effects lingering in our dreams.

Viva Pinata (2006)

Darwinian brutality? …Viva Piñata. Photo: Microsoft

Cultivate a stunning garden, attract vibrant piñata creatures, and watch chaotic predation unfold. While there’s an unexpected level of Darwinian cruelty lurking beneath this seemingly family-friendly game, many weekends in the 2000s were spent nurturing dangerous additions to our paradise. Orstachio lives on forever.

Bioshock (2007)

This half-dystopian adventure and critique of Ayn Rand’s Objectivism allows players to delve into a submerged metropolis fashioned by a megalomaniacal tycoon driven by radical social experiments. Can you draw parallels to today’s technological corporate elite?

Modern parallels… Bioshock. Photo: absurdity

Halo 3 (2007)

An endlessly enjoyable shooting game…Halo 3 Photo: Xbox Game Studios

While Halo may never replicate the charm of its original trilogy, it remains an expansive shooter of its era, concluding the grand space saga of the franchise. Unlike the linear shooter experiences of today, Halo promotes strategic engagement with clever adversaries and an infinite playground for chaos. Yet, the multiplayer experience is what truly resonates in memory—massive encounters powered by vehicles, customizable settings, and the ingenious Forge map editor offered unending fun.

Mass Effect (2007)

Is it better than Star Wars?…Mass Effect Photo: Electronic Arts

BioWare’s expansive sci-fi trilogy may have stumbled to an imperfect conclusion, yet its blend of interstellar battles and romantic encounters retained fans’ fascination for years. Merging RPG elements, strategic squad combat, and a compelling existential dilemma (an evil race of sentient ships), Mass Effect unfolds an unforgettable space opera featuring characters with deep emotional connections.

Fable II (2008)

Easy to enjoy…Fable II. Photo: Microsoft

Lionhead’s distinctly British fantasy title feels lively, engaging, and accessible. Although it may be completed faster than expected, its charm and character resonate more than many other RPGs on Xbox. Bursting with imaginative elements, it fosters the thrill of adventure, and let’s not forget the lovable canine sidekick, despite our enduring grief from his fate in the game.

Gears of War 2 (2008)

The ultimate testosterone-filled cover shooter…Gears of War 2. Photo: Epic Games

Gears 2 enhances its predecessor’s robust mechanics, delivering a premier cover shooter experience that features burly soldiers confronting an alien Horde in a frenzy of obliteration and chainsaw mayhem. Moreover, the introduction of the adrenaline-fueled horde mode initiated the wave-based survival challenge craze.

Lost Odyssey (2008)

Like a forgotten Final Fantasy…Lost Odyssey Photo: Mist Walker

For a brief period, Microsoft endeavored to solidify the Xbox’s presence in Japan, inviting renowned Japanese developers to create exclusive titles. While many of these titles failed, Lost Odyssey stands out, exploring humanity’s journey amidst rapid technological change. Directed by Final Fantasy veteran Hironobu Sakaguchi, it captures the essence of a missing entry from the beloved series.

Ninja Gaiden II (2008)

Choreographed violence…Ninja Gaiden II Photo: Team NINJA

Before Dark Souls, Tecmo’s notorious action series left players either infuriated or exhilarated, with beautifully orchestrated combat letting players sever limbs and unleash stylish attacks. The game brilliantly channels the spirit of classic 80s ninja films, filled with captivating locales and an arsenal of sharp weaponry.

Rock Band 2 (2008)

Rock out forever…Rock Band 2 Photo: Harmonix Music Systems

The ultimate party game, a timeless classic. After pioneering Guitar Hero, Harmonix transitioned into creating Rock Band, a collaborative music experience that invites players to sing, play, and drum using fun plastic instruments. With an exceptional setlist featuring beloved pop-punk and classic rock tunes, Rock Band 2 also offers one of the smoothest gameplay experiences available, whether playing online or with friends in person.

Limbo (2010)

It makes me feel anxious…Limbo. Photo: Triple Point

This artful title, which helped establish Xbox Live Arcade as a platform for experimental gaming, is a haunting puzzle-platformer about a boy’s journey through a hellish, monochromatic world in search of his missing sister. Selling a million copies in its first year, it proved there remains a demand for unique and avant-garde gaming experiences.

Forza Horizon (2012)

Fresh…Forza Horizon. Photo: Microsoft

Project Gotham and Forza Motorsport laid the groundwork, yet Horizon breathed new life into the franchise. It’s an exhilarating driving festival featuring a plethora of activities, from circuit races to stunning stunts, all set in a breathtaking Colorado backdrop dotted with charming roads and vintage automobiles. A perfect blend of gaming and virtual tourism.

Trials Evolution (2012)

Very difficult…Trials Evolution Photo: Ubisoft

Upon its release, Trials Evolution captivated a vast section of the Xbox Live Arcade audience, igniting an obsession with challenging physics-based motorcycle trials. Featuring tight controls and requiring unwavering concentration, this game delivers a rewarding experience, complete with four-player multiplayer and an impressive level editor.

Why Zero is the Most Essential Number in Mathematics

Posted on October 27, 2025 by

Bakhshali manuscripts contain the first example of zero in written records

PA Image/Alamy

What’s the most significant number in mathematics? It seems like an absurd question—how do you choose from an infinite range? While prominent candidates like 2 or 10 might stand a better chance than a random option among trillions, the choice is still somewhat arbitrary. However, I contend that the most critical number is zero. Allow me to explain.

The rise of zero to the pinnacle of the math hierarchy resembles a classic hero’s narrative, originating from modest beginnings. When it emerged around 5000 years ago, it wasn’t even considered a number. Ancient Babylonians utilized cuneiform, a system crafted from lines and wedges, to represent numbers. These were akin to tally marks, where one type denoted values from 1 to 9 and another signified 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50.

Counting could extend to 59 with these symbols, but what came after 60? The Babylonians simply restarted, using the same symbol for both 1 and 60. This base-60 system was advantageous because 60 could be divided by many other numbers, simplifying calculations. This is partly why we still use this system for time today. Yet, the inability to differentiate between 1 and 60 represented a significant limitation.

Thus emerged zero—or something like it. The Babylonians, similar to us today, utilized two diagonal wedges to signify the absence of a number, allowing other numbers to maintain their correct placements.

For instance, in the modern numbering format, 3601 represents 3,000, 600, 10 of 0, and 1. The Babylonians would write it as 60 60, 0 10, 1. Without the zero marking its position, that symbol would look identical to 1 60 and 1. Notably, though, the Babylonians didn’t utilize zeros for counting positions; they functioned more like punctuation marks to indicate where to skip to the next number.

This placeholder concept has been utilized by various ancient cultures for millennia, although not all incorporated it. Roman numerals, for instance, lack a zero due to their non-positional nature; X consistently signifies 10 regardless of its placement. Zero’s evolution continued until the 3rd century AD, as evidenced by documents from present-day Pakistan. These texts featured numerous dot symbols indicating a position of zero, which eventually developed into the numerical 0 we recognize today.

Yet, we had to wait a few more centuries before zero was regarded as a number on its own, as opposed to merely a placeholder. Its first documented appearance occurred in the Brahmaspukhtasiddhanta, authored by Indian mathematician Brahmagupta around 628 AD. While many had previously recognized the oddity of computations like subtracting 3 from 2, such explorations were frequently considered nonsensical. Brahmagupta was the first to treat this concept with due seriousness and articulated arithmetic involving both negative numbers and zero. His definition of zero’s functionality closely resembles our contemporary understanding, with one key exception: dividing by zero. While Brahmagupta posited that 0/0 = 0, he was ambiguous regarding other instances involving division by zero.

The dot in Bakshali manuscript means zero

Zoom History / Alamy

We would have to wait another millennium before arriving at a satisfactory resolution to this issue. This period ushered in one of the most potent tools in mathematics: calculus. Independently formulated by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in the 17th century, calculus engages with infinitesimals—numbers that aren’t precisely zero but approach it closely. Infinitesimals allow us to navigate the concept of division by zero without crossing that threshold, proving exceptionally practical.

For a clearer illustration, consider a hypothetical scenario where you’re accelerating your car rapidly. The equation v = t² describes this speed change, where t denotes time. For instance, after 4 seconds, the velocity shifts from 0 to 16 meters/second. But how far did the car travel during this interval?

Distance, determined by speed multiplied by time, would suggest 16 multiplied by 4 equals 64 meters—a misrepresentation, as the car only reached its maximum speed at the end of that period. To improve accuracy, we might assess the journey in segments, generating an overestimated distance as we rely on maximum speed.

To refine this estimation, we should truncate the time windows, focusing on the speed at a specific moment multiplied by the duration spent in that state. Here’s where zero becomes significant. Graphing v = t² reveals that our earlier estimates diverged from reality, with subsequent adjustments closing the gap. For the utmost precision, one must envision splitting the journey into intervals of 0 seconds and summing them. However, achieving this would necessitate division by zero—an impossibility until the advent of calculus.

Newton and Leibniz devised methods that facilitate an approach to division by zero without actually performing it. While a comprehensive explanation of calculus exceeds the scope of this article (consider exploring our online course for more details), their strategies unveil the genuine solution, derived from the integral of t², or t³/3, leading to a distance of 21 1/3 meters. This concept is often illustrated graphically as the area beneath a curve:

Calculus serves purposes beyond simply calculating a car’s distance. In fact, it’s utilized across numerous disciplines that require comprehension of shifting quantities, from physics to chemistry to economics. None of these advancements would have been possible without zero and our understanding of its profound capabilities.

However, for me, the true legacy of zero shines in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. For centuries, mathematics faced a crisis of identity. Mathematicians and logicians rigorously examined the foundations of their fields, uncovering alarming inconsistencies. In a bid to reinforce their disciplines, they began to define mathematical objects—numbers included—more explicitly than ever before.

What exactly constitutes a number? It can’t simply be a term like “3” or a symbol like “3,” as these are mere arbitrary labels we assign to the concept of three objects. We might point to a collection of fruits—apples, pears, and bananas—and express, “There are three pieces of fruit in this bowl,” yet we haven’t captured their intrinsic properties. What’s essential is establishing an abstract collection we can identify as “3.” Modern mathematics achieves this through zero.

Mathematicians operate with sets, rather than loose collections. For instance, a fruit collection would be represented as {apple, pear, banana}, with curly braces indicating a set. Set theory forms the bedrock of contemporary mathematics, akin to “computer code” for this discipline. To guarantee logical consistency and prevent the fundamental gaps discovered by mathematicians, every mathematical object must ultimately be articulated in terms of sets.

To define numbers, mathematicians commence with an “empty set,” a collection of zero elements. This can be represented as {}, but for clarity’s sake, it is often denoted as ∅. With this empty set established, the remaining numbers can be defined. The numeral one corresponds to a set containing one object—thus, {{}} or {∅} is visually clearer. The next number, 2, necessitates two objects; the first can again be an empty set. But what about the second? Defining this object inherently creates another—a set that contains the empty set, yielding {∅, {∅}} for two. Proceeding to three, it becomes {∅, {∅}, {∅, {∅}}}, and so forth indefinitely.

In summary, zero is not merely the most vital number; it can be regarded as the only number in a certain light. Within any given number, zero is always present at its core. Quite an accomplishment for something once dismissed as a mere placeholder.

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An Essential Guide to Navigating the Complexity of the COP Summit

Posted on October 23, 2025 by

Peter Betts (seated, in a pink shirt) at COP17 in Durban, South Africa, 2011

IISD/ENB Leila Mead

Climate Diplomat
Peter Betts, Profile Edition

Next month, climate negotiators, advocates, and global leaders will gather in Belem, Brazil, for COP30, this year’s United Nations climate change summit.

For those who have attended a COP summit or observed it from a distance, the experience can be quite overwhelming. Numerous negotiation sessions occur at once, filled with intricate topics and jargon—everything from “dialogue” and “consultations” to “informal informal” discussions.

To an onlooker, it may seem like a bustling marketplace, steeped in its unique customs and largely disconnected from the outside world. Fortunately, the insights of Peter Betts, a well-respected figure in COP circles, offer clarity.

While many outsiders may not recognize Betts, he was the former chief climate change negotiator for the UK and EU, instrumental in laying the groundwork for the Paris Agreement and guiding the negotiations that culminated in 2015.

Sadly, Mr. Betts passed away from a brain tumor in October 2023. His posthumously published book, Climate Diplomats: A Personal History of the COP Conference, released in August of this year, provides a comprehensive view of the inner workings of the climate summit and chronicles the modern history of these events, starting from Betts’s appointment as head of UK international climate policy in 1998.

One key revelation is that while COPs are often set in exotic locales—from Peru to Paris, and Durban to Dubai—the life of a climate negotiator is anything but glamorous. Teams spend years preparing negotiating strategies for the two-week summit, yet they often find themselves confined to windowless temporary structures, finalizing crucial details.

“
Amid the chaos, negotiators must find a way to get everyone to the table and reach agreement
“

During COP17 in Durban, Betts recounted how delegation offices were set up in a parking garage basement that “reeked of petrol and diesel,” while at COP15 in Copenhagen, meals consisted solely of large circular bread rolls filled with bland paste. Clearly, climate diplomats are not drawn to a life of luxury; their dedication to addressing the climate crisis is evident.

Through his writing, Betts guides readers on a whirlwind journey of how COP summits function, explaining the rules governing these meetings as well as the goals and positions of each participating nation.

The scale of the challenges is immense. Some countries prioritize securing increased financial assistance for development, others aim to commit nations to ambitious greenhouse gas emissions reductions, while some seek to maintain the status quo. Domestic politics, economic circumstances, and cultural perspectives further complicate negotiations.

In the midst of chaos, negotiators are tasked with uniting all parties to agree on next steps in combating climate change. This is no small feat.

Betts possesses a knack for clear communication and often employs dry humor, even when discussing the complex intricacies of multilateral climate finance. Through his narratives, readers begin to understand the meticulous crafting of a balanced agenda that aims to bring nations together towards a shared goal.

Things become particularly engaging when readers are granted behind-the-scenes access to pivotal summits like Copenhagen, Paris, and Glasgow. Betts shares anecdotes of prime ministers and presidents “eating biscuits like robots” during high-stress meetings, creating headlines at unplanned “damaging” press conferences, retreating into VIP areas to avoid their teams, and “erupting” in frustration when outcomes don’t align with their desires.

There’s no shortage of gossip about influential figures in Whitehall to keep British politicians intrigued, along with insights into the pitfalls of climate change advocacy efforts, which have, at times, hindered progress in emission reductions.

Despite criticisms suggesting that summits merely function as prolonged spectacles, evidence indicates they play a significant role in spurring global climate action. Before the signing of the Paris Agreement in 2015, projections suggested a potential increase of 5°C in global temperatures by the end of this century. Now, a decade later, that trajectory has shifted to approximately 2.7°C—still excessive but far from the dire future we once faced.

Diplomacy has the power to reshape the world. In this enlightening book, Betts unveils the intricate mechanisms behind this transformation.

Topic:

Breakthroughs in Huntington’s Disease: Essential Insights on Gene Therapy

Posted on September 25, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The caudate nucleus is one of the brain regions that gene therapy targets

Kateryna Kon/Science Photo Library

Innovative gene therapy has emerged as the pioneering treatment that effectively slows the progression of Huntington’s disease. While the results are still in their early stages, this method holds significant promise and could even pave the way for new therapies for other neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases.

How does the treatment function?

The therapy known as AMT-130 specifically targets the abnormal brain proteins associated with Huntington’s disease progression. Those affected by the condition possess genetic mutations that result in the accumulation of huntingtin proteins, which form toxic aggregates in brain cells, leading to cell death. This eventually manifests as memory loss, mobility issues, speech impairment, and various other symptoms.

Therapies from the Dutch biopharmaceutical company Uniqure aim to halt the production of these mutant proteins. The process involves delivering genetic material to brain cells using a harmless virus. This genetic material instructs the cells to produce small RNA molecules called microRNAs that effectively block and eliminate the signals that lead to the generation of toxic proteins. It acts similarly to a molecular stop signal.

Procedures and Location of Treatment

This therapy initially focuses on two specific brain areas impacted by Huntington’s disease: the caudate nucleus and the putamen. These regions are located deep within the brain, requiring doctors to utilize real-time brain imaging to navigate thin catheters into place. The entire procedure duration ranges from 12 to 18 hours, and preliminary results suggest that a single injection may be adequate to permanently reduce levels of mutant huntingtin in the brain.

What is the efficacy of gene therapy?

Initial findings released by Uniqure indicate that gene therapy may slow the advancement of Huntington’s disease by approximately 75%.

The revelation stems from a clinical trial spearheaded by Sarah Tabrizi of University College London, where 17 Huntington patients received high-dose treatment. After three years, researchers noted the deterioration in cognitive function, motor skills, and daily activities compared to a similar group of untreated individuals. Tabrizi remarked that the decline typically observed over a year in untreated patients was instead noted within four years for those receiving treatment. BBC News. Additionally, those treated exhibited reduced levels of proteins associated with brain damage in their cerebrospinal fluid, highlighting the potential of gene therapy in slowing Huntington’s progression.

“These findings reaffirm our conviction that AMT-130 could revolutionize the treatment landscape for Huntington’s disease,” stated Walid Abi-Saad from Uniqure in a press release.

Are there any side effects?

While Uniqure has not provided comprehensive data on the side effects of the treatment, initial reports suggest that the drug appears to be safe and well-tolerated. The most frequently reported side effects included headaches and confusion, which generally resolved with steroid treatment to reduce inflammation.

When will the treatment be accessible?

In a recent press announcement, Uniqure indicated that it anticipates submitting an application to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration early next year, with the potential for product availability as soon as before 2027 with expedited approval.

“However, it is still in the preliminary phase, and further testing is necessary to assess the long-term effects of this new gene therapy and any potential side effects,” noted Zofia Miedzybrodzka from the University of Aberdeen, UK, in a statement.

Could this method assist in treating other brain disorders?

If successful, the gene therapy could facilitate the development of analogous treatments for various neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s and other forms of dementia, according to David Rubinsztein from Cambridge University. Researchers could manipulate genetic material to target the toxic proteins that cause these conditions. “This could represent a significant breakthrough,” he remarked.

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Essential Road Trip Gear: From Phone Chargers to Podcasts, Travel Miles in Style

Posted on September 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

w
Road trips are a quintessential American getaway, allowing you to visit family across states, escape to the mountains for a picturesque autumn weekend, and enjoy an extraordinary journey that may last weeks. While it’s possible to hit the road with just a driver’s license and a water bottle, incorporating some practical gadgets and supplies can lead to a much smoother experience.

Having lived in a camper van while traversing North America, I’ve continually taken numerous trips each year, giving me plenty of time to test the best road trip gear. From entertainment options like podcasts and games to utilities such as portable power banks and pet accessories, we’ll introduce essential items that will make your next excursion the best adventure yet.

All prices are current as of publication.

Portable Power Bank

Photo: John Bittner/Guardian

Anker Laptop Power Bank

_{$119.99 on Anker}

_{$119.99 on Amazon}

I travel with a variety of electronic devices (many of which are work-related), so I’m always conscious of their remaining battery life. Although most modern cars come with USB ports, they often lack the power needed for larger gadgets like laptops. Some hotels may have malfunctioning or inaccessible outlets, and most campsites traditionally don’t have any.

Pack the Anker Laptop Power Bank for reliable power on the go; it features two built-in USB-C cables for fast laptop charging and a port for other devices, with enough capacity to recharge your iPhone about four times.

Podcasts and Audiobooks

If you’ve embarked on a long drive, you know how listening to music can soon become monotonous. A great way to break up the routine is by mixing in podcasts and audiobooks. Audible provides an excellent selection, offering access to thousands of audiobooks for $7.95 per month. Furthermore, if you’re already subscribed to Spotify Premium, you may not realize you are entitled to 15 hours of audiobooks each month, including Bomber Mafia by Malcolm Gladwell.

For free options, check out the Libby app, which allows access to free audiobooks from your local library. And, naturally, most podcasts are free; some popular choices include Serial and S-Town.

Travel-sized Board Games

Photo: John Bittner/Guardian

GoCube Edge 3×3 Speed Cube

_{$49.95 on Amazon}

_{$69.95 for retail}

If you’re traveling with friends, small travel board games and puzzles can significantly reduce the time spent on the road. Many of my favorite games come in compact travel editions such as Catan, Chess, and Checkers. On your journey, your travel partners can play and save the big game night for your arrival.

Looking for something more engaging? Consider the GoCube Edge, a Rubik’s Cube that connects to your smartphone, offering tutorials to help you solve its colorful challenges.

Catan Traveler: Compact Edition

_{$51.99 at Coles}

_{$51.99 at Toys R Us}

Magnetic Wooden Chess Set
_{$39.99 on Amazon}

Play Monster Magnetic Checkers
_{$11.52 on Amazon}

_{$11.99 on Playmonster}

Pet Accessories

Photo: John Bittner/Guardian

Earth Rated Poop Bags
_{$7.99 on Amazon}

_{$7.99 on Chewy}

Don’t forget to pack your pup’s poop bags for bathroom breaks along with dog food, medication, a foldable water bowl to save space, and a protective seat cover if your furry friend has sharp claws or sheds. Consider an affordable and durable standard active pet car hammock; it’s practical and fits most vehicles.

Easy to Fold Dog Bowl
_{$5.59 on Amazon}

Active Pet Dog Car Hammock
_{$24.57 on Amazon}

First Aid Kit

Photo: John Bittner/Guardian

Mini First Aid Kit
_{$9.99 on Amazon}

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It’s common sense, yet many overlook regularly checking and restocking their first aid kits after use. Some even forget to bring one along! Keeping a stocked first aid kit in your car is essential for road trips, particularly with painkillers, band-aids, allergy meds, and antiseptics. It’s never fun to injure yourself only to realize there’s no bandage available, especially when the closest convenience store is hours away.

Cooler

Photo: John Bittner/Guardian

RTIC Road Trip Cooler

_{$99 on RTIC}

_{$105 at Walmart}

It’s astounding how fast food and drink costs escalate on the road—just a Big Mac can surpass $7. Prices soar as you approach the highway, making packing a cooler a smart strategy to avoid these inflated costs. I’ve been using the Moose Jaw Chiradilla, which is no longer available. Its robust build doesn’t just keep your fruit, sparkling water, and sandwiches safe; you can also place it on a short hike without worrying about damage.

While the Chiradilla is no longer on the market, the RTIC 16-Quart road trip cooler features a similar durable design. For ease of travel in a packed vehicle, the RTIC cooler is ideal. Alternatively, Rei Trailgate cooler is a popular soft-sided choice. While we can’t guarantee all these options, check them out as you consider an upgrade.

RTIC Daily Cooler

_{$39.98 on RTIC}

_{$39.98 at Walmart}

Rei Trailgate Weekend Cooler

_{$129.95 at REI}

Tablet or E-Reader

Photo: John Bittner/Guardian

BOOX Tablet GO 10.3
_{$409.99 on BOOX}

_{$409.99 on Amazon}

In addition to my laptop, I always like to have another entertainment source handy, usually my 10.3″ e-reader tablet. This slim device not only provides access to hundreds of books, but also enables note-taking and drawing, while handling word and PDF files. With its multifunctionality, it’s easy to justify bringing it along on any trip, especially since it’s portable.

For films and games, a simple iPad can be an excellent choice. Available in four variations, the basic iPad comes with an 11-inch screen, ample power, and a reasonable price of $349, ensuring you can enjoy a full day of battery life.

Headphones

Photo: John Bittner/Guardian

Sony WH1000XM4 Wireless Noise-Cancelling Headphones

_{$198 at Walmart}

_{$228 on Amazon}

While you shouldn’t use headphones while driving, they can be great for passengers to enjoy their favorite tunes. It’s wise to invest in a set with superb noise cancellation to block out the car radio and nearby chatter. I use the Sony WH-1000XM4, which delivers fantastic noise cancellation and impressive audio quality. For even more advanced features, consider the Sony WH-1000XM6.

Sony WH1000XM6 Wireless Noise Cancelling Headphones

_{$448 on Amazon}

_{$449.99 at Sony}

Jon Bitner is a travel, outdoor, and tech writer for platforms like GameSpot, Digital Trends, and Islands. An avid hiker, he enjoys exploring the Rocky Mountains from his home in Boulder, Colorado.

Three Essential Guidelines for an Effective Post-Workout Diet

Posted on September 22, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Are carbohydrates, proteins, and liquids the foundations of your post-exercise diet?

cream_ph/getty images

When it comes to exercise, I’m not particularly focused on enhancing my performance or optimizing my biology. My primary goal is simply to remain active. Consequently, I have not given much thought to my post-exercise nutrition. However, training for a half marathon has illustrated to me the significance of properly fueling my body, and that it doesn’t need to be complicated.

It’s essential to understand that your post-exercise nutritional requirements can differ based on several factors, including the type of exercise you engage in, your age, gender, genetics, and more. Nonetheless, an April review in Sports Medicine discovered compelling evidence regarding three key interventions that enhance muscle recovery and performance. I consider these as foundational elements of a post-exercise diet.

The first element is carbohydrates. During exercise, your body taps into energy stores found in the liver and muscles. Replenishing these stores is vital to prevent muscle breakdown and ensure adequate energy for your next workout. Carbohydrates serve as the most effective source of this energy because they are quickly converted into usable fuel.

The review suggests that after four hours of intense exertion, athletes should consume 1-1.2 grams of carbohydrates per kilogram of body weight per hour. While this guidance may be geared more toward athletes, it’s advisable for all adults to consider a carbohydrate-rich snack or meal post-exercise. Opt for options that include both glucose and fructose, as glucose helps restore muscle energy and replenishes liver stores. Fruits are perfect, as they provide both.

The second element is protein, which is crucial for muscle recovery. Combining protein with carbohydrates has been shown to enhance performance. A 2016 study involving eight athletes indicated that those who consumed both macronutrients within two hours after an intense cycling session could ride an average of 14 minutes longer in their subsequent workout compared to those who only ingested carbohydrates. The timing of protein intake matters less than the quantity consumed. Reviews in Sports Medicine recommend 20-40 grams of protein after exercise.

study involving 72 men (also published in 2016) demonstrated that oral supplement solutions, milk, and orange juice were found to be more hydrating than water due to their electrolyte content, which aids in hydration and retention. Beverages like tea, coffee, soft drinks, and even beer provided hydration levels similar to water. Though I’m not advocating for pints post-workout, if water isn’t appealing, choose something delicious that you enjoy.

I still prefer simplicity, but now I focus on these three core elements. My favorite choice is a smoothie made with frozen fruits, orange juice, and protein powder. Although it’s not perfectly optimized, it represents an improvement. And it always satisfies my cravings after a run.

Grace Wade is a health reporter for New Scientist based in the US.

For more projects, please visit newscientist.com/maker

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_{$1,599.99 from Robo Rock}
_{$1,599.99 on Amazon}

Forget the gimmicks: 5 essential smart home devices that truly simplify your life | Shopping Guide

Posted on September 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Over the years, I’ve evaluated countless smart devices, yet the few that have found a permanent spot in my home were not my initial selections. They often provide convoluted solutions for issues that barely existed initially. Ensure you’re not just acquiring a novelty that will end up in storage shortly after purchase.

While numerous smart home gadgets may not be the best investment, some can significantly enhance your home. From robot vacuums and smart bulbs to smart locks and video doorbells, I’ll spotlight five smart home devices that have genuinely simplified my life.

Smart Home Devices Overview

For automated floor cleaning:
Roborock Saros 10
_{$1,599.99 on Amazon}
To imitate a natural sunrise:
Wide Smart Bulb
_{$26.26 on Amazon}
To avoid misplacing your keys:
Yale Assure Lock 2
_{$259.99 from Yale}
For enhanced front door security:
Ring Video Doorbell
_{$49.99 at Ring}
For a consistently fresh-smelling home:
Aera Smart Diffuser
_{$199 on Amazon}

All prices are accurate as of publication.

Roborock Saros 10 Robot Vacuum Cleaner

Photo: John Bitner

The Roborock Saros 10 takes care of all your floor cleaning needs. It’s not merely a vacuum and mop; it empties its own dust bin and cleans its mop, allowing for weeks of hassle-free operation. With a tangle-free brush, vibrating warm water mop, and unmatched suction power, your floors will be sparkling clean.

Setting it up goes beyond just plugging it in and connecting it to your phone. Initially, you’ll take it around your home to map the floor plan, and when it transitions onto carpet, you can keep the mopping pad docked or store it automatically.

The only manual tasks required are filling the clean water tank, emptying the dirty water tank, and replacing the large dock dust bin when necessary. Depending on your home’s size and dirtiness, you’ll typically need to address the aquarium weekly, while the dust bin can go months before needing a change.

Though it’s the priciest item on this list, for those with a busy lifestyle, it’s worth every cent.

Smart Color Light Bulbs

_{Home Depot $26.26}
_{$26.26 on Amazon}

Photo: John Bitner

Smart bulbs are a cost-effective (and fun) introduction to the world of automation. Wyze bulbs stand out due to their competitive pricing, dependable performance, and extensive color options.

They simulate a sunrise effect every morning, gently illuminating your space until it’s bright enough to wake you.

At night, you can turn off the lights via your phone—no need to navigate a dark bedroom or step on a wayward dog toy. I even use Wyze bulbs in my home theater to create the perfect ambiance for movie nights, whether cozy or creepy.

Yale Assure Smart Lock

_{$203 at Home Depot}
_{$239 on Amazon}

Photo: John Bitner

You may perceive smart locks as just a fad, but my experience over the years has turned me into a loyal enthusiast. The Yale Assure Lock 2 allows me to enter without a physical key. Simply enter a passcode on the keypad when stepping out for a jog. You can also generate temporary codes for guests that expire after their visit (just remember to keep the main code private).

If you ever forget whether you’ve locked the door, you can quickly check your phone for the door’s status. The app not only shows whether the door is open or closed, but it also indicates its lock status. There’s also a door history feature, letting you see when the door is locked or unlocked.

Various models of the Yale Assure Lock 2 are available (including key-free options and those compatible with Apple Wallet), making it straightforward to find one that fits your lifestyle. If remote access is essential, make sure to choose one with WiFi.

Ring Video Doorbell

_{$49.99 at Ring}_{$49.99 at Home Depot}

Photo: John Bitner

It seems like everyone in the neighborhood has a Ring Video Doorbell— and with good reason. They offer utilities that you might not realize until you own one. Do you need to monitor package deliveries when away? Want to communicate with your pets while you’re out? Looking to capture amusing videos for social media? The Ring doorbell is versatile.

I personally have an older model (the Wired Doorbell Plus) that has treated me well for four years, and the newest models, like the Wired Doorbell Pro, appear even better. All of them provide motion alerts to your smartphone whenever movement is detected, notifying you of doorbell rings and allowing you to converse with guests via two-way audio without opening the door.

If you have existing doorbell wiring, the entry-level Video Doorbell Wired meets most needs; Battery Doorbell Pro and Wired Doorbell Pro offer additional wireless convenience and enhanced video quality.

If you’re hesitant about subscribing for video storage, consider Eufy C210, which stores video locally, eliminating subscription requirements.

Be cautious of becoming overly reliant on the video doorbell’s features.

Aera Smart Diffuser

_{$199 at Aera}_{$199 on Amazon}

Photo: John Bitner

The Aera Smart Diffuser addresses a common issue: unpleasant odors. If you live in a compact area like I do, with the kitchen, gym, bathroom, and main living area all close together, it becomes essential.

Unlike candles that require constant oversight and often compromise air quality, the Aera operates discreetly and hypo-allergenically. After inserting a fragrance capsule, you can set a schedule for the diffuser, ensuring a delightful scent permeates your home throughout the day. It can also be controlled remotely so that when you come home from travel, a pleasing aroma welcomes you.

While the initial investment is steep (the diffuser retails for $199), the $60 fragrance capsules tend to last around three months, making it more economical than continually purchasing premium candles. This makes it one of my favorite smart home devices, solving a frustrating problem with minimal maintenance.

Jon Bitner is a writer covering travel, outdoor activities, and technology for publications like GameSpot, Digital Trends, and Islands. An avid hiker, he relishes exploring the Rocky Mountains from his home in Boulder, Colorado.

Essential Exercises to Achieve a Fit 100%

Posted on September 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

“My secret is that I’ll never get off the couch,” said no centenarian ever. In fact, the oldest individuals globally seldom neglect their fitness regimes. Research indicates that those reaching 100 tend to endorse activities like regular walks, agriculture, and gardening.

While this approach may not blend seamlessly with contemporary lifestyles, it hasn’t deterred scientists from seeking the ideal types and amounts of exercise that promote longevity and health.

This article features in a special issue dedicated to strategies for achieving a healthier and happier year. Click here for further information.

It’s clear that inactivity is not an option. Insufficient physical activity is responsible for at least 3.9 million premature deaths each year worldwide and significantly heightens the risk of chronic conditions, including heart disease, stroke, and various cancers. On the flip side, engaging in regular exercise can extend your life by up to 7 years while enhancing your health span.

The Evolution of Movement

A rough estimate of how our physical activity is rooted in our evolutionary past suggests that modern hunter-gatherers, whose lifestyles closely mirror those of our ancestors, engage in about 11,000-20,000 steps daily through hunting, climbing, digging, and transporting resources.

They exhibit significantly lower rates of chronic diseases compared to those in Western societies, likely due to their high physical activity levels, which stimulate the body’s internal repair and maintenance systems. Evolutionary anthropologist from Harvard, Daniel Lieberman, posits that exercise is linked to essential physiological maintenance because evolution connects the two; the genes responsible for bodily repair and upkeep activate predominantly during movement, conserving energy when one is inactive.

Given the “use it or lose it” concept, increasing numbers of researchers are beginning to view exercise not merely as an “anti-aging” tactic but as a means to reverse the detrimental effects of ongoing physical inactivity, potentially adding years to our lives. “Movement is one strategy we can adopt to optimize our rate of decline,” asserts Norman Lazaro, a Professor of Exercise Physiology at King’s College, London.

How Much?

So, how much exercise should we aim for? Lazaro recommends referencing the World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines, which suggest that adults engage in moderate to vigorous physical activity for 150-300 minutes a week (think brisk walking—not singing) or 75-150 minutes of vigorous exercise (like running or fast cycling). Those aged over 65 should also incorporate resistance training and balance-focused exercises into their routines.

Importantly, these activities don’t need to be pre-arranged workouts. Any activity that utilizes your muscles or elevates your heart rate can be effective (see Longevity Hack). In addition to this advice, there are lesser-known strategies you can explore. In-depth insights are available here.

“
From middle age onwards, everyone should prioritize muscle strength.
“

Mikel Izquierdo, an author at Navarra Public University and contributor to the “Global Consensus” on healthy longevity published in January, concurs that WHO guidelines are a solid foundation for reducing disease risks and extending lifespan, though he cautions they may not guarantee a fulfilling older age. “Many studies supporting these guidelines focus on disease risk and mortality, rather than functional independence,” he notes. “Simply adhering to basic recommendations won’t automatically ensure sustained independence, especially in those over 65.”

Building Strength

According to Izquierdo, those from middle age onward must take strengthening their muscles seriously. Beginning in their 30s, individuals start losing muscle mass. This decline can impact the fast-twitch muscle fibers necessary for actions like standing from a seated position. If this trend is left unaddressed, the loss of strength and endurance can elevate the risks of falls and mobility issues, as well as raise mortality rates among older adults.

Strength, balance, and mobility exercises are essential for individuals aged 65 and older.

Andrii Iemelianenko/Alamy

Numerous studies have established connections between weak grip strength and shorter lifespans. However, it doesn’t mean you need to focus solely on improving hand strength. Grip strength serves as a reliable indicator of overall strength since it correlates well with the strength of major muscle groups, including the legs.

A Balancing Act

Maintaining balance is also crucial from middle age onward. A 2022 study revealed that individuals between 51 and 75 were twice as likely to face a ten-year mortality risk if they couldn’t balance on one foot for ten seconds.

Exercises like squats and planks are excellent starting points, notes Izquierdo, but as muscle loss accelerates, it’s vital to intensify your workouts by adding weights or resistance bands.

Geriatrician Maria Fiataron Singh from the University of Sydney also recommends power training. More agile individuals might benefit from jumping over stairs or performing fast leg presses at 80% of their maximum lifting weight, as explosive strength training engages the fast-twitch “Type II” muscle fibers that tend to diminish with age.

It’s never too late to begin. Research indicates that even frail individuals in their 90s can increase muscle mass, improving their ability to stand and walk independently. Interestingly, even the intent to increase strength can yield some advantages, according to Fiataron Singh. Although you might not see significant initial weight changes, the intention to “move faster” stimulates the recruitment of Type II fibers, enhancing overall strength.

Starting to exercise at any age can bring health advantages.

Panther Media Global/Alamy

Overall, there are numerous strategies to mitigate the physical decline associated with aging. However, we must be realistic, advises Lazarus, an enthusiastic cyclist nearing his 90th year.

Many factors influencing our health are beyond our control. For instance, the maximum heart rate—what you can achieve during exercise—tends to decrease with age, determined by the formula 220 minus your age. “You can’t reverse this aging process with any amount of exercise,” says Lazarus, noting that even elite athletes will see reductions in muscle mass, strength, and cardiovascular capacity as they age, no matter their training regimen.

“We will all face mortality,” Lazarus states. “The aim is to maintain functionality for as long as possible and to pass away in your later years, not earlier.”

As Izquierdo aptly summarizes, we should strive to “live fully and delay aging as much as we can.”

Here are five straightforward yet lesser-known practices that can contribute to a healthier aging process:

1. Sit on the floor

Sitting on the ground isn’t just for kids. Standing up from the floor strengthens leg and core muscles while enhancing joint flexibility. Moreover, being able to perform this action as an adult is associated with increased longevity. Attempt to rise without using your hands for an extra challenge.

2. Floss your teeth

Maintaining your oral hygiene by flossing can help eliminate harmful microorganisms from the mouth, which could contribute to diseases ranging from cardiovascular issues to Alzheimer’s. Keeping the oral microbiome balanced is essential.

3. Train your sense of smell

A diminished sense of smell is often linked to conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. Resuming training in this neglected sense can not only help mitigate cognitive decline but may even reverse it, as olfactory capabilities can be improved with practice.

4. Maintain a fulfilling sex life

Research concludes that “a satisfying sexual life is integral to subjective well-being,” particularly for individuals aged 40 and over. Explore this research further.

5. Engage with younger people

Beyond the psychological benefits, interacting with younger people also enhances your gut microbiome. Our gut health is shaped by those around us, and adapting to a more youthful microbiome profile is associated with better health outcomes.

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iOS 26 Launch: Essential Insights on Apple’s Liquid Glass Enhancements

Posted on September 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Apple is set to unveil major software updates for the iPhone, iPad, and Apple Watch this Monday, significantly altering the icons, lock screen, and overall system appearance, along with introducing features for compatible devices.

Unveiled during the company’s developer conference in June, iOS 26, iPadOS 26, watchOS 26, and macOS 26 Tahoe introduce a new liquid glass design, offering a softer, rounder look that enhances the overall user interface.

Here’s what you should know regarding the update:

When can I get it?

Updates for iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, and macOS typically become available around 6pm in the UK (1pm in New York and 3am in Sydney). Unlike other manufacturers, all eligible Apple devices can download and install these updates immediately upon release.

Which devices are supported?

All Apple smartphones starting from the 2019 iPhone 11 and newer can install iOS 26. The 2018 iPad Pro, 2019 iPad Air (3rd generation), iPad Mini (5th generation), and iPad (8th generation), along with all newer tablets, are also supported. Furthermore, iMacs from 2020, Mac Studios from 2022, and Mac Pros from 2019 onward can run macOS 26 Tahoe.

How can I install it?

To download, open the Settings app on your iPhone or iPad, navigate to General > Software Updates. If available, tap on Install, confirm, restart, and exit. You can also update using a Windows computer via iTunes or the Mac app.

For watchOS 26, ensure that your iPhone 11 or later is running iOS 26. Then, open the Watch app on your phone and go to General > Software Updates to start the installation. Ensure your smartwatch is on the charger to complete the update.

On your Mac, update through System Settings, going to General > Software Update.

What is the cost?

Apple updates are free of charge. If prompted to pay for an update, it is likely a scam.

What happened to iOS 19-25?

Apple has adopted a new year-based naming format for its software updates. Thus, iOS versions 18 and earlier released between September 2024 and 2025 are now replaced by iOS 26 and subsequent versions from 2025-2026. This is akin to sports season naming conventions.

Liquid glass design

Each operating system now sports a cohesive translucent design, reminiscent of frosted glass bubbles overlaid on a flat background, providing depth to your iPhone, Apple Watch, iPad, and Mac, influenced by the Vision Pro headset. Buttons, menus, icons, and notification banners are shiny and responsive, enabling translucence with wallpapers and content below them.

iOS 26

The liquid glass aesthetic on the home screen and icons is one of the most significant changes in iOS history. Composite: Apple

The liquid glass redesign alters the shape and appearance of home screen icons and widgets. Alongside redefined app icons, you have the option to make them translucent in color.

Notifications and other elements now bounce from the top of the screen. A widget appears on the bottom of the lock screen that dynamically scales the clock size based on the number of notifications displayed.

Dynamic and concealed buttons

Buttons will condense when not engaged. For instance, the camera app has been optimized to conceal extra modes behind sliders or larger pop-up menus. Safari’s address bar and navigation buttons shrink into a small button at the bottom while scrolling. You can access tabs and controls by swiping up or tapping the 3-dot button.

Easier spam filtering

Enhanced spam filtering is integrated into the phone and messaging applications. Composite: Apple

The phone app can automatically screen calls from unknown numbers by answering and asking why they are calling before your iPhone notifies you. Messages will screen texts from new senders to detect spam, organizing them into separate inboxes. The phone app also allows you to hold while waiting for customer service representatives.

Both the phone app, FaceTime, and Messages now feature live translation capabilities.

Game Center App

The new gaming app acts as a centralized hub on your iPhone, featuring a game library that showcases what your friends are playing, replacing the Arcade for tracking achievements, competitions, and gaming events.

iPadOS 26

iPadOS 26 features a significant upgrade for multitasking, aligning more closely with macOS. Composite: Apple

iPadOS shares the new visual redesign with the iPhone, featuring clear icons and hidden buttons. More importantly, it introduces an innovative multitasking feature tailored for users utilizing iPads as laptop substitutes.

The familiar macOS menu bar is now available on the iPad. Composite: Apple

A key addition for the iPad is the introduction of the Mac-like menu bar and window management features. You can swipe down from the center at the top of the app screen to access a menu bar containing various functionalities including settings, files, views, and more as on a Mac.

It features the classic red, yellow, and green three-dot menu allowing you to close, minimize, and resize windows. Holding the button reveals tiling and movement options similar to macOS, or you can manually resize windows to your desired size. Swipe to expose, flick left or right to snap apps to the sides, or flick to make an app full-screen.

You can easily open and overlap multiple windows, tile them side by side, or transform your home screen into a desktop interface akin to a Mac.

Preview and Files Apps

The Files app has been enhanced to streamline document and file management on your iPad. You can designate a default app for certain file types, similar to a computer setup. Specific folders like Downloads and Documents can now be directly added to the dock for easier access.

The Preview app from Mac is now on your iPad, allowing the viewing, editing, and annotation of PDFs, images, and more with Apple Pencil.

watchOS 26

watchOS 26 enhances your fitness experience and includes many features from iOS 26. Composite: Apple

The liquid glass design of the iPhone is even more prominent on the Apple Watch, featuring notification bubbles overlaying the Watch Face, floating buttons within apps, and smart widget stacks for a softer aesthetics.

Workout Companion

Apple’s new Fitness for Fitness chatbot, named Workout Buddy, provides ongoing conversation and motivation during workouts similar to the guidance offered by an Apple Fitness+ Coach. It marks significant training achievements, such as reaching specific milestones or pacing goals and summarizes your workout afterward. This feature requires Bluetooth headphones connected to the watch and an iPhone 15 Pro or later nearby.

Sleep Score and Hypertension Alerts

The sleep app calculates a sleep score every morning, giving you an overview of your rest quality. For Series 9 or Ultra 2 and newer watches, a blood pressure monitoring feature will alert you if hypertension signs are detected over the past 30 days.

Wrist Flick

Apple has introduced innovative gestures to the touch-free capabilities of the new Watch. A simple wrist flick away from you will reject notifications, alarms, and alerts. Additionally, double-tap gestures offer an easy way to dismiss things or interact with the watch without touch.

New Watch Faces

A selection of new and improved watch faces is included with watchOS 26. Composite: Samuel Gibbs/Guardian

Three new clock faces have been introduced. Flow features a large digital display that utilizes a liquid glass design, changing colors in response to movement. Exactograph separates hours, minutes, and seconds into distinct analog dials available in various styles. Ultra-exclusive waypoints surround the time with live compasses pointing to landmarks and significant locations. Additionally, revamped photo faces feature floating numbers.

macOS 26 Tahoe

macOS 26 Tahoe incorporates the same liquid glass design elements as the other updates. Composite: Apple

macOS receives a majority of the new features and design updates seen in iOS and iPadOS, including rounded window corners and glass-like design elements.

Phone App

The Phone app allows you to initiate and manage calls seamlessly. Composite: Apple

Apple enhances the Phone app on Mac, enabling calls through Wi-Fi and connected iPhones. It shows recent calls, voicemail, contacts, includes new call screening features, and maintains iPhone assist functionality.

Live activities, such as sports scores and streaming updates, are now visible in the Mac’s menu bar.

Spotlight

Actions have been incorporated into the Spotlight search system. This allows you to send messages and emails, generate notes, and set reminders, all directly from the search bar. You can filter files by type, group them, find documentation from third-party cloud services, and explore apps, files, clipboard history, and other content instead of using traditional search methods.

Despite Our Digital Age, Materials Remain Essential

Posted on September 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

CGI representation of superconducting crystal LK99, showcasing its ideal shape and color, a dark blue copper-doped lead acid apatite, levitating on a magnet. ShutterStock ID 2442898429; Order Form: -; Job: -; Client: -; Other: - — Shutterstock/Javierlizarazo

In today’s world, our existence is intertwined with the digital realm. From finance to culture, news to gossip, everything thrives online. The rise of Generated Artificial Intelligence is a significant narrative, yet can you identify its physical origins? The tangible world seems absent.

Nevertheless, we inhabit a material world. Our infrastructure is dependent on materials like steel, lithium, and cobalt, all essential for powering vehicles. Though these materials may lack allure, they significantly influence our lifestyle and global events.

We could soon witness a transformative breakthrough: a revolutionary perspective on materials. History has shown us that the potential outcomes are monumental. Back in the late 1920s, groundbreaking advancements in materials science unveiled how electrons fill specific energy levels and the gaps between them, paving the path for transistors, the fundamental building blocks of modern computer hardware, including the chips that drive AI.

Research has long suggested that materials possess more than just straightforward energy bands. They may also contain intricate, undulating quantum topographies that dictate their properties. This quantum landscape is now visualized for the first time, as indicated in the cover article (see “Glimpse of a Secret Quantum Landscape in All Issues”).

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Materials may have subtle, undulating quantum topography
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This profound exploration could lead to breakthroughs as significant as the advent of transistors. For instance, one of my aspirations is discovering a material that can conduct electricity without resistance at room temperature.

Identifying such superconductors could minimize electricity loss, yielding tremendous advantages for green energy and mitigating climate change, among others.

Furthermore, this research may unveil entirely new types of materials that we have yet to envision. Rather than distancing ourselves from the material world, we might be on the verge of broadening our understanding.

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Plant-Based Dog Foods Offer Nearly All Essential Nutrients for Your Pet

Posted on September 3, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Plant-based and meat kibbles might both be deficient in crucial nutrients

Snizhana Halytska/Alamy

To ensure a balanced diet, vegetarian and vegan dog foods need specific adjustments.

Research indicates that meat-free dry kibble fulfills dogs’ protein and fat needs but is typically short on iodine and vitamin B. With the right supplements or improved commercial options, plant-based dog foods can maintain pets’ health while minimizing the ecological footprint of the pet food industry Rebecca Broseyk from the University of Nottingham, UK.

“Provided they get all necessary nutrients from their food, dogs will thrive,” she explains.

Many vegans and vegetarians who have dogs often grapple with the ethics of feeding meat to carnivorous pets David Gardner at the University of Nottingham. In light of this concern, manufacturers are beginning to offer plant-based options.

Organizations such as the European Federation of Pet Food Industry and the American Association for Feed Management are advocating for standardized assessments of commercial pet foods and additives to guarantee nutritional adequacy. Nonetheless, most pet foods globally lack thorough nutritional evaluations by independent experts, according to Gardner.

Brociek, Gardner, and their team examined 25 types of commercially available dry foods for healthy adult dogs, of which 19 were formulated with either meat or plants. Among these, two were labeled vegetarian and four were vegan.

Researchers assert that although marketed as nutritionally complete, none of the official dog dietary guidelines were entirely met. However, all foods did manage to provide appropriate levels of protein, fatty acids, and essential amino acids.

The majority, including five out of six plant-based options, fell short on iodine, although seaweed served as a beneficial remedy for these deficiencies.

The vitamins were generally sufficient, except for vitamin B, which was especially deficient in plant-based options. Dogs lacking vitamin B can experience skin, nerve, and digestive issues, suggesting that manufacturers should bolster their formulations, the researchers state.

The results indicate a need for oversight in dog food production across all types, not just those that are plant-based. Andrew Knight from Murdoch University, Australia, stresses, “Consumers expect that if a product claims to be nutritionally healthy, it should be accurate, but that’s often not the case.”

“A vegetarian diet can be beneficial if nutrients lacking in plant sources are adequately replaced, similar to the considerations for humans choosing vegetarian diets,” says Lucia Casini from the University of Pisa, Italy, who adds that pet owners should refrain from making their own plant-based meals for their pets.

Dogs have evolved to consume a variety of foods, so a well-rounded plant-based diet can fulfill their nutritional needs, which can also lower the environmental impact associated with meat production, including greenhouse gas emissions, according to Gardner.

“They are genuine omnivores,” he remarks. “As many Labrador owners (myself included) will attest, they will eat just about anything.”

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Innovative Perspectives on Brain Health Could Lead to Essential New Treatments

Posted on August 21, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Sumaid Pal Singh Bakshi/Unsplash

Healthcare has witnessed remarkable advancements over the past few decades. In high-income nations, the survival rate for certain types of pediatric leukemia has increased from about 10% to over 90%. HPV vaccinations have decreased the incidence of cervical cancer, and early detection of HIV can lead to life expectancies similar to that of the general population.

In contrast, progress in mental health treatment has been less pronounced. Psychiatry often struggles with a perception of stagnation in treatment methodologies. Historically, it has heavily relied on psychopharmaceuticals developed in the mid-20th century. The field has remained largely anchored to these early drug treatments.

This stagnation is not due to a lack of effort. In the 1970s, molecular psychiatry emerged, focusing on the molecular basis of mental health conditions through proteins, genes, and signaling pathways. The goal was to anchor diagnostics and treatments to biological mechanisms instead of merely interpreting subjective symptoms. Despite advances in genetic research, including exploring the genetic links to schizophrenia, we have yet to see significant improvements in mental health treatment paralleling those in physical health.

The new approach is targeting chronic inflammation.

Given that approximately 8-16% of individuals in high-income countries like England experience anxiety and depression, a fresh perspective is crucial. Current innovative approaches focus on chronic inflammation, a phenomenon linked not just to heart disease and type 2 diabetes, but also to mental health.

For many, chronic low-grade inflammation results from the pace of modern life, often fueled by factors such as stress, obesity, and poor dietary choices. Promising developments suggest that certain anti-inflammatory medications may have potential benefits for the brain, alleviating issues associated with depression and dementia (“Chronic inflammation harms your mind. Here’s how to calm it down”).

These findings also clarify that managing mental health can be approached through actions such as regular exercise, relaxation techniques, and nutritious eating.

While this path may not work for everyone, given that antidepressants fail to help approximately 30% of those treated for depression, any progress is welcomed.

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Essential Insights on mRNA Vaccines in Response to RFK’s Claims

Posted on August 7, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Robert F. Kennedy Jr., Director of the U.S. Health Bureau

Zuma Press, Inc. /Alamy

The U.S. Secretary of Health has claimed that mRNA vaccines are ineffective against respiratory illnesses and announced a $5 billion cut in funding for mRNA vaccine research. This contradicts existing scientific evidence, which shows that many mRNA vaccines are not only effective but often outperform other vaccine types. Here’s what you should know to assess these statements:

During his announcement, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., the head of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, stated, “These vaccines cannot effectively protect against upper respiratory tract infections such as COVID and influenza.” He indicated that funding would shift “to a safer, more versatile vaccine platform that remains effective even as the virus mutates.”

There are currently various vaccine types available: live viruses, inactivated viruses, genetically engineered viral shells, individual viral proteins, and mRNAs that encode viral proteins. The effectiveness of these vaccines is often influenced more by the virus than by the vaccine itself.

For instance, the MMR vaccine has a 100% effectiveness rate in preventing measles outbreaks when vaccination coverage exceeds 90%. This high effectiveness is due to the measles virus being a stable target and requiring complex routes deep within the body, allowing ample opportunities for the immune system to respond before symptoms develop or transmission occurs.

In contrast, respiratory viruses, which cause colds and flus, initially infect cells in the upper respiratory tract. This setting complicates the generation of sufficient protective antibodies, making it significantly harder to prevent infection and transmission compared to measles.

Moreover, viruses responsible for colds, influenza, and COVID-19 are continuously mutating, driving evolutionary pressures for changes that can evade immunity from both infection and vaccination. Consequently, no influenza or COVID-19 vaccine can offer the same long-term protection as the measles components of MMR vaccines. However, mRNA vaccines perform comparably well.

For example, some mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are over 90% effective against symptomatic infections and provide enhanced protection against severe outcomes. In contrast, the effectiveness of non-mRNA vaccines for annual influenza prevention ranges from 20% to 60%. Additionally, a recent trial involving a combined COVID-19 and influenza mRNA vaccine has shown potential to surpass existing non-mRNA influenza vaccines for individuals over 50, who are most at risk.

Thus, Kennedy’s assertion regarding ineffectiveness is misguided. While this does not imply that mRNA vaccines will always be superior to others, new vaccines must outperform existing ones in clinical trials. If mRNA vaccines were ineffective, they would not receive approval.

Kennedy also posits that other vaccine types might sustain their effectiveness amidst viral mutations, likely referencing the concept of a “universal vaccine.” This idea aims to create a single vaccine effective against all variants of, for example, influenza or coronaviruses by targeting stable parts of the virus. However, achieving this is challenging since viruses often conceal stable regions beneath variable structures.

Despite extensive research efforts over the decades, developing a reliable universal vaccine has yet to be successful. Thus, investing heavily in this area may be unwise. Additionally, mRNA technology has been utilized in experimental settings for creating universal vaccines, making Kennedy’s second statement equally flawed.

Finally, effectiveness is just one factor; safety, cost, and the rapidity of vaccine development are also critical considerations. In this regard, mRNA technology provides significant advantages: it is safer than vaccines derived from live viruses, less expensive than those based on a single viral protein, and can be developed rapidly—essential in the context of quickly evolving respiratory viruses, especially during pandemics.

Moreover, mRNA vaccine technology has broader applications for developing a variety of other treatments. The funding cuts announced by Kennedy, based on erroneous claims, could impede progress by deterring companies from investing in this promising technology.

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Essential Information for Those Taking Statins to Manage Cholesterol Levels

Posted on August 3, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Statin usage is on the rise, with the National Institute of Excellence in Health and Care (Nice) reporting that in October 2024, around 5.3 million people in the UK were using statins or cholesterol-lowering medications in the previous year.

This figure has nearly tripled since 2015/2016, now reflecting almost 10% of the nation’s population. Likewise, statin usage is also increasing worldwide.

Doctors prescribe statins primarily to prevent heart disease, the leading cause of death globally. These medications lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol—the “bad” cholesterol that contributes to artery clogging—by aiding the liver in cholesterol production and blood extraction.

While statins effectively prevent heart attacks and strokes, there are still questions individuals have before commencing treatment.

Consider inquiries like: If my cholesterol is high, should I take statins? Could I improve my condition through diet and exercise first? What side effects might I experience when I start taking statins?

The answers to the first two questions are ultimately the same: the decision rests with you.

How to Determine if Statins are Right for You

The choice to begin statin therapy should be made alongside a healthcare provider, considering not just cholesterol levels, but the overall risk of heart disease.

This involves evaluating other risk factors such as blood pressure, family history, and even geographic location.

As Julie Ward, a senior cardiac nurse at the British Heart Foundation, explains, your physician will use all available information to calculate your individual cardiovascular risk score.

“Once we have that cardiovascular risk score, we can initiate a discussion on measures to reduce that risk,” Ward states. “It’s about individuals [doctors] or pharmacists communicating, ‘This is your cardiovascular risk. We recommend starting you on a statin.’

The initial conversation may focus on lifestyle modifications, such as healthier eating habits and smoking cessation. You can assess your risk with an online calculator like this one. A higher 10-year risk score indicates a greater likelihood of needing to discuss statin therapy.

After a few months, you may visit the calculator again to see if your risk has changed, and perhaps determine that your risk is low enough to pursue dietary changes and exercise instead. But what if the recommendation for statins remains strong?

Statins are Safe and Effective

It’s natural to feel apprehensive about starting a potentially lifelong medication.

However, scientific research may provide reassurance; ample evidence highlights the effectiveness of statins in preventing heart disease, says Professor James Shepherd, a Health Data Scientist at the University of Oxford.

“Statins are arguably the most studied medication in medical history,” he points out. “Numerous clinical trials have examined their effects.”

Additionally, researchers have compiled the results of numerous trials to bolster the evidence surrounding statins.

Cholesterol accumulates in veins, obstructing blood flow – Image credit: Getty Images

For instance, in 2015, researchers from Cochrane, a distinguished medical review publisher, synthesized data from nearly 39,000 individuals who participated in 296 trials assessing Atorvastatin, the most commonly prescribed statin.

Their comprehensive review revealed that taking atorvastatin for up to 12 weeks reduced LDL cholesterol by 37-52%, depending on the dosage.

What’s the impact of statins on the risk of death from heart attacks and other cardiovascular issues? The answer largely depends on individual circumstances.

A recent review from early 2025 indicated a risk reduction ranging from 20% to 62%, with higher percentages for individuals in high-risk groups. This represents significant savings for medications costing less than £2 (around $2.50) per 28 tablets.

However, it’s essential to understand how to interpret numbers for your own decision-making.

In large-scale trials, efficacy is often expressed in relative terms, indicating the difference compared to those not taking statins.

As Shepherd emphasizes, “For real-world treatment decisions, the absolute risk is what matters most.”

For example, if a statin reduces the risk of a heart attack by 20%, a patient with a 1% absolute risk (or cardiovascular risk score) sees their risk drop from 1% to 0.8%.

In contrast, those with risk scores above 10% can realize significantly greater benefits.

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Side Effects Vary

While we know statins are effective, what about the negative aspects related to side effects?

“Previous reporting has skewed public perception,” reveals Ward. “Yet, research demonstrates that side effects are minimal, and statins are well-tolerated by most patients.”

This is supported by findings from Shepherd and his team, detailed in a 2021 study that reviewed side effects across 62 trials involving over 120,000 participants, revealing only “a small number” reported issues.

Approximately 15 out of every 10,000 individuals experienced muscle pain and related symptoms, while liver, kidney, and eye abnormalities were even less prevalent.

When patients discontinue statin use, it is often linked to side effects. So, what’s behind this?

A different 2021 study suggests that the perceived side effects may be associated with the act of taking medication rather than their actual occurrence.

In that research, 60 participants received a month’s supply of different medications—some statins, some placebos—without knowing which was which. A year later, researchers noted more symptoms as patients were taking medication compared to nothing at all, with 90% of those experiencing side effects from statins also reporting symptoms while on the placebo.

Adjusting Dosage or Medication

If you encounter side effects, it’s essential to communicate these with your doctor instead of just enduring them.

For instance, atorvastatin can be prescribed in doses ranging from 10 to 80 mg per day. Side effects are often dose-dependent; hence, 80 mg is more likely to induce issues than 10 mg, though a lower long-term dose is usually possible.

“If someone has high cholesterol, they may start at 80 mg,” explains Ward. “If they’re managing well in a few months, we might lower it to 40 mg, and potentially down to 20 or 10 mg later on, transitioning to a maintenance dose.”

Alternatively, switching medications can also be effective. In the UK, five different statins are available, all functioning similarly, though atorvastatin is often regarded as the most effective.

“If someone previously took a higher dose of a different statin, a doctor could prescribe atorvastatin at a lower dosage that could achieve similar cholesterol-lowering effects with fewer side effects,” Shepherd adds.

In rare cases, taking statins may lead to more serious issues affecting the liver and kidneys, which is why regular blood tests are crucial for monitoring.

Individuals with diabetes might be concerned regarding findings suggesting that statins can elevate blood sugar levels.

Nevertheless, the cholesterol-lowering benefits are believed to outweigh the minimal increases in blood glucose.

In conclusion, taking statins is a personal choice. If you have concerns, consider discussing them with a cardiac nurse at the British Heart Foundation or explore resources on cholesterol at Heart UK.

About Our Experts

Julie Ward is a senior heart nurse at the British Heart Foundation.

Professor James Shepherd is a health data scientist at the University of Oxford, focusing on cardiovascular disease prevention. His work has been featured in General UK magazines, BMC Medical Research Methodology, and BMJ Open.

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Consuming This Breakfast Essential Daily May Help Reduce Cholesterol Levels

Posted on July 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

For many years, eggs have been labeled as major contributors to cholesterol problems. However, recent studies indicate that this reputation may be unjust.

In fact, consuming 2 eggs daily is beneficial in reducing “bad” cholesterol levels, according to research published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL cholesterol), often called the “bad” cholesterol, are fatty substances in the bloodstream that can block arteries and heighten the risk of heart disease and stroke. For years, eggs were believed to exacerbate this issue. But new evidence is shifting this perspective.

“Our study’s results indicate that egg consumption does not raise LDL cholesterol levels,” stated Professor John Buckley, the lead author, in an interview with BBC Science Focus. “We need clearer messaging on this topic, as it still leads individuals with rising LDL to avoid eggs.”

To investigate the effects of egg consumption on cholesterol, Buckley and his team had participants with healthy cholesterol levels follow one of three diets over five weeks. One diet was high in saturated fat and cholesterol, another was high in saturated fat but low in cholesterol, and the third was high in cholesterol but low in saturated fat.

Only the meal plan that included two eggs a day resulted in lowered LDL levels. The other two diets either allowed for just one egg per week or led to an actual increase in LDL levels.

Eggs are high in cholesterol but low in saturated fat, making them vital for beneficial effects – Credit: Getty/Gregory Adams

“Eggs are among the few foods that are high in cholesterol yet low in saturated fat,” Buckley noted.

“New evidence suggests it isn’t cholesterol but rather saturated fats that negatively impact cholesterol levels, and we are the first study to conclusively demonstrate this.”

An egg-rich diet also showed improvements in other blood lipids associated with heart health, though Buckley emphasizes the need for further research to fully comprehend these changes.

What’s the takeaway? Cholesterol intake from foods doesn’t necessarily correlate with blood cholesterol, particularly when your overall diet is low in saturated fat.

“Most foods high in cholesterol also contain saturated fats,” Buckley explained. “This is a key reason why dietary cholesterol has been vilified; high intake from those foods raises LDL cholesterol, but isolating the independent effects of saturated fats in research has been challenging, and we are working on that now.”

The next time you enjoy breakfast, don’t feel guilty about having a few eggs—just maybe skip that extra serving of bacon.

And what about Buckley himself? “I had eggs for breakfast this morning and didn’t worry about raising my LDL cholesterol,” he shared.

Read more:

About our experts

Professor John Buckley is the Executive Dean of the Allied Health and Human Performance Academic Unit at the University of South Australia. His research primarily explores the effects of diet and exercise on health and physical functioning across a variety of groups, from patients to elite athletes.

This Summer, the Night Sky Dazzles with Shooting Stars: Essential Tips for Enjoying the Meteor Shower.

Posted on July 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

With three meteor showers occurring simultaneously this month, skywatchers have ample opportunities to spend their summer nights searching for shooting stars.

The annual Alpha Capriconids, South Delta Aquarids, and Perseid Meteor Showers are currently in action, each expected to last until mid-August.

Here’s what you need to know about these meteor showers and tips for spotting shooting stars.

Alpha Capriconid

The Alpha Capriconids and South Delta Aquarids will be visible overnight from July 29th to 30th, while the Perseids, often regarded as the most consistent shooting star display, will peak next month.

Skywatchers can expect favorable conditions for observing meteor showers this July, as noted by the American Meteor Society.

Typically, the Alpha Capricornids Meteor Shower doesn’t deliver a powerful show but can yield several bright fireballs while active, generating approximately 5 shooting stars per hour. Observations under dark skies enhance the experience, according to the American Meteor Society.

This shower derives its name from the constellation Capricornus, from which the meteors appear to radiate. This year’s peak features a moon phase of only 27%, giving both hemispheres an opportunity to observe the display.

The Alpha Capriconid meteor shower occurs when Earth traverses dust and debris from the comet 169p/Neat, which orbits the Sun approximately every 4.2 years. Fragments entering the atmosphere create bright streaks of light as they vaporize.

South Delta Aquarid

The Southern Delta Aquarids, as suggested by its name, is most clearly observed from the Southern Hemisphere. Under ideal conditions, this meteor shower can produce about 25 meteors per hour, though many tend to be faint.

According to NASA, the South Delta Aquarid shower is challenging to spot, but early morning hours provide the best chance for viewing.

This meteor shower is linked to Comet 96p/Machorz, which completes an orbit around the Sun approximately every two years.

Perseid

Lastly, the Perseid meteor shower is currently active and expected to peak overnight from August 12th to 13th. This event is highly anticipated as Perseids typically occur during the warm summer months in the Northern Hemisphere, often generating a high rate of shooting stars. Under optimal conditions, this shower can yield up to 100 meteors per hour.

However, this year, the moon will be approximately 84% illuminated, which may diminish visibility for meteors. “This will significantly impact the shower’s activity during its peak,” states the American Meteor Society.

“These conditions could reduce visible activity by at least 75%, leaving only the brighter meteors visible,” the society mentioned in its forecast.

The Perseid shower occurs as Earth passes through debris and dust left by the comet 109p/Swift-Tuttle.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Fewer Ownership, More Rental: French App Facilitates Access to Essential Household Goods

Posted on June 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Are you in need of a kitchen mixer, drill, tent, or raclette maker? Maybe there’s a bread machine, an ice cream maker, or a toast maker gathering dust in your cupboard?

If you answered yes to either of these questions, Lucy Bash has a solution for you. The French entrepreneur and creator of the successful anti-food waste app is now tackling another issue: the simultaneous overuse and underuse of everyday household items.

Bash co-founded a new app called Poppins, inspired by the endlessly deep carpet bag of the world’s most beloved nanny, filled with oversized items, including a hat stand. The app aims to connect individuals who have items they no longer need under the motto “You have fewer and more yourself.”

Bash mentioned a survey revealing that the average French citizen owns about 2.5 tons of belongings, with roughly a third of those not being used.

Poppins app.

“It doesn’t make ecological or economic sense,” she stated. “Our goal is to simplify the process for everyone to locate what they need nearby. Collective prosperity is the only path forward.”

She further explained: “The Raclette machine is a perfect example; you buy one and use it only a couple of times a year, yet it occupies half your kitchen space. Renting it out is a smart alternative.”

Since its launch in April, the app has garnered 40,000 users in France within just a few weeks. Users can browse available items in their area, some of which can be rented, while others can be borrowed. Poppins plans to establish community guidelines. Their broader mission is to promote sharing over shopping, including local rental shops and library-like lending outlets.

In the initial weeks post-launch, the raclette machine emerged as the most sought-after household item. With summer approaching, there is an increasing interest in tents and camping gear—like petancasses, beds, cribs, party supplies, barbecues, and outdoor equipment. Nearly 65% of offerings on Poppins are available for free borrowing. The moderated platform prohibits the promotion of weapons or adult toys.

Bash remarked: “The beauty of sharing combines ecological, economic, and social benefits. When sharing becomes the norm, it leads to lower production rates, which is eco-friendly. Rentals and purchases become more affordable and social through discussion.”

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“We are shifting from linear growth to cyclical growth. Linear models are no longer sustainable; they harm our planet. The necessity is clear to everyone in the sector, including major companies that are now starting to reach out to us.”

Bash indicated that even large-scale commodity companies are moving towards rental options. “This is the future. The challenge for industry leaders lies in transforming their business models.”

“We aim to make sharing straightforward, dependable, and enjoyable. The enjoyment is crucial; it gives you that life-hacker feeling. We guarantee you can find what you need within your chosen radius.”

At 33, Bash, who was born in Paris, studied at Lille’s prestigious Centre-Rail Engineering University. She became aware of the critical issue of food waste during her tenure at Nestle. Her first idea for an app arose when she witnessed a bakery discarding unsold products; upon inquiry, she learned they couldn’t donate but offered her three times the food in exchange for payment.

Currently, the app boasts over 100 million users across 19 countries in Europe and North America. It originated when Bash recognized that 40% of the world’s food produced is thrown away, generating over 8% of the planet’s greenhouse gases, while millions remain hungry. Users of Too Good To Go purchase surprise bags collected at specific times from shops and restaurants, with a total value exceeding three times the price of the app.

The Poppins app is set to launch in Belgium next year, with plans for a release in the UK in late 2026 or 2027.

Will You Face a Cyber Attack? 7 Essential Protection Tips | Consumer Concerns

Posted on June 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Keep an eye on your inbox

Cyberattack notifications flood our inboxes weekly, sparking concern over the personal data that may have been compromised.

Recently, Adidas disclosed that some personal information of customers was breached, including passwords and credit card details, although their payment data was secure.

Another incident involved unauthorized access to personal data of thousands of legal aid applicants from England and Wales, dating back to 2010, which followed significant disruptions caused by a cyberattack on Marks & Spencer.

If you see news about a cybersecurity incident affecting a company you’ve interacted with, stay vigilant regarding your email. Companies typically reach out to affected customers with details on what occurred and suggested actions.

Sometimes, only specific customer segments or users from particular regions may be impacted.

In Adidas’ case, it appears that those who contacted customer service recently are primarily affected, which may exclude many others. Occasionally, communication will confirm that you are unaffected.

If your information could be compromised, you’ll usually receive guidance on corrective measures or a link to a FAQs page. In some instances, firms may offer free access to support services from cybersecurity experts or credit monitoring.

In Adidas’ case, it seems to affect customers who contacted the service desk previously. Photo: Odd Andersen/AFP/Getty Images

Change Your Password

If you’ve conducted transactions with an organization that faced a cyber incident, change your password for that account immediately.

Ensure your password is robust and not used across multiple accounts.

Experts recommend creating passwords that are at least 12 characters long, including a mix of numbers, capital and lowercase letters, and symbols. Avoid easily guessed information like pet names, birthdays, or favorite teams.

“A great strategy to enhance password security is to combine three random words into one.” says the National Cybersecurity Centre in the UK. For example, consider something like Hippo! PizzaRocket1.

“Consider using a password manager to generate and securely store unique, strong passwords,” advises online security firm Nordvpn.

Utilize Two-Step Authentication

Two-step verification adds an extra security layer to your email and other key online accounts.

This generally involves receiving a code via the Authenticator app or sent to your registered mobile number to grant access.

Enable two-step verification on all services that provide this feature.

The second factor may include codes sent via SMS. Photo: Prostock-Studio/Alamy

Beware of Unsolicited Emails

Phishing emails often cite recent cyber events to lure unsuspecting targets who may be customers of the affected company.

Scammers might leverage personal information they’ve acquired to appear credible.

Avoid clicking on any link or attachment in emails, text messages, or social media posts unless you’re entirely certain of their legitimacy. These links can lead to phishing sites or include malware designed to steal your identity.

M&S advises potentially impacted customers that they “may receive emails, calls, or texts that appear to be from us.” “We will never reach out for your personal account details, such as your username or password.”

If an email claims to be from a business you interact with and you’re uncertain of its authenticity, ignore it or verify it through official contact channels.

Be cautious about links or attachments in emails unless you are completely sure they are legitimate. Photo: Tero Vesalainen/Alamy

Monitor Your Credit Record

If your personal data has been compromised, keep an eye on your credit report, which details your financial history and is used by lenders to judge your creditworthiness, in case someone attempts to open accounts in your name.

For instance, if a financial entity endures a cyber breach, the accessed data could include sensitive information such as your name, address, national insurance number, date of birth, bank account details, salary, and potentially your passport.

This information can be misused for identity fraud.

In the UK, the main credit reference agencies are Equifax, Experian, and Transunion, all providing various options to check your credit report for free or via subscription.

Credit Karma and Clear Score offer free lifetime access to your credit reports.

Experian provides an ID monitoring service, which checks your personal, financial, and credit information for suspicious activity. It’s a paid service, but if your data becomes compromised, they may cover the costs.

Be cautious if you suddenly find your applications for credit cards or loans being denied, or if you cease receiving bank statements for no clear reason despite a healthy credit score, as it may indicate identity theft.

More significantly, you may start receiving letters regarding debts that are not yours, or seeing transactions on your bank statements for items you didn’t purchase.

Many instances of financial fraud begin on social media and tech platforms, so remain vigilant, as scammers may possess details about you that can lend credibility to their deception.

The so-called “High Mama” scams have risen in recent years, where scammers impersonate relatives on platforms like WhatsApp, often pleading for urgent money transfers upon claiming to be locked out of their online banking.

Even with a sense of urgency, take the necessary time to verify the identity of anyone requesting funds.

Opt Out of Registration

When shopping online, retailers frequently prompt you to save payment card details for quicker checkout, but this may store your information with third-party services rather than just the retailer.

If you can avoid storing payment details across multiple sites, you reduce the risk of unauthorized access to your card information.

What to Do If Your Laptop Is Lost or Stolen: Essential Tips for Tough Situations

Posted on May 28, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

lAptops are essential tools, housing countless important documents, images, and cherished memories. Losing them is about more than just work interruptions. Here’s what to do if the unfortunate occurs:

What should I do if my laptop is lost or stolen?

Try to locate it using Microsoft or Apple’s Find My services. Lock it remotely and mark it as lost to safeguard your data.
Remove it as a trusted device from services like your Apple or Microsoft account, cloud services, online shops, or other browser apps.
Change the password for your primary accounts, such as your Apple or Microsoft account, starting with email accounts that a thief might access through password resets.
In the UK, call 101 to report the theft to the police, providing details like the laptop’s make, model, color, and serial number.
Reach out to your insurance provider. If you have coverage, your laptop might be included in some home contents policies.
Inform your bank about credit cards that might have stored information on your laptop.
Contact the laptop’s manufacturer to report the theft and request to blacklist the serial number.

What should you do immediately after getting a new laptop?

Once you acquire a replacement laptop (whether new or used), there are several precautions you can take to ensure its safety.

Establish strong passwords or long pins that are difficult to guess. Enable and utilize face or fingerprint recognition, and ensure your laptop locks the screen after a brief period or when the display turns off.
If not already activated, enable device encryption in the Privacy and Security Settings.
Set up two-step verification for your Microsoft or Apple account, along with any other accounts you use.
Activate “My Device” in the Windows 10 or 11 Security Settings or in iCloud Settings on Mac. This helps you locate a lost laptop, lock it remotely, and display a lost message to anyone who finds it.
Regularly back up your data. On Windows, you can use Windows Backup to save files and settings, or utilize Microsoft’s OneDrive Cloud Service (5GB free). For Macs, use Time Machine to back up to an external drive, and sync iCloud with apps and files (5GB free). Alternatively, copy files to an external drive but ensure sensitive documents are encrypted before backup.
Store important documents in the cloud. Microsoft and Apple offer cloud services, but there are numerous alternatives, including Google Drive, Dropbox, and Proton Drive.
Keep your proof of purchase secure, and remember your laptop’s color, model number, and serial number.
Consider insuring your laptop under your home contents policy. You may need to add it to a list of high-risk or high-value items, especially when leaving home. Alternatively, seek dedicated laptop or gadget insurance, which often includes theft protection.

Protecting Your Data Post-Cyber Attack: Essential Strategies Against Cybercrime

Posted on May 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A new cyberattack has made headlines, compromising personal information from hundreds of thousands of legal assistance applicants in the UK and Wales.

Following the recent cyber incidents that severely impacted Marks & Spencer and co-ops, reminders are circulating about the increased risk of suspicious activities.

If you’re concerned that your data may have been exposed, here are some tips to help safeguard yourself.

Update Your Password – Ensure It’s Strong

Always ensure you use a strong password and avoid reusing passwords across multiple accounts.

If you’ve interacted with a company or organization that has suffered a cyberattack, promptly change the password for that particular website or app.

“Consider using a password manager to create and securely store strong, unique passwords,” suggests the online security firm Nordvpn.

Two-factor authentication (2FA) adds an extra layer of security to your critical accounts by requiring a code sent via text or email for access. Be sure to enable 2FA on all services that offer it.

Exercise Caution with Unsolicited Emails, Calls, and Messages

Avoid clicking on links or attachments in unsolicited emails, texts, or social media messages, as they may lead to phishing sites or contain malware designed to steal your identity.

Phishing scams often leverage current events, like cyberattacks, to lure unsuspecting customers into providing sensitive information.

Scammers might possess personal details they obtained through breaches, making their communications seem more credible.

If someone claims to represent a company you use, verify their identity by ignoring their contact and checking official contact details instead.

Monitor Your Credit Report

In case your personal data gets compromised, regularly monitoring your credit report is crucial to detect any fraudulent attempts to create loans or acquire other products in your name. Several Credit Reference Institutions offer access, both free and paid.

We recommend checking your credit report periodically. You can access your credit data through the Credit Committee.

Credit Karma and Clear Score both provide free access to your credit report.

Be vigilant for signs of identity theft, such as being denied financial products unexpectedly or not receiving bank statements despite having a good credit rating. Additionally, receiving collection letters for debts you didn’t incur or items on your bank statement that you didn’t buy are clear red flags.

Most financial fraud is said to begin on social media and technology platforms. Remain cautious, as scammers may have enough information to impersonate someone you know.

The rise of “Hi Mom” scams, where criminals pretend to be relatives asking for urgent financial assistance via messaging apps like WhatsApp, has surged in recent years.

Even under pressure, take your time to verify the identity of anyone requesting money, ensuring you’re truly communicating with your loved ones.

Safeguard Your Devices

Keep your laptops and devices updated by ensuring they receive the latest software and security patches.

Only use official app stores and software update services for your downloads.

Essential Information on the Hepatitis A Outbreak in LA County

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Los Angeles County public health officials have reported an outbreak of hepatitis A. This highly contagious liver infection is caused by a virus that can, in rare instances, lead to serious illness.

Typically, there are fewer than 50 cases annually in LA County, but at least 138 individuals were infected in 2024, with cases continuing to rise significantly in 2025. These numbers are incomplete.

Here’s what you should know.

How is hepatitis A transmitted?

The hepatitis A virus is spread via the oral-fecal route, meaning it can be ingested through food and beverages contaminated with microscopic stool from infected individuals. The virus can also be transmitted through close contact with someone harboring it, even if they show no symptoms.

Certain individuals face a higher risk of contracting hepatitis A due to inadequate access to clean toilets and handwashing facilities. It is more prevalent among travelers, in settings with poor hygiene, among men who have sex with men, and among drug users.

Officials note that many recent cases have appeared in individuals lacking these risk factors. The reasons remain unclear, but Dr. Timothy Brewer, an infectious disease specialist and epidemiologist at UCLA, is increasingly concerned about two issues: food contamination and community transmission.

“In a community with good hygiene and access to drinking water, we shouldn’t see high numbers of infections,” he remarked. “Something is happening, but we aren’t sure what it is.”

What are the symptoms of hepatitis A infection?

Initial symptoms include fever, fatigue, nausea, and loss of appetite, followed by vomiting and diarrhea. Infected individuals may subsequently develop jaundice, dark urine, and pale stools.

One significant challenge in controlling the spread of hepatitis A is that contact tracing can be quite challenging. The virus can incubate for up to seven weeks before symptoms appear, and carriers can transmit it for up to two weeks before they feel ill.

Moreover, many infected individuals do not exhibit severe symptoms, according to Dr. Edward Jones Lopez, an infectious disease specialist at Keck Medicine at the University of Southern California, which means they might not seek medical evaluation, undergo blood tests, or report their cases.

Severe symptoms are predominantly observed in the elderly, those with chronic liver diseases, and individuals with compromised immune systems or HIV. While fatalities from hepatitis A are rare, at least seven deaths have been linked to the outbreak. Officials suspect that the true number of infections is significantly higher than reported, as many individuals likely remain asymptomatic or have mild symptoms that go unrecognized.

What is the treatment for hepatitis A?

There are no specific antiviral treatments for hepatitis A, as the infection typically resolves on its own within weeks without causing permanent liver damage. However, hospitalization might be necessary for some patients.

In rare instances, hepatitis A can lead to acute liver failure, known as fulminant hepatitis, which may necessitate a transplant, stated Dr. Jones Lopez. “It can escalate rapidly. It’s a serious condition.”

If you believe you may be infected, consult your doctor, stay hydrated, and rest adequately.

How can I prevent it?

Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent hepatitis A. The vaccination schedule consists of two doses given at least six months apart, which provides substantial protection. While children have routinely received this vaccine for the past two decades, many adults over the age of 25 do not get vaccinated unless they belong to a high-risk group.

“Infection can occur anywhere,” warns Dr. Anne Limoyne, a professor of epidemiology at UCLA.

If you have been exposed to someone with the virus but haven’t been vaccinated, a prompt vaccination can prevent infection. Experts suggest that individuals with compromised immune systems may also benefit from receiving immunoglobulins. Practicing good hygiene, such as thorough handwashing with soap and water after using the restroom and before preparing food, is essential for everyone.

Source: www.nytimes.com

Essential Information About mRNA Vaccines

Posted on May 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. has raised concerns about the safety of mRNA vaccines for Covid-19. Scientists have sought funding from the National Institutes of Health: Scrub their grants of mRNA references. State legislatures nationwide are debating bills that aim to ban or limit these vaccines. Weapons of mass destruction.

Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) have gained significant attention recently, though they were first discovered in 1961. Since then, scientists have explored their potential in preventing infections and treating cancer and rare diseases.

What is mRNA?

mRNA is a large molecule present in all cells, serving as a template to produce the proteins encoded by our DNA. It carries instructions from the DNA in the nucleus to the cell’s protein synthesis machinery. According to Jeff Koller, a professor of RNA biology and therapy at Johns Hopkins University, a single mRNA molecule can generate multiple copies of a protein, and is designed to break down after fulfilling its role.

How do mRNA vaccines work?

Currently, there are three FDA-approved mRNA vaccines for older adults. These vaccines utilize strands of mRNA that encode specific viral proteins.

Upon receiving a Covid-19 vaccine, the mRNA chains, encapsulated in tiny fat particles, enter muscle and immune cells, explained Robert Alexander Wesselhoif, director of the RNA Therapy Institute at Mass General Brigham’s Institute of Genetic and Cell Therapy. These intracellular factories then use mRNA instructions to produce proteins resembling those on the Covid-19 virus surface. The body perceives these proteins as foreign, triggering an immune response.

While most mRNA degrades within days, the body keeps a “memory” in the form of antibodies, noted Dr. Koller. As with other vaccines, immunity may wane over time, requiring updates for new variants.

Why are mRNA vaccines being used now?

In the mid-2000s, researchers at the University of Pennsylvania discovered a method to introduce foreign mRNA into human cells without it degrading first, paving the way for vaccine development.

Currently, the primary application of these vaccines is to prevent infectious diseases like Covid-19 and RSV, according to Dr. Wesselhoeft, who founded a company focused on RNA therapy. mRNA vaccines can be developed quickly, as the non-RNA components remain consistent across different vaccines.

This rapid development could aid in creating annual flu vaccines, stated Florian Krammer, a virologist from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Typically, choice of flu vaccine strains is made in late winter, but mRNA vaccines can adapt more swiftly, allowing for better efficacy against circulating strains.

Are these vaccines safe?

A common question is whether mRNA vaccines can impact DNA. Dr. Boucher clarified that this is not possible; mRNA cannot be converted into DNA or integrated into the genome.

Covid-19 vaccines may cause temporary muscle pain and other mild side effects, as noted by Dr. Krammer.

Dr. Adam Ratner, a pediatric infection specialist in New York, remarked that in the over four years since the rollout of the Covid-19 vaccine, there have been “no long-term safety signals.” He noted parental concerns regarding myocarditis, an inflammation of the heart, but emphasized that the risks associated with actual Covid-19 infections far outweigh those of vaccination.

What additional applications does mRNA have?

mRNA-based vaccines may target a variety of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular conditions, autoimmune disorders like type 1 diabetes, and rare diseases such as cystic fibrosis.

For cancer, the concept is that mRNA can encode tumor-associated proteins, prompting an immune response against tumors. In genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis, mRNA can produce a functional version of a missing protein, restoring normal function in affected tissues.

A recent paper published in Nature outlined an experimental mRNA vaccine for pancreatic cancer, which elicited immune responses in some patients post-surgery. Those who experienced immune activation had improved survival rates compared to those who did not.

Another study on monkeys investigated inhaled mRNA therapy aimed at producing proteins necessary for cilia formation, which play a crucial role in clearing mucus in the airways. This therapy targets dysfunctions associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia.

This research is in its preliminary stages, with the Phase I trial for pancreatic cancer involving only 16 patients, which may lead to variability in survival outcomes. Dr. Stephen Rosenberg, an expert in cancer immunotherapy at the National Cancer Institute, has indicated that interventions can stimulate immune responses without significantly altering patient outcomes.

Dr. Richard Boucher, a pulmonary scientist at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, noted that targeting the correct cells with mRNA-carrying particles for lung diseases is particularly challenging.

Overall, Dr. Ratner described mRNA vaccines as “exciting” and holding promise for treating conditions where prior technologies have struggled. However, he cautioned that mRNA therapies should be seen as one of many drug technologies, with varying efficacy depending on the illness.

Source: www.nytimes.com

Removing barriers is essential for achieving true powerfulism, not turning a blind eye to them.

Posted on January 30, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Kent Nishimura/Los Angeles Times Getty Images

In the latter half of the 18th century, mathematicians and physicists Joseph Lewis Lagrange made a shocking discovery. His star student, Monsieur Le Blanc, was actually a woman.

Lagrange was taught by Ecall Police Technique in France. As a result, students were able to receive lecture notebooks and submit their jobs without going directly to the university. This was especially useful for Sophie Germann, who was forced to study mathematics despite objections from his parents. She picked up the expired student and may have escaped, but Lagrange realized the vast and sudden improvement of Le Blanc's work and demanded that she would meet directly.

Germain is not the only person who pays attention to how the name used is perceived. As the psychologist Kion West explains here, experiments using the same recruitment application belong to white people who belong to blacks. It indicates that it is not more successful than the person who thinks.

In recent years, many organizations have adopted measures to compete with these results, such as deleting names from recruiting applications. These measures fall under the umbrella of diversity, fairness, and inclusion (DEI). But now, US President Donald Trump has ordered government agencies to dismantle the DEI program, promising that society is a “merit base.”

Trump approaches to diversity, fairness, and wrapping are unlikely to create talentedism

Some DEI Initiative are based on stronger evidence than other Initiative. As the resume test shows, the benefits alone are not enough to overcome people's prejudice, but many researchs show it. Anonymous application tends to improve the results In the case of a blessed group. On the other hand, unconscious biastration is a one -time session in the form of a single session aimed at to make employees recognize snap -judgments for people based on races and gender. It turns out that there is almost no difference in changing people's behavior。

The harsh approach to Trump's Day, not evidence, is unlikely to produce his remarkable consequences of his remarkable ability. Instead of developing organizations that are encouraging the best people to prosper, the current efforts seem to promote the culture of fear. Government worker We are warned of “adverse effects” because we did not end DEI work.

Thankfully, Germain did not have such results. Lagrange accepted who she was and defended mathematical development. Nevertheless, she still used Le Blanc's pseudonyms in some communications. The most prominent is that when she discovered her true identity, she has “courage, extraordinary talent, and excellent genius.” If we want to prosper more germen, we must recognize and deal with the barriers they face.

topic:

Essential Winter Running Gear to Conquer the Cold

Posted on January 14, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

I
If you’re tempted to give up running or hit the gym in the winter, think again. Whether you’re heading out for some fresh air and sunshine on a crisp blue-sky day, or blowing away cobwebs in the rainy darkness after work, running outdoors can make winter more bearable.

A few changes to your outfit and some clever accessories can help you stay warm, dry, and safer. Not all of the following are required. It depends on where you’re going, how far you’re going, and what time of day you’re going. Everything featured is unisex or has versions for women and men.

best winter running gear

protective headgear

Arc’teryx Norvan balaclava

_{£65 at Arc’teryx}

Buff reflex DryFlx beanie hat

_{£21.07 on Amazon}

_{£21.95 in buff}

Wearing proper headgear can save you a run when the wind is blowing strongly or the temperature is very cold. The Arc’teryx Merino Balaclava can be worn around the neck, pulled up over the mouth, or as a balaclava that wraps around the ears and forehead. The top is open for ventilation. If you want full head coverage, you can also wear a Buff beanie. Both are highly reflective, breathable, and quick drying.

chest light

Provis chest light

_{£29.99 at Provis}

_{£34.99 on Amazon}

Wearing a chest light gives you the chance to see bikes, cars, and people long before they can reach you in the dark. This is especially important in areas without street lighting. It has super-bright 500 lumen front and backlights (white full, half, or low beam on the front, slow blinking red on the back), and a USB rechargeable battery that lasts 3 hours. The elastic, adjustable strap has Proviz 360 reflectance, which creates a dazzling shine when the light hits it.

bone conduction headphones

Shokz OpenPro2 headphones

_{£169 at Shokz}

_{£169 on Amazon}

If you can’t live without music or podcasts while running, but don’t want to lose awareness of your surroundings in the dark, bone conduction headphones are the perfect solution. Sound is conducted through the temporal bones at the sides and bottom of the skull, so you can hear cars, bikes, and people while immersing yourself in listening. This also eliminates the problem of earphones falling from sweaty ears.

If you’ve never tried it before, you’ll be amazed at the magic of hearing music as clearly as if it were through earphones. The sound quality on this wireless pair is great.

backpack cover

Provis backpack cover

_{£34.99 at Provis}

_{£45.50 at Decathlon}

If you’re a running commuter, you could buy a high-vis reflective backpack for those dark mornings and evenings, but this reversible cover is an inexpensive hack that you can slip over your existing backpack and enjoy its benefits. With its high reflectance, it lights up your body like a Christmas tree. Keeps the bag and its contents dry even when it rains.

technical base layer

love bridge line Long sleeve base layer for women

_{£59.99 on sports shoes}

_{£59.99 at Base Camp Gear}

love bridge line men’s long sleeve base layer

_{£59.99 on sports shoes}

_{£60 on Amazon}

Layering is key when running in the winter. A good quality technical baselayer and midlayer for the first few miles, combined with a running jacket (see below) if it’s wet or very windy, will keep you warm and sweat-free. can. You can delete either of the top two if you wish.

These baselayers are designed for mountain running, but are equally useful for urban runs. It’s made from breathable fabric with small vents in well-placed locations to quickly wick away sweat and moisture, and a deep chest zipper if you get too hot.

running jacket

asics metalan mens waterproof jacket

_{£142.99 in sports shoes}

_{£151 at Asics}

ASICS Metalan Women’s Waterproof Jacket

_{£120 at Sports Direct}

_{£151 at Asics}

If you’re going for a short 20-minute run in the rain, you can probably do without a running jacket. However, if you’re running long distances, a flexible, breathable technical running jacket is a wise investment for rainy and windy days.

This well-designed jacket packs into its own chest pocket, making it easy to store away when you don’t need it. It’s completely waterproof, so you can go out even during long downpours. It also switches around the bottom and hood to create a seal around the body. It’s also made from 50% recycled materials. A good running jacket will last for years if properly cared for.

running gloves

Limb Maze Runner gloves

_{£22.95 at Outdoor Action}

_{£25.50 at Mountain Warehouse}

Sealskins Wolferton running gloves

_{£40 at Sealskins}

Cold hands and feet can ruin your winter run. Even if your face and body are hot, the wind will keep your hands cold. Regular gloves are cumbersome and make your hands sweaty, but running gloves are breathable and flexible.

These Extremities gloves feature superior insulation and reflective details. Sealskinz are water-repellent and have nifty retractable mittens that you can wear over your fingers on especially cold days. Both are touchscreen compatible, so you can keep your gloves on while using your smartphone.

warm socks

Sealskins Hillgay running socks

_{£18 at Sealskins}

_{£18 on Amazon}

For the other extremities, merino running socks will keep your feet comfortable without overheating and will quickly wick away moisture if they get wet. These are thicker than summer socks and reach mid-calf. In winter you can’t bare your ankles.

tracker device

Tile Pro

_{£34.99 on Tiles}

_{£27.99 on Amazon}

Running before and after work inevitably means running in the dark, but this Tile Bluetooth tracker gives you some peace of mind. Tile has partnered Life 360 is a safety app that shows your loved ones exactly where you are, so you can now use tiles to discreetly trigger SOS alerts. Press the button three times and your contacts will be asked to confirm their location. and Gold or Platinum membership Life360 allows you to dispatch emergency services to your exact location.

The tiles are small enough to fit in the palm of your hand, so you can run with them or shove them in your pocket, and they have a range of 500 feet. Adding tiles can also save you tons of time spent looking for your keys or phone before heading out for a run.

hybrid running shoes

www.theguardian.com

The Evolution of Wildfire Monitoring Apps: From Alarm to Essential State of Mind in the Western US

Posted on January 5, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

CRisti Thomas called 911 for the second time on a warm October day, but when she couldn’t get through, she began to panic. She watched anxiously as a plume of black smoke grew over a rural community in central California.

Just then, I heard a familiar ping.

Watch Duty, an app that warns users of the risk of wildfires and provides critical information in the event of a fire, was already recording the fires. She relaxed. The cavalry was coming.

“I can’t describe the sigh of relief,” she said, recalling the moments after sirens wailed through her neighborhood and helicopters roared overhead. “We saw it happen, so we had questions, and the oversight mandate answered them all.”

Thomas is one of the millions of Watch Duty evangelists who have helped the app spread rapidly. This organization has only been in existence for three years. Currently boasts up to 7.2 million active users At peak times, it receives up to 512 million page views. For a nonprofit organization run mostly by volunteers, those numbers are impressive even by startup standards. But they are not surprising.

Lookout duties have changed the lives of people in fire-prone areas. When the skies darken and ash fills the air, users no longer have to scramble for information, they can now rely on the app to get fast, accurate information for free.

Provides access to critical information about where the danger is, including fire perimeters, evacuation areas, and evacuation location maps. Users can find wildfire camera feeds, track aircraft locations, and see wind data all in one place. The app can also help identify when there is little need for alarm, when risks have subsided, and which agencies are active on the ground.

“This app isn’t just about alerts, it’s about your state of mind,” said Watch Duty CEO John Mills. The Silicon Valley alumnus founded the organization after moving from San Francisco to a large, fire-prone ranch in Sonoma County. After starting in just four California counties, Watch Duty covered the entire state in its first year and quickly expanded from the American West to Hawaii.

As the community grows to reach people in 14 states by 2024, Mills says new features and improved accuracy have made it more popular and filled an unmet need.

It’s not just residents who have become reliant on apps in recent years. A variety of responders, from firefighters to city officials to journalists, are also logging on to ensure key stakeholders are on the same page.

“People thank me for on-duty duty, but I’m like, ‘You’re welcome, I’m sorry you need it,'” Mills said. But it’s clear that the need is real. In each new area we served, word of mouth drove adoption.

“We didn’t spend any money on marketing,” Mills said. “To let the world know that we just let the genie out of the bottle and things are not going back to the way they were.”

CalFire supervisors watch over the Rhine Fire in San Bernardino County, California, in September 2024. Photo: Jon Putman/Sopa Images/Rex/Shutterstock

Mayors are essential leaders in the fight against climate change.

Posted on November 20, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

2XMXH3D London, UK. July 30, 2024. UK Weather: A heatwave sunset over St Paul's Cathedral and Tower Bridge ends a warm Tuesday. Temperatures today are expected to reach over 30C, potentially making it the UK's hottest day of the year so far. Credit: Guy Corbishley/Alamy Live News

It hasn’t been a good year for people concerned about climate change. The expected peak in carbon emissions has not appeared, meaning global warming continues to accelerate (see ‘Humans have warmed the planet by 1.5°C since 1700’). Meanwhile, Donald Trump’s election as US president for a second term and his pledge to “drill, baby, drill” new oil and gas supplies could lead the country to backtrack on climate action. expensive.

Similar sentiments against fossil fuels come from Azerbaijan’s President Ilham Aliyev, who called the oil-rich country’s natural resources a “gift from God.” Aliyev made the comments at the COP29 climate summit in Azerbaijan’s capital Baku. Ironically, this “gift” will become increasingly unavailable as a warming world dries up the Caspian Sea and strands billions of dollars in fossil fuel infrastructure. (See ‘We face climate disaster as the world dries up’).

Given the failure of politicians on the international stage to grasp the reality of climate change, other leaders need to step up, but surprisingly, mayors are the best suited to do so. Maybe it’s the position.

It will be essential for cities to adapt to cope with the unique impacts of urban heat.

Mayors cannot be expected to influence the Earth’s climate, but they oversee the well-being of more than 50 percent of the world’s population who live in urban centers. This number is expected to increase to 70 percent by 2050. Current projections are for spot temperatures to increase by 2.5 degrees Celsius. Adapting cities to deal with the unique effects of urban heat will be essential, from promoting green spaces to investing in buildings that can be cooled without air conditioning (‘Extreme heat makes cities uninhabitable’). (See “How can I survive?”)

The good news is that many mayors already recognize their responsibilities. London Mayor Sadiq Khan aims for the city to be net zero by 2030. Anne Hidalgo, the mayor of Paris, France, planted trees in certain areas and banned cars from passing. Los Angeles Mayor Karen Bass also pledged environmentally friendly changes in preparation for the 2028 Olympics. Organizations like C40 and Climate Mayors are helping to unite local politicians around the world into action. This won’t solve climate change, but it will make life in a warming world more bearable for many people.

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Study finds earthquake-triggered piezoelectric effect is essential in the creation of sizable gold nuggets

Posted on September 2, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Gold nuggets reside primarily in quartz veins, and the current paradigm holds that gold precipitates from hydrothermal and carbon dioxide-rich fluids due to changes in temperature, pressure, and/or fluid chemistry. However, the widespread occurrence of large gold nuggets is inconsistent with the dilute nature of these fluids and the chemical inertness of quartz. Quartz is the only abundant piezoelectric mineral on Earth, and the cyclical nature of the seismic activity that drives the formation of gold deposits means that quartz crystals within veins are stressed thousands of times. New research by scientists from Monash University, CSIRO Mineral Resources and the Australian Neutron Scattering Centre suggests that stress on quartz crystals may generate enough voltage to not only electrochemically precipitate gold from solution, but also accumulate gold nanoparticles.

Energy dispersive spectroscopy map of the sample studied by Voysey othersImage courtesy of Chris Voisey.

“Prized for their rarity and beauty, gold nuggets have been at the heart of gold rushes for centuries,” says Monash University geologist Chris Voisey.

“The standard explanation is that gold precipitates from hot, water-rich fluids that flow through cracks in the Earth's crust.”

“As these fluids cool and undergo chemical changes, the gold separates and becomes trapped in the quartz veins.”

“Although this theory is widely accepted, it does not fully explain the formation of large gold nuggets, especially considering the extremely low concentrations of gold in these liquids.”

Dr. Voysey and his colleagues tested a new concept called piezoelectricity.

Quartz, the mineral that typically contains these gold deposits, has a unique property called piezoelectricity, which means it generates an electric charge when subjected to pressure.

This phenomenon is already well known in everyday items such as quartz watches and barbecue lighters, where small mechanical forces generate large voltages.

What if earthquake stresses caused something similar to happen within the Earth?

To test this hypothesis, the researchers conducted experiments designed to replicate conditions that quartz might experience during an earthquake.

They submerged the crystals in a gold-rich liquid and used a motor to apply pressure to it, replicating the shaking of an earthquake.

After the experiment, the quartz samples were examined under a microscope to see if any gold had been deposited.

“The results were surprising,” said Professor Andy Tomkins, from Monash University.

“The stressed quartz not only electrochemically deposited gold on its surface, but also formed and accumulated gold nanoparticles.”

“Surprisingly, the gold tended to deposit on top of existing gold grains rather than forming new gold grains.”

“This is because quartz is an electrical insulator, while gold is a conductor.”

“Once the gold is deposited, it becomes a focus for further growth, effectively attaching even more gold to the gold particle.”

“Our findings provide a plausible explanation for why large gold nuggets form in quartz veins,” Dr Voysey said.

When the quartz is repeatedly compressed by an earthquake, a piezoelectric voltage is generated, causing dissolved gold to be reduced and precipitated from the surrounding liquid.

Over time, this process can accumulate large amounts of gold, eventually producing giant gold nuggets that fascinate treasure hunters and geologists.

“Essentially, the quartz acts like a natural battery, with the gold as its electrodes, slowly accumulating gold with each earthquake,” Dr Voysey said.

“This process may explain why large gold nuggets are frequently associated with quartz veins that form in earthquake-related deposits.”

“This new understanding of the formation of gold nuggets not only solves a long-standing geological mystery, but also highlights the interrelationships between Earth's physical and chemical processes.”

a paper A paper describing the results was published today in the journal Nature Chemistry.

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CR Voysey othersThe formation of gold nuggets due to earthquake-induced piezoelectric effect in quartz. National GeographyPublished on September 2, 2024, doi: 10.1038/s41561-024-01514-1

Source: www.sci.news

Transform your diet with this essential food pyramid

Posted on July 7, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

The food pyramid is a visual representation of a balanced diet, showing the types and proportions of foods that contribute to overall health.

Imagine a pyramid divided into sections, with each section representing a different food group. Specific designs vary, but a typical food pyramid usually includes the following categories from base to apex:

Base (grain)

At the bottom, widest part, are grains like bread, rice, and pasta. These provide complex carbohydrates, which are your primary source of energy. Whole grains are also a good source of added fiber.

Second layer (fruits and vegetables)

Next, fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamins, minerals, fiber, and antioxidants. To get a variety of nutrients, try to eat at least five servings of colorful vegetables each day.

3rd layer (protein)

This section includes proteins like meat, poultry, fish, eggs, beans, nuts, etc. Protein is essential for muscle maintenance, immune function, and growth, and helps you feel fuller for longer.

Top layer (dairy or alternative)

This section discusses fortified alternatives, such as dairy or soy milk, which provide calcium and other essential nutrients needed for bone health.

Outside the pyramid (sweets and fats)

Here are your fats and sweets: While fats are necessary for many bodily functions, choose healthy fats, such as those found in olive oil and avocado. Limit your intake of added sugars and sweets.

The food pyramid acts as a guide to creating a balanced diet by incorporating a variety of foods from different groups while avoiding relying too heavily on one category.

This concept was shaped into a plate in the UK, Eatwell Guide. It tells you how much of each food group you should eat based on the space it takes up on your plate.

According to the Eatwell Guide, eating healthy means making balanced choices from the five food groups over the course of a day or week: one-third fruits and vegetables, one-third grains and starches, and the remaining third a mix of dairy, proteins, and fats, both animal and plant-based.

This article is a response to the question “What is the food pyramid and can it help you eat healthily?” (asked by Diane Weeks from Glasgow).

If you have any questions, please send them to the email address below. For further information:or send us a message Facebook, Xor Instagram Page (be sure to include your name and location).

Ultimate Fun Facts For more amazing science, check out this page.

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Scientists harness bottled ‘lightning’ to generate essential ingredients for life

Posted on June 20, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Nitrogen is an essential element for life and is an integral part of DNA and proteins. Most of the nitrogen on Earth exists in the atmosphere as gaseous nitrogen, denoted as N.₂ However, most organisms cannot directly use nitrogen. In modern ecosystems, some microorganisms have specialized enzymes that convert nitrogen into nitrogen.₂ It converts gases into a form that other living things can use. Fixed nitrogen These microorganisms Nitrogen fixing bacteria.

But 3 to 4 billion years ago, during a period in Earth's history called the Archean Era, life had not yet evolved and no nitrogen-fixing organisms existed, so scientists studying the origin of life are faced with a classic chicken-and-egg problem: life needed nitrogen to evolve, but before life evolved, there were no microorganisms to convert nitrogen into nitrogen.₂ Let's turn gas into something we can use! So where did life get its nitrogen from before there were nitrogen-fixing organisms?

Researchers recently hypothesized that early life on Earth may have obtained fixed nitrogen from lightning. They propose that the high energy of a lightning spark could react with oxygen and N.₂ Fixing atmospheric nitrogen₂ The gas is converted into other usable forms of nitrogen. Nitrogen oxides.

Geologists have studied the sedimentary rock record to understand nitrogen throughout Earth's history, but they had no way to distinguish lightning-derived nitrogen in rocks from other ancient sources of nitrogen. To explore whether lightning provided fixed nitrogen to early life, researchers led by Dr. Patrick Barth created “lightning” in a jar and tested whether it would react with nitrogen.₂ It emitted gases and produced nitrogen oxides that had an identifiable signal.

To simulate lightning, the researchers used electrodes in glass flasks filled with different gas mixtures: To mimic modern-day Earth, Barth and his colleagues used a flask with a composition similar to our current atmosphere, containing 85 percent nitrogen.₂ They also used flasks containing an atmosphere similar to that of Archean Earth, which scientists believe was about 83% nitrogen.₂0% oxygen, 16% carbon dioxide.

The researchers added 50 milliliters (about a quarter cup) of water to the bottom of each flask to allow any nitrogen oxides and other compounds produced during the reaction to dissolve in the water. They discharged each experimental flask to about 50 kilovolts for 15 to 60 minutes — nearly 10 times the voltage of an electric car battery.

The research team developed a device called Quadrupole Gas AnalyzerThey measured the nitrogen compounds in the gases coming out of each flask before and after they were ignited. They found that in the modern experiment, more fixed nitrogen was dissolved in the water than in the gas. But in the Archean experiment, the fixed nitrogen was split almost equally between the water and the gas.

After each reaction, the researchers placed the flask of water into an apparatus that measured the weight of the nitrogen atoms. Gas Source Mass SpectrometerThey explained that nitrogen atoms exist in two main forms with different masses, called isotopes. ¹⁴The N isotope is lighter and more abundant in nature, ¹⁵The N isotope is heavier and less common. The researchers used mass spectrometer data to calculate the ratios of nitrogen isotopes in the lightning-fixed nitrogen samples. They compared these nitrogen isotope ratios to those in rocks that are 3.1 to 3.8 billion years old to see if there was a match.

The researchers found that the nitrogen isotope ratio of the lightning-produced nitrogen was about 0.1% to 1% lighter than that of the rocks, and suggested that this difference in nitrogen isotopes indicates that most of the nitrogen in the Archean rocks was not produced by lightning.

The researchers also used the lightning flash rate on modern Earth to predict the amount of nitrogen oxides that lightning would produce per year. They estimated that the annual lightning flash rate alone could not have provided enough nitrogen to support ecosystems on early Earth. They explain that there was even less lightning in the Archean than there is today, so even less nitrogen was available to support early life.

The researchers concluded that lightning was not the main source of available nitrogen for early life. Because nitrogen-fixing organisms must have evolved very early in Earth's history, life did not need to rely solely on lightning, they suggested. However, one of the 3.7-billion-year-old rock samples showed nitrogen isotope ratios similar to lightning-fixed nitrogen, leading the researchers to speculate that small amounts of fixed nitrogen from lightning may have supported early life. Furthermore, the researchers suggested that the lightning-fixed nitrogen isotope ratios obtained in this study could be used to investigate how nitrogen is fixed on other planets in the solar system.

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Source: sciworthy.com

Introducing Galaxy Squad: 5 essential tips for selecting a gaming laptop

Posted on March 27, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

When it comes to gaming, the experience is everything. Whether you’re into Fortnite or Baldur’s Gate 3, full immersion is key, and that requires a laptop that can keep up. According to expert Eleanor Alley, who coordinates events at the University of Warwick Esports Center, the laptop you choose will depend on the specific requirements of the game you want to play. From beginners to seasoned pros, there are certain technical aspects that everyone should be aware of…

What should you consider in a gaming laptop?
One crucial factor that can elevate your gaming experience is the speed of your computer. This directly impacts how smoothly the game runs and how realistic the graphics appear. Performance is influenced by three main components: the CPU (Central Processing Unit), which serves as the computer’s “brain”; RAM (Random Access Memory), which stores data required for quick access during operations, similar to short-term memory; and the GPU (graphics processing unit), which generates the images displayed on the screen.

What are the key features of a high-performance gaming laptop?
Nothing is more frustrating than a game freezing at a critical moment, indicating that your computer may not meet the game’s requirements. If the CPU, RAM, or GPU are not powerful enough, loading times and frame rates will suffer. Higher frame rates result in smoother visuals, while faster loading speeds lead to seamless transitions between scenes.

When shopping for a laptop, processing power should be a top consideration. The CPU, the main processor, typically contains multiple cores that handle instructions. While a “quad-core” processor may be adequate for some laptops, those designed for gaming should ideally have 8 or more cores. For top-notch performance, a processor with 16 cores, like the newly launched Intel Core Ultra 7 and Intel Ultra 9 in the Samsung Galaxy Book4 Ultra, is recommended.

Immerse yourself in the action with high-quality audio

Increasing the amount of RAM can also enhance your gaming experience by ensuring smoother gameplay. Insufficient RAM can lead to lag, instability, and frustration. Gaming laptops should ideally have at least 16 GB of RAM, with options for more like the 32 GB available in the Samsung Galaxy Book4 Ultra.

The final piece of the puzzle is the graphics processing unit, which is essential for better visuals and gameplay. A dedicated GPU, separate from the CPU, is crucial for improved performance, especially in demanding games like Red Dead Redemption 2. The Galaxy Book4 Ultra offers two highly acclaimed NVIDIA RTX graphics options.

For Lee, the overall gaming experience hinges on the integration of these elements.

Her recommendation is to compare your system’s specifications with the game’s hardware requirements and test your favorite games on the laptop you’re considering or try out more demanding titles like Baldur’s Gate 3.

What is the ideal screen size for gaming?
Lee suggests a minimum screen size of 15.6 inches, which is met by the 16-inch screen of the Galaxy Book4 Ultra. She advises opting for a screen resolution of at least 1080p and a refresh rate of 120 Hz for an enhanced gaming experience. The Galaxy Book4 series features a 3K screen resolution, providing a superior gameplay experience, especially for players who enjoy first-person games.

Modern laptops utilize AI and high-performance GPUs to create more realistic visuals. Vibrant colors and a visible touchscreen even in bright conditions further enhance the gaming experience.

Besides a great screen, top-notch audio is essential for gamers. Therefore, the inclusion of high-quality speakers and a studio-quality microphone with AI noise cancellation ensures immersive sound and minimal distractions.

How can I ensure my laptop is compatible with gaming hardware?
Portability is a key aspect of laptops. However, this should not limit your ability to use various hardware such as external screens, controllers, charging docks, headsets, and other accessories. Therefore, a laptop with multiple ports is essential. The Galaxy Book4 series laptops are equipped with two Thunderbolt 4 ports, along with USB, HDMI, headphone, and microphone jacks.

What are the most important factors to consider when choosing a gaming laptop?
As long as you have a capable CPU and GPU, sufficient RAM, and a quality screen, you likely have a great gaming laptop. While some may prioritize a 4K display, the graphics processor is more crucial and should be the main focus when balancing costs.

One of the advantages of laptops is their portability, as noted by Lee who values the ability to take it anywhere. In the past, this could mean compromising performance, but modern laptops maintain both portability and power.

For more information on which Samsung Galaxy Book4 laptop suits your gaming needs, visit: samsung.com/uk/galaxy-book

_{© Intel Corporation. Intel, the Intel logo, and other Intel marks are trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries. Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.}

There May Be Less Oxygen in Europa’s Ocean, the Essential Fuel for Life, Than Previously Believed

Posted on March 4, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Jupiter’s moon Europa is covered with an icy shell

NASA/JPL-California Institute of Technology

Jupiter’s moon Europa may not be as ripe for life as we think. Beneath the icy shell is an ocean of water, but as we know, the frigid moon may lack the oxygen needed to support life.

On Europa, oxygen is produced when radiation hits the surface and breaks down the water ice there into its constituent parts hydrogen and oxygen. Models of this process suggest that oxygen production rates can range from 5 kilograms per second to more than 1000 kilograms per second.

Jamie Zareh Researchers at Princeton University made the new estimate using data from the Juno spacecraft, which flew just 353 kilometers above Europa’s surface in 2022. They discovered that oxygen is only produced at a rate of about 12 kilograms per second at the Earth’s surface. This corresponds to the lower bound of previous estimates.

“In a sense, the shell is like Europa’s lungs. It’s continually producing oxygen,” Zaray says. “That said, we can’t say what happens after the oxygen is produced at the surface. How much of the oxygen makes it into the ocean remains a question.”

But if less oxygen is produced in the first place, less oxygen will enter European waters. As a result, researchers may be less likely to discover organisms similar to those living on Earth.

One of the next steps is to figure out how much of that oxygen can penetrate through the alien moon’s icy shell. NASA’s European Clipper mission, scheduled to launch in October, should help solve that problem. It is hoped that this will allow researchers to measure the thickness of the ice and determine whether elements and compounds useful for life can pass through it.

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