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Boosting Memory in Women: A Key to Delaying Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis by Years

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Research on Alzheimer's disease in men and women

Exploring Gender Differences in Alzheimer’s Disease Symptoms

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New research highlights that women often exhibit stronger verbal memory compared to men, which can obscure early indications of Alzheimer’s disease. A recent study raises concerns that existing memory assessments may fail to identify symptoms in women, potentially hindering timely diagnosis and treatment.

“Recognizing gender discrepancies in Alzheimer’s disease is critical,” says Ralph Martins, director at Edith Cowan University in Perth, Australia, who was not directly involved in the study.

Researchers, including Sasha Novozilova from McGill University in Montreal, examined data from extensive, long-term studies of older adults in the U.S. and Canada. Participants, some diagnosed with Alzheimer’s, underwent regular cognitive evaluations and brain imaging.

Their cognitive skills were tested by having participants learn a list of 15 words, recalling them immediately after distractions and later on. This form of verbal memory testing is a staple in Alzheimer’s research and clinical settings.

Findings revealed that many female participants continued to achieve “normal” test scores even after severe Alzheimer’s-related brain changes occurred. On average, women maintained their cognitive function for an additional 2.7 years compared to similarly affected men.

This disparity may be linked to women having a higher baseline of verbal memory throughout their lives, providing them with a “cognitive reserve” to tap into as the disease progresses. “Women generally exhibit superior brain connectivity,” Novozilova explains. “Therefore, if one brain region deteriorates, other areas can sometimes compensate.”

However, once this cognitive reserve diminishes, mental decline can accelerate, often too late to intervene effectively, researchers warn. Lewis Collins, also at McGill University, notes that new medications like lecanemab and donanemab can moderately slow Alzheimer’s progression, but require early intervention for maximum efficacy. This timing discrepancy might explain why women’s responses to these drugs are less optimal, as they are frequently diagnosed at later stages in clinical trials.

Another recommendation includes annual blood tests for women of a certain age to detect early Alzheimer’s signs before cognitive issues arise, suggests Martins. Non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as cognitive training, physical exercise, and adherence to a mind diet, may also help mitigate disease progression.

Interestingly, while men typically excel in spatial memory, women, on average, are more proficient in verbal tasks – possibly rooted in evolutionary behaviors. Historically, while men hunted, women may have developed language skills essential for community communication and child-rearing. Today, careers in writing, nursing, teaching, and administration further enhance women’s verbal memory, Novozilova remarks.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

New Study Suggests Insects Experience Pain: Key Findings and Implications

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The antenna of House cricket (Acheta domesticus) exhibits fascinating behavior when contacted with a heated probe. Insects show heightened attention to the burned area, grooming it much more significantly than if there were either innocuous contact or no contact at all. This phenomenon, observed by entomologists from the University of Sydney, may provide evidence for a condition akin to pain in insects, a topic that has sparked considerable scientific debate.

Manzi et al. explored house crickets (Acheta domesticus), a key species in insect farming, emphasizing the importance of flexible, site-specific self-defense as a pain-related behavioral feature. Image credit: Matthew Lindsey / CC BY 2.0.

“Once thought to possess brains too simple for complex experiences, insects are now recognized for their ability to perform intricate tasks like associative learning and situational decision-making,” said Dr. Thomas White, an evolutionary ecologist at the University of Sydney.

“Recent studies have pinpointed brain regions such as the mushroom body and central complex that seem to facilitate evaluative processing similar to mechanisms found in vertebrates.”

“However, understanding pain in insects cannot be resolved solely by examining neural structures.”

“Considering the variety of nervous systems across different species, behavioral observation remains the clearest path to inferring subjective experiences.”

“Thus, rather than questioning whether insects share the same neural structures, it is more pertinent to investigate whether they display similar behaviors under comparable conditions.”

In their research, the authors assessed 80 adult house crickets under strictly controlled experimental conditions designed to dismiss simple reflex actions.

Each cricket underwent exposure to three specific conditions: the tip of a soldering iron heated to 65 degrees Celsius (149 degrees Fahrenheit) was briefly applied to one antenna, followed by a non-heated probe application, alongside a no-contact scenario.

Cameras recorded the crickets’ movements for ten minutes, while three observers, blinded to the treatment each insect underwent, analyzed the grooming behavior frame by frame.

Results showed that crickets exposed to heat stimulation were significantly more prone to groom the affected antennae, dedicating considerably more time to this behavior—about four times longer than their counterparts in the no-contact group.

On average, the duration of grooming for damaged antennae reached approximately 13 seconds post-exposure, contrasted with around 3 seconds in the control condition.

“The increased grooming intensity in crickets followed a clear temporal pattern; those subjected to noxious heat displayed a heightened and sustained response, which later declined. This behavior mirrors findings in bees and rodents,” the researchers noted.

What makes this discovery particularly significant is not merely that the crickets responded, but how they did so.

Reflexes—often automatic responses that even the simplest nervous systems exhibit—typically cease once the stimulus is removed.

In contrast, the crickets continued returning to the impacted area long after the heated probe was taken away, indicating they were likely tracking an internal signal of damage.

“Pain represents one of the most enigmatic and crucial aspects of animal cognition, positioning insects as a challenging case study,” the authors remarked.

“Behavioral indicators, particularly flexible and localized responses to harm, offer the most straightforward method to deduce pain-like states in these creatures.”

“Our findings showcase such a response in a crucial organism: Acheta domesticus. Crickets exhibited more frequent grooming, prolonged duration, and a distinct temporal profile in response to noxious stimulation compared to tactile or non-contact controls.”

“These responses were specific to the injury site and persistent, indicating that crickets monitor the vicinity of the harm and adjust their behavior beyond mere reflex actions.”

Findings are detailed in a study published this month in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

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Oscar Manzi et al. 2026. Flexible self-defense as evidence of a pain-like state in house crickets. Proc Biol Sci 293 (2070): 20260609; doi: 10.1098/rspb.2026.0609

Source: www.sci.news

How Reducing Air Pollution May Impact Key AMOC Currents

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Smog particles reflecting sunlight

Smog Contains Particles That Reflect Sunlight and Cool Earth’s Surface

Credit: Dennis McDonald/Alamy

Addressing air pollution in Europe and North America could inadvertently weaken the Atlantic Meridional Circulation (AMOC), a crucial ocean current influencing Europe’s climate.

Air pollution, including smog and soot, claims approximately 7 million lives annually and contributes to widespread health issues. Interestingly, aerosols, which are tiny particulate pollutants like sulfur dioxide, can reflect sunlight, making clouds brighter and reducing surface heat absorption.

Recent research indicates that reducing air pollution from maritime sources and other sectors could accelerate global temperature increases. “If we cut back on aerosols, we will start to see the extent of warming,” says Michael Diamond from Florida State University.

Historically, scientists’ insights into aerosols’ climatic impact have relied on global simulations akin to those used for examining the greenhouse effect. These models suggest that “higher aerosol levels cool the North Atlantic surface and strengthen the AMOC,” according to Robert Allen from the University of California, Riverside. Conversely, if global aerosol emissions are reduced, the Earth’s surface may warm, weakening the AMOC.

Nonetheless, these simulations often overlook the regional characteristics of air pollution. Unlike greenhouse gases, which linger in the atmosphere for years, most aerosols dissipate within a week, meaning their climatic effects typically manifest close to their source, revealing the complex consequences of pollution reductions.

To gain deeper insights into the impacts of clean air initiatives, Allen and his team employed eight distinct climate models to assess how changes in regional aerosol emissions impact both local and global climates. The models evaluated AMOC strength under high-emission scenarios established by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and reformulated these scenarios with enhanced air quality regulations.

The findings indicate that if greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise but aerosol pollutants decrease, the AMOC could weaken by a third by mid-century compared to scenarios where aerosol levels remain elevated.

While Allen’s research does not delve into the regional weather implications of AMOC weakening, previous studies suggest that such a decline could lead to adverse outcomes, including increased droughts across Europe, exacerbated sea level rise in northeastern North America, and disruption of global monsoons and rising temperatures in Northern Europe.

Allen’s analysis revealed that the most significant impact on AMOC would stem from reduced aerosol levels in Europe and North America. However, he noted that air quality improvement initiatives in East Asia are also proving impactful. Cleaner air in East Asia is affecting global temperatures—despite their short lifespan, aerosols can travel long distances and mask warming effects wherever they reach, potentially leading to further weakening of the AMOC.

“To improve air quality, we must acknowledge that there will be associated climate changes,” Allen states. “To achieve clean air while minimizing our climate impact, we must simultaneously reduce other greenhouse gases like CO2 and methane.”

Diamond echoes this sentiment, stating, “When considering clean air policies, it’s vital to concurrently address decarbonization strategies.”

Topics:

  • Climate Change/
  • Air Pollution

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Researchers Uncover Key Molecular Insights into the Health Benefits of Coffee

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A recent study conducted by Texas A&M University researchers sheds light on why coffee drinkers tend to live longer and experience fewer chronic diseases. The findings indicate that brewed coffee is rich in compounds that interact with little-understood proteins in the body, potentially affecting inflammation, aging, and cancer processes.

Hailemariam et al. revealed that brewed coffee and its principal polyphenolic and polyhydroxy components act as NR4A1 ligands, suggesting NR4A1’s vital role in the health benefits associated with coffee. Image credit: Sci.News.

“Coffee is the most widely consumed beverage globally,” stated Texas A&M University professor Steven Safe and his team.

“Coffee drinkers comprise a vast demographic that enjoys an aqueous extract from roasted and ground coffee berries.”

“The health benefits of coffee mirror those seen in vegetarian groups and various ‘blue zone’ populations known for lower mortality rates and age-related diseases.”

“Despite variations in coffee bean types and brewing techniques, consensus indicates that coffee drinkers enjoy longer lifespans.”

“They also face a decreased risk of age-related conditions, including metabolic disorders, certain cancers, Parkinson’s disease, dementia, and cardiovascular issues.”

In their investigation, researchers concentrated on NR4A1, a receptor that responds to dietary compounds and is essential for maintaining health in aging individuals.

This receptor activates during inflammation and cellular damage, and it has been shown to protect tissues.

“When tissue is damaged, NR4A1 activates to help mitigate that damage,” Professor Safe explained.

“Removing this receptor results in even greater tissue damage.”

Through biochemical experiments, the team discovered that freshly brewed coffee and several of its key components bind to NR4A1.

Identified compounds included common coffee polyphenols like caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and ferulic acid, along with diterpenes such as kahweol and cafestrol.

“Our findings suggest that at least some of coffee’s health benefits stem from their ability to bind to and activate this receptor,” Professor Safe noted.

Experiments on cancer cell lines indicated that coffee extract and its constituents slowed cell proliferation.

When NR4A1 levels were reduced, the effects waned, implying that this receptor mediates the biological activities of coffee.

Many of these compounds served as inverse agonists, reducing NR4A1 activity in a way that may counteract tumor-promoting signals.

“Coffee consists of a highly complex array of compounds, creating a powerful blend,” Professor Safe remarked.

Notably, not all components yield the same effects. While caffeine is often seen as the primary component of coffee, it has been shown to exert more diverse and relatively weaker effects on receptors compared to polyphenols.

The research supports the notion that coffee’s benefits are likely due not just to caffeine, but to a complex mixture of bioactive compounds.

Brewed coffee contains over 1,000 chemicals, many of which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

“Caffeine binds to the receptor but doesn’t significantly aid in our model,” Safe emphasized.

“Polyhydroxy and polyphenolic compounds demonstrate much more activity.”

“This could explain why both regular and decaffeinated coffee link to similar health benefits in extensive population studies.”

For more details, refer to the study results published in the journal nutrients.

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Amanuel Hailemariam et al. 2026. Brewed coffee and its components act through orphan nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1). nutrients 18 (6): 877; doi: 10.3390/nu18060877

Source: www.sci.news

New Scientist Book Club Review: ‘Red Mars’ by Kim Stanley Robinson – Strong Praise with a Few Key Concerns

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What did the New Scientist Book Club think of Red Mars by Kim Stanley Robinson?

I set an engaging challenge for the New Scientist Book Club this April: reading through Kim Stanley Robinson’s epic novel Red Mars, a detailed 600-page journey into the complexities of colonizing Mars. In just 30 days, our members shared their thoughts on this literary masterpiece during our vibrant discussions on Discord.

There’s a personal element to this as well; Red Mars is one of my all-time favorites. After reading a compelling article by critic George Bass about the story’s beginning in 2026, I was motivated to revisit this captivating world with our passionate community of 25,000 readers. Robinson masterfully captures the vast, alien beauty of Mars, and I loved experiencing the narrative from multiple perspectives, particularly the character Anne — a passionate advocate for preserving Mars’s natural state — and Sacks, who is determined to terraform the planet swiftly. I found the perspective of Nadia, a pragmatic engineer, especially engaging, though I admit the love triangle between John, Frank, and Maya felt somewhat repetitive.

Some members returned to Red Mars for a second read, while others picked it up for the first time, and some were inspired to finally dive into a book they had long overlooked. DavidC reflected on his initial draw to the book, stating, “I found the phrase ‘but it all happened in the mineral unconscious’ really appealing right on the first page. Now I’m ready for the next 600 pages!”

However, Zagosia expressed dissatisfaction with the dramatic opening that resulted in an important character’s demise, stating, “I don’t like the concept of spoiling the ending in the first chapter. You don’t want to know where this is going?” I, along with other members, reassured her to continue reading.

My conversation with Robinson during a video interview shed light on his intriguing narrative choice: “This is a flash-forward. It creates a sense of tension as we learn that John is dead, but we don’t yet understand why. This adds depth to every seemingly mundane detail of the town’s development.” The suspense enriches the story.

Robinson recently reread Red Mars and found it resonated well, apart from some “laughable gaps” in his knowledge of 2026 and beyond. He discussed the current misguided dreams of colonizing Mars, critically stating, “These people don’t think through the implications.” He dismissed Elon Musk’s notion that colonizing Mars would “save Earth” as unrealistic.

Reactions from our readers varied; many praised Robinson’s beautifully crafted writing about Mars while some found it hard to connect with the characters. Zagosia noted, “The portrayal of nature and scale was remarkable, yet I struggled to empathize with the characters and often felt situations lacked logic.”

Annie Greenwood enjoyed the book but craved something more relationship-driven afterward, saying, “I wanted an injection of character complexity after ‘Red Mars.’ I felt the narrative leaned heavily on ideas more than deep interpersonal dynamics.” The high-quality writing is undeniable, yet it lacked the emotional engagement she sought.

Discussions arose about the fragile state of affairs on Mars and whether a better selection of astronauts could have prevented chaos. Barbara Howe noted, “I anticipated a tale of scientific triumph over adversity, but what I encountered was a melodrama rife with human politics and flaws.” Despite personal frustrations with the plot dynamics, she appreciated the vivid descriptions of the Martian environment and found a few characters, like Nadia and Arkady, compelling.

Overall, our book club members enjoyed the rich experience of reading, discussing, and analyzing this classic sci-fi novel. Personally, I was thrilled to rediscover Red Mars as one of my enduring favorites.

Join the New Scientist Book Club today and participate in the conversation! Visit us on Discord.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Top 5 Secret Locations Kept Under Lock and Key by Governments and Scientists

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Curiosity often leads us to explore places deemed off-limits, yet these areas have compelling reasons for their restricted access.

From hazardous materials to priceless artifacts, uncover the science behind some of the world’s most restricted zones.







Elephant’s Foot

The Elephant’s Foot is a two-ton mass of molten material under reactor 4 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine. Image courtesy of Getty Images.

Known as one of the most radioactive substances in history, the Elephant’s Foot is a two-ton mass of molten material found beneath reactor 4 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, Ukraine.

Composed of a rare mixture known as corium, it combines molten reactor core and nuclear fuel.

When discovered in 1986, its extreme radioactivity posed a lethal threat, with exposure times less than three minutes dangerous.

Although radioactive decay reduces its risk over time, it remains hazardous. Large-scale steel and concrete barriers have been erected to contain radiation, and access to the site is strictly controlled.

Svalbard Global Seed Vault

This secure underground facility protects some of the world’s most vital biological samples.

Located beneath permafrost on a mountainside in Spitsbergen, the Global Seed Vault safeguards over one million seeds.

The Svalbard Global Seed Vault in the Arctic contains 1.4 million seeds from over 6,000 species. Very few seeds are removed. Image courtesy of Getty Images.

Its mission is to preserve the genetic material of crops and wild species, providing a backup in case other seed banks globally suffer damage from disasters, wars, or diseases.

Lascaux Cave

Located in southern France, access to the Lascaux Cave is restricted to a select few authorized individuals, due to its archaeological significance.

The Lascaux Caves feature over 600 rock paintings dating back around 17,000 years to the Upper Paleolithic period. Image courtesy of Getty Images.

This cave network was initially open to the public, attracting thousands daily. However, the influx of visitors caused significant damage to the prehistoric art.

The rise in carbon dioxide levels and heat from visitors created an ideal environment for fungi and lichens, further threatening the artwork.

In 1963, the caves were closed to protect the delicate rock art, and air conditioning was installed for preservation.

Zone Rouge

Covering over 1,200 km2 in northeastern France (Zone Rouge), this region has been closed since World War I.

These former battlefields are filled with unexploded ordnance, and the soil is contaminated with heavy metals like mercury and arsenic from discarded weaponry.

The ‘Zone Rouge’ still bears the scars of World War I, filled with unexploded ordnance. Image courtesy of Alamy.

In the most affected regions, the soil contains up to 300 shells per hectare, and cleanup crews estimate it will take at least 300 years for complete remediation.

Surtsey Island

Access to this uninhabited island in the Atlantic Ocean is exclusive to a select number of scientists.

Surtsey Island was formed in 1963 following the eruption of an underwater volcano. Image courtesy of Getty Images.

Formed during an undersea volcanic eruption in 1963, Surtsey has been carefully studied for its unique ecological significance.

Scientists continue to document the colonization of hundreds of species of plants, providing valuable insights into natural processes.

This article answers the question from Reba Ranka of Birmingham: “What is the most secret place that scientists have sealed off?”

For inquiries, please email us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or reach out via Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (include your name and location).

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Artemis II Mission: Key Insights for Designing Future Moon Bases

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In a groundbreaking announcement, Isaacman revealed that NASA has decided to abandon its plans for a lunar orbit space station. Instead, the agency will invest $20 billion in constructing a base on the moon’s surface, utilizing components from the now-canceled space station.

This revelation follows a major update to NASA’s Artemis moon return program made in February, aiming to expedite the timeline for launches as the agency targets a lunar landing in 2028.

The revised strategy includes introducing the Artemis III mission in mid-2027. This mission will test critical rendezvous and docking technologies with lunar landers being developed by SpaceX and Blue Origin within low Earth orbit. If successful, the Artemis IV mission is set to follow, marking the return of astronauts to the moon. The mission will involve a commercially-developed vehicle docking with the Orion spacecraft to facilitate the lunar landing.

“If any issues arise, our goal is to return to sea within hours rather than days,” said Isaacman regarding the Artemis III test flight. “The insights we gain will be invaluable for Artemis IV in 2028, where we aim to land astronauts on the moon while concurrently constructing a lunar base.”

Williams, who is set to retire from NASA in December 2025, emphasized the importance of the International Space Station (ISS) as a vital testing ground for future long-duration lunar missions.

“Since humans have been aboard the ISS since 2000, we’ve gained extensive knowledge,” Williams stated. She noted that long-term stays in these orbiting laboratories have taught NASA how to combat the adverse effects of microgravity on the human body through exercise and nutrition.

“Our research aboard the space station spans stem cell studies, DNA sequencing, and innovations in engineering, manufacturing, and biomedical engineering,” she added. “The ISS has equipped us with numerous technologies that will be crucial for our extended presence on the moon.”

With a wealth of experience in long-term space missions, Williams has completed three trips to the ISS, totaling 608 days in space. Her most recent journey occurred last year when she and NASA astronaut Butch Wilmore unexpectedly spent over nine months at the ISS due to complications during a test flight of Boeing’s Starliner capsule.

When asked about their willingness to participate in a lunar trip if the opportunity arose, both Williams and Isaacman expressed enthusiasm.

“I believe our response would be unanimous,” Isaacman said with excitement. “Yes!”

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Source: www.nbcnews.com

Unlocking Quantum Computing: The Key to Revolutionizing AI Development

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Quantum Computing and AI: A Future Collaboration

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Quantum computers are on the brink of revolutionizing AI applications that currently rely on extensive traditional computing resources. This groundbreaking technology could substantially accelerate advancements in machine learning and various artificial intelligence algorithms.

These advanced quantum systems promise capabilities to perform certain calculations unattainable by classical computers. However, researchers continue to explore whether these advantages extend to data-intensive tasks, like those involving machine learning—an essential component of modern AI.

Now, Fan Xinyuan of Oratomic, along with other research teams, advocates that the answer is indeed affirmative. Their innovative mathematical studies are paving the way for a future where quantum computing significantly enhances AI functionality.

“Machine learning permeates not only science and technology but also our daily lives. In an optimized quantum ecosystem, I believe this architecture will be applicable whenever large datasets are deployed,” he states.

The research from Huang and his team addresses the pivotal concern of how non-quantum data (like restaurant reviews or RNA sequencing results) can efficiently integrate with quantum systems, allowing these computers to utilize their unique properties for superior data processing and learning.

This integration necessitates the process of “overlaying” data—a mathematical combination that classical machines struggle to create. Previously, it was deemed impractical since all data in the superposition state was thought to require immense storage in dedicated memory devices. However, as Zhao Haimeng at the California Institute of Technology points out, that assumption has been challenged.

Huang’s team has explored a novel method that allows data input in smaller batches without the need for extensive memory, akin to streaming a movie rather than downloading it entirely before viewing.

This method not only demonstrates efficacy but also showcases that quantum computers can manage larger data sets with a reduced memory footprint compared to traditional systems.

Remarkably, the memory efficiency is so pronounced that a quantum computer utilizing approximately 300 error-correct qubits could outperform a classical computer constructed from every atom in the observable universe, according to Zhao.

While it may take years to build a quantum computer with 300 logical qubits, Huang anticipates that a 60-qubit model could be feasible by decade’s end. Their analysis indicates significant quantum advantages over classical computers for tasks involving large data sets already in AI applications.

“Quantum machines are indeed formidable, but they require innovative feeding methods,” notes Adrian Perez Salinas from ETH Zurich, Switzerland, emphasizing the importance of gradual data integration.

Nevertheless, challenges remain in applying this new research to tangible devices and real-world datasets. Past quantum machine learning algorithms often proved amenable to “inverse quantization,” a technique allowing algorithms to function without quantum hardware but still deliver effective outcomes. Furthermore, the importance of quantum properties in their new algorithm warrants further investigation, according to Perez-Salinas.

Researchers like Vedran Duniko from Leiden University in the Netherlands believe their findings are applicable to large-scale scientific endeavors, such as the Large Hadron Collider, where immense volumes of data are continually generated yet often discarded due to memory limitations.

While quantum computers are predicted to handle only specific AI applications and similar data-processing tasks, Duniko suggests, “This may not significantly disrupt today’s GPU-driven data centers, but its implications could still be substantial.”

The research teams continue to explore expanding the range of algorithms suitable for this methodology and devising innovative configurations for quantum computers to process data efficiently, with minimal memory, within practical time limits.

Topics:

  • Artificial Intelligence/
  • Quantum Computing

Source: www.newscientist.com

Historic Success of NASA’s Artemis II Mission: Key Highlights and Impacts

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Astronauts from NASA’s **Artemis II mission** returned triumphantly after a groundbreaking journey that began on April 1, departing from **Cape Canaveral, Florida**. Traveling farther from Earth and orbiting the Moon like no human race before, the crew landed safely on April 10 off the coast of California. Mission commander **Reed Wiseman** celebrated the occasion, noting that all four crew members—including NASA astronauts **Victor Glover** and **Christina Koch**, along with Canadian astronaut **Jeremy Hansen**—were feeling well after their re-entry.

This historic mission marked humanity’s return to lunar exploration since **Apollo 18** in 1972. The **Orion capsule** reached an astonishing distance of **406,771 kilometers** from Earth, setting a new record previously held by the **Apollo 13 mission**.

Artemis II had dual objectives: to successfully test systems for upcoming lunar missions and to conduct scientific observations. Despite the Moon’s gray appearance from afar, astronauts noted rich shades of green, brown, and even orange on its surface, enhancing our understanding of the Moon’s composition and history. The crew observed previously unseen lunar areas, gaining insights especially into the far side of the Moon.

Yet when Earth and the Moon were visible simultaneously, the bright sunlight reflecting off Earth—termed **geoshine**—obscured these nuanced colors. Koch remarked, “As soon as Earth entered my field of vision, the Moon transformed into a dull and spongy surface.” In fact, the glare was so pronounced that the crew had to cover the window with spare shirts, suggesting the need for special window shades on future missions.

The astronauts captured stunning photos of the lunar landscape and recorded audio descriptions of the terrain below. “These subtle observations could ultimately inform future lunar landing missions and enhance our understanding of solar system chronologies,” stated **Kelsey Young**, NASA’s Artemis science director.

While hidden behind the Moon, the Artemis crew witnessed a unique solar eclipse unseen from Earth, with the Sun appearing smaller than the Moon. Wiseman described the emotional impact of this sight, saying, “Right after that, someone on the plane said, ‘Look for impact flashes.’ Immediately, we saw one, two, three impact flashes.”

Observing these impact flashes—brief sparks of light caused by meteorite collisions with the Moon’s surface—was a key scientific goal, as such findings will inform future lunar missions about meteorite threat levels.

The next leg of the **Artemis program**, **Artemis III**, will focus on training for future lunar landings but will not involve a Moon visit due to recent adjustments meant to streamline the program. Set for 2027, it will primarily test the **Orion capsule’s** docking capabilities with the lunar lander. The anticipated Moon landing will take place during the **Artemis IV mission** in 2028.

All these missions contribute to the ultimate goal of establishing a sustained human presence on the Moon. NASA has announced a shift towards building a **lunar base** on the surface rather than a station in lunar orbit, a goal echoed by China’s ambitious space program. The vision is to normalize Moon trips as common as visits to the **International Space Station** and potentially as routine as transcontinental flights in the future.

Regardless of the outcome, the captivating images from Artemis II have captured the public’s imagination and reinvigorated our perspectives on the Moon.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Your Vitamin D Levels Influence Dementia Risk: Key Insights

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Recent research indicates that individuals with high vitamin D levels in their late 30s experienced a notable decrease in a critical Alzheimer’s disease protein in their brains 16 years later, as highlighted in the study.

Results from this neurology open access survey suggest that continuing vitamin D supplementation during midlife may serve as an effective strategy to lower dementia risk.

This correlation is attributed to elevated blood levels of vitamin D being linked to reduced levels of tau protein in the brain, a recognized biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease.

According to the first author, Dr. Martin Mulligan, professor at Galway University, “Previous studies indicate that vitamin D may help by reducing inflammation and enhancing antioxidant defenses and cell signaling, potentially preventing tau protein accumulation.” This insight was shared with BBC Science Focus.










Importantly, no association was observed with amyloid plaques, another hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. Researchers suggest that this may reflect the earlier accumulation of tau compared to amyloid, making it more detectable in younger individuals.

Vitamin D synthesis occurs in the body upon sun exposure and can also be sourced from foods like oily fish and eggs.

In the study, nearly 800 participants without dementia, averaging 39 years of age, had their vitamin D levels tested initially, followed by PET brain scans conducted an average of 16 years later.

The robust association between higher vitamin D levels and lower tau levels persisted after accounting for variables such as age, gender, cardiovascular risk factors, and depression.

Vitamin D is produced during summer; in winter, dietary sources and supplements are essential – Photo credit: Getty.

Dr. Mulligan noted that approximately one-third of participants had low vitamin D levels, consistent with global trends.

This study is observational and does not establish a cause-and-effect relationship. Vitamin D was measured only once within a predominantly white cohort, limiting the findings’ generalizability.

Dr. Mulligan emphasized the necessity for further validation in diverse cohorts before revising clinical guidelines.

“This hypothesis requires additional testing through clinical trials, and based on these results alone, we cannot formally recommend discontinuing supplements as a preventive measure for dementia,” he stated.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

How Early Humans Revolutionized Their Toolkits 200,000 Years Ago: Key Changes and Innovations

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Changes in predator populations may have driven early humans to develop innovative tools

Raul Martin/MSF/Science Photo Library

Approximately 200,000 years ago, a decline in megafauna may have compelled early humans to transition from heavy stone tools to more lightweight hunting kits designed for smaller prey. A recent study supports the notion that this change in hunting strategy could have sparked a rise in cognitive capabilities among our ancestors.

For over a million years, various early human species relied on heavy stone tools such as axes, kitchen knives, scrapers, and stone balls. These robust tools were essential for hunting and butchering large herbivores, including extinct relatives of modern elephants, hippos, and rhinos.

Between 400,000 and 200,000 years ago, archaeological evidence shows a notable increase in smaller, sophisticated tools alongside the fading of traditional heavier tools. Our species, Homo sapiens, emerged during this timeframe.

Circa 200,000 years ago, heavy stone tools vanished from the archaeological record of the Levant, while the presence of diverse, lightweight masonry toolkits—like blades and precision scrapers—increased.

Research led by Vlad Litov, a professor at Tel Aviv University, revealed a correlation between these technological advancements and a significant decline in large herbivores, potentially due to overhunting.

The researchers analyzed archaeological findings from 47 sites across the Levant, spanning the Paleolithic period, which lasted from around 3.3 million years ago to 12,000 years ago. Their analysis of dated stone artifacts in relation to animal remains uncovered a compelling trend.

Findings indicate a drastic reduction in the biomass and specimen count of giant herbivores exceeding 1,000 kilograms correlating with the disappearance of heavy tools 200,000 years ago. Conversely, the availability of smaller prey increased alongside more sophisticated small tools.

Supporting the connection between tool technology and prey type, the researchers noted that sturdy stone tools were still in use in regions with abundant large game, such as southern China, until about 50,000 years ago.

Heavy-duty tools and their evolution to lightweight alternatives used by early humans

Vlad Litov et al., Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University

Previous theories suggested that advancements in technology stemmed from increasing intelligence and creativity due to evolutionary pressures. However, Litov and his research team propose a different perspective: reliance on smaller prey may have catalyzed the evolutionary growth of larger brains in modern humans.

“As large herbivores dwindled, humans increasingly depended on smaller prey, necessitating varied hunting strategies, advanced planning, and the implementation of lightweight, intricate toolsets,” states Litov. “This cognitive evolution was a byproduct of adapting to new prey types, rather than the initial driver of this adaptive transformation.”

“There is more to this adaptation than merely prey size,” says Seri Shipton from University College London. He notes preliminary evidence indicating mass hunting of medium-sized ungulates like horses and bison, with signs of enhanced cognitive abilities and planning emerging during the Middle Paleolithic.

Nicolas Tessandier from the French National Center for Scientific Research also maintains some reservations. “Human adaptation to new fauna underscores adaptability rather than mere intelligence,” he posits. “Producing powerful tools for hunting large herbivores was equally astute.”

Litov recognizes that prior research has shown advanced cognitive functions present early in human evolution, notably in the development of Homo erectus around two million years ago. However, he emphasizes that switching from large to smaller prey had major consequences for human society. A single ancient elephant carcass could sustain a group of about 35 hunter-gatherers for months. As these high-calorie resources vanished, reliance on smaller prey reduced the yield per animal.

“Energetically, we had to gather numerous smaller ungulates, such as fallow deer, to replace the loss of one elephant,” explains Litov. This shift likely stimulated diverse cognitive and behavioral changes, including cooperative hunting strategies, advanced techniques, and enhanced social collaboration and organization. “Such adaptations may have contributed to the evolution of larger brains in later species, including Neanderthals and Homo sapiens,” he adds.

“In my view, the decline in large prey familiar to hominins likely intensified competition among groups,” asserts Shipton. “It was probably an iterative process where the reduction of larger prey prompted cognitive shifts that facilitated access to smaller prey.”

Discovery Tour: Archaeology, Human Origins, and Paleontology

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Slowdown of Major Ocean Currents in the Atlantic: Key Insights and Implications

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Visualization of the Western Boundary Current in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation

Credit: NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio

The latest buoy measurements indicate that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), crucial for regulating Europe’s climate, is weakening across four distinct latitudes. This represents the strongest evidence yet that this pivotal ocean current system is slowing and may be nearing collapse.

The AMOC is part of a global oceanic conveyor belt that transports warm, salty water from the Gulf of Mexico to the North Atlantic, helping maintain milder temperatures in Western Europe compared to those in Canada or Russia. As this water cools and sinks, it continues south along the ocean floor on the western side of the Atlantic.

Analysis of historical ocean temperature data suggests a 15% decline in the AMOC since 1950, with computer models predicting a potential closure within decades. However, direct measurements have only been reliable for roughly 20 years, making definitive conclusions difficult.

Recent research in the Western Atlantic has provided compelling evidence of an AMOC slowdown.

“Our findings indicate that Atlantic circulation is indeed weakening at the western boundary, and data from multiple latitudes supports this consistent signal across the broader North Atlantic,” said Qianjiang Xing from the University of Miami, Florida, who led the study.

In 2004, a collaborative effort led by the University of Miami established a series of moorings named RAPID-MOCHA from the Bahamas to the Canary Islands. These measurements, encompassing temperature, salinity, and velocity, allow scientists to estimate pressure changes across the Atlantic, providing insight into how much water is being effectively stored, according to team member Shane Elipot, also from the University of Miami.

Water moves from areas of high pressure to those of low pressure, but the Earth’s counterclockwise rotation causes deflection to the right, leading to reverse circulation. Thus, pressure changes can be indicative of AMOC strength variations.

The latest analysis of RAPID-MOCHA data reveals that AMOC flow is decreasing at a rate of approximately 90,000 cubic meters per second each year—a faster decline than previously observed. This indicates that the AMOC weakened by about 10% from 2004 to 2023.

However, the variation in certainty surrounding this reported change is quite significant. To address this, the study also examined pressure dynamics from three mooring arrays installed along the western Atlantic coast—near the West Indies, the U.S. East Coast, and Nova Scotia, Canada. Results show considerably lower uncertainty and a more pronounced weakening of the AMOC.

“This represents the strongest direct observational evidence to date of AMOC weakening, aligning with long-held model predictions,” commented Stefan Rahmstorf from the University of Potsdam in Germany, who was not involved in the study.

Scientists speculate that freshwater from the melting Greenland ice sheet is diluting the AMOC’s intensely salted waters, impeding their sinking action and thus weakening the southward flow along the ocean floor of the western Atlantic. The observed declining trends across four latitudes in the Western Atlantic point to this phenomenon.

“We anticipate these changes to be evident deep within the western boundary,” team members assert, including David Smeed from the UK National Marine Centre. “This strengthens our confidence in that interpretation.”

“They provide the first robust evidence of a consistent weakening of overturning across various latitudes in the Deep West,” claims René van Westen, a professor at Utrecht University in the Netherlands, who did not participate in the study.

Elipot emphasized the need for ongoing observations to clarify whether the AMOC is on the brink of collapse, a scenario that could lead to significantly colder winters in Europe and disrupt monsoon patterns in Asia and Africa.

“This trend suggests we might be approaching a tipping point,” he notes.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Two Protoplanets Forming in Dusty Disk Around Nearby Young Star: Key Discoveries in Planet Formation

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Astronomers utilizing ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT) and VLT Interferometer (VLTI) in Chile have made groundbreaking discoveries by directly observing two giant gas planets forming within a planet-forming disk around the star Whispit 2. This research offers one of the most detailed insights into planetary system formation to date, highlighted by distinctive gaps and rings of surrounding material, which suggest the likelihood of additional alien worlds in the vicinity.

Images captured by ESO’s Very Large Telescope illustrate a young planetary system orbiting the star WISPIT 2. Image credit: ESO / Lawlor and colleagues.

“WISPIT 2 represents our clearest glimpse into the early stages of planetary formation,” stated Dr. Chloe Lawler, a researcher from Galway University.

“This discovery enables us to study entire planetary systems, rather than just individual planets in isolation,” noted Dr. Christian Ginski, also associated with the University of Galway.

“Such observations are crucial for enhancing our understanding of how nascent planetary systems evolve into mature systems like our own,” he added.

The first protoplanet found in the WISPIT 2 system, designated WISPIT 2b, was identified last year and has a mass nearly five times that of Jupiter, orbiting at a distance approximately 60 times that between the Earth and the Sun.

“Discovering this new world in formation showcases the remarkable capabilities of our current astronomical instruments,” commented Dr. Richelle van Capelveen from the Leiden Observatory.

Subsequent observations detected additional objects near WISPIT 2, with measurements from the VLT and VLTI confirming their planetary nature.

The newly identified planet, WISPIT 2c, is located four times closer to its host star and is twice as massive as WISPIT 2b.

Both planets are gas giants, akin to the outer planets in our solar system.

To validate WISPIT 2c, astronomers employed the SPHERE instrument on the VLT, followed by VLTI’s GRAVITY+ instrument to confirm it as a planet.

“Our study leveraged recent enhancements to GRAVITY+, which were essential for detecting such a clear planet in proximity to its star,” stated Dr. Guillaume Bourdaro from the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics.

Both planets orbiting WISPIT 2 manifest in distinct gaps within the surrounding dust and gas disk, a phenomenon caused by each planet’s gravitational influence.

The material remaining around each gap forms unique dust rings within the disk composition.

In addition to the gaps hosting the two planets, at least one smaller gap exists further out in the WISPIT 2 disk.

“This narrower and shallower gap may indicate the presence of a third planet, possibly with a mass akin to Saturn,” Lawler speculated.

The findings are set to be detailed in an upcoming article in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.

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Chloe Lawler and colleagues. 2026. Direct spectroscopy confirmation of the young embedded protoplanet WISPIT 2c. APJL 1000, L38; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ae4b3b

Source: www.sci.news

Enhancing the Blood-Brain Barrier: A Key to Preventing Brain Damage in Athletes

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Soccer heading associated with brain injury

Repeated Heading of a Soccer Ball Linked to Brain Damage

René Nijhuis/MB Media

Consistent head impacts in sports can compromise the blood-brain barrier and lead to chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a neurodegenerative disorder affecting numerous retired athletes from soccer, rugby, and boxing. This crucial finding raises hopes for new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, as CTE is typically diagnosed only post-mortem.

“Numerous drugs are being developed to restore the blood-brain barrier for neurological treatment, which may offer promising futures if they receive approval,” notes Matthew Campbell from Trinity College, Dublin.

Campbell and his team conducted brain scans on 47 former athletes from contact sports, retired an average of 12 years ago, and compared them with those from non-contact sports like rowing and individuals without sports backgrounds.

Participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), utilizing a contrast agent that reveals blood-brain barrier breaches. Results showed that 17 athletes experienced significant contrast dye leakage, indicating severe damage, while non-contact athletes exhibited minimal leakage.

Those former athletes displaying greater blood-brain barrier impairment performed worse on cognitive assessments, pointing to a potential early link to CTE characterized by memory difficulties, emotional instability, and depression. “Previous evidence has shown that breaches in the blood-brain barrier correlate with CTE, and this supports that notion,” says Michael Buckland from the University of Sydney.

Mechanics of head impacts and whiplash during contact sports can physically damage the blood-brain barrier, explains Chris Greene from the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. “It’s better to view the blood-brain barrier as a dynamic system rather than a rigid wall,” he states, noting that impact forces can disrupt the cellular seal within the barrier, leading to increased permeability.

Once compromised, proteins, immune cells, and inflammatory mediators may invade the brain, causing inflammation and cell damage. Their study also analyzed brain tissue from individuals who succumbed to CTE, revealing prominent immune and blood protein infiltration within affected regions. The characteristics of CTE resemble those of Alzheimer’s disease, suggesting similar underlying mechanisms involving blood-brain barrier degradation with age.

Like in Alzheimer’s, CTE is marked by abnormal tau protein accumulation in the brain, with head trauma potentially triggering incorrect tau folding and aggregation.

If a head injury concurrently endangers the blood-brain barrier, blood proteins and inflammatory agents may enter the brain, exacerbating tau misfolding, further complicating the cognitive issues associated with CTE, according to Greene. His previous findings suggested that patients who died from CTE displayed a genetic signature linked to breaches in the blood-brain barrier, corroborating recent research.

Currently, CTE diagnosis is limited to post-mortem examinations revealing tau abnormalities. Nevertheless, Campbell and Greene assert that their MRI advancements could facilitate earlier diagnosis for individuals exhibiting cognitive or mood-related changes. In the future, this imaging technique might also evaluate CTE risk among active athletes, pending further research confirmation.

If deterioration of the blood-brain barrier signifies an initial CTE risk factor, adapting existing or developing new medications aimed at reinforcing the barrier could help prevent or slow its progression, suggests Greene. A compound like bevacizumab, known for diminishing blood vessel permeability, could be explored further. Additionally, other anti-inflammatory medications like minocycline are gaining traction amid ongoing developments.

“By focusing on strengthening vascular integrity and suppressing harmful signals before tau pathology solidifies, we may shift towards preventive measures,” concludes Professor Greene.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Why Drug Overdose Deaths Have Dropped Dramatically in the U.S.: Key Insights and Trends

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Declining Opioid Deaths in the US

Rapid Decline in Opioid Fentanyl-Related Deaths in the US

Thomas Simonetti/Bloomberg/Getty Images

The United States has witnessed a significant drop in drug overdose deaths, likely attributed to a decrease in the purity and potency of illegally supplied fentanyl. But the pressing question remains: Are we witnessing a pivotal moment in the opioid epidemic, or just a transient dip?

Since 1999, the US has recorded over 1 million drug overdose fatalities. Despite a slight decline in 2018, fatalities escalated almost annually until 2023. Notably, there has been a 3% decrease in deaths, followed by a steep 26% drop in the subsequent year.

To analyze this trend, Joseph Friedman and researchers at the University of California, San Diego, examined overdose statistics from 1999 to 2024. Their findings were based on data sourced from the National Vital Statistics System and the CDC’s WONDER database.

The analysis revealed that fentanyl-related fatalities fell from approximately 73,000 in 2023 to under 48,000 in 2024, marking a 34% reduction. Meanwhile, deaths from non-fentanyl stimulants like cocaine and methamphetamine saw a 4% increase, rising from about 18,000 to 19,000.

This indicates that the decline in fentanyl potency may be driving this favorable trend. “If we aim to enhance access to harm reduction and treatment services, we might observe more success with non-fentanyl drugs,” stated Chelsea Shover, a researcher at UCLA.

Fentanyl-related deaths have diminished across various demographics, including race, gender, and age. “A decline concentrated in particular demographic groups might suggest policy influences,” Shober noted. “However, the broad reduction implies it could be linked to the drug’s characteristics itself.”

Daniel Bush, a Northwestern University professor, arrived at similar conclusions in a recent study. Their analysis of overdose fatalities characterized the most significant drop in deaths involving both fentanyl and other drugs across five categories: cocaine, methamphetamine, prescription opioids, heroin, and methadone. For instance, fatalities associated with both cocaine and fentanyl fell by over 35% during this time, while cocaine-related deaths alone increased by nearly 5%.

Moreover, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration reported that seized fentanyl powder exhibited a significant purity level of approximately 25%, indicating that additives like flour and baking soda accounted for the remaining 75%. This figure has since decreased to around 11% by late 2024.

This decline may stem from a crackdown by China, a major source of fentanyl precursors, which began enforcement in November 2023 after discussions with U.S. authorities. However, skepticism remains. “The timing of these restrictions doesn’t align neatly with the observed reduction in overdose deaths,” cautioned Shober.

This transformation might signal a critical juncture in the opioid crisis. Researchers perceive the epidemic as evolving in four distinct waves: the initial two waves consisted of fatalities from prescription opioids and heroin, tapering around ten years ago. The third wave, marked by fentanyl, peaked only in 2020. The current fourth wave, involving both fentanyl and meth, appears to be declining. “All the unique waves we encountered in the past are now dissipating,” remarked Friedman.

Nonetheless, it’s still too early to ascertain if this is a genuine turning point in the crisis. “The evidence indicating the permanence of these supply changes from 2023 to 2024 remains insufficient,” Shober cautioned. “Early overdose data suggests that the decline may be plateauing.”

Other substances, like xylazine—an animal sedative often mixed with cocaine, methamphetamine, and fentanyl—are also seeing increased presence in the illicit drug market, highlighting the need for continued vigilance. As Friedman noted, “This is not a cause for celebration; we must remain alert to evolving trends.”

Sam Stern of Temple University Hospital emphasized that overdose deaths are merely one aspect of the broader drug crisis. Another animal sedative, medetomidine—which first appeared in the U.S. drug supply in 2022—induces more severe withdrawal symptoms than traditional opioids, leading to a rise in patients requiring intensive care for withdrawal in 2024. “Historically, this wasn’t common practice, but now it happens daily,” he claimed.

While overdose fatalities may be trending downward, they are projected to still claim nearly 80,000 lives in the U.S. in 2024. “The decline doesn’t signify the end of the crisis,” Bush warned. “We are still experiencing substantial loss of life.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

TikTok Bans Unpublished Ads and Protects Minors: Key Policy Changes Explained

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European Union Legislation on TikTok Advertising Aimed at Minors

Sipa US / Alamy

The European Union has enacted rigorous regulations that ban social media platforms from delivering targeted advertising to children. Nevertheless, a recent investigation into TikTok has uncovered a significant loophole: teens are still subjected to targeted commercial content misleadingly presented as ordinary posts.

The EU’s Digital Services Act (DSA) strictly forbids profiling minors for advertising. However, the law restrictively defines “advertising,” only addressing “official” ads directly purchased through the platform’s advertising network. Consequently, influencer marketing and unlisted promotional videos largely escape scrutiny.

To investigate this issue, Sarah Sojalova and researchers from Slovakia’s Kempelen Institute for Intelligent Technology created automated accounts that simulated teenagers aged 16-17 and adults aged 20-21. The bots, programmed with specific interests such as beauty, fitness, and gaming, were tasked to browse TikTok’s algorithmically-generated For You feed for one hour a day over the course of ten days.

“Understanding social media behaviorally is essential for our society, and this is how we achieve it,” Sojalova states.

Throughout the simulation, the bot viewed a total of 7,095 videos, 19% of which contained some form of advertisement. Notably, around 56% of these ads were unreleased, where creators and brands promoted products without adhering to the platform’s mandated disclosure labels.

Official ads delivered to minor accounts were minimal or entirely absent, with no sign of personalized targeting. However, most commercial content encountered by the simulated teens categorized as undisclosed advertising.

These hidden ads were actively customized to align with the presumed interests of teenagers. For instance, if a simulated 16-year-old girl expressed a preference for beauty, 92.1% of the unpublished ads presented to her by the algorithm resonated with those interests.

Overall, the study indicated that covert profiling of minors was five to eight times more effective than the extent of targeting permitted in formal adult advertising, as measured by the disparity between how often ads aligned with a user’s interests and how frequently they were shown to the average user. Crucially, the majority of ads viewed by minors were unpublished: 84% of ads seen by minors fell into this category, in contrast to 49% for adults.

“Though TikTok technically complies with the law by not officially advertising to minors, it still allows an overwhelming amount of non-disclosed commercial content,” Sojalova remarked. “TikTok is doing its utmost in this respect. However, published ads account for only a small segment of the overall content on the app.” TikTok opted not to comment for this piece.

“These unpublished ads signify a novel form of targeted advertising. By analyzing consumer preferences to determine the content they will be exposed to, platforms can effortlessly deliver more commercial material,” asserts Catalina Goanta, a researcher at Utrecht University in the Netherlands.

Goanta emphasizes the need for responsibility to be shared among a broader set of stakeholders, including regulatory bodies. “Influencer marketing is often narrowly interpreted by regulators, leading to consumer harm,” she noted. Sojalova concurs: “We must broaden the definition of what constitutes advertising.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Bridging the Shocking Knowledge Gap in Women’s Health: Key Insights and Solutions

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mDoc health coaches provide health check-ups at Balogun market, Lagos, Nigeria - September 14, 2023

Investing in women’s health is investing in life.

Gates Archive

As a former pediatrician in Karachi, Pakistan, I cared for countless premature infants born due to pre-eclampsia. These tiny lives often rested in the palm of my hand, struggling for breath. Unfortunately, not all of them survived.

The complexities of pregnancy complications like pre-eclampsia remain poorly understood. We lack clarity on the root causes and preventive measures for premature births, contributing to the global maternal and infant mortality crisis. Every day, over 700 women and 6,500 newborns lose their lives due to pregnancy or childbirth complications. The highest rates are in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, exacerbated by weak healthcare systems, inequitable access to care, extreme poverty, and inadequate infrastructure.

Astonishing knowledge gaps exist across women’s health issues, including menopause. The norm of women suffering for a decade seems acceptable, yet is scarcely recognized as a significant issue. This oversight stems not from scientific challenges but from a pervasive apathy. Women’s experiences have been largely overlooked, impacting what is researched and what remains unaddressed.

Currently, less than 1 percent of healthcare research focuses on women’s health outcomes outside of cancer. This underinvestment and the lack of female participation in clinical trials leave fundamental questions in women’s health unanswered. For instance, while we know the symptoms of heart disease—the leading cause of death for women globally—differ by individual, the reasons remain a mystery. Moreover, the pathways for drugs into the brain are known, yet how they affect the female reproductive system is largely unexplored, unlike the extensive knowledge we possess about men’s health, such as the effects of Viagra.

A Ray of Hope

Progress is being made, and I’ve observed a shift towards serious discussions on investing in women’s health at global health and medical innovation conferences. Decision-makers and investors are beginning to acknowledge the severity of the issue and the potential benefits of addressing it following decades of neglect.

“
When a problem is treated as unnoticeable rather than unacceptable, finding a solution is never a priority.
“

Recognizing the challenges is only the first step; we must actively allocate resources and focus on the multifaceted issues surrounding women’s health.

I am particularly excited about the transformative potential of innovative research and tools. For example, the vaginal microbiome—a balance of beneficial and harmful bacteria—has only recently gained attention. Understanding its role in pregnancy outcomes, like preterm birth, and women’s vulnerability to infections like HIV is crucial.

My team at the Gates Foundation is funding research to uncover how the vaginal microbiome affects pregnancy outcomes and women’s susceptibility to STIs. Although we’re in early stages, promising innovations are emerging that could benefit millions of women.

For instance, interventions promoting healthy bacteria dominance in the vagina might help prevent STIs. Conditions like bacterial vaginosis, while mild, can lead to severe pregnancy complications, including premature birth and an increased risk of postnatal issues such as chronic pain and infertility.

Last year, the Gates Foundation committed to $2.5 billion for women’s health innovation. However, this amount is insufficient. We need to bolster collaboration with public and private sector entities globally. The UK has a unique opportunity to build on its health innovation reputation, enhancing lives both domestically and internationally while advancing its vital economic sectors.

Investing in women’s health equates to investing in their lives and well-being. A healthy woman fosters creativity, is more engaged with her family, and is an active participant in her community. This is a fundamental truth. On this International Women’s Day, let’s turn this truth into action by urging leaders to prioritize and resource women’s health initiatives now.

Anita Zaidi is Chair of Gender Equality at the Gates Foundation

Source: www.newscientist.com

How an Intern Played a Key Role in Developing the World-Changing AI

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AlphaGo’s Historic Victory Broadcast

Im Hoon-jeong/Yonhap/AP Photo (via Getty Images)

In March 2016, Google DeepMind’s revolutionary artificial intelligence, AlphaGo, captivated the global audience by defeating world champion Lee Sedol in a historic five-game match of Go, an ancient Chinese board game. This milestone was viewed by millions, marking a pivotal advancement in AI technology.

Chris Madison, now a distinguished professor at the University of Toronto, played a critical role in AlphaGo’s creation while he was a master’s student. His journey began with a call from Ilya Sutskever, who later co-founded OpenAI.

Alex Wilkins: What inspired the AlphaGo project?

Elijah: Chris Madison and Ilya presented compelling arguments on why Go was a suitable challenge for AI, stating, “Do you think a skilled player can analyze a Go board and determine the optimal move in half a second?” This notion suggested the possibility of training neural networks to develop effective strategies for selecting the best moves.

Half a second reflects the rapid processing time of the visual cortex—a crucial insight from our previous work with ImageNET, an influential AI image-recognition competition.

Embracing this challenge, I joined the Google Brain team as an intern in summer 2014.

How did AlphaGo evolve from its inception?

Upon joining, I collaborated with a dedicated team at DeepMind, including Aja Huang and David Silver, who were already focused on Go. My primary task was to build the neural network, which felt like a dream come true.

We experimented with various approaches; many initial methods failed, leading to frustration. Eventually, I resorted to a straightforward strategy—training the network on a vast dataset of expert Go games to predict the next best move. This approach proved successful, laying the foundation for our project.

By the end of summer, we conducted a test match where my network outperformed DeepMind’s Thore Graepel, a competent Go player. This success sparked greater interest and investment in the project, allowing us to expand our team significantly.

How daunting was the challenge of defeating Lee Sedol?

I vividly recall the pressure of summer 2014, with a photo of Lee Sedol visible nearby. While I lacked Go expertise, my confidence grew with each network iteration. However, Aja kept reminding me, “Chris, Lee Sedol is an extraordinary player.”

Why did you depart from the AlphaGo team before the match?

David Silver expressed a desire for me to remain and further elevate the project, but I chose to focus on completing my PhD instead. I continued to advise on the project intermittently and take pride in my contributions, even though it took significant collaboration to create the version that ultimately faced Lee Sedol.

What was the atmosphere like during AlphaGo’s victory in Seoul?

The experience in Seoul during the match was indescribable—intense, emotional, and nerve-wracking. It felt reminiscent of a high-stakes sports event, where the outcome was uncertain despite our statistical advantage. From my hotel window, I witnessed crowds transfixed on giant screens showing our game, underscoring the massive impact this event had on East Asia.

What significance does AlphaGo hold for AI?

Though large-scale language models (LLMs) differ greatly from AlphaGo, the underlying technical principles remain unchanged. Initially, neural networks are trained to predict subsequent moves; similarly, today’s LLMs utilize pre-training to forecast the next word using vast amounts of text data.

AlphaGo’s advancement came from integrating human input into the neural network and refining its strategies through reinforcement learning—all focused on the objective of winning games.

As with LLMs, post-preparation reinforcement learning is essential for aligning networks with our intended applications.

In many aspects, the foundational principles of AI development remain consistent.

What areas in AI do you see as flourishing?

Our progress hinges on the availability of comprehensive data for training and reinforcement signals. Without these critical components, no algorithm, no matter how expertly designed, can make meaningful advances.

Did you empathize with Lee Sedol?

Throughout the summer of 2014, Lee Sedol became an idol, making the stakes incredibly high during the match. The immense pressure he faced was palpable, and while watching him realize the gravity of the competition, my heart went out to him. After losing, he apologized, claiming, “This is my failure, not yours,” which was truly heartbreaking.

In Go, players typically review matches to reflect on their performance. Lee Sedol couldn’t do that with AlphaGo and instead sought a friend for analysis, yet it lacked the same reflective quality. Despite the narrative often framing the match as human vs. machine, it was important to recognize the collaboration behind creating AlphaGo, showcasing the dedication of everyone involved in developing this groundbreaking technology.

As AI takes on more human-like tasks, is there still a role for humans?

The game of Go, which we find beautiful, can still teach us more through AI’s insights. The ultimate goal of Go may be to win, but it is also about enjoyment. Thus, the advent of AI doesn’t diminish board games; industries like chess continue to thrive with human appreciation.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Understanding How Psychopaths Lie: Insights and Key Findings

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When we think about infamous fictional psychopaths, like the chillingly calculating Patrick Bateman from American Psycho, they often embody the image of a scammer. But what about real-life psychopaths?

Research indicates that psychopaths are more inclined to lie to achieve their goals, exhibiting remarkable fearlessness, almost as if they have ice in their veins.

You might assume that their cold demeanor makes it hard to detect their deceit. Surprisingly, studies suggest that psychopaths are not significantly better at lying than others.

For instance, a study from the 1980s revealed that convicted psychopaths were easily identifiable, much like non-psychopaths using lie detectors. However, it’s important to note that while lie detector tests are commonly employed, they are notoriously unreliable.

In a more recent 2016 study, researchers found that criminals tend to lie frequently. Notably, psychopaths often exhibit a heightened tendency to lie during psychological tasks. Yet, they still encounter cognitive costs from lying, such as making more errors and responding more slowly.

Though psychopaths lack the moral and emotional barriers that typically hinder lying for most people, they cannot escape the psychological challenges associated with creating believable lies.

Interestingly, while psychopaths may not have a natural talent for lying, there is emerging evidence that they can learn to become more effective liars.

A 2017 study discovered that students with high psychopathic traits demonstrated significant improvement during tasks that required them to lie convincingly. They could lie faster than others, indicating that the mental strain of lying decreases along with reduced neural activity related to deceit.

In summary, psychopaths may not excel at lying initially, but they have a propensity to lie more frequently and improve at it more swiftly than others.

This article addresses the question posed by Lyle Morse via email: “Are psychopaths really good at lying?”

To submit your own questions, please email questions@sciencefocus.com or reach out via social media: Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram. (Don’t forget to include your name and location.)

For more fascinating scientific insights, visit our Ultimate Fun Facts page.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

NASA Unveils Comprehensive Revamp of Artemis Moon Program: Key Updates & Future Plans

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NASA officially announced a significant transformation of its Artemis moon program on Friday. This “course correction” aims to enhance mission frequency and include additional launches in preparation for the anticipated 2028 lunar landing.

According to NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman, these adjustments will bolster safety, minimize delays, and ultimately facilitate President Donald Trump’s vision of returning astronauts to the moon while establishing a sustained presence there.

“Consensus indicates this is the only viable path forward,” Isaacman stated during a press conference on Friday. “I have had similar discussions with all Congressional stakeholders, and they are fully aligned with NASA’s approach. This is how NASA has historically transformed the world, and it’s how we’ll do it again.”

Mobile Launcher 1, equipped with the Artemis II Space Launch System (SLS) and Orion spacecraft, rolls back to the Vehicle Assembly Building from Launch Pad 39B at Kennedy Space Center at dusk on February 25, 2026, in Cape Canaveral, Florida.
Greg Newton/AFP – Getty Images

Isaacman revealed that the Artemis III mission, which was initially planned for a lunar landing in 2028, will now focus on technology demonstrations in low Earth orbit instead. The aim is to launch Artemis III by mid-2027 for essential rendezvous and docking tests with commercial lunar landers from both SpaceX and Blue Origin.

Subsequently, Artemis IV is slated for a moon landing in 2028.

This new direction could rejuvenate the nearly decade-old Artemis program, which has faced numerous challenges, including significant cost overruns and delays—most recently, a one-month postponement of the Artemis II mission intended to send astronauts on a 10-day lunar orbit.

Isaacman noted that insights gained from Artemis II led to the recognition that the progression from lunar orbit to landing in Artemis III was “too vast,” particularly given the SLS rocket and Orion spacecraft’s infrequent launches, currently no more than once every three years.

NASA’s Artemis II SLS rocket.
NASA

“As crucial as rocket launches are, conducting them every three years is not a recipe for success,” he noted. “Frequent launches are essential, as extended intervals result in skill degradation and lost operational experience.”

Administrators highlighted similar issues with hydrogen and helium encountered during both Artemis I (an unmanned test flight launched around the moon in 2022) and Artemis II, stressing the difficulty of identifying root causes, likely exacerbated by extended mission gaps.

Two commercial space firms, SpaceX, led by Elon Musk, and Blue Origin, founded by Jeff Bezos, are competing to build lunar landers for the Artemis program. In a recent statement on X, SpaceX affirmed its shared goal with NASA: to return to the Moon safely and efficiently.

“Regular human exploration flights are key for establishing a sustainable human presence in space,” the company stated.

Blue Origin also expressed enthusiastic support for the revisions. “Let’s move forward! Everyone plays a role!” Companies discussing on X.

Among its mission revisions, NASA indicated it would standardize the manufacturing of Space Launch System rockets and strive for booster launches every 10 months, instead of the previous three-year interval.

While other rocket configurations were planned for later Artemis missions, NASA Deputy Administrator Amit Kshatriya noted that those configurations were deemed “unnecessarily complex.”

“Too much learning and testing potential has been left unexplored, leading to excessive risks in both development and production,” Kshatriya stated in a press release. “Our focus now is to continue testing as though we are in production.”

Isaacman concluded that while these changes represent a significant shift for NASA, they should not be unexpected to contractors or stakeholders within Congress and the Trump administration.

“President Trump is passionate about space and played a pivotal role in the creation of the Artemis program,” he remarked. “This initiative is a priority for his administration.”

This overhaul follows additional delays to the Artemis II mission. A hydrogen leak discovered during a critical refueling test prompted NASA to forfeit all possible launch opportunities this month. Though a subsequent refueling test proceeded smoothly, engineers later identified a blockage affecting helium flow to the booster’s upper stage, thwarting plans for a March launch.

NASA has since transported the rocket from its launch pad at Kennedy Space Center in Florida back to its hangar for necessary repairs. Officials anticipate that if the repairs proceed as planned, Artemis II could launch as early as April.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

90-Million-Year-Old Patagonian Fossils Uncover Key Insights into Alvarezauroid Dinosaur Evolution

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Discover the fascinating skeleton of the Alvarezauroid dinosaur species Arunachetri seropolisiensis. This groundbreaking find includes two specimens from Patagonia, Argentina, along with two from the Northern Hemisphere, providing insights into how this enigmatic lineage of theropod dinosaurs evolved and dispersed before the separation of continents, challenging established beliefs regarding its origins.

Arunachetri seropolisiensis. Image credit: Gabriel Díaz Yanten, Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro.

Learn more about Arunachetri seropolisiensis, which thrived in Argentina during the Cenomanian period of the Late Cretaceous, approximately 90 million years ago.

This species was initially described from partial remains in 2012 and is categorized under Alvarez Sauroidea.

These unique small dinosaurs are noted for their tiny teeth and short arms, each ending in a prominent thumb claw.

“The Alvarezauroidea represents a mysterious clade of mainly small theropod dinosaurs, primarily found in the Jurassic to Cretaceous periods of Asia and South America,” states paleontologist Peter Makowiecki from the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, along with his research team.

“Late Cretaceous Alvarezauroids are believed to have been carnivorous, primarily consuming ants, and possessing specialized forelimbs suitable for digging, microscopic supernumerary teeth, and heightened sensory abilities.”

“They are thought to have undergone evolutionary miniaturization alongside dietary specialization.”

The almost complete skeleton of Arunachetri seropolisiensis was discovered in the La Buitrera fossil site in Rio Negro, northern Patagonia.

Microscopic examination confirmed that this specimen was an adult, estimated to be at least four years old.

Weighing less than 0.9 kg (2 lb), it ranks as one of the smallest-known dinosaurs from South America.

In contrast to its later relatives, Arunachetri seropolisiensis featured longer arms and larger teeth.

Paleontologists conclude this indicates that some alvaresaurids transitioned into smaller forms well before they developed adaptations for an ant-based diet.

Researchers, by analyzing previously discovered alvaresaurid fossils housed in museums across North America and Europe, further demonstrate that these dinosaurs originated earlier than previously presumed, existing during the period when the continents were still part of the supercontinent Pangaea.

Their distribution appears to have resulted from the fragmentation of Earth’s landmass, making ocean crossings unlikely.

“Our biogeographical study suggests a Pangean ancestral distribution for Alvarezsauroroidea, indicating that the clade’s early history was primarily influenced by surrogates,” the scientists remarked.

Read their groundbreaking research in the paper published in Nature.

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PJ Makowiecki et al.. Discovery in Argentina reshapes the evolutionary narrative of a fascinating dinosaur clade. Nature published online on February 25, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41586-026-10194-3

Source: www.sci.news

Enhancing Identification of Postnatal Depression in Fathers: Key Strategies and Insights

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International Women’s Day (IWD), celebrated annually on March 8, serves as a pivotal occasion within the “Awareness Calendar”—a framework for raising awareness about diverse global issues. Nevertheless, a common male response to IWD is, “When is International Men’s Day?” The answer, November 19, aims to highlight men’s challenges, including abuse, homelessness, suicide, and violence.

This dismissal of IWD underscores the persistent stigma surrounding men’s mental health. While societal attitudes towards mental health have evolved positively, men still struggle to express their issues openly. Statistics indicate that women are significantly more likely to discuss their mental health challenges.

A major reason for this disparity is the widespread misunderstanding about men’s mental health. Research shows that approximately 40% of people are unaware that men can experience postpartum depression. This is hardly surprising given prevailing societal norms surrounding parenting, which tend to prioritize the mother’s experience, often neglecting the father’s emotional state despite their increasing presence during delivery.

“ 40% of individuals are unaware that men can also experience postpartum depression “

Viewing mental health through a zero-sum lens is erroneous; extensive efforts are still required to comprehend how depression can manifest differently in men. Frequently, symptoms are characterized by withdrawal and risk-taking rather than overt sadness. While International Men’s Day aims to raise awareness, mere acknowledgment is insufficient. It is crucial for healthcare systems to prioritize mental health equally alongside physical health.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover How Elephant Trunks Use Touch Beyond Muscles and Nerves: Key Findings from Recent Study

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Keratin composites enable animals to walk with hooves, fly with wings, and sense their environment through their skin. Mammalian whiskers consist of elongated keratin rods attached to specialized tactile structures, enhancing the animal’s sensory perception. A recent study conducted by scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems aims to explore the structure, porosity, and stiffness of the whiskers found in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).

Schulz et al. investigated the whiskers of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) to determine their geometric and mechanical adaptations for enhanced tactile sensitivity, which encodes contact location through vibrotactile signals. Image credit: Schulz et al., doi: 10.1126/science.adx8981.

Whiskers in mammals, resembling elongated keratin rods, serve as sophisticated sensory tools.

While the keratin material itself does not directly sense touch, whiskers are housed within hair follicles, surrounded by dense sensory neurons that translate subtle mechanical vibrations into nerve signals.

Previous research primarily focused on the shape and movement of whiskers, often assuming a uniform mechanical structure along their length.

However, emerging evidence suggests that the stiffness and internal composition of whiskers can differ from root to tip, highlighting the importance of material properties in tactile sensation.

Unlike many other mammals, elephants possess numerous immobile whiskers distributed over the thick skin of their highly skilled trunks.

Though these whiskers cannot move independently, they frequently interact with objects, enabling elephants to perform precise tasks, from delicate manipulations to food handling.

Given the immobility of their whiskers, Dr. Andrew Schultz and colleagues hypothesized that elephants rely on variations in the shape and material structure of their whiskers to enhance tactile perception.

The researchers employed techniques such as micro-CT imaging, electron microscopy, mechanical testing, and functional modeling to examine the shape, porosity, and stiffness of whiskers in both juvenile and adult Asian elephants.

Findings reveal that the material properties of elephant whiskers transition from thick, porous, and rigid roots to thin, dense, and soft tips.

Dr. Schultz noted, “Tapping the handrail with different parts of the whisker wand felt soft at the tip and sharp at the base. I could easily feel where contact occurred without even looking.”

These functional gradients significantly influence how mechanical vibrations are relayed to sensory neurons, enhancing the clarity and strength of tactile signals.

Specifically, the transition from a firm base to a softer tip amplifies signal power, aiding elephants in accurately determining contact locations along the whisker, which is crucial for navigation and fine manipulation.

In this manner, elephant whiskers exhibit a type of built-in or “physical” intelligence, optimizing sensation through intelligent material design without needing active movement.

This exciting discovery is driving the authors’ efforts to apply natural insights into advancements in robotics and intelligent systems.

“Bio-inspired sensors that replicate elephant-like stiffness gradients could provide precise information with minimal computational cost, simply by leveraging intelligent material design,” Dr. Schultz stated.

The team’s groundbreaking research was published in the Journal on February 12, 2026, in Science.

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Andrew K. Schultz et al. 2026. Functional gradients drive tactile sensation in elephant whiskers. Science 391 (6786): 712-718; doi: 10.1126/science.adx8981

Source: www.sci.news

Why Elon Musk Misinterprets the Essence of Star Trek: Key Insights You Need to Know

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Star Trek: Deep Space Nine - A scene featuring Avery Brooks, Nana Visitor, and René Auberjonois, 1993-1999

“While space travel serves as a backdrop, it is not central to the Star Trek narrative.” A scene from Star Trek: Deep Space Nine

Everett Collection Inc/Alamy

The current socio-political landscape in America is filled with contrasts. As I reflect on my day, thoughts arise concerning the potential call of construction workers to government projects. Meanwhile, dinner plans loom, prompting me to suggest to my partner that he pick up some fresh vegetables, all while he frets about being intercepted by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement on his way home. I am meant to engage in scientific inquiry and broadcast the marvels of the universe, yet my focus often shifts to grim realities like children in detention camps. Despite attempts to slash NASA’s funding, it has managed to withstand the cuts, though the workforce has significantly dwindled over the years.

The very week this article circulates, NASA is poised to launch astronauts on an unprecedented mission around the Moon, part of the Artemis program leading to potential human landings on the Moon and beyond. This program is widely viewed as a crucial milestone towards sending humans to Mars. At a SpaceX event, with U.S. Department of Defense officials present, Elon Musk expressed his vision of sending humans to new planets, closely aligning with the aspirational themes found in the Star Trek universe. Enthusiasm is high, as we anticipate that these missions will propel us towards a utopia in space exploration.

What a captivating idea! However, the reality may be starkly different. In the realm of Star Trek, one might argue that many fans attending conventions deeply misunderstand the series, revealing an apparent disconnect with its core messages. If they truly grasped the themes of the Star Trek universe, they would recognize that the 2020s parallel a disheartening chapter in human history. The fictional 2024 Bell Riot reflects a rebellion against oppressive governance amid staggering wealth inequality, while the Trekkian outlook foresees humanity surviving another world war, where soldiers are coerced into committing atrocities.

Strikingly, the parallels between past fiction and current events resonate. In this narrative, the figures promoting militarized space endeavors are not the heroes, but rather the villains. Misplacing their roles, these proponents fail to understand that the core essence of Star Trek is not about reaching distant planets but about humanity’s journey towards self-improvement through collaboration, grappling with substantial ethical dilemmas, and fostering a society nurtured by principles similar to socialism, where the needs of all are attended to.

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In Star Trek, the individuals advocating for militarized corporate strategies are depicted as the antagonists.
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Could venturing to Mars pave the way for this enlightenment? Perhaps, in another dimension, such endeavors would embody a quest to embrace “the infinite variety in infinite combinations,” a concept that resonates with the Vulcan philosophy. We have successfully dispatched numerous unmanned missions to Mars, unveiling a wealth of astonishing discoveries about the planet’s past and the potential for other life forms.

Nonetheless, Mars presents challenges as a habitat for humans. It is inhospitable, cold, and dry, which poses formidable obstacles should we aim to establish a presence there. Even amidst the hopeful vision of a peaceful human expedition, it’s vital to acknowledge the harsh reality—Mars is fraught with dangers. The thin atmosphere makes breathing impossible, and any attempts to alter it could still prove hazardous. Dust and silica in Martian soil can inflict severe damage to human lungs, mirroring the afflictions experienced by miners.

Many might dismiss this, thinking, “I won’t be inhaling dirt!” However, Mars is notorious for its colossal dust storms that would infiltrate any human habitat. Such conditions would make it increasingly difficult to maintain a livable environment. The sheer volume of resources required to create a sustainable habitat on Mars is staggering, as launching these supplies into space is a monumental task.

In conclusion, the pursuit of colonizing Mars may not be a practical endeavor. Instead, let us cherish our own remarkable planet, Earth. While we may not have treated it with the respect it deserves, there is still time for change. This vision is at the heart of Star Trek: not about fleeing to a technologically advanced future, but about cultivating the capacity to honor the extraordinary vessel we call home.

What I’m Reading
I found Farah Daboiwala’s “What is Free Speech? A History of Dangerous Ideas” fascinating.

What I See
I admire Gina Yashea and Kelis Brooks’ work titled “Star Trek: Starfleet Academy.”

What I’m Working On
Currently, we’re navigating the complexities of daily life amidst governmental turbulence.

Chanda Prescod-Weinstein is an Associate Professor of Physics and Astronomy at the University of New Hampshire, and the author of Turbulent Universe as well as the upcoming book The Ends of Space and Time: Particles, Poetry, and the Boogie of Cosmic Dreams.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Why Clinical Research Often Fails in Underserved Communities: Key Insights and Solutions

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Explore New Scientist for the latest in science and technology, featuring expert analyses and in-depth articles on health, the environment, and more.

How can I ensure my data is protected? As a young Black physician engaged in clinical research, this question arises frequently in discussions with Black communities in Africa and the Caribbean regarding genetic research participation. The roots of mistrust are not hard to find.

Consider the notorious Tuskegee syphilis study where Black men were left untreated to observe disease progression, even after effective treatments were available. Additionally, Henrietta Lacks’ cells were taken without her consent, fueling extensive research worldwide and generating profit without compensating her family for healthcare needs. This historical context has contributed to the perception of Black individuals as mere research subjects.

In research, it’s understood that quality data is crucial for effective medicine. Unfortunately, Black individuals, along with other underrepresented populations, including non-Europeans and older adults, are often underrepresented in clinical studies. Comprehensive disease understanding requires research across all affected groups to develop inclusive tests and treatments.

Looking ahead, the medical system is shifting towards a genetics-centered approach in patient care. This precision medicine paradigm opts for individualized treatment based on genetic information to enhance prevention and therapeutic efficacy.

However, institutional initiatives from institutions like the University of Exeter and Queen Mary University of London reveal significant gaps in our genetic understanding, particularly in relation to non-European populations. Their findings suggest certain genetic traits in Black people could hinder the accuracy of standard diabetes diagnostic tests, potentially delaying treatment. To bridge this gap, it’s essential to foster trust and increase Black participation in research.

Current research frameworks often unintentionally exclude certain demographics. For instance, if recruitment materials are only available in English or if hiring occurs solely during conventional business hours, valuable contributors may be overlooked. Additionally, relying exclusively on hospitals and universities ignores community hubs like churches and barbershops where people congregate. Recognizing social contexts is vital for effective outreach.

Academic institutions now acknowledge that varying communities necessitate tailored approaches that merge cultural proficiency with scientific rigor. This balance empowers communities and enables research to translate into actionable changes through informed policy and accessible healthcare. It’s essential for researchers to resonate with the communities they serve, fostering trust and relevance through shared experiences.

To address these challenges, researchers must prioritize community involvement from inception rather than merely soliciting input at the end of the process. Funding organizations should integrate community engagement into their budgets, ensuring that incorporating patients and communities becomes a staple in research. This participatory approach can enhance representation among underrepresented groups and ultimately benefit public health. Moreover, researchers must demonstrate reciprocity by contributing to community wellbeing through shared resources and programs.

If you’re interested in participating in research, there are many ways to get involved, from clinical trials to surveys. Every contribution counts.

Dr. Drews Adade – Clinical researcher based in London.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Comparing the Western Infant Microbiome to Global Infant Microbiomes: Key Differences Explained

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Bifidobacteria bacteria under a scanning electron microscope

Scanning Electron Micrograph of Bifidobacteria – Key Genera Found in Infant Colon

Dr. Gary Gaugler/Science Photo Library

A groundbreaking study has uncovered significant variations in the gut microbiome among infants globally. Notably, Western infants tend to lack specific microbes that are prevalent in infants from other regions. This finding could enhance the development of probiotics tailored for premature babies to help ensure effective colonization with beneficial bacteria.

The first 1,000 days are critical for a child’s microbiome development, impacting immune function, mental health, and long-term disease risk. Historically, our knowledge has been limited to Western populations, but a new global atlas of the infant microbiome is now expanding our understanding.

The research, led by Yang Xiao and researchers at the Wellcome Sanger Institute in South Cambridgeshire, England, identified Bifidobacterium longum as a key player in establishing a stable gut microbiota.

The study analyzed stool samples from the UK, Sweden, the US, and seven countries in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, including Bangladesh, Pakistan, Kenya, Malawi, Burkina Faso, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.

The focus was on two variants: B. longum longum and B. longum infantis, which have been the subject of most infant gut microbiome research to date. By integrating this data with previously sequenced genomes, the team discovered that about 70% of infants in African and South Asian countries carried B. longum infantis, while less than 2% of infants in the UK, US, and Sweden exhibited the same by two months of age.

“The infantis strain is fundamentally lacking in Western environments,” notes Xiao.

In stark contrast, around one-third of infants in Western countries are colonized by B. longum longum by two months, compared to fewer than 10% in the other regions studied.

This indicates diverse roles of B. longum longum and B. longum infantis in immune system development and protection against infections, which appear to thrive in different geographical environments.

Diet may play a significant role, as Bifidobacterium helps digest nutrients from breast milk, with its composition influenced by maternal diet. “B. longum longum adapts better to Western diets, while B. longum infantis is optimized for other regional diets,” Xiao explains. Other bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium breve, may also contribute to gut colonization.

This research significantly expands our understanding of gut microbiomes, particularly in underrepresented populations. Lindsay Hall at the University of Birmingham, UK, emphasizes the importance of this advancement.

While probiotics are not usually recommended for full-term infants, they can be beneficial for premature ones, as noted in health guidelines. Combining this research’s insights allows for tailored probiotics based on an infant’s region. For instance, B. longum infantis may be advantageous for infants in Africa and Asia but may not persist in Western infants’ guts as effectively. “Understanding bacterial diversity across regions is crucial for identifying the most beneficial probiotics for infants,” Hall concludes.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

RNA Strands with Near-Self-Replication Potential: The Key to Understanding the Origin of Life

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Artist's depiction of QT45 RNA molecule

Artist’s depiction of QT45 superimposed on a microscopy image of a frozen environment conducive to RNA replication (based on AlphaFold3 predictions)

Microscope images by Elfie Chan and James Atwater

According to the RNA World Hypothesis, life initiated with RNA molecules that evolved to replicate themselves. Recent discoveries reveal an RNA molecule capable of this self-replication, executing essential processes, though not simultaneously.

“It’s been a long quest to reach a point where we confidently state RNA can replicate itself under the right conditions, showcasing its potential,” says Philip Holliger at the MRC Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cambridge, UK.

In living organisms, proteins are pivotal, catalyzing chemical reactions while their synthesis instructions are encoded in double-stranded DNA. RNA, existing typically as a single strand, serves as a chemical analog of DNA.

While RNA is not as reliable for information storage due to its instability, it exhibits a unique capability: folding into protein-like enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions. This dual function of RNA as both storage and catalyst led to the hypothesis in the 1960s that the genesis of life may have hinged on self-catalyzing RNA molecules.

However, identifying such self-replicating molecules has proved exceptionally challenging. It was previously assumed that self-replicating RNA would be relatively large and complex, yet large RNAs are cumbersome to spread and duplicate.

Furthermore, while shorter RNA molecules have been known to form spontaneously under suitable conditions, the likelihood of larger molecules doing the same remains low.

“This insight led us to reconsider; perhaps something simpler and smaller could efficiently complete this process,” Holliger explains. “That search yielded QT45.”

RNA comprises nucleotide building blocks. The research team initiated the process by generating 1 trillion random sequences, each 20, 30, or 40 nucleotides long. They selected three capable of binding nucleotides and combined them for several rounds of evolution, introducing random mutations to enhance performance.

The resultant molecule, QT45, is composed of just 45 nucleotides. In alkaline, near-freezing water, single-stranded RNA can serve as a template to join short strands of two or three nucleotides, creating complementary strands, including those that mirror itself. “Although the process is currently slow with low yields, this is expected,” notes Holliger.

QT45 can also replicate itself using its complementary strands. “This is the first instance of RNA that can generate itself and its coding strand, representing the two core reactions of self-replication,” states Holliger. However, the team has yet to achieve both reactions occurring within the same container. Future efforts will focus on further evolving the molecule and experimenting with conditions like freeze-thaw cycles to see if simultaneous reactions are possible.

“The most fascinating aspect is that once the system begins self-replication, it also starts self-optimization,” Holliger adds, as the error-prone process generates various variants, some potentially more effective at replication.

“The findings from the Holliger lab represent a vital step toward fully self-replicating RNA.” asserts Sabine Muller from the University of Greifswald, Germany.

“A key takeaway from this discovery is the identification of intermediate-sized RNA oligomers capable of self-synthesizing,” remarks Zachary Adam at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

The vast number of possible 45-nucleotide-long RNA sequences is “inconceivably large,” Adam notes, making the team’s discovery of QT45 from an initial batch of 1 trillion sequences mind-boggling.

In early Earth’s environment, a molecule akin to QT45 might have successfully replicated itself amidst conditions similar to those in modern-day Iceland, combining ice with hydrothermal activity that creates freeze-thaw cycles and pH gradients. Holliger believes compartmentalization is essential to segregate key components, with numerous possibilities for this occurrence, from pockets of meltwater in ice to cellular vesicles spontaneously formed from fatty acids.

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  • Origin of Life

Source: www.newscientist.com

Why Exercise Alone May Not Be Effective for Weight Loss: Key Insights

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Benefits of Exercise vs Weight Loss

Exercise has numerous benefits, but weight loss might not be one of them.

Jeffrey Isaac Greenberg 5+/Alamy

Engaging in regular exercise is extremely beneficial for overall health; however, it may not effectively lead to weight loss. Recent studies provide compelling evidence explaining this phenomenon.

While individuals who up their exercise routine often burn extra calories, weight loss usually doesn’t align with the caloric expenditure expected. A meta-analysis of 14 trials indicates that our bodies often compensate by reducing energy expenditure in other activities.

Notably, the compensatory effects are pronounced when one combines reduced caloric intake with increased exercise, effectively negating the hoped-for weight loss benefits of physical activity. In simpler terms, while dietary restrictions can lead to weight loss, increasing exercise alongside dieting may yield minimal additional benefits.

“The real challenge here is that when you combine exercise and dieting, the body compensates more aggressively,” explains Herman Pontzer of Duke University, North Carolina. “Exercise is still beneficial, but weight loss isn’t guaranteed.”

In his research on the Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania, Pontzer found that despite their high activity levels, they did not expend more energy than sedentary individuals. This led him to propose, back in 2015, that our bodies may have evolved to conserve energy through reduced expenditure when faced with increased physical activity.

Although some studies support this compensation theory, not all experts agree. Pontzer and fellow researcher Eric Trexler at Duke have examined existing studies that were designed for other purposes, ensuring their analysis was unbiased. They analyzed 14 trials involving around 450 participants—small due to the rigorous methods needed to monitor total energy expenditure.

Their findings revealed an average energy expenditure increase of only one-third of expectations based on increased physical activity levels. For instance, if a person’s workout routine burns an additional 200 calories daily, these trials reported an overall increase of only about 60 kilocalories.

Interestingly, the results varied significantly. Those who maintained their caloric intake saw about half of the expected increase in total energy expenditure, while individuals who increased their physical activity while reducing their caloric intake often did not observe any significant changes. “They’re exercising 200 calories a day but seeing no tangible results,” Pontzer noted.

The type of exercise also plays a crucial role; compensation predominantly occurs during aerobic activities like running. In contrast, strength training appears to result in greater-than-expected energy expenditure. For example, individuals who burn an extra 200 calories from weightlifting tend to increase their total energy expenditure by approximately 250 calories per day.

However, Pontzer advises caution in interpreting these findings, as energy expenditure measurement during weight training can be challenging. He hypothesizes that weightlifters may deplete energy while repairing and building muscle tissue.

Initially, Pontzer believed the type of exercise might be negligible, but he now finds the insights exciting as they reveal unrecognized aspects of energy compensation. Despite the gains in muscle, weightlifting participants exhibited minimal fat loss, indicating it may not be a practical approach for weight loss.

So, why does an increase in aerobic exercise not lead to expected increases in energy expenditure? This analysis suggests that the body compensates by reallocating energy expenditures across various systems. For instance, the resting metabolic rate, particularly during sleep, can decrease with increased aerobic activity.

“Our body adjusts how different organ systems function post-exercise,” Pontzer says. “Understanding these changes could provide insights into how exercise benefits different individuals unequally.”

While Pontzer’s findings provide support for energy compensation, skeptics remain. Researcher Dylan Thompson from the University of Bath emphasizes the results of a meta-analysis suggesting aerobic exercise does not significantly affect resting metabolic rates.

Additionally, there might be critical research limitations, as pointed out by Javier Gonzalez, also at the University of Bath. For example, additional exercise might replace other daily activities like gardening, which could account for the lack of increased energy expenditure.

Nevertheless, Pontzer asserts that some studies effectively rule out this possibility, as compensation effects have also been documented in animal studies, corroborating human findings. Nonetheless, Thompson and Gonzalez argue for the necessity of more rigorous studies. “We require meticulously designed randomized controlled trials involving humans,” Thompson concludes.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Why SpaceX Seeks Approval to Launch 1 Million Satellites: Key Insights

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SpaceX satellite launch at Kennedy Space Center

SpaceX Satellite Launch at Kennedy Space Center, Florida

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As 2026 approaches, one of the year’s most significant space stories is already emerging: the rise of mega-constellations and ambitious plans to launch thousands of satellites into Earth’s orbit.

Recently, SpaceX made headlines by requesting approval from the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to deploy 1 million orbital data center satellites. This unprecedented move follows SpaceX’s previous filing in 2019 for 42,000 Starlink satellites.

“This is an unprecedented scale for any satellite constellation,” says Victoria Samson, an expert at the Secure World Foundation in the United States.

Currently, SpaceX operates the largest satellite constellation, the Starlink Internet service, with approximately 9,500 satellites in orbit of the total 14,500 satellites. However, this current setup represents just 1% of SpaceX’s planned satellite network. Furthermore, these Starlink satellites are already navigating a risky orbit, as the company anticipates needing to prevent 300,000 collision scenarios by 2025.

The latest information released on January 30 reveals CEO Elon Musk’s vision for these data centers. Musk states that the launch of a million satellites is a fundamental step towards evolving into a Kardashev II civilization. The Kardashev Scale, developed by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Kardashev in 1964, quantifies the technological advancement of civilizations.

With AI’s energy requirements rising, the concept of space-based data centers has gained traction. In November 2025, the American company StarCloud successfully launched a demonstration data center powered by advanced Nvidia chips. The European Commission has also conducted studies indicating the feasibility of such orbital data centers.

Musk suggests that the reusability of SpaceX’s Starship rocket, the most powerful rocket ever built, enables this ambitious satellite deployment. He claims, “With hourly launches and 200 tons per flight, Starship will transport millions of tons yearly into orbit and beyond, ushering in a new era of human exploration.”

This filing coincides with SpaceX’s announcement on February 2 about acquiring xAI, a company that operates the social media platform X and the intriguing Grok chatbot. “If you want AI in an orbital data center, it’s a bundled package,” says Ruth Pritchard-Kelly, a US satellite regulation expert.

SpaceX is not the only entity aiming to launch more satellites. On December 29, China requested to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) to deploy 200,000 satellites into space. While there are no explicit restrictions on the number of satellites that can be safely deployed, prior research has suggested that managing over 100,000 satellites could become exceedingly challenging.

The FCC will take several months to decide on SpaceX’s application, during which public comments are welcome, and a separate submission to the ITU is required. Once approval is granted, SpaceX typically has six years to deploy half of the constellations but is requesting a waiver, arguing that their satellites communicate via optical links and do not cause radio interference.

SpaceX has stated that it will place its satellites in slightly polar orbits, ranging from 500 kilometers to 2,000 kilometers in altitude, primarily above the current Starlink operational altitudes. While the dimensions of the proposed satellites remain unspecified, it’s estimated that if they are similar to existing Starlink satellites, approximately 10,000 Starship launches will be needed to complete the constellation.

If Musk’s plan for hourly launches is realized, it would take just over a year to deploy the entire million satellite network. SpaceX assures safe disposal of satellites at the end of their operational lifespan by relocating them to decommissioned orbits or placing them in solar orbit.

The extensive proposed constellation could significantly impact astronomical research. SpaceX highlighted its ongoing collaboration with the scientific community in its application. However, in December, researcher Alejandro Borlaf from NASA Ames Research Center warned that adding 500,000 satellites could render “nearly all telescope images from the ground and space contaminated by satellites,” hampering scientific discovery.

These orbital data centers might be brighter than many existing satellites due to their need for large solar panels and radiators similar to those found on the International Space Station, designed to expel heat into space.

Whether or not SpaceX is genuinely prepared to deploy 1 million satellites remains uncertain. Given the staggering nature of this number, Pritchard-Kelly suggested this could be an instance of Musk’s “shock and awe” tactics, implying that the actual satellite count may be significantly lower. SpaceX and the FCC have not responded to requests for comments.

History and Future of Space Exploration: United States

Embark on an extraordinary journey through America’s space and astronomy landmarks, designed for curious minds and lifelong learners.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

First-Time Detection of Ammonia-Containing Compounds in Europe: Key Findings and Implications

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A recent analysis of archival data from NASA’s Galileo spacecraft’s Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) has uncovered the first evidence of ammonia-containing compounds on Jupiter’s icy moon Europa. This groundbreaking discovery provides vital clues about Europa’s subsurface ocean and recent geological activity.

This composite image highlights red pixels indicating sites on Europa where ammonia compounds were detected; purple indicates areas without detection. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.

“The detection of ammonia (NH3) is significant for understanding not only the geology of icy bodies in our solar system but also their potential habitability and astrobiological relevance,” stated Dr. Al Emran, a researcher at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

“On Europa, the identification of ammonia or ammoniated species is crucial for revealing ocean chemistry, assessing habitability, and reconstructing the moon’s early atmosphere.”

Ammonia functions as an antifreeze agent, reducing the freezing point of liquid water by up to 100 K, which may help preserve underground oceans in icy celestial bodies.

Though it’s unclear if Europa’s underground ocean is directly linked to the surface, detecting ammonia compounds could imply such a connection, given that these materials are unstable under cosmic radiation.

In a new study published in Planetary Science Journal, Dr. Emran reported detecting a distinct ammonia absorption feature at 2.20 microns in Europa’s near-infrared spectrum.

This signal was confirmed through observations from Galileo’s NIMS instrument, which examined Europa during a flyby in the 1990s.

Ammonia hydrate and ammonium chloride are likely responsible for the detected spectral features.

The instability of ammonia under strong cosmic radiation highlights the importance of its presence on Europa’s surface.

The discovery of ammonia-containing materials suggests they may have originated from Europa’s subsurface ocean or shallow subsurface during the moon’s geologically recent past, possibly through cryovolcanism or similar processes.

This analysis also hints at significant implications for Europa’s internal structure.

The presence of ammoniated compounds aligns with a subsurface ocean characterized by a thinner, chemically reduced ice shell with a higher pH.

Ammonia’s antifreeze properties are essential, as they lower the freezing point of water ice, allowing for the maintenance of a liquid ocean beneath Europa’s icy shell.

“Faint signals of ammonia have been detected near fractures in the moon’s frozen surface, where liquid water, rich in dissolved ammonia compounds, is expected to ascend,” Emran noted.

“These compounds might have traversed the surface due to recent geologically active cryovolcanic events.”

Ammonia’s presence, which significantly lowers the freezing point of water, acts as a natural antifreeze.

Similar ammonia-bearing species have been identified on other icy objects in the outer solar system, including Pluto, Charon, certain moons of Uranus, and Saturn’s moon Enceladus. However, earlier attempts to confirm ammonia’s presence on Europa produced inconclusive results.

“The identification of ammonia-containing compounds in this research marks the first evidence of nitrogen-based species on Europa, a finding of considerable astrobiological importance due to nitrogen’s fundamental role in life’s molecular structure,” Emran concluded.

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A. Emran. 2026. NH3 detection at Europa’s 2.2 μm absorption band. Planetary Science Journal 6,255; doi: 10.3847/PSJ/ae1291

Source: www.sci.news

Impact of Abnormal Oral Microbiome on Obesity: Key Characteristics and Insights

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Bacteria in the oral cavity

Oral Bacteria (Blue) on Human Cheek Cells (Yellow) in Scanning Electron Micrograph

Steve Gschmeisner/Science Photo Library

Recent research has revealed that individuals with obesity exhibit unique oral microbiome characteristics. This finding could pave the way for early detection and prevention strategies for obesity.

The diverse community of microorganisms in our gut significantly impacts weight gain, being commonly linked to obesity and various metabolic conditions. Notably, up to 700 species of bacteria have been implicated in obesity and overall health.

“Given that the oral microbiome is the second largest microbial ecosystem in the human body, we aimed to investigate its association with systemic diseases,” says Ashish Jha, from New York University, Abu Dhabi.

Jha and his team analyzed saliva samples from 628 adults in the United Arab Emirates, 97 of whom were classified as obese. They compared these samples with a control group of 95 individuals of healthy weight, similar in age, gender, lifestyle, oral health, and tooth brushing habits.

The analysis showed that the oral microbiome of obese individuals has a higher abundance of inflammation-causing bacteria, such as Streptococcus parasanguinis and Actinobacterium oris. Additionally, Oribacterium sinus produces lactic acid, which is linked to poor metabolic health.

Jha and his colleagues identified 94 distinct differences in metabolic pathways between the two groups. Obese participants demonstrated enhanced mechanisms for carbohydrate metabolism and the breakdown of histidine, while their capability to produce B vitamins and heme—crucial for oxygen transport—was reduced.

Metabolites notably generated in obese individuals include lactate, histidine derivatives, choline, uridine, and uracil, which are associated with metabolic dysfunction indicators such as elevated triglycerides, liver enzymes, and blood glucose levels.

“When we analyze these findings collectively, a metabolic pattern surfaces. Our data indicates that the oral environment in obesity is characterized by low pH, high carbohydrate levels, and pro-inflammatory conditions,” notes Lindsey Edwards from King’s College London. “This study offers compelling evidence that the oral microbiome may reflect and contribute to the metabolic changes associated with obesity.”

Currently, these findings suggest a correlation rather than causation. “While some associations are surprising, we cannot determine cause and effect as of now, which remains our next focus,” Jha states.

To explore whether the oral microbiome contributes to obesity or is modified by it, Jha and his team plan further experiments analyzing both saliva and gut microbiomes to investigate potential microbial and metabolic transfers.

Professor Jha believes this is plausible, as the mouth’s extensive blood vessel network facilitates nutrient absorption and taste sensing, potentially allowing metabolites direct access to the bloodstream, influencing other bodily systems.

Establishing a causal connection will also necessitate randomized controlled trials and detailed metabolic pathway analyses, according to Edwards.

As dietary patterns evolve, specific food components may become more readily metabolized by certain bacteria, leading to increased microbial activity that can influence cravings and potentially lead to obesity, Jha explains. For instance, uridine has been shown to promote higher calorie intake.

If oral bacteria are demonstrated to influence obesity, Edwards suggests it could lead to innovative interventions, such as introducing beneficial oral microbes through gels, using prebiotics to foster specific bacterial growth, or employing targeted antimicrobials. “Behavioral strategies, like reducing sugar intake, can also significantly contribute to obesity prevention,” she adds.

Even if the oral microbiome acts as a consequence rather than a cause of obesity, its assessment can still provide valuable insights. Saliva tests can easily detect distinct microbial changes, which Jha believes could be useful for early obesity detection and prevention strategies.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Key Moments: The Most Crucial Seconds in the History of the Universe

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An Artist’s Rendition of the Universe’s Early Moments

Credit: Alfred Pasieka/Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock Photo

The initial second of the universe’s existence was arguably the most significant moment in history. According to Big Bang cosmology, which is widely accepted by most cosmologists, the universe commenced from an infinitely small and dense state, expanding into a vast cosmos over several light-years.

This monumental journey began with a phase known as inflation. The exact cause of this exponential expansion remains a mystery; however, every 10 years, it is estimated that the distance between any two points in space doubled. This process saw the universe swell by a billion times, far exceeding the total number of grains of sand found on Earth’s beaches – and even surpassing the number of stars in the known universe.

During this inflationary period, foundational structures, which would evolve into the universe’s largest formations, were established. As the universe expanded, minuscule irregularities grew, driven by the randomness of quantum mechanics. These fluctuations contributed to differences in the density of the immensely hot plasma that filled the universe.

The duration of the Inflationary Era and the final size of the universe at its conclusion are topics of ongoing debate. While cosmologists might liken its size to that of various fruits, the consensus is that it lasted just a fleeting moment. Despite its rapid growth, the universe would have been comparable to a grain of sand up to a few meters in diameter, existing as a hot, opaque plasma interspersed with the first particles and antiparticles amidst raw energy.

As this hot sphere expanded, it gradually cooled, allowing particles to bond and form the first hadrons, including protons and neutrons, which comprise most of today’s matter. This process, known as baryogenesis, saw an unexpected surplus of matter compared to antimatter, resulting in the majority of antimatter annihilating with matter during the early universe’s development.

As particles continued to evolve, the universe underwent significant transitions referred to as “phase transitions,” simultaneously altering the state of all matter. This was a unique moment of synchronicity that has never been replicated. Initially, the four fundamental forces of nature – gravity, strong force, weak force, and electromagnetic force – were unified during the Big Bang, but separate distinguished behaviors emerged within the first billionth of a second.

These phase transitions facilitated further changes. The universe transitioned from opaque to transparent, allowing radiation to flow freely, lighting up the cosmos. Newly formed matter particles began gaining mass through interactions with the Higgs field, which had recently become separated from other fields. At this juncture, only a trillionth of a second post-Big Bang, particles, including the fundamental ones, began to acquire mass, significantly altering the cosmic landscape.

As the universe, still less than a light-year in diameter, started clumping together due to the quantum fluctuations, it laid the groundwork for the eventual formation of galaxies and star clusters. While it took an extensive period for these structures to materialize, this aggregation was a crucial event in cosmic evolution.

Approximately one second after the Big Bang, the rapid evolution of the cosmos began to moderate. Although the universe remained considerably smaller than the distance between our Sun and the nearest star, Alpha Centauri, the fundamental particles and forces that shaped its future were already taking familiar forms.

Nuclei formed a few minutes after the Big Bang, but it would be hundreds of thousands of years before they could hold electrons and create neutral atoms. Stars and galaxies took tens of millions of years more to emerge. Yet, the essential foundations for our universe were established within that brief second. Numerous seconds have elapsed since then, with cosmologists tirelessly investigating and piecing together the myriad events bridging that primeval moment to the present.

Ultimately, that single second of cosmic history was transformative. It propelled the universe from a point in the vast nothingness into the primordial soup from which everything else arose.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Could Meat Be the Key to Living to 100? Exploring Its Surprising Role in Longevity

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Centenarian Hu Zaizhong celebrates his 100th birthday in northern China, April 24, 2021. Surrounded by family, he shared six wishes that symbolize a life well-lived.

Celebrating 100 years with love and memories

Xinhua/Shutterstock

Longevity advocates, such as Brian Johnson, often push boundaries in their pursuit of immortality. For those of us looking to celebrate a century with less complexity, dietary changes are typically the first step. While plant-based diets are frequently recommended, recent studies in China indicate many centenarians include meat in their diets, potentially offering crucial benefits, especially for those with low body weight.

Meat is a source of essential amino acids that influence a signaling molecule named mTOR, linked to the aging process. Although numerous studies recommend reducing meat intake for longevity and disease prevention, it’s important to note that vegetarian diets have been associated with increased fractures and instances of malnutrition.

These challenges can be particularly pronounced for older adults with weaker bones, resulting in slower recovery post-surgery. According to Wang Kaiyue from Fudan University in Shanghai, understanding the link between diet and longevity is essential. Wang and colleagues analyzed data from a centralized health database focusing on individuals aged 65 and above.

Within their study, 5,203 participants aged 80 and older in 1998, who were free from cardiovascular conditions, diabetes, or cancer, were surveyed. Approximately 80% identified as meat eaters, while others followed a mainly plant-based diet but occasionally consumed animal products.

Interestingly, meat consumers demonstrated a higher probability of living to age 100 compared to those following vegetarian, pescatarian, or vegan diets. This finding held statistical significance when body weight factored into the analysis.

The likelihood of reaching 100 grew, especially among underweight meat eaters, with 30% reporting daily meat consumption, compared to 24% of underweight vegetarians in 1998. This trend was less pronounced among heavier individuals.

While heavy consumption of meat has been linked with obesity, research supports the role of animal proteins in building stronger muscles and enhancing bone health. According to Wang, such benefits are particularly significant for those lacking body mass.

Nonetheless, a diet rich in vegetables is crucial, with findings indicating participants who consumed vegetables daily tended to have extended lifespans.

“Older adults often face unique nutritional challenges,” says Wang. “Our research implies that dietary guidelines for older individuals should prioritize nutritional balance over strict avoidance of animal products, particularly for those with low body weight.”

This particular outcome may not hold true globally, as dietary habits differ significantly, but “the biological principles connecting nutrition and aging likely have universal relevance,” Wang adds.

According to James Webster from the University of Oxford, while this discovery is noteworthy, it should not drastically alter dietary practices. His team’s previous study highlighted a potential link between vegetarianism and the risk of femoral neck fractures, suggesting potential health issues with a strict vegetarian diet. However, Webster stresses that several studies illuminate the benefits of vegetarianism, especially concerning overall health.

Both vegetarian and meat-inclusive diets can be either healthy or detrimental, depending on nutritional content quality, Webster notes. “Identifying the nutrients essential for a balanced and healthful lifestyle is key,” he says, recommending a rich intake of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables while limiting salt, sugar, and saturated fats.

“Ultimately, more research is needed to determine the optimal diets for longevity, but a comprehensive view of dietary patterns is imperative,” concludes Webster.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Rethinking Quantum Computing: Are They Necessary for Key Applications?

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Can Quantum Computers Revolutionize Agriculture?

As quantum computing technology evolves, it becomes crucial to pinpoint challenges that can be tackled more efficiently than with classical computers. Interestingly, many significant tasks that quantum advocates are pursuing may not necessitate quantum computing at all.

The focal point of this discussion is a molecule called FeMoco, essential for life on Earth due to its role in nitrogen fixation. This process enables microorganisms to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, making it biologically available for other organisms. The mechanisms of FeMoco are intricate and not completely understood, but unraveling this could greatly diminish energy usage in fertilizer production and enhance crop yields.

Understanding FeMoco involves determining its lowest energy state, or “ground state” energy, which necessitates examining several electron behaviors. Electrons, being quantum particles, exhibit wave-like properties and occupy distinct regions known as orbits. This complexity has historically made it challenging for classical computers to calculate the various properties of FeMoco accurately.

While approximation methods have shown some success, their energy estimates have been constrained in accuracy. Conversely, rigorous mathematical analyses have demonstrated that quantum computers, utilizing a fundamentally different encoding of complexity, can resolve problems without relying on approximations, exemplifying what is known as ‘quantum advantage.’

Now, researchers such as Garnet Kin Rick Chan from the California Institute of Technology have unveiled a conventional calculation method capable of achieving comparable accuracy to quantum calculations. A pivotal metric in this discussion is “chemical precision,” which signifies the minimum accuracy required to yield reliable predictions in chemical processes. Based on their findings, Chan and colleagues assert that standard supercomputers can compute FeMoco’s ground state energy with the necessary precision.


FeMoco embodies various quantum states, each with distinct energy levels, forming a structure similar to a ladder with the ground state at the base. To streamline the process for classical algorithms to reach this lowest level, researchers concentrated on the states located on adjacent rungs and inferred their implications for what may exist one or two steps below. Insights into the symmetries of the electrons’ quantum states offered valuable context.

This simplification allowed researchers to use classical algorithms to establish an upper limit on FeMoco’s ground state energy and subsequently extrapolate it to a value with an uncertainty consistent with chemical accuracy. Essentially, the computed lowest energy state must be precise enough for future research applications.

Furthermore, researchers estimate that supercomputing methods could outperform quantum techniques, allowing classical calculations that would typically take eight hours to be completed in under a minute. This assumption relies on ideal supercomputer performance.

However, does this discovery mean you’ll instantly understand FeMoco and enhance agricultural practices? Not entirely. Numerous questions remain unanswered, such as which molecular components interact most effectively with nitrogen and what intermediate molecules are produced in the nitrogen fixation process.

“While this study does not extensively detail the FeMoco system’s capabilities, it further elevates the benchmark for quantum methodologies as a model to illustrate quantum benefits,” explains David Reichman from Columbia University in New York.

Dominic Berry, a professor at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia, highlights that although their team’s research demonstrates that classical computers can approach the FeMoco dilemma, it only does so through approximations, while quantum methods promise complete problem resolution.

“This raises questions about the rationale for utilizing quantum computers for such challenges; however, for more intricate systems, we anticipate that the computational time for classical approaches will escalate much faster than quantum algorithms,” he states.

Another hurdle is that quantum computing technology is still evolving. Existing quantum devices are currently too limited and error-prone for tackling problems like determining FeMoco’s ground state energy. Yet, a new generation of fault-tolerant quantum computers, capable of self-correction, is on the horizon. From a practical standpoint, Berry suggests that quantum computing may still represent the optimal approach to deciphering FeMoco and related molecules. “Quantum computing will eventually facilitate more general solutions to these systems and enable routine computations once fault-tolerant quantum devices become widely available.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Transform Your 2026 Fitness Goals: Why Going Mobile is Key

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Senior Chinese man exercising in outdoor gym, performing splits at Tiantan Park, Beijing, China, Asia

Enhancing Mobility: A Priority for 2026

Sally Anderson / Alamy

It’s that time of year again to set New Year’s resolutions. Last year, my mission was to complete a half marathon, a target I had attempted unsuccessfully multiple times before. I am thrilled to share that I achieved this in 2025, gaining valuable insights into the world of New Year’s fitness goals.

The most significant lesson I’ve learned is that establishing specific, measurable targets is incredibly effective. A year ago, I couldn’t claim to be a runner; in fact, running was something I dreaded. I could have easily set a vague goal like “start running” or “keep running,” but I realized that wouldn’t propel me forward.

Why is specificity key? Because enhancing fitness is challenging, especially at the outset. Each run in my early training felt equally daunting. Without a target like completing the race, it’s likely I would have settled for minimal effort.

That’s why the half marathon goal was essential for me. It kept my focus sharp during tough times and necessitated incorporating running into my regular workout schedule, regardless of my initial resistance. Today, I genuinely enjoy running and do it daily. This transformation has reinforced my belief in the efficacy of New Year’s fitness resolutions. While they may seem like annual goals, they can foster long-term habits. Notably, a 2020 study indicated that 55% of over 1,000 participants felt successful in maintaining their New Year resolutions a year later.

With that in mind, I am creatively approaching my 2026 fitness resolutions by focusing on a fundamental yet often neglected aspect of fitness: mobility. This refers to the body’s capability to move through its full range of motion—an essential element for preventing injuries. According to a 2019 analysis encompassing 20 studies, individuals exhibiting low mobility were approximately 50% more likely to sustain injuries compared to their more agile counterparts.

Further research appears to support this. One study conducted on more than 3,100 individuals found that enhanced flexibility considerably reduced mortality risk over 13 years. Similarly, a 2020 study demonstrated that consistent stretching decreases arterial stiffness, lowers heart rate, and contributes to better blood pressure.

In pursuit of this goal, I’ve made it my 2026 New Year’s resolution to master the splits. While this may appear comical, aiming for such a tangible and measurable achievement can significantly bolster your commitment to mobility practices.

Of course, mastering the splits isn’t suitable for everyone. The important takeaway is to select a goal that aligns with your fitness aspirations while being specific enough to recognize when you’ve achieved it. I encourage you to think innovatively. If your aim is to build strength, strive for unassisted pull-ups. Alternatively, for a longevity boost, focus on extending your capacity to balance on one leg. Ultimately, the key lies in setting clear goals with definite endpoints that provide a sense of accomplishment when attained.

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Grace Wade is a health reporter for New Scientist. Sign up for her newsletter, Get Healthier in 8 Weeks, at newscientist.com/healthier-you

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How the Bark Microbiome Influences Climate: An Overlooked Key Player

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Melaleuca wetland forests

Exploring Melaleuca Wetland Forests in New South Wales, Australia

Image Credit: Luke Jeffrey / Southern Cross University

The bark of a single tree can host trillions of bacteria, which may have a crucial yet underappreciated role in regulating greenhouse gases in our atmosphere.

Globally, the total surface area of tree bark is estimated to be around 143 million square kilometers, roughly equivalent to the Earth’s total land area. This extensive area represents a vast microbial environment known as the ashosphere, yet the microorganisms residing there have largely been overlooked by researchers. Learn more.

“It may seem obvious, but we’ve historically ignored tree bark,” states Bob Leung, a researcher from Monash University in Melbourne, Australia. “I had never considered that microbes existed in tree bark, but it makes perfect sense. Bacteria thrive everywhere, so it’s reasonable to expect them in the bark as well.”

Leung and his team initiated their research on a common wetland species known as paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia). Their findings revealed that over 6 trillion bacteria inhabit every square meter of tree bark, a density comparable to that found in soil.

Genetic testing of 114 bacterial species indicated that most belong to three primary bacterial families: Acidobacteriaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, and Acetobacteriaceae; intriguing as they remain entirely unclassified by science.


A fascinating characteristic of these microorganisms is their ability to metabolize hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane for energy. While hydrogen (H2) itself isn’t a greenhouse gas, it can enhance the warming effect of the atmosphere by reacting with other gases.

Researchers extended their study to include seven additional Australian tree species from diverse habitats, such as Casuarina, rubber trees, and banksias, and assessed their bark’s ability to absorb or emit greenhouse gases both in natural settings and laboratory experiments.

Under aerobic conditions, where oxygen is present, all bark types were found to consume hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane. However, when the trees were submerged in water—typical in wetland areas—the microbes adapted by producing these same gases.

Melaleuca quinquenervia trees in an Australian forest”
data-credit=”Luke Jeffrey / Southern Cross University”/>

The Canopy of Melaleuca quinquenervia

Image Credit: Luke Jeffrey / Southern Cross University

According to researchers, the collective amount of hydrogen absorbed by bark microorganisms worldwide is estimated to be between 600 million and 1.6 billion kilograms annually, which represents about 2% of the total hydrogen removed from the atmosphere.

This groundbreaking study marks the first effort to evaluate the role of tree bark in atmospheric hydrogen cycling, notes Luke Jeffrey at Southern Cross University in Lismore, Australia.

“Recognizing the hidden contributions of trees, beyond their role in carbon dioxide absorption, is crucial,” emphasizes Jeffrey. “Trees actively engage with other greenhouse gases, which is significant as H2 interacts with atmospheric methane and could help mitigate the increasing methane dilemma.”

However, the global landscape remains uncertain since the team evaluated only eight tree species from eastern Australia. “Significant research is needed across diverse forest types, tree varieties, microbial communities, and environmental conditions,” says Jeffrey.

Brett Somerelle of the Sydney Botanic Gardens asserts that this research underscores the gaps in our understanding of microbial diversity, composition, and functionality within tree bark ecosystems. “It will be fascinating to observe how these factors change across a broader spectrum of tree species, particularly in arid environments like savannahs and woodlands,” notes Summerell.

Understanding the relationships between fungi and bacteria in tree bark is equally critical, he adds.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

AI Chatbot Fails to Address Urgent Women’s Health Concerns: Key Issues Highlighted

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Sure! Here’s an SEO-optimized rewrite of your content while keeping the HTML tags intact:

AI Health Information

AI Tools for Women’s Health: Incomplete Answers

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Current AI models frequently struggle to provide accurate diagnoses or advice for pressing women’s health inquiries.

Thirteen AI language models from OpenAI, Google, Anthropic, Mistral AI, and xAI were assessed with 345 medical questions spanning five fields, including emergency medicine, gynecology, and neurology. These questions were curated by 17 experts in women’s health, pharmacists, and clinicians from the US and Europe.

Expert reviewers analyzed the AI responses, cross-referencing failures against a medical expertise benchmark which includes 96 queries.

On average, 60% of the queries yielded inadequate responses based on expert evaluations. Notably, GPT-5 was the strongest performer, with a 47% failure rate, while Mistral 8B exhibited a significant 73% failure rate.

“I see more women using AI for health queries and decision support,” says Victoria-Elizabeth Gruber, a representative from Lumos AI, a firm focused on enhancing AI model assessments. She and her colleagues recognized the potential dangers of relying on technology that perpetuates existing gender imbalances in medical knowledge. “This inspired us to establish the first benchmark in this domain,” she explains.

Gruber expressed surprise over the high failure rates, stating, “We anticipated some disparities, but the variability among models was striking.”

This outcome is not unexpected, according to Kara Tannenbaum at the University of Montreal, Canada, as AI models are trained on historical data that may inherently contain biases. “It’s crucial for online health information sources and professional associations to enhance their web content with more detailed, evidence-based insights related to sex and gender to better inform AI,” she emphasizes.

Jonathan H. Chen from Stanford University notes that the claimed 60% failure rate may be misleading. “This figure is based on a limited expert-defined sample, which does not accurately represent regular inquiries from patients and doctors,” he asserts. “Some test scenarios are overly cautious and can lead to higher failure rates.” For instance, if a postpartum woman reports a headache, the model might fail if pre-eclampsia isn’t immediately suspected.

Gruber acknowledges such critiques, clarifying, “Our intent was not to label the model as broadly unsafe but to establish clear, clinically relevant evaluation criteria. We purposefully set strict benchmarks as minor omissions in the medical field can be significant in some cases.”

An OpenAI representative stated: “ChatGPT aims to support, not replace, healthcare services. We closely collaborate with clinicians globally to refine our models and continuously evaluate them to minimize harmful or misleading output. Our latest GPT-5.2 models are designed to consider critical user contexts, including gender. We take the accuracy of our outputs seriously, and while ChatGPT can offer valuable insights, we advise consulting qualified healthcare providers for treatment and care decisions.” Other companies involved in the study did not respond to requests for comments from New Scientist.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

2025 Breakthrough: Mathematicians Set to Unify Key Physical Laws

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Understanding Complex Fluid Dynamics

Vladimir Veljanovski / Alamy

In 1900, mathematician David Hilbert presented a list of mathematical problems that captured both the current state and future trajectory of mathematics. Now, 125 years later, Dr. Zahel Hani and his colleagues at the University of Michigan have successfully solved one of Hilbert’s enduring puzzles, significantly unifying various physical laws in the process.

Hilbert advocated for deriving all physical laws from mathematical axioms—assertions regarded as fundamental truths by mathematicians. His sixth problem sought to derive laws governing fluid behavior from such axioms.

Until 2025, physicists characterized fluids through three distinct paradigms based on scale: the microscopic scale of individual particles, the mesoscopic world of particle clusters, and the macroscopic scope of full-fledged fluids, such as water flowing in pipes. Despite advances in linking these scales, a seamless unification remained elusive until Hani and his team devised a solution.

The researchers’ breakthrough hinged on adapting diagram-based techniques pioneered by physicist Richard Feynman for the seemingly unrelated field of quantum field theory. This endeavor culminated in a published paper reflecting a five-year research initiative.

“We received validation of our results from numerous experts in the field,” Hani asserts. The study, currently available as a preprint, will soon appear in a highly regarded mathematics journal.

The findings represent not only a monumental achievement in mathematics but also offer the potential to enhance our understanding of complex fluid dynamics in natural systems, such as the Earth’s atmosphere and oceans. Hani notes they are also exploring a quantum variant of this issue, where microscale mathematics can reveal even more complex and intriguing particle behaviors.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Maximize Your New Year’s Resolutions: Key Metrics to Track for Success

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Explore the latest in science, technology, health, and environmental news through our extensive articles and magazine.

plainpicture/Nordic life/Terje Racke

As we approach the end of 2025, it’s a time for reflection and planning for the new year. Many individuals consider New Year’s resolutions aimed at improving health, diet, and immunity. But how can you tell if these new habits are effective?

It’s crucial to understand that “boosting” your immune system can be misleading; more robust defenses might actually be harmful. Current research indicates that your ability to combat infections can be assessed through specific immune cell measurements. Monitor your “immunity grade” to determine if your body can fend off illness effectively.

However, tests are ineffective without comprehension of what they signify. A diverse gut microbiome is increasingly recognized as essential for health, leading to various DIY fecal tests available today. Unfortunately, there is still no consensus on the beneficial microorganisms that yield high scores. With insights from the Zoe health app, scoring your microbiome health will soon be more accessible, utilizing a scale from 0 to 1000.

That said, it’s vital to approach statistics critically. For instance, body mass index (BMI) is a commonly used health metric, yet it has significant limitations. While BMI is a straightforward calculation of weight relative to height, it fails to differentiate between unhealthy fat gain and healthy increases in muscle or bone mass. Researchers recently proposed a revised definition of obesity, highlighting the need for better indicators of health.

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Boosting your immune system is a misnomer, as excessive immune defense can be harmful.
“

This emphasizes two important points: Firstly, if you aim to improve your life, ensure you have the appropriate metrics to measure your progress. There’s little value in resolving to wake up early and exercise if your success is gauged solely by your alarm time. Secondly, scientific understanding is continuously evolving, so it’s essential to stay informed with the latest credible evidence. Rest assured, if you’re reading this, you’re already taking a promising step towards better health.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Is This New Book the Key to Unlocking Neuroscience’s Toughest Challenges?

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Exploring Complex Neurological Effects of Drinking Water

Book Review: Neural Mind: How the Brain Thinks

This is a comprehensive two-part review of an intriguing book. The first part delves into the concepts presented in Neural Mind: How the Brain Thinks, while the second part shares my impressions post-reading.

Understanding Neuroscience’s Fundamental Questions

This book confronts a major inquiry in neuroscience: how do neurons facilitate the vast range of human thoughts—from executing motor actions to articulating sentences and contemplating philosophy?

Distinct Perspectives from the Authors

The authors, George Lakoff and Srini Narayanan, offer unique viewpoints. Lakoff, a retired linguist and cognitive scientist from the University of California, Berkeley, has extensively studied metaphor’s role in human cognition. Narayanan, a senior research director at Google DeepMind in Zurich, focuses on how AI learns languages.

Central Thesis: Interconnectedness of Brain Functions

The central premise of Neural Mind is that the brain employs similar processes for motor functions, language acquisition, and abstract thinking. Lakoff and Narayanan suggest that evolution repurposed existing neural circuits for various types of thinking, revealing profound similarities beneath apparent differences.

Learning Concepts Without Language

This notion becomes clearer when examining how infants and non-verbal animals comprehend basic concepts. Despite individual experiences varying, they universally grasp ideas like up and down, motion and rest, force and resistance—essential for brain representation.

Metaphors Shape Our Understanding

In works like Metaphors We Live By, co-authored with Mark Johnson, Lakoff posits that these foundational concepts underpin the metaphors we use. For instance, emotions are often expressed in physical terms, equating happiness with “up” and sadness with “down.” This metaphorical framework explains why we describe communication as a “conveying” process.

Physical Metaphors and Abstract Thinking

A simplistic interpretation suggests that physical metaphors assist in comprehending complex ideas. However, Lakoff and Narayanan argue that these metaphors are the essence of our thought processes. Given the brain’s evolutionary timeline, early neural circuits initially designed for motor control have adapted for advanced language and thought processing.

The Complexity of Simple Actions

Consider the action of drinking a glass of water—a simple task involving multiple stages. From reaching for the glass to sipping water, each phase requires intricate neural coordination. This complexity is mirrored in our language structure, where simple actions and tenses are systematically categorized.

Metaphors and Creative Thinking

Physical metaphors also influence abstract thoughts. For instance, relationships can be described as “separated,” while state failure might be “collapsing.” While clinging to a single metaphor can constrict thinking, embracing new metaphors fosters creativity and innovation.

Future Research and Challenges

Testing these theories is challenging. Lakoff and Narayanan propose models of the brain’s circuit architecture, yet we lack a complete neuron-level map of the human brain. It may take years before their hypotheses can be rigorously validated.

Final Thoughts on Neural Mind

Despite its complexities, Lakoff and Narayanan present compelling arguments worth considering. However, the readability of Neural Mind is debatable, with its repetitive structure and disjointed thoughts making it a demanding read. Important ideas sometimes feel rushed, and the prolonged sentences can be overwhelming. Ultimately, while the book is insightful, it may be better to explore summaries rather than tackle the original text directly.

— Michael Marshall, Writer based in Devon, England

Source: www.newscientist.com