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Research Suggests This Diet May Lower Cognitive Decline Risk by 40%

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A Key Review involving over 62,500 adults indicates that adhering to a specific diet may lower the risk of cognitive decline in older age by 40%.

Researchers from Shandong University in China examined 15 studies involving individuals aged over 60 and discovered that those who followed a Mediterranean or mind-focused diet were notably less likely to experience memory and cognitive issues compared to those without a healthy diet.

The Mediterranean diet and the Mind diet share many similarities, both emphasizing vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and moderate amounts of fish, chicken, and dairy products. Conversely, they limit processed foods, lean meats, and sugar.

However, while the Mediterranean diet draws inspiration from specific regions, the Mind diet is designed explicitly to safeguard the brain against age-related decline.

The Mediterranean diet highlights certain culturally significant ingredients, such as olive oil, while the Mind diet focuses on nutrient-rich foods like berries and leafy greens.

Researchers have long speculated about the impact of diet on brain aging, although evidence has been mixed. To clarify this issue, the Shandong University team aggregated data from 15 studies to gain a better understanding of the correlation between diet and aging in the brain, as well as extended risks of related diseases like dementia.

The studies included presented varied results. However, their combined findings indicated that elderly individuals who maintained healthy eating habits were significantly less likely (by 40%) to experience cognitive decline compared to those following unhealthy diets.

Consequently, researchers concluded that older adults should be encouraged to incorporate vegetables, fruits, fish, and legumes into their meals.

The Mediterranean diet emphasizes plant-based foods like vegetables, fruits, grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, and healthy fats, while limiting processed foods and sugars.

Experts not involved in the study cautioned in BBC Science Focus that the interplay between diet and cognitive health is complex and the findings should be interpreted cautiously.

Professor Keith Frain, Professor Emeritus of Human Metabolism at Oxford University, remarked, “This study convincingly demonstrates that healthier diets correlate with enhanced cognitive function in older adults.”

However, Frain cautioned that the study does not imply that a better diet causes improved brain health. He explained that the studies involved in this analysis were observational, which means other factors like wealth, privilege, or non-dietary healthy habits could contribute to the observed link.

“While striving for a healthy diet as we age for various reasons is important, it is misleading to suggest that diet alone can alter our cognitive function,” Frain added.

Meanwhile, Dr. Oliver Shannon, a Lecturer in Nutrition and Aging at Newcastle University, noted in BBC Science Focus that the findings of this study, consistent with previous research and recent clinical trials, suggest that consuming healthier diets in later life could positively influence the brain. Thus, there might be a causal relationship present.

“Making small dietary adjustments towards healthier options, such as increasing the intake of vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and fish, can help older individuals maintain their memory and cognitive skills as they age,” he stated.

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About Our Experts

Professor Keith Frain is a professor of human metabolism at Oxford University in the UK and an honorary fellow at Green Templeton College in Oxford. His research focuses on metabolism and nutrition, and he has authored numerous books, including the textbook Human Metabolism: A Regulatory Perspective.

Dr. Oliver Shannon is a lecturer in nutrition and aging at the Center for Human Nutrition Research at Newcastle University, UK. His research primarily investigates the impacts of nutrition, including dietary patterns like the Mediterranean diet, on cognitive and cardiovascular aging. Shannon has published over 80 peer-reviewed articles in leading nutrition journals.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

How can you effectively boost your cognitive reserve?

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How can I maintain my brain health for an extended period?

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As we age, some cognitive lapses may appear unavoidable. However, in recent years, it’s become evident that age does not uniformly affect everyone’s brain. Even individuals with plaque buildup associated with Alzheimer’s disease can display sharp cognitive abilities, while others may experience considerable decline from relatively minor damage.

What distinguishes these individuals? The primary element is cognitive reserves, which provide a protective shield against brain aging and allow adaptation to various damages. This cognitive buffer is profoundly influenced by lifestyle choices, behaviors, and, perhaps, cognitive patterns.

With an improved understanding of cognitive reserves, scientists are increasingly exploring methods to enhance them. There are indeed ways to fortify our neural defenses, particularly during specific life stages.

The concept of cognitive reserve was first introduced by Yakov Stern at Columbia University in New York, indicating that higher levels of education and challenging professions are associated with a lower likelihood of developing dementia. Over the years, the ways we cultivate our brains can explain varying degrees of degeneration and differing outcomes influenced by numerous lifestyle factors.

This phenomenon is generally referred to as “cognitive reserve,” which can be categorized into three types. “Brain reserve” refers simply to the physical size of the brain; a larger brain may be more resilient to cognitive decline. “Cognitive reserve” denotes the dynamic capability of our brains to adapt in the face of degeneration—akin to taking alternate routes when the primary road is obstructed. Lastly, “brain maintenance” describes the brain’s proactive measures to safeguard itself against diseases.

The encouraging news is that, aside from education, many lifestyle factors influencing these essential defenses against cognitive decline have been identified. “We now appreciate cognitive reserves as dynamic attributes that evolve throughout our lives,” states Alvaro Pascual-Leone from Harvard Medical School.

One significant factor is bilingualism. Research by Ellen Bialystok at York University, who first identified the correlation between speaking a second language and enhanced cognitive reserve, indicates that bilingual individuals can delay the onset of dementia by up to four years. The mental agility required for switching languages seems to grant greater neural flexibility, allowing bilingual individuals to maintain cognitive function despite increased brain atrophy. Additionally, a recent study found that bilingualism supports the maintenance of the hippocampus, a brain region integral to memory processing.

Musical training is another impactful activity. Research released in July shows that elderly individuals who received music training displayed superior ability to discern speech in noisy environments compared to non-musicians. Brain imaging revealed that, unlike non-musicians, they did not need to engage additional neural networks to perform the task.

If you play informally, research indicates there may be a threshold effect. While occasional play does offer modest cognitive benefits, significant improvements arise from practicing for at least an hour nearly every day.

Physical exercise is often cited as beneficial, although the evidence is mixed. One study analyzing 454 post-mortem brains revealed that the most physically active individuals retained better cognitive function despite comparable levels of Alzheimer’s-related brain damage. This was true even when controlling for cognitive decline impairing motor abilities. Exercise enhances cerebral blood flow and increases protective brain chemicals, yet further investigation is necessary.

Is it ever too late to enhance cognitive reserves?

For years, experts believed that cognitive reserve was largely established during childhood—and there is some truth to this theory. “Without early stimulation, certain neural pathways may not develop fully. If not utilized later, these pathways can diminish over time,” explains Rhonda R. Voskuhl at UCLA.

However, recent findings demonstrate that cognitive reserves continue to develop throughout our lives. Middle age might present a particularly critical period for enhancement. Research indicates that those who remain mentally and physically active in their 40s and 50s—through reading, socializing, playing card games, learning new instruments, etc.—exhibit improved recognition abilities later in life. Importantly, these advantages are independent of childhood education or later activities. Thus, midlife offers unique opportunities for bolstering cognitive reserves.

And there’s no reason to stop—taking piano lessons later in life can protect against neurodegeneration. Even if you’re beginning to experience the decline you’re aiming to evade, opportunities to build reserves still exist, according to Pascual-Leone. “Individuals experiencing mild early cognitive decline due to Alzheimer’s can still strengthen their cognitive reserve, helping to mitigate or suspend the risk of dementia,” he states. “It is never too late.”

Finally, while it’s easy to focus on physical activities that enhance cognitive reserves, emerging research suggests that psychological traits may also play a significant role.

For instance, having a sense of purpose correlates with a greater quality of life, where individuals with a more substantial sense of purpose experience superior cognitive functioning despite similar levels of Alzheimer’s damage.

Similarly, maintaining a consistent mindset—the belief that life is comprehensible and manageable—can further enhance resilience against brain damage. Although the mechanism remains unidentified, several studies suggest that people exhibiting high coherence show reduced brain activation when completing identical tasks, hinting at enhanced neural efficiency as opposed to those with lower coherence.

The takeaway is that while you cannot alter the brain you were born with or the education you received early in life, it’s never too late to influence how it ages. It may not always be straightforward. “What challenges the brain is beneficial to the brain,” says Bialystok. However, engaging in social activities, staying physically active, learning a new language, playing an instrument, and finding purpose in life appear to be incredibly impactful.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Immobilized Lifestyle Changes Are the Most Common Approach to Combat Cognitive Decline

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Regular exercise aids in maintaining cognitive sharpness

Yoshikazu Tsuno/AFP via Getty Images

Engaging in structured exercise programs, dietary changes, cognitive activities, and social interactions has proven more efficient in combating cognitive decline than casual, self-initiated efforts.

The brain’s capabilities for memory, language use, and problem-solving typically diminish with age, often resulting in dementia. Nevertheless, studies indicate that up to 45% of global dementia cases are preventable by addressing 14 risk factors, which include inadequate education, social isolation, and brain injuries.

To explore strategies for preventing cognitive decline, Laura Baker from Wake Forest University School of Medicine in North Carolina and her team studied the American Pointer Study.

They involved over 2,100 individuals deemed at high risk for cognitive decline aged between 60 and 79, who led sedentary lifestyles, had suboptimal diets, and met at least two criteria related to dementia, such as a family history of memory issues.

Participants were randomly placed into one of two groups. Both were designed to promote physical and cognitive activity, healthy eating habits, and social interaction, although their methods varied.

One group followed a highly structured format, with 38 small group sessions across two years, led by trained facilitators who devised plans. This regimen also incorporated regular exercise at a community center along with weekly online brain training exercises.

The other group was less structured, participating in only six group meetings over the same two-year period. They were provided with public education materials and $75 gift cards aimed at encouraging behavioral changes, like attending gym classes.

After two years, both groups demonstrated enhancements in cognitive assessments measuring memory, executive function, and processing speed. The structured group saw an improvement of 0.24 standard deviations per year compared to their initial scores, while the self-guided group improved by 0.21 standard deviations per year.

“It’s remarkable that the structured care group has shown improvement,” remarks Gil Livingston from University College London. However, she points out the absence of a control group that received no intervention, making comparisons challenging between structured and self-directed participants.

Baker estimates significant declines in cognitive scores would have occurred without either regimen, claiming the benefits are significant. “A two-year structured intervention can effectively delay cognitive aging by nearly one to two years,” she states.

Baker mentions that improvement in both groups aligns with a placebo effect, suggesting that participants might have expected positive outcomes regardless of their group assignments.

Claudia Sumoto from the University of São Paulo in Brazil suggests the minor differences in cognitive scores between groups are likely imperceptible to participants and their families, given that dementia progresses gradually; clear effects may take more than two years to manifest.

Baker notes the team will continue monitoring participants for a total of six years, as the US Pointer Study has a four-year extension. “We’re observing subtle changes because they are cognitively normal individuals, and we are effectively slowing the rate of decline over time. We’re genuinely excited about empowering individuals at risk of dementia to take control of their health,” she remarks.

She believes that a structured approach is practical beyond the study context, emphasizing the need for caregivers and health professionals to motivate individuals rather than assuming high public expenditure is necessary to instill healthy habits.

“Overall, dementia care can be highly costly, and mitigating the burden can save expenses,” Livingston adds. “This study is crucial because lifestyle enhancements have shown benefits, and while guided support aids improvement, it’s not the only approach.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

The budgie’s brain contains a cognitive map of human-like vocal sounds

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Budgerigars has exceptional voices

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The Budgerigars are some of the most fashionable birds, and it is reflected in their brains. The Budgie Brains contain maps of voice sounds similar to those found in the human brain, not seen in other birds.

“We've seen that parts of the brain have a representation of voice sounds similar to the important speech areas of the human brain,” he says. Michael Long in Grossmann School of Medicine, New York University.

Budgerigars (Melopstitacus undulatus), also known as a paraquiet, is a small parrot native to Australia. They are epic vocal learners and can mimic a variety of sounds, including human speech. The boudgie, known as the pack, had a vocabulary of about 1,728 words. According to the Guinness World Records. “The ability to mimic phonetically is very rare in the animal kingdom,” Long says.

and Zetian Yang, Additionally, NYU medical schools used silicon probes for a long time to record electrical activity in the Budgies' brains. They focused on a part of the forebrain, the central nucleus of the forebrain horn, which was known to be involved in motor control of vocalization. When Budgies made the call, Long and Yang tracked how their electrical activity had changed.

“Our research was the first to measure parrot brain activity during vocalization,” Long says.

The pair discovered neurons in the central nucleus of the anterior horn thyroid. “There are cells that are active because of consonants,” Long says. Others make vowels, but some are active for high-pitched sounds, others for low pitch.

This brain structure is compared to a keyboard. “There's this kind of key, or in this case, a set of brain cells, and you can represent each of these vocal outcomes and play whatever it wants,” he says. “What the parrot presented is this beautiful and elegant solution to creating vocal sounds.” The human brain has a similar vocal map.

Long and Yang repeated the experiment with a zebra finch (taeniopygia guttata), not vocal mimic. “They have one song they learn,” Long says. “It's about two seconds, sometimes less.” It takes several months to perfect.

Unlike the Budgerigars, the Zebra Finch showed no signs of a “map” of the sound of the brain's voice. Instead, “A Zebra Finch develops chords that are almost almost inexplicable for this song,” says Long. He says that Budgie's brain uses a simple, intuitive system to generate complex calls, while Zebra Finch Brain uses a complex system to make something simple.

“It shows that neural activity and associated vocal behavior are closer to parrots and humans than songbirds and parrots.” Erich Jarvis At Rockefeller University in New York.

“Almost everything we know about the detailed mechanistic basis of learned vocalization comes from several species of songbirds singing relatively simple songs.” Jesse Goldberg At Cornell University in New York. “The parrot therefore offers an incredible opportunity to study both the mechanisms and evolution of complex vocal learning and production.”

I say there are several reasons why I evolved imitation. Zhilei Zhao At Cornell University. One is courtship. “Women actually prefer men with the ability to copy,” he says, and if a man loses his ability, “they are more likely to fool him.” Also, the Budgies have a very dynamic social life. “Form small groups for several days.” Once the group is established, members begin to create unique “contact calls.” “People think it might be something like a password for this group,” says Zhao.

Other skilled mimics may have similar vocal maps in their brains. “My very strong speculation is that other parrots have the same functionality, but they are simply not explored.” He also doubts something similar, the Lyrebirds, a phenomenal mimic that can even mimic artificial sounds like camera shutters.

In the long run, I hope that studying how boudgies produce sounds for a long time will help people understand language disorders. People with strokes often experience aphasia. I can't call the correct words in my head. “You reach for those words and it’s not there,” Long says. “Now we have the opportunity to fight to understand what we think is at the root of many communication disorders that affect people in devastating ways.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Boost Your Cognitive Performance with a Walnut-Rich Breakfast

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Mixing 50 grams of walnuts with muesli and yogurt increased faster reaction times throughout the day, and later in the day, according to a team of scientists at USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, a reading university at Tufts University's Aging, which improved memory performance later that day compared to eating a breakfast that suited comparable calories.

Eating walnuts for breakfast can improve brain function in healthy young adults. Image credit: Tim Ulama.

“Diet is one of the most important lifestyle factors that strongly affect cognitive function,” says Professor Claire Williams of the University of Reading and a colleague.

“Therefore, a balanced diet rich in nutrients can improve cognitive function throughout your life.”

“One of the class of foods linked to beneficial cognitive health is the nut family, and several epidemiological studies highlight the positive relationship between regular nut consumption and cognitive function.”

“For example, epidemiological studies, such as the Doetinchem Cohort study, found that levels of nut consumption were positively predicted for memory, processing speed, cognitive flexibility, and global cognitive function in middle-aged adults.

“Preclinical studies have also demonstrated the cognitive benefits of walnut supplementation.”

“Rodent studies have shown that walnuts promote improved working memory performance on Morris' water maze tasks and improve learning and memory performance in elevated and radial arm mazes.”

“The cognitive benefits of walnuts can be due to certain nutrients, as they are known to be high in omega-3 fatty acids, protein/peptides, and flavonoids and polyphenol classes,” they added.

“The main purpose of our study was to determine the cognitive and mood effects of acute consumption of walnut-rich breakfasts in healthy young adults throughout the day, and secondly, to investigate the potential neurological and physiological mechanisms that explain the benefits of cognitive.”

In this study, 32 healthy young adults ages 18-30 consumed both walnut-rich and matched breakfasts on separate occasions.

Participants completed various cognitive tests while monitoring brain activity 6 hours after eating each breakfast.

“Breakfast and some walnuts can give young adults a mental advantage when they need to play at the top of the game,” Professor Williams said.

“It's particularly exciting that this simple diet can make a measurable difference in cognitive performance.”

Brain activity records revealed changes in neural activity suggesting that walnuts may help the brain work more efficiently during challenging mental tasks, and blood samples revealed positive changes in glucose and fatty acid levels.

“Our findings provide evidence of the benefits of reaction time throughout the day after a walnut-rich breakfast, but memory findings were mixed with benefits observed only later in the day,” the researchers said.

“However, more research is needed on how walnut-containing diets modulate cognitive improvement in humans both postpartum and long-term.”

result Published in the journal Food and Function.

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L. Bell et al. The effect of walnut-rich breakfast on daily cognitive performance and brain activity in healthy young adults: a crossover intervention trial. Food functionsPublished online on February 3, 2025. doi:10.1039/d4fo04832f

Source: www.sci.news

Study finds that atmospheric lead pollution in Roman Europe led to widespread cognitive decline

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Researchers examined records from three ice cores to determine levels of lead pollution in the Arctic from 500 BC to 600 AD. The presence of lead isotopes allowed the authors to identify mining and smelting operations across Europe as possible sources of contamination during this period. Advanced computer modeling of atmospheric movement was then used to map atmospheric lead pollution levels across Europe. Combined with studies linking lead exposure to cognitive decline, scientists also saw a 2.5 to 3 point drop in intelligence quotient across the Roman Empire.

A 4th century AD bronze and silver coin found in Lod, central Israel. Image credit: Israel Antiquities Authority.

“This is the first study to take pollution records from ice cores and calculate them backwards to get pollution concentrations in the air and assess the impact on humans,” said Desert Research Institute researcher Dr. Joe McConnell. said.

“The idea that we could do this 2,000 years ago is very novel and exciting.”

Dr Andrew Wilson, a historian at the University of Oxford, said: 'Our research uncovers precise links between records of lead pollution and historical events such as population declines associated with periodic epidemics and pandemics. , which changed our understanding of the Roman period.”

Ancient lead pollution was primarily caused by silver mining, where the lead-rich mineral galena was melted down to extract the silver.

This process produced thousands of ounces of lead for every ounce of silver, much of which was released into the atmosphere.

In adults, high levels of lead exposure have been linked to infertility, anemia, memory loss, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and decreased immune responses, among others.

In children, even low levels of exposure are associated with lower IQ, poorer concentration, and poorer academic performance.

Meanwhile, the US CDC I will consider There is no risk-free lead exposure level, as a blood lead level of 3.5 μg/dl is the point for medical intervention in children.

Dr Nathan Chellman, a researcher at the Desert Research Institute I decided to focus on that.”

“A two to three point drop in IQ doesn't seem like a big deal, but when you apply this to basically the entire European population, it becomes quite significant.”

The researchers found that atmospheric lead pollution began in the Iron Age and peaked during the height of the Roman Republic in the late 2nd century BC.

It then declined sharply in the 1st century BC during the crisis of the Roman Republic, but increased around 15 BC with the rise of the Roman Empire.

Lead contamination remained at high levels from 165 AD until the Antonine Plague of the 180s, which seriously affected the Roman Empire.

It was not until the High Middle Ages, at the beginning of the second millennium AD, that lead pollution in the Arctic exceeded the persistently high levels of the Roman Empire.

Research shows that during the height of the Roman Empire, which spanned nearly 200 years, more than 500,000 tons of lead were released into the atmosphere.

“Ice core records show that lead pollution in the Arctic was up to 40 times higher at its historic peak in the early 1970s, but the insights gained from this study show that lead pollution in the Arctic was up to 40 times higher at its historic peak in the early 1970s, but It shows how it has impacted health,” Dr. McConnell said.

of study Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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Joseph R. McConnell others. 2025. Roman mining and smelting led to atmospheric lead pollution across Europe, increased blood lead levels, and decreased cognitive function. PNAS 122 (3): e2419630121;doi: 10.1073/pnas.2419630121

Source: www.sci.news

Drinking coffee may enhance cognitive function in individuals with atrial fibrillation

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Atrial fibrillation is an independent risk factor for the development of cognitive impairment. Regular coffee consumption shows cognitive benefits in healthy people. Whether regular intake reduces cognitive decline in vulnerable patients is controversial. In a new study, scientists from Zurich University Hospital and elsewhere investigated the link with atrial fibrillation in older people.

Coffee consumption in patients with atrial fibrillation may be associated with improved cognitive performance and decreased inflammatory markers. Image credit: Sci.News.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia, affecting 5% of the population over the age of 65 and increasing exponentially thereafter.

AF increases thromboembolic stroke risk fivefold. Moreover, it represents an independent risk factor for developing mild cognitive impairment and dementia, with odds ratios ranging from 2.3 to 5.8, respectively.

AF is associated with increased incidence of vascular cognitive impairment, increased size and number of strokes, as well as increased risk of Alzheimer's disease.

The 2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation states that abstaining from caffeine to prevent heart rhythm disturbances is not beneficial for AF patients.

The guidelines also suggest that for patients who report that caffeine causes or worsens symptoms of atrial fibrillation, including rapid heart rate, dizziness, and fatigue, cutting back on coffee may reduce symptoms. It is also pointed out that there is.

Dr. Massimo Barbagallo, a researcher at Zurich University Hospital, said: “Regular consumption of coffee is known to improve cognitive performance in healthy people.”

“Atrial fibrillation, the most frequently occurring arrhythmia, is known to increase the risk of dementia on its own.”

“The question, therefore, is whether coffee can offset the increased risk of cognitive impairment in patients with atrial fibrillation.”

The Swiss Atrial Fibrillation Cohort Study (Swiss-AF) is following over 2,400 people in Switzerland diagnosed with AF.

Patients were enrolled between 2014 and 2017, completed several cognitive tests, and asked how many cups of caffeinated coffee they had consumed in the past 12 months, regardless of added sweeteners, cream, or flavors. reported. Cup sizes were not standardized.

In a new study, Dr. Barbagallo and his colleagues analyzed these cognitive assessments to see whether drinking coffee can avoid cognitive decline, a known risk of atrial fibrillation.

Because Alzheimer's disease and atrial fibrillation are associated with systemic inflammation, the researchers also analyzed inflammatory markers.

Overall, higher scores on cognitive tests were associated with higher coffee intake. Specifically, scores for processing speed, visuomotor coordination, and attention were significantly improved by 11% in coffee consumers compared to non-consumers.

People who drank the most coffee were calculated to have a cognitive age 6.7 years younger than those who drank the least.

Participants who drank five drinks a day had more than 20% lower inflammatory markers than those who drank less than one drink a day.

“There was a very clear and consistent 'dose-response' association between drinking more coffee and performance on several advanced cognitive tests,” said Professor Jürg Biel of the University of Zurich. ” he said.

“Inflammatory markers decreased with increasing coffee intake. This association remained even after accounting for variables such as age, gender, BMI, smoking status, physical activity, and stroke history.”

“Previous studies have shown that the protective effect of regular coffee consumption against cognitive decline in older adults may be due to caffeine and other active ingredients such as magnesium and vitamin B3 (niacin). It has been suggested that this may be due to coffee's role in reducing chemicals that cause inflammation.

of findings Published in American Heart Association Journal.

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massimo barbagallo others. Coffee intake correlates with improved cognitive performance in patients with a high incidence of stroke. American Heart Association Journalpublished online on December 14, 2024. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.124.034365

Source: www.sci.news

The Cognitive Benefits of Owning Cats and Dogs: How Your Pets Can Prevent Cognitive Decline

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As we age, our cognitive abilities, such as memory, language, and attention, tend to decline, and scientists have yet to find a way to prevent this decline.

However, there are steps you can take to slow down this decline, and recent scientific studies suggest that owning a pet could be one of them.

For instance, in a 2022 study conducted by US researchers, they examined the cognitive abilities of 1,369 older individuals covered by Medicare health insurance over a six-year period.

About half of the participants owned pets, and the researchers observed that those who owned pets experienced a slower decline in cognitive abilities compared to non-pet owners.

Furthermore, within the pet-owning group, those who had pets for a longer period performed better on the cognitive tests.

The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) has been tracking the aging process in people over 50 for over 25 years, helping scientists explore the positive effects pets have on the brain.

According to survey results released last year, owning a pet has been linked to slowing down cognitive decline, particularly in individuals who live alone.

Living alone can contribute to a faster decline in cognitive function and a higher risk of dementia, but having a pet appears to help mitigate these risks.

While there is still much to learn about brain health and aging, owning a pet could be a practical approach to maintaining mental sharpness as we grow older.

This article addresses the question posed by George Grainger from Truro: “Can owning a pet really slow down cognitive decline?”

If you have any inquiries, please contact us at the email provided below. For additional information, you can reach out to us via Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (please include your name and location).

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Small Adjustments to Your Daily Routine to Avoid Cognitive Decline

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Cognitive decline is characterized by a decrease in memory, concentration, and thinking abilities. It is common for individuals to experience increased forgetfulness as they age, such as forgetting names or items they intended to purchase.

However, a more frequent occurrence of these symptoms could indicate cognitive impairment, where cognitive function declines faster than expected due to aging. This can be concerning for both the individual experiencing the symptoms and their loved ones.

Common signs of cognitive impairment include:

  • Forgetting important dates and events
  • Losing track of thoughts
  • Feeling overwhelmed by decision-making and planning
  • Difficulty navigating familiar places
  • Becoming impulsive

While cognitive abilities naturally decline with age, the extent and speed of decline vary among individuals and are influenced by genetics and family history. Therefore, two people with similar age-related brain changes may perform differently on cognitive tasks, and individuals with Alzheimer’s disease may exhibit similar cognitive abilities but different brain changes.

What can you do now to prevent cognitive decline?

Building cognitive reserve through experiences like education, occupation, and stimulating activities can help individuals cope with age-related changes. Lifestyle factors like diet, exercise, and social interactions also play a role in cognitive health.

Health conditions like high blood pressure, diabetes, depression, and vascular disease can worsen cognitive decline, but lifestyle changes can help manage or prevent these conditions.

  • Eat a balanced diet with plenty of leafy greens
  • Stay active
  • Limit alcohol consumption
  • Avoid tobacco products
Eating a nutritious, balanced diet, with plenty of leafy and dark green vegetables, can help keep you healthy both physically and mentally. – Image credit: Getty

Making positive changes in one area of your life can have ripple effects on other aspects of health. Unhealthy habits can create a chain reaction of negative health outcomes, while healthy choices can improve overall well-being.

Habits to avoid

A high-fat diet can increase the risk of obesity, diabetes, and cognitive impairment, while smoking can impact lung capacity and cognitive function. By adopting a low-fat diet and avoiding tobacco products, individuals can reduce their risk of cognitive decline.

While we may not be able to prevent cognitive decline entirely, adopting a healthy lifestyle can help build cognitive reserve and potentially slow the decline. Research is ongoing to uncover more about the factors influencing cognitive health.

Aim for an overall healthier lifestyle

In addition to diet and exercise, engaging in social and sexual activities can benefit cognitive health. Social interactions can stimulate the brain and slow cognitive decline, while maintaining romantic and intimate relationships may improve cognitive function.

Stimulating activities like reading, playing games, or learning new skills can also help prevent cognitive decline. Gender differences in cognitive lifestyle choices may influence cognitive outcomes, highlighting the importance of varied activities for cognitive health.

Get a good night’s sleep

Sleep plays a crucial role in cognitive function, with adequate rest linked to better cognitive outcomes. Napping and getting around eight hours of sleep nightly can help reduce the risk of cognitive decline.

Quality sleep is essential for focus, creativity, and decision-making, while sleep deprivation can negatively impact physical and cognitive health. Establishing good sleep habits is key to maintaining cognitive function as we age.

Regular dental checkups can help prevent cognitive decline

Research suggests that gum disease bacteria may be linked to Alzheimer’s and dementia development, emphasizing the importance of oral health for cognitive well-being. By practicing good oral hygiene and seeking regular dental care, individuals can potentially reduce their risk of cognitive decline.

While there is no miracle cure for cognitive decline, taking proactive steps to improve overall health can slow the rate of decline associated with aging. It’s crucial to address any concerns about cognitive function with a healthcare provider to explore potential treatment options.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Are you unable to focus? You could be one of the 20 people affected by Cognitive Withdrawal Syndrome

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Concerned that you may be dealing with ADHD? Have you ever caught yourself trailing off in the middle of a conversation, getting lost in your own thoughts? It is normal to lose focus, but if you constantly find yourself daydreaming and struggling to concentrate, you may be experiencing a lesser-known attention disorder known as Cognitive Withdrawal Syndrome (CDS).

While often mistaken for laziness, lack of motivation, or ADHD, CDS is actually a legitimate neurological disorder that is gaining more attention from scientists and researchers.

What exactly is cognitive withdrawal syndrome?

CDS was first described in the 1960s as “cognitive tempo slowing” and was rebranded in 2022 to better reflect its core feature: cognitive detachment.

“CDS is characterized by symptoms such as confusion, daydreaming, absent-mindedness, and drowsiness,” according to Dr. Sophia Boukas, an Academic in Psychology and Education at Brunel University, London, in BBC Science Focus. People with CDS often take longer to complete tasks, but this does not affect the quality of their work, they simply require more time.

Although CDS is gaining recognition, it has not yet been officially classified as a disorder. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is used by medical professionals to diagnose mental disorders.

Research suggests that CDS may impact 5-7% of children, comparable to ADHD, indicating that a significant number of people may be experiencing CDS symptoms without realizing it.

Is CDS a form of ADHD?

CDS and ADHD are distinct conditions, but they share similarities and overlaps that can cause confusion. While ADHD can manifest in three ways, primarily inattention, hyperactivity, or a combination of both, CDS is more closely associated with predominantly inattentive ADHD, rather than hyperactivity disorder.

Research shows that between 25 and 40 percent of youth with ADHD exhibit symptoms of CDS. Importantly, CDS can also occur in individuals without ADHD.

What treatments are available?

As CDS is not yet officially recognized as a disorder, seeking treatment can be challenging. However, some psychologists are using questionnaires and behavioral observations to help diagnose the condition, which may eventually lead to formal diagnostic criteria.

Organizations like Cincinnati Children’s Hospital are pioneering CDS assessment and treatment, offering resources such as psychoeducation, parent training, cognitive behavioral therapy, and more.

Cognitive behavioral therapy, sleep hygiene, and mindfulness practices are emphasized for managing CDS. Treatment options are still evolving, with non-stimulant medications showing promise for CDS, while stimulants commonly used for ADHD may not be as effective.

If you suspect you or your child may have CDS, it’s important to consult a medical professional for guidance on treatment options.

About our experts

Sofia Barbosa-Boucas is a Lecturer in Psychology (Education) at Brunel University, London, known for significant contributions to psychology and education.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Long-term cognitive decline found in severe COVID-19 patients years post-illness

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COVID-19 could have lasting effects on our mental and physical health

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There is evidence that people who were hospitalized with COVID-19 during the first wave of the pandemic still have lower than expected cognitive abilities several years later, forcing them to change jobs.

“What we found is that the average cognitive impairment is equivalent to 10 IQ points, based on what you would expect given age etc.” Maxim Take At Oxford University.

His team looked at 475 British people who had been admitted to and discharged from hospital with COVID-19 up to March 31, 2021.. All of the participants had undergone psychiatric and cognitive evaluations six months after they were discharged, as part of a separate study. Take's team asked them to be reassessed two to three years later and found that, on average, symptoms of depression, anxiety, and fatigue had worsened. “More people get worse than they get better,” Take says.

Overall, those suffering from moderate to severe depression increased from 34% at six months to 47% at the second assessment, and those suffering from moderate to severe fatigue increased from 26% at the first test to 40%. Smaller changes were seen in the proportion of those suffering from moderate to severe anxiety, increasing from 23% to 27%.

It's not clear why so many people's symptoms worsened, but the team found that people whose symptoms were more severe in the initial tests tended to get worse over time. One participant said he'd had shortness of breath for three years and it was hard for him not to fall into depression, Take said.

The team also found that more than a quarter of participants changed jobs after hospitalization, half of whom said they did so because of poor health. The researchers found a strong association between changing jobs and declining cognitive function, but not with depression, anxiety, or fatigue. This suggests that many people are changing jobs because they can no longer cope with the cognitive demands of their previous jobs, rather than for a lack of energy or interest, Take says.

He acknowledges that the study has some major limitations: Only a fifth of those invited to take part actually did so, so it's not clear how representative the study is, and because participants weren't tested before being admitted to hospital, there's no baseline to compare it to, team members say. Paul Harrison also conducted at Oxford University. Instead, the conclusion that people lost 10 IQ points on average was based on what would be expected for people of the same age, sex and education level, British Intelligence Test.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Here’s why people who stay up late tend to have better cognitive abilities than those who rise early

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Struggle to wake up in the morning? Feel more alert as the day goes on? Have more energy in the evenings? You might be an “evening” chronotype, meaning your body clock is most active later in the day.

Scientists have linked being a night owl to negative outcomes like higher chances of depression and displaying Dark Triad personality traits. However, a new British study shows that evening chronotypes may have superior cognitive function compared to morning types.

Respecting your natural body clock, managing light exposure, prioritizing sleep, and using naps wisely can help night owls thrive in a world that often favors early risers.

Honor your chronotype

It’s essential to honor your evening tendencies as they reflect your biological characteristics. Certain genetic factors and age play a role in determining your sleep preferences.

Exposure to light can change your body clock

Getting sunlight in the morning and avoiding it later in the day can help align your body clock. Blue light exposure should also be limited, especially at night, to support healthy sleep patterns.

Make sure you get enough sleep

Respecting your chronotype is crucial for overall health and well-being. Lack of sleep, stress, and a misaligned body clock can lead to various health problems in the long term.

Use naps wisely

Short naps taken in the late morning or early afternoon can improve performance later in the day. The coffee-nap trick, where you drink a cup of coffee before a short nap, can help you wake up feeling refreshed and alert.

By following these strategies, night owls can thrive in a world that often prioritizes morning routines and early risers.

About our experts

Professor Russell Foster is a Director at the Nuffield Institute of Ophthalmology and the Institute of Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience at the University of Oxford.

Professor Martha Mellow is a researcher in molecular chronobiology at the Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Study indicates that women’s cognitive abilities may enhance during menstruation

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According to a bold study, women might excel at certain cognitive tasks during their menstrual period. New Research from University College London (UCL) and the Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health (ISEH) sheds light on this phenomenon.

Published in the peer-reviewed journal Neuropsychology, this study is the first of its kind to explore sports-related cognition throughout different phases of the menstrual cycle.

The study involved 241 participants who underwent various cognitive tests simulating mental processes relevant in team sports, such as recognizing expressions, attention, reaction time, and spatial awareness.

Participants also used a menstrual cycle tracking app to determine their phase during the testing period.

Surprisingly, contrary to their expectations, participants demonstrated faster reaction times and lower error rates during their period. For instance, their timing accuracy during a task improved by 10 milliseconds on average (12%) compared to other times.

Lead study author Dr. Flaminia Ronca from UCL Department of Surgery and Interventional Science and ISEH noted that the findings challenge assumptions about women’s capabilities during menstruation.

Conversely, during the luteal phase, participants showed slightly slower reaction times but maintained consistent error rates.

The authors highlighted that even a small difference of 10 milliseconds could impact performance outcomes significantly.

Dr. Megan Lawley, another author of the study, emphasized the importance of further research in understanding how women’s cognitive abilities affect athletic performance at different menstrual cycle stages.

About the Experts

Flaminia Ronca: Associate Professor in the Department of Targeted Interventions at UCL, with research interests in body-brain interaction through movement.

Megan Lawley: Senior Sports Scientist specializing in female athlete health and previously involved in research on athlete performance factors at UK Sport and Bangor University.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

The unexpected impact of weight loss drugs on your mental wellbeing and cognitive function

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Kathy Schwartz had been sober for 10 years, but battling cravings was a daily struggle. “They were always in my head,” she said. But last June, the cravings subsided.

After being prescribed the weight-loss drug semaglutide, she not only lost nearly 30 kilos over 10 months, but also eliminated her desire for drinks or pills. “The cravings went away, and I didn’t realize that was a side effect,” Schwartz says. Amazingly, the depression and anxiety that had previously hit her in waves also subsided.

Schwartz isn’t the only one to have had this experience: New research is showing that semaglutide drugs like Ozempic and Wegovy, as well as other diabetes and weight-loss drugs that mimic gut hormones released after eating, can have surprising benefits for brain and mental health.

Though it’s still early days, evidence suggests that these drugs could potentially be repurposed to treat depression, anxiety, addiction, and even certain eating disorders, as well as neurological diseases like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. What’s more, these benefits appear to be mediated not simply through weight loss, but through a direct effect on the brain.

The history of drugs like Ozempic dates back to the 1970s and 1980s, when researchers discovered them. A gut hormone called glucagon-like peptide 1 has been discovered. When GLP-1 was injected into rodents in the lab, it was able to stimulate insulin secretion. Even more amazingly, these animals started to eat less and lose weight. We now know that this hormone leads to an increased feeling of fullness.

Semaglutide, etc.

Today, there are drugs that mimic…

Source: www.newscientist.com

Study suggests women experience enhanced cognitive abilities during menstruation

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A recent study suggests that women may have improved cognitive performance during their menstrual cycle. The research conducted by University College London (UCL) and the Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health (ISEH) sheds light on this phenomenon.

Published in the peer-reviewed journal Neuropsychology, this study is the first to analyze sports-related cognition throughout the menstrual cycle phases.

241 participants took cognitive tests simulating mental processes common in team sports, such as recognizing emotions, attention, reaction time, and spatial awareness.

Participants also tracked their menstrual cycle using an app to identify their phase during testing. Surprisingly, participants performed better in reaction time and made fewer errors during menstruation, contrary to their expectations.

For example, their timing accuracy in a ball collision task was 10 milliseconds better during menstruation. Similarly, their error rates were 25% lower in an inhibition task involving smiles and winks.

Lead researcher Dr. Flaminia Ronca from UCL Department of Surgery and ISEH noted the unexpected performance enhancement during menstruation.

During the luteal phase, reaction times slightly decreased, but error rates remained stable. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding how menstrual cycle phases impact cognitive abilities in sports performance.

Co-author Dr. Megan Lawley highlights the need for more research in this area to improve performance discussions between coaches and athletes.

About the Experts

Flaminia Ronca, an Associate Professor at UCL, focuses on the body-brain interaction through movement in her research. She is also a leader at UCL’s Movement Neuroscience Research Group (ENRG).

Megan Lawley, a Senior Sports Scientist, specializes in female athlete health and performance factors. Her previous research at UK Sport and Bangor University delved into the complexities of athletes’ success in high-performance environments.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Making small changes to your lifestyle can help prevent cognitive decline

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Cognitive decline is characterized by a decline or slowing of memory, concentration, and thinking abilities. It’s common for individuals to experience increased forgetfulness as they age, such as forgetting names or shopping lists.

If the frequency of forgetful episodes is escalating and the decline is faster than expected for normal aging, it could indicate cognitive impairment. This can be concerning for the individual experiencing symptoms as well as their family and friends.

Common signs of cognitive impairment include forgetting important dates, losing track of thoughts, feeling overwhelmed with decisions, getting lost in familiar places, and becoming more impulsive.

Cognitive decline varies among individuals and is influenced by genetics and family history. Building cognitive reserve through a lifetime of experiences, including education, career, and engaging activities, can help mitigate the effects of aging on cognitive function.

What can you do now to prevent cognitive decline?

Developing a “cognitive reserve” through education, occupation, and engaging activities can help bolster cognitive function. Lifestyle factors like diet, exercise, and avoiding tobacco and alcohol can also impact cognitive health.

Image credit: Getty

Positive lifestyle changes in areas like diet and exercise can have cascading health benefits. Conversely, unhealthy habits can lead to adverse health effects.

Habits to avoid

Studies show that high-fat diets and smoking can contribute to obesity, diabetes, and cognitive decline. Maintaining a balanced lifestyle with good nutrition, physical activity, and healthy habits can help prevent cognitive decline.

Cognitive decline is a natural part of aging, but taking steps to build cognitive reserve and adopt a healthy lifestyle can help slow its progression.

Aim for an overall healthy lifestyle

Incorporating social activities, hobbies, and maintaining intimate relationships can also play a role in preventing cognitive decline. Engaging in challenging activities and stimulating the brain through hobbies can help preserve cognitive function.

Sex on the brain

Maintaining romantic and intimate relationships can have a positive impact on cognitive health. Research suggests a link between sexual activity and cognitive function, possibly due to social connections and hormonal influences.

Indulging in hobbies and activities, getting quality sleep, and regular dental checkups can also contribute to maintaining cognitive function as we age. It’s important to address any concerns about cognitive abilities with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and guidance.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Can we Truly Develop Cognitive Enhancing Drugs with Dune Science?

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In the science fiction universe of Dune, the spice melange is commonly referred to as “spice” and is a valuable narcotic substance. It is produced from the excrement of young sandworms found only in the deserts of the planet Arrakis.

This spice has various health benefits, such as increasing lifespan. Due to its highly addictive nature, there is a high demand for it, making it a valuable commodity. The control of Spice leads to control over all other factions in the Dune universe.

This phenomenon may have historical parallels in the real world. In her 2008 book chapter on melange, science writer Dr. Carol Hart mentions how coca leaves in pre-Columbian America were similar to melange and were mostly used by the ancient Inca nobility and priestly class to maintain power through a monopoly on coca leaves.

The spice also possesses mind-altering properties, allowing the post-human species known as Guild Navigators to see across vast distances of space to navigate spaceships on long interstellar journeys. The Navigators reside in tanks where they constantly inhale orange spice gas that mutates their bodies significantly.

Even minimal exposure to the spice causes the user’s eyes to turn a deep navy blue, a characteristic seen among the Fremen of Arrakis due to constant spice exposure. This effect is akin to the persistent pupil dilation associated with recreational drug use globally.

When exposed to the spice, the user's eyes turn blue © Warner Brothers

The Bene Gesserit also use spices, which grant them the ability to see the future and enhance their mental abilities. This mirrors the rise of nootropics, or “smart pills,” used by individuals seeking a cognitive edge. While these drugs claim to improve memory, attention, creativity, and motivation, they are sometimes prescribed for conditions like ADHD and dementia.

However, there are concerns about using nootropics without a prescription. A 2020 study by Harvard Medical School revealed that these supplements may contain unapproved pharmaceutical drugs, posing serious health risks, as noted by study author Dr. Peter Cohen.

Read more about science Dune:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com