The newly discovered gas cloud, known as G2t, shares an almost identical orbit with two previously identified clouds, indicating that they may have originated from a pair of massive stars situated near the Milky Way’s core.
This VLT image illustrates the stars and gas surrounding Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way. Image credit: ESO/D. Ribeiro, MPE GC Team.
“This is a dynamic environment where stars and gas clouds orbiting the black hole move at astonishing speeds,” remarked Dr. Stefan Gillessen from the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics.
“While the gas clouds G1 and G2 were previously known, their origins and compositions remained subjects of debate.”
“Specifically, questions arose about whether these clouds contained hidden stars or were purely gaseous.”
“With the identification of G2t, we are starting to unravel these mysteries.”
G2t was detected using the High-Resolution Imager and Spectrograph (ERIS) on the ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT).
“Thanks to the VLT, we successfully measured the 3D orbit of this gas cloud around the black hole,” the team explained.
“G2t traverses a remarkably small area within this expansive image of the center.”
“Interestingly, G1, G2, and G2t are found to have nearly identical orbits, albeit slightly tilted in relation to one another.”
“The odds of different stars maintaining such similar orbits are minimal, further suggesting that each cloud does not harbor a star at its core.”
“These orbital similarities indicate that all three clouds likely stem from the same source, most probably IRS16SW, a pair of massive stars that discharge substantial quantities of gas.”
“As IRS16SW moves around the black hole, each gas cloud is ejected on a slightly different trajectory, explaining the subtle variations observed among the ‘G-triplets.’
“This finding highlights that despite years of observing our galaxy’s center, fresh enigmas await discovery,” the researchers noted.
“What could be more thrilling than a mystery poised to be unraveled?”
For more about this discovery, refer to the paper published in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.
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S. Gillessen et al. 2026. Gas streamer G1-2-3 at the center of the galaxy. A&A 707, A79; doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202555808
US-Israeli attack ignites oil facility in Tehran, resulting in substantial fires and black smoke on March 8.
Fatemeh Bahrami/Anadolu via Getty Images
On March 8, black smoke enveloped northern Iran as U.S. and Israeli airstrikes continued, leading to alarming health concerns for civilians in Tehran.
What Happened?
In the early hours of March 8, U.S. and Israeli forces launched strikes targeting Iranian oil facilities for the first time since the conflict erupted, igniting massive fires in four oil storage centers and an oil transfer hub in Tehran and Alborz province.
As flames illuminated the night sky, thick black smoke descended over the city, with ash and soot blanketing surfaces. Alarmingly, residents reported dark rain falling, raising concerns after a prolonged drought. Authorities alerted locals about potential acid rain, as many experienced sore throats and burning eyes.
The black rain likely originated from smoke inhaled during these fires. When moisture falls into such polluted air, it can carry harmful particulates to the ground.
This scenario poses significant environmental and health risks, as scientists remain uncertain about the smoke’s chemical makeup, according to Anna Hansell from the University of Leicester.
Composition of the Black Rain
In contrast to regular gasoline, the oil involved was likely less refined and created a more complex mixture of harmful particles when burned. This smoke could contain toxic substances, according to Hansell.
Key components potentially include burnt carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, sulfur, and nitrogen compounds. The combustion process releases sulfur and nitrogen oxides that, when combined with moisture, can produce acid rain.
This environmental disaster could generate smog levels far more severe than those experienced in mid-20th century London. “The scale of this event is concerning,” Hansell remarked.
Secondary pollutants from the strike—such as fragments of concrete and plastic—could contribute to the overall toxicity of the atmosphere.
Health Risks
If this black rain contaminates water supplies, it could lead to gastrointestinal issues like abdominal pain and diarrhea. Furthermore, the acid rain’s effects on skin and eyes are alarming, as already reported by some locals.
However, respiratory health may be the greatest danger. Inhalation of fine particulate matter poses serious health risks, as the composition becomes less important than the quantity inhaled.
“Skin contact with rain can be washed off, but inhaling smoke can be far more dangerous,” Hansell cautioned. “Fine particles can permeate deep into the lungs and bloodstream, increasing risks for chronic diseases.”
Accumulation of toxins in the environment may also contaminate local food sources, leading to long-term health threats.
Regional Impact
While larger particles may settle quickly, smaller harmful particles can travel vast distances via wind currents, potentially affecting air quality as far away as Washington, D.C. As winds shift, smoke from the fire could drift into neighboring countries as well.
It is advised that residents of Iran remain indoors to minimize exposure. If outdoors, wearing masks and goggles is recommended to prevent acid rain exposure.
Individuals should be vigilant about drinking water quality, seeking alternatives if they notice unusual tastes or dark particles.
Other countries should be alert to potential fallout, and health officials will likely issue warnings regarding air quality if necessary.
“The magnitude of environmental devastation doesn’t acknowledge borders,” Hansell warned. “What contaminates one area could migrate, affecting many.”}
Deborah Ferguson (UT Austin), Bhavesh Khamesra (Georgia Tech), Karan Jani (Vanderbilt University)/LIGO
The universe is expanding at an accelerating rate, leaving scientists perplexed about the source of this mysterious phenomenon known as dark energy, which comprises approximately 68% of the universe. Understanding dark energy is a critical challenge for astrophysics today.
Interestingly, some astrophysicists propose a link between black holes and dark energy. Supermassive black holes exert an incredible gravitational pull, drawing in matter, yet the underlying question remains: how can they contribute to the expansion of the universe?
The theory suggests that when matter falls into black holes, it transforms into a type of radiation that exerts pressure on the surrounding space, leading to an expansive force. Although these effects are minuscule individually, the sheer number of black holes could result in a significant cumulative impact, pushing galaxies away from each other.
Initially regarded as a fringe theory, this idea has gained traction amongst cosmologists who believe it could help elucidate several cosmic mysteries. “It’s controversial, but it’s gaining acceptance,” stated Kevin Crocker, a cosmologist at Arizona State University.
According to Nyaesh Afsholdi, a cosmologist at the University of Waterloo, black holes could be pivotal in understanding dark energy, given their complexity and the unusual nature of their singularities.
Understanding Black Hole Singularity
At the center of each black hole lies the astrophysical singularity, where gravity compresses matter to infinite density—a realm of physics not yet fully understood. As Gregory Tarr, a cosmologist at the University of Michigan, suggests, black holes prevent singularities from forming by converting collapsing material into dark energy.
Tarr elaborates that this process is reminiscent of the early universe, where radiant energy transformed into matter. In a black hole, the reverse process could occur, maintaining gravitational stability.
“Understanding how a single dust particle converts to radiation is complex,” explains Massimiliano Rinaldi, a physicist at the University of Trento, Italy. Yet, this conceptual transition may not be as far-fetched as it sounds.
This article is part of a special issue on the crisis in cosmology. Check the complete package here
Traditionally, it was believed that black holes only influenced their immediate surroundings. However, as Croker points out, “It’s not just localized effects; the cumulative impact of numerous black holes can significantly alter cosmic dynamics.”
Even a large influx of matter into a single black hole may not propel universal expansion, but if black holes throughout the universe collectively absorb matter, their gravitational effects could accelerate cosmic inflation.
Evidencing Cosmologically Connected Black Holes
The first substantial evidence of cosmologically linked black holes emerged in 2023, suggesting mysterious expansions throughout the universe, aligning with observations of black holes maintaining growth relative to cosmic expansion. According to Crocker, despite their perceived dullness, even supermassive black holes actively participate in higher cosmic dynamics, as dark energy appears in tandem with their formation.
Critics argue that the precise behavior of these cosmologically connected black holes remains unknown. Rinaldi stresses the lack of exact mathematical models, complicating the understanding of their merger behaviors. However, as research progresses and new data emerges, hope for breakthroughs remains.
The evolution of this theory from fringe to mainstream reflects growing acceptance among cosmologists, especially in light of puzzling results from the Dark Energy Spectroscopy Instrument (DESI) in Arizona.
DESI Insights
DESI is mapping millions of galaxies across the universe, providing insights into cosmic expansion over time. Recent findings indicated that dark energy could be diminishing, challenging established cosmological models that assert its constancy. “Seeing such data was surprising,” remarked Tarr; “dark energy appears to vary over cosmic epochs.”
If dark energy originates from cosmologically linked black holes, the DESI observations reconcile several cosmic enigmas, aligning black hole formation trends with dark energy dynamics.
The interplay of dark matter and dark energy forms the framework of the universe.
Volker Springel/Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics/Scientific Photo Library
The Hubble tension, which highlights differing expansion rates derived from various cosmological measurements, underscores the need for clarity. Integrating cosmologically grouped black holes into current models could bridge gaps between conflicting data regarding cosmic expansion.
While numerous theories have attempted to address discrepancies surrounding dark energy, many rely on speculative elements beyond conventional physics. The concept of cosmologically connected black holes, however, remains a relatively conservative yet promising pathway to resolving ongoing mysteries.
Recent investigations by Tarr, Crocker, and colleagues have unveiled what they denote as a “three-legged chair” of evidence supporting their hypothesis, linking particle physics observations to cosmic expansion behaviors.
Neutrinos, often dubbed “ghost particles,” present a challenge in this model due to their elusive nature and negligible mass. Remarkably, if ordinary matter inside black holes can transform into dark energy, this might adjust the universal mass metrics, opening pathways for new discoveries.
Is this evidence sufficient to elevate the notion of cosmologically linked black holes from speculative to mainstream scientific theory? Crocker believes so: “We now possess three key pieces of evidence to lend credence to our hypothesis.”
Encouragingly, interest in this area of research is burgeoning, evidenced by the increased collaboration among physicists and cosmologists, underscoring the growing recognition of the potential importance of cosmologically connected black holes in the accelerating universe scenario.
As ongoing observations from DESI and other large-scale cosmic surveys yield fresh data, uncovering links between black holes and cosmic expansion continues to be a dynamic area of study. Nyaesh Afsholdi aptly characterizes this inquiry as a detective story, with more researchers joining the pursuit of understanding the enigmatic role black holes may play in the speeding expansion of our universe.
Utilizing archival data from NASA’s NEOWISE mission alongside information from various space and ground-based observatories, astronomers have uncovered a remarkable observational record of a massive star’s transition into a black hole—a phenomenon previously theorized but seldom witnessed.
The location and disappearance of M31-2014-DS1. Image credit: De et al., doi: 10.1126/science.adt4853.
In their final stages, massive stars often undergo instability, expanding and exhibiting significant fluctuations in brightness that can be observed by humans.
Typically, these stars meet their end in spectacular supernova explosions, which are incredibly luminous and readily detectable.
However, it is theorized that not all massive stars culminate in such explosive deaths.
In some cases, a star’s core collapses, causing the outer materials to fall inward, leading to the creation of a black hole.
These failed supernovae are particularly challenging to identify due to their weak energy signatures, often appearing as stars that simply vanish from sight.
Columbia University astronomer Kisharai De and colleagues leveraged lengthy infrared observations from the NEOWISE mission to investigate variable stars within the Andromeda Galaxy, leading to the discovery of the rare supergiant star M31-2014-DS1.
During 2014, this star brightened in mid-infrared light; however, from 2017 to 2022, it dimmed by around 10,000 times in optical light (rendering it undetectable) and about tenfold in total light.
Subsequent observations using Hubble and large terrestrial telescopes revealed faint red remnants detectable in near-infrared light, indicating the star is now heavily obscured by dust, or a shadow of its former supergiant self from years past.
Researchers interpret these findings as evidence of a failed supernova explosion, resulting in the birth of a stellar-mass black hole.
“The star’s dramatic and sustained dimming is extremely unusual, indicating the core did not explode as a supernova but collapsed directly into a black hole,” stated Dr. De.
“It was long assumed that stars of this mass always explode as supernovae.”
Their observations challenge the belief that stars of equivalent mass either necessarily explode or fail to do so, likely influenced by chaotic interactions between gravity, gas pressure, and powerful shockwaves within a dying star.
Dr. De and his fellow scientists identified M31-2014-DS1, another giant star that may have met a similar fate as NGC 6946-BH1.
This study advances our understanding of the fate of the star’s outer layers post-supernova failure and collapse into a black hole.
Interaction among these elements, particularly convection influenced by temperature variances within a star, plays a crucial role.
The internal regions are extremely hot compared to the cooler outer areas, resulting in gas movement from hotter to cooler zones.
Even after a star’s core collapse, gases in the outer layers continue to move rapidly due to convection currents.
Theoretical models suggest that these currents prevent most outer layers from plunging directly into the core. Instead, the innermost layer orbits the black hole, allowing for the ejection of the outermost layers in the convective region.
As the ejected material cools while moving from the surrounding heat of the black hole, it forms dust as atoms and molecules condense.
This dust obscures the hot gas orbiting the black hole, warming it and creating brightness observable at infrared wavelengths.
This lingering red glow remains visible long after the star has vanished.
“The accretion rate is significantly slower than if the stars collided directly,” asserted Andrea Antoni from the Flatiron Institute.
“This convective material possesses angular momentum, causing it to rotate in a circular motion around the black hole.”
“Consequently, the process takes decades instead of months or years to unfold.”
“All these factors contribute to a brighter source than otherwise anticipated, leading to a prolonged delay in the dimming of the original star.”
For further insights, refer to this paper. The findings are published in this week’s edition of Science.
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Kisharai De et al. (2026). Massive stars in the Andromeda Galaxy vanish due to black hole formation. Science 391(6786): 689-693; doi: 10.1126/science.adt4853
At the galactic center lies the enigmatic supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*. Some researchers propose that this may not be a black hole at all, but rather clusters of dark matter.
Dark matter, which comprises about 85% of the universe’s matter, does not interact with light or normal matter outside of gravitational forces. Despite its significance, our understanding of dark matter is limited. As Valentina Crespi from the National University of La Plata (UNLP) notes, “While we know dark matter exists at the galaxy’s edge, the core remains a mystery.”
Crespi and her team developed a model of a galactic nucleus made of dark matter consisting of light particles called fermions. Their findings suggest that fermion dark matter can clump in ways that resemble supermassive black holes from afar.
“From Earth, this scenario appears akin to what one would expect from a black hole; however, a spacecraft could pass through without any issues,” explains Carlos Arguelles, part of the UNLP research team. “Even if you were swallowed by a black hole, you wouldn’t perish; you would pass through safely.”
The researchers base their model on the orbit of a star near Sagittarius A* and a small gas cloud, aligning with observations of galaxy rotation and imagery from the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) from 2022. This imaging reveals a glowing ring of superheated matter around Sagittarius A*, potentially influenced by a dark matter core.
However, observation support for the dark matter theory does not confirm its validity. Gaston Gillibet from New York University stresses, “While this simple explanation aligns with the evidence, I still believe the central object is likely a black hole.” He emphasizes the necessity of remaining open to all possibilities in this fascinating debate.
Concerns arise regarding the model’s applicability to observations near the event horizon. Shep Doeleman from Harvard University notes that the distinctive spiral pattern of the magnetic field in this region corresponds closely with black hole characteristics.
Moreover, fermion dark matter’s clumping is limited to about 10 million times the Sun’s mass. Although this could explain the majestic size of supermassive black holes, images of M87*—a black hole substantially larger than Sagittarius A*—complicate this theory as M87* closely resembles Sagittarius A* despite its size of approximately 6.5 billion solar masses.
Researchers admit that both dark matter and black hole theories hold equal plausibility. Crespi notes, “While we have enhanced tools today, confirming the nature of these phenomena is still not foolproof.” Achieving the necessary image resolution for this identification would extend far beyond the capabilities of even the next-generation EHT, indicating that definitive answers may be decades away.
If Sagittarius A* is indeed a manifestation of dark matter, it would profoundly impact our understanding of the universe. Fermion dark matter, which current cosmological models do not predict, could revolutionize not only our comprehension of black holes but also our entire cosmic paradigm.
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For decades, the movement of stars near the center of our Milky Way galaxy has provided some of the most convincing evidence for the existence of a supermassive black hole. However, Dr. Valentina Crespi from the La Plata Institute of Astrophysics and her colleagues propose an innovative alternative: a compact object composed of self-gravitating fermion dark matter, which could equally explain the observed stellar motions.
A compact object made of self-gravitating fermion dark matter. Image credit: Gemini AI.
The prevailing theory attributes the observational orbits of a group of stars, known as the S stars, to Sagittarius A*, the supposed supermassive black hole at our galaxy’s center, which causes these stars to move at speeds of thousands of kilometers per second.
In a groundbreaking study, Dr. Crespi and her team propose that fermions—a specific type of dark matter made from light elementary particles—can form a distinct cosmic structure that aligns with our current understanding of the Milky Way’s core.
The hypothesis suggests the formation of an ultra-dense core surrounded by a vast, diffuse halo, functioning as a unified structure.
This dense core could replicate the gravitational effects of a black hole, thereby accounting for the orbits of S stars and nearby dusty objects known as G sources.
A vital aspect of this research includes recent data from ESA’s Gaia DR3 mission, which meticulously maps the Milky Way’s outer halo and reveals the orbital patterns of stars and gas far from the center.
The mission has documented a slowdown in the galaxy’s rotation curve, known as Keplerian decay, which can be reconciled with the outer halo of the dark matter model when combined with the standard disk and bulge components of normal matter.
This finding emphasizes significant structural differences, bolstering the validity of the fermion model.
While traditional cold dark matter halos spread in a “power law” fashion, the fermion model predicts a more compact halo structure with a tighter tail.
“This research marks the first instance where a dark matter model effectively connects vastly different scales and explains the orbits of various cosmic bodies, including contemporary rotation curves and central star data,” remarked Carlos Arguelles of the La Plata Astrophysics Institute.
“We are not merely substituting black holes for dark objects. Instead, we propose that supermassive centers and galactic dark matter halos represent two manifestations of a single continuum of matter.”
Importantly, the team’s fermion dark matter model has already undergone rigorous testing.
A recent 2024 survey demonstrated that as the accretion disk illuminates these dense dark matter cores, it produces shadow-like features reminiscent of those captured by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration at Sagittarius A*.
“This point is crucial. Our model not only elucidates stellar orbits and galactic rotation but also aligns with the famous ‘black hole shadow’ image,” stated Crespi.
“A dense dark matter core bends light to such an extent that it forms a central darkness encircled by a bright ring, creating an effect similar to shadows.”
Astronomers performed a statistical comparison of the fermion dark matter model against traditional black hole models.
While current data on internal stars cannot definitively distinguish between the two theories, the dark matter model offers a cohesive framework to elucidate both the galaxy’s center (encompassing the central star and shadow) and the galaxy at large.
“Gathering more precise data from instruments like the GRAVITY interferometer aboard ESO’s Very Large Telescope in Chile, and searching for specific features of the photon ring, an essential characteristic of black holes that are absent in the dark matter nuclear scenario, will be crucial for testing the predictions of this innovative model,” the authors noted.
“The results of these discoveries have the potential to revolutionize our understanding of the fundamental nature of the Milky Way’s enigmatic core.”
The team’s research was published today in Royal Astronomical Society Monthly Notices.
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V. Crespi et al. 2026. Dynamics of S stars and G sources orbiting supermassive compact objects made of fermion dark matter. MNRAS 546 (1): staf1854; doi: 10.1093/mnras/staf1854
Physicists from the University of Massachusetts Amherst have proposed that the ultrahigh-energy neutrinos detected by the KM3NeT experiment may indicate an exploding “sub-extreme primordial black hole,” hinting at new physics beyond the Standard Model.
The KM3NeT experiment observed neutrinos with energies around 100 PeV, and IceCube detected five neutrinos exceeding 1 PeV. The explosion of a primordial black hole may account for these high-energy neutrinos. Image credit: Gemini AI.
Black holes are a well-understood phenomenon, originating when a massive star exhausts its fuel and undergoes a supernova explosion, resulting in a gravitational force strong enough to trap light. These traditional black holes are massive and relatively stable.
However, as noted by physicist Stephen Hawking in 1970, primordial black holes potentially formed not from stars, but from the universe’s primordial conditions following the Big Bang.
Theoretical in nature, primordial black holes are dense enough that light cannot escape. Surprisingly, they are expected to be significantly lighter than the black holes observed to date.
Hawking also demonstrated that when these primordial black holes heat up, they emit particles through a phenomenon known as Hawking radiation.
“The lighter the black hole, the hotter it becomes, leading to increased particle emission,” explained Dr. Andrea Tam, a physicist at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
“As a primordial black hole evaporates, it becomes lighter and hotter, releasing even more radiation during the explosive process.”
“What our telescope detects is, in fact, Hawking radiation.”
“If we were to witness such an explosion, we would create a comprehensive catalog of all elementary particles in existence, confirming both known particles, like electrons and quarks, and those not yet observed, including hypothesized dark matter particles.”
In 2023, the KM3NeT experiment successfully detected this elusive neutrino—a result Dr. Tam and his team had anticipated.
However, a challenge arose from the IceCube experiment, which failed to record similar phenomena or approach even a fraction of KM3NeT’s findings.
If primordial black holes are prevalent and detonating often, why are we not inundated with high-energy neutrinos? What could explain this inconsistency?
Dr. Joaquín Iguazu Juan, a physicist at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, suggested, “We believe a primordial black hole with a ‘dark charge’, termed a quasi-extreme primordial black hole, could bridge this gap.”
“Dark charge mimics standard electric force but features a heavy hypothesized electron, the dark electron.”
Dr. Michael Baker, also from UMass Amherst, remarked, “Our dark charge model is complex but may provide a more accurate depiction of reality.”
“It’s remarkable that our model explains this previously unexplainable phenomenon.”
Dr. Tam added, “Dark-charged primordial black holes possess unique properties that differentiate them from simpler primordial black hole models, allowing us to resolve all conflicting experimental data.”
The research team is optimistic that their dark charge model not only elucidates neutrino observations but also addresses the enigma of dark matter.
“Observations of galaxies and the cosmic microwave background imply the existence of some form of dark matter,” explained Baker.
“If our dark charge hypothesis holds, it could suggest a considerable number of primordial black holes, aligning with other astrophysical observations and accounting for the universe’s missing dark matter,” Dr. Iguazu-Juan stated.
“The detection of high-energy neutrinos represents a significant breakthrough,” remarked Baker.
“It opens a new window into the universe, enabling us to empirically verify Hawking radiation, gather evidence of primordial black holes, and explore particles beyond the Standard Model, while inching closer to solving the dark matter mystery.”
For more details, see the findings published in Physical Review Letters.
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Michael J. Baker and colleagues. We explain the PeV neutrino flux in KM3NeT and IceCube with quasi-extreme primordial black holes. Physics. Pastor Rhett, published online December 18, 2025. doi: 10.1103/r793-p7ct
Astronomers utilizing the groundbreaking Event Horizon Telescope—a global network of eight advanced radio telescopes—have pinpointed the likely origin of a massive space jet emanating from the core of Messier 87.
This Webb/NIRCam image showcases the extraordinary space jet of Messier 87. Image credits: Jan Röder, Maciek Wielgus, Joseph B. Jensen, Gagandeep S. Anand, R. Brent Tully.
Messier 87, a colossal elliptical galaxy situated approximately 53 million light-years away in the Virgo constellation, is of great scientific interest.
Also known as M87, Virgo A, and NGC 4486, this galaxy hosts a supermassive black hole, approximately 6 billion times the mass of our Sun.
This supermassive black hole generates a striking, narrow jet of particles that extends roughly 3,000 light-years into the cosmos.
To investigate such distant regions, astronomers are combining radio telescopes from around the world to create a virtual Earth-sized observatory known as the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT).
Using EHT observations of M87 conducted in 2021, researchers assessed the brightness of radio emissions at various spatial scales.
They discovered that the luminous ring surrounding the black hole does not account for all radio emissions, identifying an additional compact source approximately 0.09 light-years from the black hole that aligns with the predicted location of the jet’s base.
“By pinpointing where the jet originates and how it connects to the black hole’s shadow, we are adding significant insights into this cosmic puzzle,” stated Saurabh, a student at the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy and a member of the EHT Collaboration.
“The newly collected data is currently undergoing analysis with contributions from international partners and will soon incorporate additional telescopes, improving our understanding of this area,” remarked Dr. Sebastiano von Fehrenberg, an astronomer at the Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics.
“This will provide us with a much clearer view of the jet’s launch region.”
“We’re transitioning from merely calculating the positions of these structures to aiming for direct imaging,” he added.
“The jet is postulated to be launched using the rotational energy of the black hole through electromagnetic processes, presenting a unique laboratory where general relativity and quantum electrodynamics intersect,” explained Professor Bert Lipperda, also from the Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics.
“Studying how jets are launched in proximity to a black hole’s event horizon is a crucial advancement in our comprehension of these cosmic titans.”
“The observational data will empower scientists to test theories regarding the interplay between gravity and magnetism in the universe’s most extreme environments, bringing us closer to understanding the ‘engines’ that shape entire galaxies.”
Find more details in the result published in the Journal on January 28, 2026, in Astronomy and Astrophysics.
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Saurabh et al. 2026. Investigation of the jet-based ejection from M87* with 2021 Event Horizon Telescope observations. A&A 706, A27; doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202557022
Revolutionary simulations from Maynooth University astronomers reveal that, at the onset of the dense and turbulent universe, “light seed” black holes could swiftly consume matter, rivaling the supermassive black holes found at the centers of early galaxies.
Computer visualization of a baby black hole growing in an early universe galaxy. Image credit: Maynooth University.
Dr. Daksar Mehta, a candidate at Maynooth University, stated: “Our findings indicate that the chaotic environment of the early universe spawned smaller black holes that underwent a feeding frenzy, consuming surrounding matter and eventually evolving into the supermassive black holes observed today.”
“Through advanced computer simulations, we illustrate that the first-generation black holes, created mere hundreds of millions of years after the Big Bang, expanded at astonishing rates, reaching sizes up to tens of thousands of times that of the Sun.”
Dr. Louis Prowl, a postdoctoral researcher at Maynooth University, added: “This groundbreaking revelation addresses one of astronomy’s most perplexing mysteries.”
“It explains how black holes formed in the early universe could quickly attain supermassive sizes, as confirmed by observations from NASA/ESA/CSA’s James Webb Space Telescope.”
The dense, gas-rich environments of early galaxies facilitated brief episodes of “super-Eddington accretion,” a phenomenon where black holes consume matter at a rate faster than the norm.
Despite this rapid consumption, the black holes continue to devour material effectively.
The results uncover a pivotal “missing link” between the first stars and the immense black holes that emerged later on.
Mehta elaborated: “These smaller black holes were previously considered too insignificant to develop into the gigantic black holes at the centers of early galaxies.”
“What we have demonstrated is that, although these nascent black holes are small, they can grow surprisingly quickly under the right atmospheric conditions.”
There are two classifications of black holes: “heavy seed” and “light seed.”
Light seed black holes start with a mass of only a few hundred solar masses and must grow significantly to transform into supermassive entities, millions of times the mass of the Sun.
Conversely, heavy seed black holes begin life with masses reaching up to 100,000 times that of the Sun.
Previously, many astronomers believed that only heavy seed types could account for the existence of supermassive black holes seen at the hearts of large galaxies.
Dr. John Regan, an astronomer at Maynooth University, remarked: “The situation is now more uncertain.”
“Heavy seeds may be rare and depend on unique conditions for formation.”
“Our simulations indicate that ‘garden-type’ stellar-mass black holes have the potential to grow at extreme rates during the early universe.”
This research not only reshapes our understanding of black hole origins but also underscores the significance of high-resolution simulations in uncovering the universe’s fundamental secrets.
“The early universe was far more chaotic and turbulent than previously anticipated, and the population of supermassive black holes is also more extensive than we thought,” Dr. Regan commented.
The findings hold relevance for the ESA/NASA Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission, set to launch in 2035.
Dr. Regan added, “Future gravitational wave observations from this mission may detect mergers of these small, rapidly growing baby black holes.”
For further insights, refer to this paper, published in this week’s edition of Nature Astronomy.
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D.H. Meter et al. Growth of light seed black holes in the early universe. Nat Astron published online on January 21, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41550-025-02767-5
Astrophysicists from the University of Copenhagen have discovered that the enigmatic “little red dots” visible in images of the early universe are rapidly growing black holes shrouded in ionized gas. This groundbreaking finding offers significant insights into the formation of supermassive black holes after the Big Bang.
The small red dot is a young supermassive black hole encased in a dense ionized cocoon. Image credits: NASA / ESA / CSA / Webb / Rusakov et al., doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09900-4.
Since the launch of the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope in 2021, astronomers globally have been studying the red spots that appear in regions of the sky corresponding to the universe just a few hundred million years after the Big Bang.
Initial interpretations ranged from unusually massive early galaxies to unique astrophysical phenomena that challenged existing formation models.
However, after two years of extensive analysis, Professor Darach Watson and his team from the University of Copenhagen have confirmed that these points represent young black holes surrounded by a thick cocoon of ionized gas.
As these black holes consume surrounding matter, the resulting heat emits powerful radiation that penetrates the gas, creating a striking red glow captured by Webb’s advanced infrared camera.
“The little red dot is a young black hole, approximately 100 times less massive than previously estimated, encased in a gas cocoon and actively consuming gas to expand,” stated Professor Watson.
“This process generates substantial heat, illuminating the cocoon.”
“The radiation that filters through the cocoon provides these tiny red dots with their distinctive color.”
“These black holes are significantly smaller than previously thought, so there’s no need to introduce entirely new phenomena to explain them.”
Despite being the smallest black holes ever detected, these objects still weigh up to 10 million times more than the Sun and measure millions of kilometers in diameter, shedding light on how black holes accelerated their growth during the early universe.
Black holes typically operate inefficiently, as only a small fraction of the gas they attract crosses the event horizon. Much is blown back into space as high-energy outflows.
However, during this early phase, the surrounding gas cocoon serves as both a fuel source and a spotlight, enabling astronomers to observe a black hole in intense growth like never before.
This discovery is crucial for understanding how supermassive black holes, such as the one at the center of the Milky Way, grew so quickly in the universe’s first billion years.
“We observed a young black hole in a growth spurt at a stage never documented before,” Professor Watson remarked.
“The gas-dense cocoon around them supplies the rapid growth fuel they require.”
For more details, see the findings featured in this week’s edition of Nature.
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V. Rusakov et al. 2026. A small red dot like a young supermassive black hole inside a dense ionized cocoon. Nature 649, 574-579; doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09900-4
Exploring ‘Small Red Dots’ Unveiled by the James Webb Space Telescope
Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, and D. Kocevski (Colby U.)/Space Telescope Science Institute Public Extension Office
The remarkable bright galaxies uncovered by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) may not be as brilliant as initially thought. These celestial bodies once posed a challenge to our cosmic understanding, implying they were home to supermassive black holes and an unexpected abundance of stars. However, new insights suggest these galaxies may harbor “baby” black holes.
During its initial years surveying the early Universe, JWST serendipitously discovered numerous bright and red galaxies, referred to as “little red dots” (LRDs).
The light emitted by these galaxies indicates the presence of far more mass than previously recognized in any other galaxy. They exhibit star densities that challenge existing models or host black holes larger than expected considering the size of their parent galaxies.
Both scenarios would necessitate a substantial overhaul of our galaxy formation and black hole growth theories in the early Universe.
Initial assumptions posited that the red hue of LRDs was due to copious dust surrounding the black holes or stars. This notion has come under scrutiny, as researchers find little evidence of dust in these extraordinary galaxies.
Jenny Green, a researcher at Princeton University, posits that this discovery warrants a reevaluation of LRD characteristics. “We were confident that if red coloration was due to dust, we’d detect dust emissions. However, we found none,” Green stated. “This suggests our initial assumption about their dust content was flawed.”
Previous analyses gauged the total brightness of the LRDs by assessing specific wavelengths of light linked to hydrogen, calibrated against a model of how dust impacts this light.
In their recent study, Green and her team measured the total light output from two LRD galaxies across various light frequencies, including X-rays and infrared. They discovered that, except for visible light, these galaxies emitted significantly less light than the typical galaxy—implying that LRDs are at least ten times dimmer than earlier estimates. This revelation holds critical implications for the nature of black holes within LRDs.
“If the emitted light is substantially less than we’ve believed, the mass of the black holes is likely much more modest,” Green remarked. “This reduces the tensions that have perplexed us since the black holes no longer need to be exceedingly massive or possess substantial mass initially.”
The new emission patterns imply the black holes may harbor less mass compared to standard black holes. Rohan Naidu from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology describes them as “baby black holes.” He further noted these findings align with the emerging perspective that LRD black holes could be categorized as black hole stars—a unique type of black hole encased in gas.
“In a typical black hole, what we observe is merely a fraction of the total energy emitted by the system. However, we should reconsider the little red dots as bulging black hole stars,” Naidu explained. “Most of their energy appears to be emitted at wavelengths we can detect, suggesting that what we see accurately reflects their output.”
Conversely, Roberto Maiorino from the University of Cambridge emphasizes that one cannot definitively ascertain the black hole’s mass within an LRD, as the emitted light reveals its growth rate rather than its total mass.
Green asserts that the notion of baby black holes holds merit. “If the photon count is significantly lower,” she noted, “this indicates a downward shift in the entire mass scale. On average, they possess lesser masses than previously assumed when we incorrectly categorized them as regular accreting black holes enshrouded in dust.”
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Primordial black holes likely formed shortly after the Big Bang.
Shutterstock/Mohd. Afuza
An exceptionally massive black hole from the early universe may represent a type of exotic starless black hole first theorized by Stephen Hawking.
In August, Boyuan Liu and his team from the University of Cambridge used the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to uncover a peculiar galaxy named Abell 2744-QSO1. This ancient galaxy, dating back 13 billion years, harbored a black hole around 50 million times the mass of our Sun but hosted extremely few stars.
“This contradicts traditional theories which dictate that stars must form prior to or simultaneously with black holes,” Liu explained. Typically, black holes are believed to evolve when massive stars exhaust their fuel and undergo gravitational collapse.
Liu and his team conducted initial simulations suggesting that QSO1 might have originated as a primordial black hole—an exotic concept introduced by Stephen Hawking and Bernard Carr in 1974. Unlike conventional black holes, primordial black holes are thought to form from density fluctuations shortly after the Big Bang.
While most primordial black holes likely evaporated by the time of the JWST’s observations, some might have persisted, evolving into larger black holes like QSO1.
Although Liu and his team’s calculations align broadly with their observations, they remain relatively simple and do not factor in the intricate interactions among primordial black holes, gas clouds, and stars.
Now, the authors have employed advanced simulations to investigate how primordial black holes grew in the universe’s infancy. They analyzed how gas dynamics influenced the formation of early primordial black holes and how interactions with newly formed and dying stars affected them.
Their predictions about the black hole’s ultimate mass and the heavy elements present in it are congruent with the findings from QSO1.
“It’s not conclusive, but it represents a compelling possibility,” Liu stated. “These observations suggest that established black hole formation theories may not fully explain the phenomenon, making the notion of a significant primordial black hole in the early universe increasingly plausible.”
Simulations indicate that primordial black holes could be a feasible origin for QSO1, according to Roberto Maiorino, a team member involved in the discovery of black holes. “The alignment of their predicted properties with those of QSO1, in terms of black hole mass, stellar mass, and chemical composition, is both intriguing and promising.”
However, standard models of primordial black holes typically predict that their maximum mass should be around a million solar masses, while Maiorino pointed out that QSO1 is 50 times larger. “Nevertheless, it’s plausible that these primordial black holes are densely concentrated, allowing them to merge and grow rapidly,” he noted.
A further challenge arises from the requirement that for a primordial black hole to initially collapse, a burst of high-energy radiation, like that from a nearby supernova, is essential; however, no potential sources have been identified near QSO1, according to Maiorino.
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Supermassive black holes can consume or merge with other black holes.
Mark Garlick/Science Photo Library
Recent studies reveal that three galaxies featuring supermassive black holes at their cores are merging into a colossal galaxy—a phenomenon rarely observed in astronomy.
Astronomers posit that to achieve their immense sizes, supermassive black holes often need to engulf or merge with other massive black holes during galactic collisions. Discovering these events is challenging, as they are short-lived compared to a black hole’s lifespan. These mergers are most easily detected when a black hole is actively consuming matter and emitting light, which is not frequently the case. Currently, only around 150 pairs of merging galactic black holes have been identified.
Researchers at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C., led by Emma Schwartzman, have identified a trio of supermassive black holes actively feeding and functioning as a single system. “The more galaxies involved, the rarer this system becomes,” Schwartzman noted.
Each supermassive black hole emits low-frequency radiation as radio waves, which can penetrate dust that obscures other forms of light. This characteristic enabled Schwartzman and her team to conduct observations using the Very Long Baseline Array in Hawaii and the Very Large Array in New Mexico, effectively ruling out alternate light sources such as star-filled galaxies.
“What’s particularly intriguing is that all three of these black holes show signs of merging. There’s no guarantee we will observe emissions in the radio spectrum that we haven’t detected before,” Schwartzman commented.
According to Isabella Lamperti, a researcher at the University of Florence, there are visible indications that the galaxies are beginning to interact. Given that two of the galaxies are approximately 70,000 light-years apart, and the third is 300,000 light-years away, this interaction is still in a relatively early phase.
However, considering their life spans spanning billions of years, we are witnessing a dramatic conclusion. “It’s akin to capturing the final moments of a melodrama where the galaxies converge,” commented Emma Kuhn from Ruhr University Bochum, Germany.
Simulating the merging of three active supermassive black holes presents substantial difficulty, but observing this unique system will provide physicists with better insights into more intricate mergers, according to Kuhn. “This marks the initial step in unraveling the physics underlying the system,” she stated.
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A New Discovery: Gas Balls with Black Holes at Their Centers
Shutterstock / Nazarii_Neshcherenskyi
The early universe is rich with enigmatic star-like gas balls powered by central black holes, a discovery that has astounded astronomers and may clarify some of the most significant mysteries unveiled by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
Upon initiating its observations of the universe’s first billion years, JWST uncovered compact, red galaxies that exhibited extraordinary brightness—galaxies unlike those found in our local universe. Previous interpretations suggested that these “small red dots” (LRDs) were either supermassive black holes engulfed in dust or densely packed star galaxies; however, these theories inadequately explained the light signals detected by JWST.
Recently, astronomers suggested that LRDs might actually be dense gas clusters with a black hole at their core, termed “black hole stars.” According to Anna de Graaf from Harvard University, as matter falls into a black hole, it emits immense gravitational energy, causing the surrounding gas to radiate light like stars. While this energy is distinct from nuclear fusion typical in stars, it results in a luminous mass of dense gas potentially billions of times brighter than our sun, according to de Graaf.
Despite some early evidence supporting this idea, a consensus remained elusive. Now, de Graaf and colleagues have reviewed the most extensive sample of LRDs since JWST’s launch, encompassing over 100 galaxies, and propose that these entities are best classified as black hole stars. “Although the term black hole star is still debated, there’s growing agreement within the scientific community that we’re observing accreting black holes enveloped by dense gas,” de Graaf noted.
When examining the spectrum of light emitted by an LRD, the observed patterns more closely resemble those from a uniform surface (blackbody) characteristic of stars, contrasting with the intricate and varied spectra from galaxies emitting light produced by a combination of stars, dust, gas, and central black holes.
“The black hole star concept has intrigued scientists for a while and, despite initial skepticism, is proving to be a viable explanation,” states Gillian Bellovary of the American Museum of Natural History. “Using a star-like model simplifies the framework for interpreting observations without necessitating extraordinary physics.”
In September, de Graaf’s team also identified another single LRD displaying a striking peak in the light frequency spectrum, which they dubbed “the cliff.” “We discovered spectral characteristics unexplainable by existing models,” de Graaf explained. “This pushes us to reevaluate our understanding and explore alternative theories.”
Presently, many astronomers agree that LRDs likely operate like vast star formations; however, de Graaf cautions that substantiating the black hole hypothesis presents challenges. “The core is hidden within a dense, optically thick envelope, obscuring what’s inside,” de Graaf explains. “Their brightness leads us to suspect they harbor black holes.”
A potential method to affirm their nature as black holes involves studying the temporal changes in emitted light, observing whether they fluctuate akin to known black holes in our universe, as noted by Western Hanki from Cambridge University. “We note brightness variances over brief intervals, yet there’s scant evidence of such variations in most LRD cases.”
While JWST’s observational timeframe is limited, scrutinizing long-lived light fluctuations from LRDs may yield insights. A new study by Sun Fengwu and his team at Harvard recently uncovered a gravitational lens, an LRD that bends light around a massive galaxy between us and the object. This lens generated four distinct images of the original LRD, mimicking observations over 130 years and suggesting brightness variations similar to known pulsating stars, aligning with the hypothesis of black hole stars. Sun and his team opted not to comment for this article.
Although utilizing gravitational lenses to observe LRDs at different times is clever, Bellovary notes that other factors might account for brightness changes. “The data may not suffice to validate their conclusion. While I’m not dismissing their claims, I think there may be alternative explanations for the observed variations.”
If it turns out these galaxies are indeed black hole stars, de Graaf warns we’ll need to devise a new model addressing their origin and what they evolve into, given the absence of equivalent systems in our local universe. “This could represent a new growth phase for supermassive black holes,” she concludes. “The nature of these events and their significance to the final mass of black holes remains an open question.”
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Astronomers have utilized data gathered from a network of space and terrestrial telescopes to identify AT 2024wpp, the most radiant blue light transient (LFBOT) ever recorded. These uncommon, ephemeral, and exceedingly luminous outbursts have perplexed scientists for a decade, but the extraordinary brightness and comprehensive multiwavelength data from AT 2024wpp indicate that they cannot be attributed to typical stellar explosions such as supernovae. Instead, recent observations reveal that AT 2024wpp was generated by an extreme tidal disruption event, where a black hole, with a mass approximately 100 times that of the Sun, dismantles a massive companion star over the course of just a few days, converting a significant portion of the star’s mass into energy.
This composite image contains X-ray and optical data for the LFBOT event at 2024wpp. Image credits: NASA / CXC / University of California, Berkeley / Nayana others. / Legacy Survey / DECaLS / BASS / MzLS / SAO / P. Edmonds / N. Walk.
LFBOTs derive their name from their intense brightness, being visible from hundreds of millions to billions of light years away, and their ephemeral nature, lasting merely a few days.
They emit high-energy light across the blue spectrum into ultraviolet and X-rays.
The inaugural observation was made in 2014, but the first LFBOT with sufficient data for analysis was recorded in 2018, termed AT 2018cow, in accordance with standard naming conventions.
Researchers nicknamed it “cow”, alongside other LFBOTs dubbed “tongue-twisted koala” (ZTF18abvkwla), “Tasmanian devil” (AT 2022tsd), and “finch” (AT 2023fhn). AT 2024wpp is likely to be known as Wasp.
Researchers determined that AT 2024wpp was not a supernova after assessing the energy output of the phenomenon.
The energy was found to be 100 times greater than that produced by typical supernovae.
The emitted energy must convert roughly 10% of the Sun’s rest mass into energy over a brief period of weeks.
Specifically, observations from Gemini South disclosed excess near-infrared radiation emitted by a luminous source.
This marks the second instance astronomers have witnessed such an occurrence, with the first being AT 2018cow, which seemingly doesn’t occur in regular stellar explosions.
These observations establish near-infrared excess as a defining characteristic of FBOT, yet no model can adequately explain it.
“The energy released by these bursts is so immense that it cannot be accounted for by a nuclear collapse or any typical stellar explosion,” stated Nathalie LeBaron, a graduate student at the University of California, Berkeley.
“The main takeaway from AT 2024wpp is that the model we initially proposed is incorrect. This is definitely not an ordinary exploding star.”
Scientists suggest that the intense high-energy light emitted during this extreme tidal disruption stems from the black hole binary system’s prolonged parasitic behavior.
As they piece together this history, it appears the black hole has been gradually siphoning material from its companion star, enveloping itself in a ring of material too distant to be consumed.
Subsequently, when the companion star ventured too near and was shredded, the new material became ensnared in a rotating accretion disk, colliding with pre-existing material and releasing X-rays, ultraviolet light, and blue radiation.
Much of the gas from the companion star ended up spiraling toward the black hole’s poles, where it was expelled as material jets.
Authors calculated that the jet was traveling at about 40% the speed of light and emitted radio waves upon interacting with surrounding gas.
Similar to most LFBOTs, AT 2024wpp is situated in a galaxy characterized by active star formation, making the presence of large stars likely.
Located 1.1 billion light years away, AT 2024wpp is 5 to 10 times more brilliant than AT 2018cow.
The companion star that was torn apart was estimated to be over 10 times the mass of the Sun.
“It may have been what is referred to as a Wolf-Rayet star, a very hot evolved star that has depleted much of its hydrogen,” remarked the astronomers.
“This would account for the weak hydrogen emission observed from AT 2024wpp.”
Natalie LeBaron others. 2025. Brightest known fast blue light transient AT 2024wpp: unprecedented evolution and properties from ultraviolet to near-infrared. APJL in press. arXiv: 2509.00951
AJ Nayana others. 2025. Brightest known fast blue light transient AT 2024wpp: unprecedented evolution and properties in X-rays and radio. APJL in press. arXiv: 2509.00952
Utilizing ESA’s XMM-Newton along with the X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM)—a collaborative endeavor led by JAXA, ESA, and NASA—astronomers detected an ultrafast outflow from the supermassive black hole in NGC 3783, moving at 19% the speed of light (57,000 km/s).
An artist’s conception of NGC 3783’s wind-blown supermassive black hole. Image credit: ESA/ATG Europe.
NGC 3783 is a luminous barred spiral galaxy located about 135 million light-years away in the Centaurus constellation.
This galaxy was initially discovered by British astronomer John Herschel on April 21, 1835.
Also referred to as ESO 378-14, LEDA 36101, or 2XMM J113901.7-374418, it is a prominent member of the NGC 3783 group, which contains 47 galaxies.
NGC 3783 hosts a rapidly rotating supermassive black hole with a mass of 2.8 million solar masses.
“We have never witnessed a black hole producing winds at such speeds before,” stated Dr. Li Gu, an astronomer at the Netherlands Space Research Organization (SRON).
“Swift bursts of X-ray light from a black hole immediately provoke superfast winds, and for the first time, we observe how these winds develop within just a day.”
During 10 days of observations, mainly using the XRISM space telescope, astronomers monitored the emergence and acceleration of a burst from NGC 3783’s supermassive black hole.
While such explosions are typically attributed to intense radiation, in this instance, the likely cause is a sudden shift in the magnetic field, akin to solar flares caused by the Sun’s outbursts.
It is known that supermassive black holes emit X-rays, but this marks the first occasion where astronomers have distinctly observed rapid ejections during these X-ray bursts.
This finding emerged from the longest continuous observation conducted by XRISM to date.
Over these 10 days, scientists noted fluctuations in the brightness of the X-rays, particularly within the soft X-ray band.
Such fluctuations, including explosions lasting three days, are not uncommon for supermassive black holes.
What sets this explosion apart is the simultaneous expulsion of gas from the black hole’s accretion disk—a swirling disc of matter in orbit around the black hole.
This gas was expelled at astonishing speeds, hitting 57,000 km/s, or 19% of the speed of light.
Researchers identified the origin of this gas as a region approximately 50 times larger than the black hole itself.
Within this chaotic region, gravitational and magnetic forces are in extreme interaction.
The emission is believed to be the result of a phenomenon known as magnetic reconnection, which occurs when the magnetic field rapidly reorganizes and releases vast amounts of energy.
“This is an unparalleled opportunity to explore the mechanisms behind ultrafast ejections,” Dr. Gu remarked.
“The data indicate that magnetic forces, resembling those involved in coronal mass ejections from the Sun, are responsible for the acceleration of the outflow.”
“A coronal mass ejection occurs when a hefty plume of hot solar plasma is hurled into space.”
“In contrast, supermassive black holes can produce similar events, but these eruptions are 10 billion times more potent and far smaller than solar phenomena we’ve observed.”
Scientists propose that the black hole activity observed may mirror its solar counterpart, driven by an abrupt burst of magnetic energy.
This challenges the widely-held theory that black holes expel matter predominantly through intense radiation or extreme heat.
These findings provide fresh insights into how black holes not only consume matter but can also expel it back into space under specific conditions.
This feedback process plays a critical role in galaxy evolution, affecting nearby stars and gas and potentially contributing to the structure of the universe as we know it.
“This discovery highlights the effective collaboration that underpins all ESA missions,” noted XMM-Newton project scientist and ESA astronomer Dr. Eric Courkers.
“By focusing on an active supermassive black hole, the two telescopes unveiled something unprecedented: rapid, ultrafast flare-induced winds similar to those generated by the Sun.”
“Interestingly, this suggests that solar physics and high-energy physics may operate in surprisingly similar fashions throughout the universe.”
The team’s paper was published in the December 9, 2025 issue of the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.
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Gu Lee Yi et al. 2025. Investigating NGC 3783 with XRISM. III. Emergence of ultra-high-speed outflow during soft flares. A&A 704, A146; doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202557189
Ministers are under pressure to implement more robust safeguards for facial recognition technology, as the Home Office has acknowledged that it may mistakenly identify Black and Asian individuals more frequently than white people in certain contexts.
Recent tests conducted by the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) on how this technology functions within police national databases revealed that “some demographic groups are likely to be incorrectly included in search results,” according to the Home Office.
The Police and Crime Commissioner stated that the release of the NPL’s results “reveals concerning underlying bias” and urged caution regarding plans for a nationwide implementation.
These findings were made public on Thursday, shortly after Police Minister Sarah Jones characterized the technology as “the most significant advancement since DNA matching.”
Facial recognition technology analyzes individuals’ faces and cross-references the images against a watchlist of known or wanted criminals. It can be employed to scrutinize live footage of people passing in front of cameras, match faces with wanted persons, or assist police in targeting individuals on surveillance.
Images of suspects can be compared against police, passport, or immigration databases to identify them and review their backgrounds.
Analysts who evaluated the Police National Database’s retrospective facial recognition tool at lower settings discovered that “white subjects exhibited a lower false positive identification rate (FPIR) (0.04%) compared to Asian subjects (4.0%) and Black subjects (5.5%).”
Further testing revealed that Black women experienced notably high false positives. “The FPIR for Black male subjects (0.4%) is lower than that for Black female subjects (9.9%),” the report detailed.
The Police and Crime Commissioners Association stated that these findings reflect internalized bias. “This indicates that, in certain scenarios, Black and Asian individuals are more prone to incorrect matches than their white counterparts. Although the terminology is technical, it is evident that this technology is being integrated into police operations without adequate safeguards,” the report noted.
The statement, signed by APCC leaders Darryl Preston, Alison Rowe, John Tizard, and Chris Nelson, raised concerns why these findings were not disclosed sooner and shared with Black and Asian communities.
The report concluded: “While there is no evidence of adverse effects in individual cases, this is due to chance rather than a systematic approach. System failures have been known for a while, but the information was not conveyed to the communities impacted and key stakeholders.”
The government has initiated a 10-week public consultation aimed at facilitating more frequent usage of the technology. The public will be asked if police should have permission to go beyond records and access additional databases, such as images from passports and driving licenses, to track criminals.
Civil servants are collaborating with police to create a new national facial recognition system that will house millions of images.
Charlie Welton, head of policy and campaigns at Liberty, stated: “The racial bias indicated by these statistics demonstrates that allowing police to utilize facial recognition without sufficient safeguards leads to actual negative consequences. There are pressing questions regarding how many individuals of color were wrongly identified in the thousands of monthly searches utilizing this biased algorithm and the ramifications it might have.”
“This report further underscores that this powerful and opaque technology cannot be deployed without substantial safeguards to protect all individuals, which includes genuine transparency and significant oversight. Governments must halt the accelerated rollout of facial recognition technology until protections are established that prioritize our rights, aligning with public expectations.”
Former cabinet minister David Davis expressed worries after police officials indicated that cameras could be installed at shopping centers, stadiums, and transport hubs to locate wanted criminals. He told the Daily Mail: “Brother, welcome to the UK. It is evident that the Government is implementing this dystopian technology nationwide. There is no way such a significant measure could proceed without a comprehensive and detailed discussion in the House of Commons.”
Officials argue that the technology is essential for apprehending serious criminals, asserting that there are manual safeguards embedded within police training, operational guidelines, and practices that require trained personnel to visually evaluate all potential matches derived from the police national database.
A Home Office representative said: “The Home Office takes these findings seriously and has already acted. The new algorithm has undergone independent testing and has shown no statistically significant bias. It will be subjected to further testing and evaluation early next year.”
“In light of the significance of this issue, we have requested the Office of the Inspector General and the Forensic Regulator to review the application of facial recognition by law enforcement. They will evaluate the effectiveness of the mitigation measures, and the National Council of Chiefs of Police backs this initiative.”
A recent study suggests that volcanic eruptions from several years prior may have contributed to the devastating impact of the Black Death on medieval Europe’s population.
The researchers discovered that a period of abnormally cold summers in the mid-1340s, potentially linked to one significant volcanic eruption or several smaller ones, led to severe famines throughout the Mediterranean.
They argue that this chain reaction ultimately caused disease-carrying fleas to arrive at European ports, resulting in mortality rates of up to 60 percent.
“This is something I’ve wanted to understand for a long time,” stated Professor Wolf Bungen, a paleoclimatologist from the Department of Geography at the University of Cambridge. “What were the origins and transmission factors of the Black Death, and how extraordinary were they?”
“Why did this event occur in this specific region, at this precise moment in European history? That is a fascinating question, yet one that requires collective insights to answer.”
Professor Ulf Bungen takes ring samples from trees in the Pyrenees – Credit: Ulf Bungen
Bungen noted that BBC Science Focus has provided clues through tree rings and ice cores—ancient ice layers that have preserved chemicals from historic volcanic eruptions—indicating that volcanic activity contributed to the extreme climatic conditions.
“If a particular year experiences unusual cold, heat, dryness, or wetness, we aim to uncover the reasons behind it,” Bungen remarked to BBC Science Focus.
“Volcanoes emit substantial amounts of sulfur into the upper atmosphere, prompting collaborations with ice core experts to gain insights on past eruptions.
“This can lead to subsequent cold summers, a phenomenon known as post-eruption cooling.”
This close-up image of tree rings shows the “blue rings” of 1345 and 1346, during the cold and wet summers – Credit: Ulf Büntgen
It was left to climate historian Dr. Martin Bauch from the Leibniz Institute for the History and Culture of Eastern Europe in Germany to correlate this climate data with historical events.
He found that the harsh cold resulted in significant famine across the Mediterranean, and the responses of the Italian republics of Venice, Genoa, and Pisa eventually facilitated the plague’s arrival in Europe.
“For over a century, these influential Italian city-states established extensive trade networks throughout the Mediterranean and Black Seas, employing an effective system to stave off starvation,” Bauch explained. “However, this ultimately contributed to even greater disasters.”
The fleas carrying the plague bacterium Y. pestis likely reached Mediterranean ports aboard these grain ships, transferring to rats, cats, and humans, and quickly propagating the disease across Europe, decimating its population.
The study concluded that volcanic activity initiated a sequence of events culminating in the plague throughout medieval Europe.
Bungen noted that this narrative continues to resonate in today’s world, over seven centuries later.
“While the coincidental convergence of factors leading to the Black Death may be rare, the probability of zoonotic disease outbreaks and pandemics amidst climate change is likely to escalate in our interconnected world,” he explained.
“This is particularly crucial in light of our recent experiences with COVID-19.”
The Black Death, a devastating outbreak of bubonic plague that decimated up to 60 percent of medieval Europe’s population, may have been triggered by volcanic eruptions around 1345.
The bacterium responsible for the plague is Yersinia pestis, transmitted by fleas that infest rodents and infect humans through bites. The origin of the 14th-century epidemic in Europe remains unclear, though historical accounts indicate that grain shipments from the Black Sea to Italy could have played a role.
“The Black Death was pivotal in the Middle Ages, and we sought to understand why such immense quantities of grain were transported to Italy, particularly in 1347,” states Martin Bauch of the Leibniz Institute for the History and Culture of Eastern Europe, Germany.
To explore this, Bork and his colleagues, including Wolf Bungen from the University of Cambridge, examined climate data stemming from tree rings, ice cores, and historical accounts.
Reports from Japan, China, Germany, France, and Italy revealed a decline in sunlight and an increase in cloud cover from 1345 to 1349, likely due to a sulfur-rich volcanic eruption or multiple eruptions in an unidentified tropical region, according to Bauch and Büngen.
Data from Greenland and Antarctica’s ice cores and thousands of tree-ring samples across eight native European areas indicate significant climate shifts may have occurred during this period.
Moreover, researchers uncovered records showing that Italian officials, faced with famine due to harsh weather and poor harvests, took preemptive measures in 1347 to import grain from the Mongols of the Golden Horde near the Sea of Azov.
“They operated with exceptional professionalism and efficiency to mitigate soaring prices and impending starvation through grain imports before hunger led to mortality,” Bauch explained. “As these societies had effective famine-response strategies, the plague bacterium likely traveled alongside the grain.”
During that era, the causes of the plague were shrouded in mystery, with many attributing the outbreak to “astral alignments and toxic vapors emitted by earthquakes.”
Though the plague might have eventually invaded Europe, Bauch suggests the population decline would have been less severe without this proactive approach. “My point isn’t against preparedness but rather to highlight that successful measures in one area can inadvertently create challenges in others.”
Aparna Lal, a researcher at the Australian National University in Canberra, asserts that a “perfect storm of conditions” likely facilitated the Black Death’s arrival in Europe. “Rising food prices, well-documented hunger issues, and colder, wetter climates could have impaired immune defenses due to nutritional deficiencies and behavioral changes, including increased indoor congregation,” she says.
However, she notes that further research is necessary to clarify cause-and-effect dynamics. “The immediate disturbances caused by the eruptions seem to have significantly influenced local weather patterns, but, as mentioned previously, additional evidence is essential to confirm their role in the Black Death’s entry into Europe,” Lal emphasizes.
Science of the Renaissance: Italy
From the works of Brunelleschi and Botticelli to the genius of polymaths like Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo Galilei, delve into the remarkable scientific minds and breakthroughs of the Renaissance that established Italy’s prime position in scientific advancement.
Traditionally, black cumin seeds have been esteemed for their health benefits. A recent study examined their potential in alleviating symptoms related to obesity.
Ahmed et al. suggest that black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa) could be a promising natural remedy for obesity-related issues. Image credit: Andre Holz / CC BY-SA 3.0.
Nigella sativa, commonly known as black cumin, is a flowering plant in the Ranunculaceae family, widely used in traditional medicine across South Asia, North Africa, and the Mediterranean region.
Its healing properties are acknowledged in ancient medical systems like Unani, Ayurveda, and Tiv.
Rich in bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and essential oils, black cumin seed and its oil demonstrate vast pharmacological potential.
Their diverse physicochemical properties make them valuable in both culinary and medicinal applications.
Studies with cell cultures and animals have shown the therapeutic benefits of black cumin and its active component thymoquinone, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antitumor, immunomodulatory, and antiobesity effects.
To delve into these effects, Dr. Akiko Kojima Yuasa and colleagues from Osaka Metropolitan University conducted cell-based experiments and human clinical trials.
In the clinical trials, participants who ingested 5g of black cumin seed powder (around 1 tablespoon) daily for 8 weeks exhibited notable decreases in blood triglyceride levels, LDL (“bad”) cholesterol, and total cholesterol. Moreover, HDL (“good”) cholesterol levels saw an increase.
This improved blood lipid profile is linked to a reduced risk of heart disease and premature mortality.
The research team also performed cell experiments to clarify the mechanisms at play.
They discovered that black cumin seed extract inhibits adipogenesis (the formation and maturation of fat cells) by preventing lipid droplet accumulation and the differentiation process.
Dr. Yuasa Kojima remarked, “This study strongly indicates that black cumin seeds serve as a functional food in the prevention of obesity and lifestyle-related diseases.”
“We were thrilled to effectively demonstrate the significant blood lipid-lowering effects of black cumin in our human clinical trials.”
“We aspire to conduct long-term, extensive clinical trials to further investigate the effects of black cumin on metabolism.”
“We are particularly keen on exploring insulin resistance in diabetes and its influence on inflammatory markers.”
This study was published in the journal Food Science and Nutrition.
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Shamima Ahmed et al. 2025. Black Cumin Seed (Nigella sativa) 3T3-L1 exhibits anti-adipogenic effects in cellular models and hypolipidemic properties in humans. Food Science and Nutrition 13 (9): e70888; doi: 10.1002/fsn3.70888
WWhile navigating the Black Friday sale frenzy can feel daunting, some incredible deals, particularly in travel, are worth exploring. As a travel journalist and magazine writer for my packing list newsletter, I’m continually scouting for luggage, apparel, and gear that can enhance the travel experience. During the Black Friday and Cyber Monday sales, I focus on retailers delivering substantial discounts on items such as carry-on luggages and cozy loungewear. Pro tip: If a product intrigues you, conduct a Google search to discover if other sites offer better prices (which is often the case).
If you’re in the market for upgrading travel gear without breaking the bank, rely on my curated guide for your shopping decisions. We’ll be updating our sale selections frequently over the holiday season, so keep an eye on this space for more deals in the coming weeks.
How I selected my Black Friday and Cyber Monday travel deals
My guiding principle when selecting travel products is to prioritize quality over quantity. You don’t need multiple carry-on suitcases; you need one that you can consistently rely on.
I began by identifying essential items every traveler should have, considering the “nice-to-haves” that have simplified my journeys through the years. I then sought specific products from trusted retailers and brands (many I routinely purchase) to see if discounted prices were justified. The chosen picks are presented below.
Overview: The top travel deals for Black Friday and Cyber Monday
Now $257, previously $343
Now $64.99, previously $99 on Amazon
Now $53.40, previously $89 at Athleta
Top luggage deals
Photo provided by Calpak
Calpak Terra 26L Laptop Duffel Backpack
Now $158.40, previously $198 at Calpak
Since I began using the Calpak Terra 26L Laptop Duffle Backpack last winter, I was thrilled with its carrying capacity. In fact, it holds as much as my suitcase while still fitting under an airplane seat! The clamshell opening simplifies packing, and internal compression straps secure everything. It’s essentially two bags in one: both a backpack and a duffle.
Photo: Provided by Away
Away Packing Pro Bundle
Now $257, previously $343
I always turn to Away for my bag needs. After using the Bigger Carry-On for years and testing numerous other suitcases, I’m convinced it offers more storage than any other carry-on. This bundle includes a set of packing cubes, perfect for organizing your suitcase, making it ideal for new travelers or those prone to overpacking.
Away is running an early Black Friday sale with 25% off all products, but I suggest focusing on items with the best cost per use. For frequent travelers, that’s the Away Packing Pro bundle. It includes the Bigger Carry-On and a set of Insider Packing Cubes (set of 4)—two travel essentials that can be used independently or together. Bonus: choose matching colors or mix and match!
Photo: Provided by ROHM
Roam Check-In Expandable
Now $545, previously $725 at Roam
Quality checked suitcases can be pricey, hence waiting for a sale is worthwhile. While the Roam Check-In Expandable may seem costly, it’s a one-time investment. Crafted with an extension feature (2-inch zipper) and compression board, it can comfortably accommodate 10-13 clothing items.
Top travel tech and gear deals
Photo: Provided by Amazon
European Travel Plug Adapter Set
Now $12.66 on Amazon, previously $16.99
Planning a trip to Europe? Or need a practical gift for someone traveling abroad? Grab this European travel plug adapter set on sale (26% off). It includes a Type-C plug adapter for places like Germany, Italy, France, and Spain, plus a Type-G mini adapter for the UK.
As a person who frequently misplaces AirPods while traveling, I lean heavily on headphones. This JBL pair is currently 50% off and boasts great reviews from countless users. Ideal for anyone hesitant about larger headphones, this model is accessible in multiple colors, including purple and blue.
Photo: Provided by Amazon
Apple AirTags 4 Pack
Now $64.99, previously $99 on Amazon
While you can’t control everything at the airport—like lost luggage—you can equip yourself with technology to track your belongings. Keeping an Apple AirTag in both checked and carry-on luggage provides reassurance, especially when connectivity is unreliable. It’s an opportune time to invest in your own set of AirTags.
Buying a 4-pack of AirTags at Apple.com means paying full price, but you can find these nifty tracking devices on Amazon and Walmart for under $65. Not only are AirTags handy for travel, but they also come in handy for daily life—attach one to your keys, slip it in your bag, or place it in your wallet.
Photo: Provided by Amazon
Travel Inspira Luggage Scale
Now $9.99 on Amazon, previously $12.99
Searching for a practical gift? The Travel Inspira Luggage Scale is that underappreciated item most don’t realize they need until they experience the relief of weighing their suitcase pre-flight. Simply loop the weighing strap through your luggage handle, lift, and check. Not only will the sale price save you money, but you’ll also avoid potential overweight baggage fees.
REI’s Holiday Sale highlights numerous items suited for any traveler’s wardrobe, but the Men’s Evolution EMB Oversized Parka (currently 30% off) stands out. It offers a refined oversized fit that remains stylish, with ribbed cuffs and hem for a polished appearance, making it ideal for your journeys.
Photo: Provided by Amazon
Women’s Pioneer Camp Packable Puffer
Now $47.59, previously $55.99 on Amazon
Selecting outerwear can be challenging when packing. One tip is to wear your coat while traveling (no need to stuff it in a suitcase), yet a lightweight layer is essential. The Pioneer Camp Women’s Packable Puffer is an excellent choice: it’s lightweight, water-resistant, and packs neatly into a carry bag. The timing of this sale is ideal for the winter trips ahead.
Photo: Provided by Athleta
Women’s Forever Fleece Relaxed Crew Sweatshirt
Now $53.40, previously $89 at Athleta
I firmly believe travel attire should be both flattering and comfortable. I favor sweats and loungewear in solid, neutral hues like the Athleta Forever Fleece Relaxed Crew sweatshirt. Stylish yet practical, this navy piece will conceal any travel stains.
Athleta’s pre-Black Friday sale (download the app for 30% off everything) is a real advantage for athleisure enthusiasts, but don’t rush in. Instead, focus on pieces worthy of a spot in your suitcase. This cotton crewneck is machine washable (a must for travel clothing) and available in multiple neutral colors. This will serve you well for all upcoming travels.
Photo: Courtesy of Nordstrom
Italic Amara Cashmere Wrap
Now $167, previously $279 at Nordstrom
A cashmere wrap is a travel must-have. It’s larger than a blanket, providing warmth on chilly flights, and doubles as a stylish scarf. Versatile travel items score high in my book. This 100% cashmere wrap from Italic, marked down by over $100, is chic, functional, and versatile.
In today’s landscape of live service “Forever Games,” it seems almost outdated to view the annual release of a new Call of Duty title as a significant occasion. Yet, Black Ops 7 emerges as a fresh assault of stunning military shooting action, merely a year after its immediate predecessor. This latest installment takes place in the dystopian year of 2035, where a global arms manufacturing firm named Guild claims to be the sole solution to a looming apocalyptic terrorist threat. But are things really that straightforward?
The response is a resounding “No!” Black Ops serves as the paranoid, conspiracy-driven cousin to the Modern Warfare series, drawing inspiration from ’70s thrillers like The Parallax View and The China Syndrome, while incorporating concerns from the Vietnam era related to rogue CIA operatives and unusual psychological tactics. This campaign mode, which comprises just a quarter of this year’s storyline, presents a surreal exploration of sociopolitical themes such as psychotic companies, hybrid warfare, robotics, and high-tech oligarchy. The result is a deafening barrage of explosive gunfight set pieces in exotic locales, placing our four main characters—members of an ultra-elite special forces unit—under the influence of psychotropic substances as they navigate their darkest nightmares. Fortunately, they wield advanced weaponry, cutting-edge gadgets, and enough light-hearted banter to destabilize an entire nation. It’s chaotic, uncompromising, and incredibly entertaining, especially when experienced in co-op mode with three equally reckless friends.
In an intriguing twist, the campaign concludes with a new mode called Endgame. This cooperative PvE (player vs. environment) feature is inspired by the endgame content found in MMO (massively multiplayer online) games, such as World of Warcraft, and is intended to keep players engaged even after reaching maximum levels. In this Call of Duty iteration, players arrive in the fictional city of Avalon, undertaking missions to defeat high-value targets and safely escort valuable military technology across a vast open world. As you progress, you’ll upgrade your characters and weapons, with Activision promising new missions and objectives that will likely introduce public events where teams collaborate to take down megabosses. Only time will reveal the true potential, but for now, it’s an excellent way to extend the campaign and gear up for online action.
Future War … Call of Duty: Black Ops 7. Photo: Activision
Make no mistake, the core of the game lies in traditional multiplayer, introducing fresh modes, firearms, and gadgets to the classic Call of Duty experience. Twelve players engage in frenetic skirmishes within confined spaces in a mechanized bloodbath. New maps, such as those set in a Tokyo-inspired shopping area or a deep-sea oil rig, are masterfully crafted death chambers, featuring alleyways, high windows, and plazas that strategically lead players toward confrontation. My favorite is the Alaska Basemap, where moving platforms turn capturing objectives in Domination and Hardpoint modes into a fascinating challenge. Additionally, a new wall-jumping feature enhances the verticality of maps, enabling players to discover new paths through intricate structures. If you’ve never appreciated the high-paced brutality of the Call of Duty online experience, this likely won’t change your opinion, but for veterans of the carnage, there’s plenty to relish.
Then there’s the Zombies mode—an additional online co-op feature set within a nightmarish landscape filled with abandoned frontier towns and irradiated wastelands. Players must endure endless waves of undead foes while upgrading their weaponry and abilities. This iteration returns to the round-based format of earlier Zombies entries, offering new weapons and features, including the ability to traverse different areas in a pickup truck while blasting away at rampaging zombies from the hood. It feels like an exhilarating amusement park ride, and it’s a thrill to join forces with friends who share the same passion.
Additionally, there’s Dead Ops Arcade 4, a standalone top-down twin-stick shooter for up to four players. This extra mode began as a side project by original Black Ops team members and is cleverly hidden within the main game. It’s back and just as exciting as ever, evoking memories of classic multi-directional shooters like Smash TV and Geometry Wars. Between stages, players can also engage in mini-games that explore various genres, such as top-down racing and side-scrolling shooters, ensuring that even casual players can join in on the fun.
With all this, don’t forget the usual updates to the battle royale mode Warzone, creating a robust package for Call of Duty aficionados. Regardless of your views on the series and its complex role in the broader gaming industry, as well as its community, it delivers sophisticated and exhilarating entertainment. Where else can you find yourself exploding massive robots in a state-of-the-art science lab one moment and then enjoying a modern twist on Atari’s Super Sprint the next? In today’s gaming landscape, value reigns supreme, and like everything else, Call of Duty does not hold back in this department. It stands as a maximalist celebration of the chaotic truths of video game design. It’s a load of fun to shoot on-screen.
What occurs when two black holes share an unbreakable quantum connection? Research indicates this may lead to a textured space-time passage referred to as an “Einstein-Rosen caterpillar.”
Albert Einstein’s name links two distinct physical anomalies. The first is the Einstein-Rosen bridge (a wormhole that links distant regions in space and time), and the second is the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pair, characterized by an inseparable property called quantum entanglement. In a 2013 study, physicists Juan Maldacena from Princeton University and Leonard Susskind of Stanford University proposed that these phenomena may be similar concerning black holes.
Now, Brian Swingle and a team at Brandeis University in Massachusetts have found that this equivalence might only hold under certain conditions. They conducted a mathematical analysis of entangled black holes and discovered that the situation is more intricate and less straightforward than previously assumed.
Swingle stated that exploring the wormholes linking quantum entangled black holes could ultimately aid scientists in gaining deeper insights into black hole interiors. Black holes are enigmatic entities that remain poorly understood due to their immense gravitational fields. Mathematical theories suggest that the size of a black hole’s interior corresponds to its complexity, linked to its fundamental quantum components. The researchers pondered whether a similar principle could apply to wormholes joining black hole pairs.
This presents a significant challenge because a comprehensive understanding of black hole entanglement necessitates a thorough theory of quantum gravity, which has yet to be established. Instead, the team utilized a model that imperfectly combines quantum physics and gravity, but still offers relevant insights, according to Swingle.
The researchers found a mathematical relationship between the level of microscopic quantum randomness within a wormhole and its geometric length. Their results indicated that typical wormholes tend to be more bumpy and less smooth, leading to their comparison with caterpillars. Swingle noted that this contrasts with earlier findings from 2013 and may pertain to special, less common instances where the entangled state of the black holes generates a smooth wormhole between them.
Donald Marolf from the University of California, Santa Barbara, remarked that while the study sheds light on black hole entanglement, it has not yet clarified the most frequent scenarios of such entanglement. He pointed out that the set of all theoretically possible black hole states is vast, exceeding the total number of black holes in our universe, thus requiring further theoretical exploration to definitively determine the typical connected states of a pair of black holes.
Future studies could involve utilizing quantum computers to simulate cosmic black holes and caterpillar wormholes, Swingle suggested. His team’s methodology linked simplified quantum theory with gravitational theory, so as quantum computing advances become more powerful and reliable, it may offer new understandings of both quantum theory and gravitational concepts. Since their calculations already incorporate elements of quantum information theory, Swingle foresees potential breakthroughs in quantum computing algorithms inspired by research into gravitational mysteries.
A supermassive black hole in the process of engulfing a massive star
California Institute of Technology/R. Hurt (IPAC)
Astronomers have made an astounding discovery of the brightest flare ever observed from a supermassive black hole. This flare was so intense that it can only be attributed to a tidal disruption event (TDE), where a colossal star was torn apart by a distant galaxy’s black hole, unleashing an extraordinary burst of energy that is still resonating.
Originating from an active galactic nucleus (AGN) — a supermassive black hole at the core of a galaxy consuming matter — this event is approximately 20 billion light-years from Earth, marking it as one of the most distant TDEs recorded. Notably, many TDEs remain undetected in AGNs due to the fluctuating brightness near these active black holes, which obscures the distinction between a TDE and other phenomena.
“For the last 60 years, we have understood AGNs to be highly volatile, but we lacked clarity about their variability,” explains Matthew Graham from the California Institute of Technology. “Currently, we are aware of millions of AGNs, yet their variability remains largely a mystery.” The event, dubbed “Superman” due to its remarkable brightness, holds the potential to unravel some of these cosmic enigmas.
Initially identified in 2018, astronomers speculated that Superman might merely be a bright explosion from a relatively nearby galaxy. It wasn’t until 2023 that subsequent observations unveiled its true distance and revealed that its brightness was significantly more intense than initially estimated.
This first flare enhanced AGN visibility to over 40 times greater and was 30 times more powerful than any other flare recorded from AGN. Graham and his research team concluded that the most plausible explanation is the disintegration of a massive star, possibly over 30 times the mass of the Sun.
All active supermassive black holes are surrounded by a region of infalling material known as an accretion disk. The matter density in this area is expected to yield substantial stars, although they have never been directly observed. “If our interpretation of this as a TDE is correct, it substantiates our hypothesis regarding the existence of these massive stars in such environments,” noted Graham.
“We once believed that active supermassive black holes simply housed gas disks that meandered about. However, this scenario is much more dynamic and active,” he adds. By examining the fading Superman, we may uncover a deeper understanding of its environment.
Moreover, it may lead to the establishment of a model for TDEs in AGNs, enhancing future detection efforts. “When a potential TDE is identified in an AGN, it remains uncertain whether it is merely an active galactic nucleus or if a true TDE is occurring, so having such unambiguous evidence is invaluable,” states Vivian Baldassare from Washington State University. “This will greatly aid in revealing future TDEs and understanding various AGN variability sources.”
A supermassive black hole has violently consumed a massive star, resulting in a cosmic explosion that shone as brightly as 10 trillion suns, according to a recent study.
This event, referred to as a black hole flare, is believed to be the largest and most remote ever detected.
“This is genuinely a one-in-a-million occurrence,” stated Matthew Graham, a research professor of astronomy at the California Institute of Technology and the lead author of the study published Tuesday in Nature Astronomy.
Graham indicated that based on the explosion’s intensity and duration, a black hole flare is likely the explanation, but further studies will be necessary to validate this conclusion.
While it is common for black holes to devour nearby stars, gas, dust, and other materials, such significant flare events are exceptionally rare, according to Graham.
“This enormous flare is far more energetic than anything we’ve encountered previously,” he remarked, noting that the explosion’s peak luminosity was 30 times that of any black hole flare documented so far.
Its extreme intensity is partly due to the massive size of the celestial objects involved. The star that came too close to the black hole is estimated to possess at least 30 times the mass of the Sun, while the supermassive black hole and its surrounding matter disk are estimated to be 500 million times more massive than the Sun.
Graham mentioned that these powerful explosions have persisted for more than seven years and are likely still ongoing.
The flare was initially detected in 2018 during a comprehensive sky survey using three ground-based telescopes. At the time, it was identified as a “particularly bright object,” but follow-up observations months later yielded little valuable data.
Consequently, black hole flares were mostly overlooked until 2023, when Graham and his team opted to revisit some intriguing findings from their earlier research. Astronomers have since managed to roughly ascertain the distance to this exceptionally bright object, and the results were astonishing.
“Suddenly, I thought, ‘Wow, this is actually quite far away,'” Graham explained. “And if it’s this far away and this bright, how much energy is it emitting? This is both unusual and intriguing.”
While the exact circumstances of the star’s demise remain unclear, Graham hypothesized that a cosmic collision might have nudged the star from its typical orbit around the black hole, leading to a close encounter.
This finding enhances our understanding of black hole behavior and evolution.
“Our perspective on supermassive black holes and their environments has dramatically transformed over the past five to ten years,” Graham stated. “We once pictured most galaxies in the universe with a supermassive black hole at the center, idly rumbling away. We now recognize it as a much more dynamic setting, and we are just beginning to explore its complexities.”
He noted that while the flares are gradually diminishing over time, they will remain detectable with ground-based telescopes for several more years.
Remarkably, Segue 1, an extremely faint dwarf galaxy, is positioned at the center of this image.
CDS, Strasbourg, France/CDS/Aladdin
Astoundingly, a supermassive black hole appears to reside at the heart of a nearby galaxy previously believed to be dominated by dark matter. Segue 1 is scarcely a galaxy, hosting merely around 1,000 stars compared to the Milky Way’s vast hundreds of billions. Yet, it seemingly contains a black hole with a mass approximately 10 times greater than the combined total of all its stars.
Segue 1 and similar dwarf galaxies lack sufficient stars to generate the gravitational force needed to hold them intact. To address this anomaly, physicists have long speculated that dark matter—a mysterious, invisible substance—fills the universe, contributing additional gravity.
Recently, Nathaniel Lujan and colleagues at the University of Texas at San Antonio began exploring computer models of Segue 1. They anticipated that the model yielding the best fit would be one characterized by dark matter. “After running hundreds of thousands of models, we were unable to find a viable solution,” Lujan remarks. “Eventually, we decided to experiment with the black hole mass, and that dramatically changed the results.”
The model that closely aligned with the observations of Segue 1 featured a black hole with a mass around 450,000 times that of the Sun. This discovery was particularly unexpected—not only due to the galaxy’s scarcity of stars but also considering its age. With so few stars, Segue 1 is estimated to have formed merely 400 million years following the universe’s initial star formation. Time constraints make it challenging for such a massive black hole to develop, especially since the much larger Milky Way likely consumed most of the gas that could have nourished Segue 1 shortly after its inception.
“This suggests there may be far more supermassive black holes than previously assumed,” Lujan states. If true, this could clarify some of the gravitational effects formerly attributed to dark matter, though it remains uncertain whether Segue 1 is typical of all dwarf galaxies. The quest for additional supermassive black holes continues.
This orange dot represents a gamma-ray burst, thought to indicate an extraordinary event.
ESO/A. Levan, A. Martin-Carrillo et al.
A black hole that has consumed a star appears to have avenged itself by devouring the star from within, generating a gamma-ray burst located approximately 9 billion light-years from Earth.
This burst, known as GRB 250702B, was initially identified by NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope in July. Such bursts are brilliant flashes of light due to jets produced by high-energy occurrences, like massive stars collapsing into black holes or the merging of neutron stars, and generally last only a few minutes.
However, GRB 250702B lasted an astonishing 25,000 seconds, equating to about 7 hours, which makes it the longest gamma-ray burst on record. Researchers have struggled to account for this phenomenon, but Eliza Knights and her team at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center propose an unusual and rare scenario.
“The only [model] providing a natural explanation for the characteristics observed in GRB 250702B involves a stellar-mass black hole falling into the star,” the researchers mentioned in their published study.
In a typical long gamma-ray burst, a massive star collapses to create a black hole and emits a jet during its demise. In this situation, however, the research team posits the inverse. An existing black hole spiraled into a companion star, whose outer layers had expanded during its later stages, resulting in the black hole losing angular momentum and descending toward the star’s center.
The black hole then incinerated the star from the inside, producing a powerful jet perceived as GRB 250702B, potentially causing a faint supernova, although it remained too dim for detection at this distance by the James Webb Space Telescope.
This theory is beneficial for understanding the mechanisms behind ultra-long bursts. Hendrik van Eerten from the University of Bath, UK, remarks, “The arguments presented in this paper are very persuasive.”
Knights and her team hope that, with the help of telescopes like the Vera Rubin Observatory in Chile, we may observe more such events in the future. Meanwhile, van Eerten describes the gamma-ray burst as “absurd.”
Astronomers leveraged data from the Radio Astron satellite to generate radio images of two supermassive black holes located at the core of a distant quasar, OJ287. The secondary black hole follows a 12-year orbit around the primary black hole.
The RadioAstron will map two supermassive black holes at the center of galaxy OJ 287, located about 5 billion light-years away in the constellation Cancer. The middle component corresponds to a primary black hole, while the next higher component indicates a secondary black hole, and the highest component represents the knot of its jet. The apparent elongation of the individual components is not real but rather reflects the beam’s shape. Image credit: Valtonen et al., doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae057e.
Quasars are exceptionally luminous galactic nuclei whose brightness arises when a supermassive black hole at the galaxy’s center consumes surrounding cosmic gas and dust.
Previously, astronomers have successfully captured images of a black hole at the center of the Milky Way and another in the nearby galaxy known as Messier 87.
“Quasar OJ 287 is so luminous that even amateur astronomers using commercial telescopes can observe it,” remarked Dr. Mauri Valtonen, an astronomer from the University of Turku.
“What sets OJ 287 apart is that it is believed to have two black holes that orbit each other every 12 years, creating a distinct pattern of light fluctuations over the same interval.”
“The earliest observations of OJ 287 date back to the 19th century, captured through old photographs.”
“At that time, the concept of black holes, not to mention quasars, was unimaginable.”
“OJ 287 was inadvertently captured in photographs while astronomers were focused on other celestial objects.”
In 1982, Dr. Valtonen observed that the brightness of the object varied regularly over a 12-year cycle.
He continued his research as a university scholar and proposed that these brightness variations could be due to two black holes orbiting one another.
Numerous astronomers have been closely monitoring quasars to validate this theory and to gain a comprehensive understanding of the orbital motion of the black holes.
The mystery regarding this orbit was finally clarified four years ago by astronomer Lankeswar Dey from the University of Turku.
The only remaining question was whether both black holes could be detected simultaneously.
The solution came from NASA’s TESS satellite, which identified light emission from both black holes.
However, the images captured under normal light lacked the resolution to distinguish the black holes as separate entities, so they were still represented merely as single points.
What was necessary were images with a resolution 100,000 times greater than that attainable by standard radio telescopes.
In this research, Valtonen and his collaborators compared initial theoretical models with radio images.
The two black holes were precisely positioned in the images where they were anticipated to be.
This finding successfully addressed a question that had lingered for four decades: the existence of black hole pairs.
“For the first time, we were able to create images revealing two black holes in orbit around each other,” noted Dr. Valtonen.
“In the image, the black hole is marked by the powerful jets of particles it emits.”
“While the black hole itself is entirely black, it can be identified by the jets of particles and the luminous gas surrounding it.”
Researchers also discovered a completely new type of jet emanating from black holes.
The jet from the secondary black hole of OJ 287 is twisted, resembling the jet from a spinning garden hose.
“This is due to the smaller black hole moving more swiftly around the primary black hole, causing its jet to be deflected according to its current trajectory,” the authors explained.
Their paper was published in the Astrophysical Journal.
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Mauri J. Valtonen et al. 2025. Secondary jet identified in RadioAstron images of OJ 287. APJ 992, 110; doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae057e
Here’s a glimpse from the elusive newsletter of space-time. Each month, we let physicists and mathematicians share intriguing ideas stemming from the universe’s far corners. To join this exploration, Sign up for Losing Space and Time here.
“So you have written a book on black holes?”
The stranger sips their cocktail. We are mingling at a gathering, showcasing our conversations. I nodded slightly, mixing my piña colada.
“Well then,” the stranger continues, their gaze fixed intently on me. Is it truly the case that the entire universe resembles a black hole?”
It’s a familiar inquiry. This question often arises when I mention my years spent at observatories, engaging with scientists about our understanding of these cosmic giants.
People are naturally curious. The media frequently reports on distant galaxies coming into view as we gaze out into space. Videos sharing these concepts amass millions of views on platforms like YouTube. Though it seems like fiction, the scientific exploration of this notion began as early as 1972, when physicist Raj Kumar Pathria submitted a letter to Nature titled “The Universe as a Black Hole.” This topic has surfaced repeatedly since then.
So, is it feasible?
How to create a black hole
In simple terms, black holes are regions in space where gravity is so intense that not even light can escape.
These enigmatic entities were first mathematically described by astronomer Karl Schwarzschild during World War I. Amidst the sounds of battle on the Western Front, he was intrigued by how Albert Einstein’s groundbreaking general relativity predicted planetary dynamics and stellar structures.
Schwarzschild derived a formula detailing how space and time behave in ways that defy common experience, creating areas that would be termed black holes.
This discovery provided profound insights into black hole dynamics. It requires a particular mass, like that of a human, planet, or star, compressed within a volume determined by Schwarzschild’s formula, et voilà! A black hole emerges.
The critical volume varies with the object’s mass. For a human being, this volume is minuscule, a hundred times smaller than a proton. For Earth, it’s akin to a golf ball, while for the Sun, the volume resembles the size of downtown Los Angeles (approximately 6 km, or just under 4 miles).
Creating black holes is challenging. Under typical conditions, materials tend not to compress to incredibly high densities. Only extreme cosmic events, like the supernova explosion of a massive star, can compel matter to collapse into a black hole.
Interestingly, the black holes formed from dying stars come from extremely dense matter, whereas the much larger supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies possess much lower densities. According to Schwarzschild’s equation, bigger black holes actually have less average density than air!
So what about the universe itself? Given that it consists largely of empty space, can such density relate to that of black holes?
Polarized light from the cosmic microwave background
ESA/Planck Collaboration
Measuring Space
With the help of Schwarzschild’s formula, astronomers can ascertain whether an object is a black hole. First, determine its mass. Next, ascertain the volume. If the object’s mass is contained within a volume smaller than that specified by Schwarzschild’s equation, it qualifies as a black hole.
Now, applying this concept to the entire universe requires knowledge of its mass and volume. However, determining the universe’s total size is impossible, as wandering with a cosmic ruler isn’t feasible. Instead, we can observe light and particles that come to us from the cosmos.
The oldest light we detect originates from the cosmic microwave background, which was produced a mere 380,000 years after the Big Bang. As the universe expands, the origin of this light is now astronomically distant. In fact, the total distance light has traveled since the Big Bang allows us to see an observable universe with a diameter of about 93 billion light years.
Through rigorous measurements over many years, astronomers estimate the mass contained within this volume to be approximately 1054 kg (that’s a 1 followed by 54 zeros).
Next, let’s calculate the hypothetical size of a black hole with this mass using Schwarzschild’s formula. After some calculations, it turns out that such a black hole would be roughly three times larger than the observable universe, measuring around 300 billion light years across. Thus, simply from the observed mass and size of the universe, it seems to satisfy the criteria of being a black hole.
“Wow,” exclaimed the curious stranger at the cocktail party, “Does this mean the universe is indeed a black hole?”
“Not so fast, my friend,” I replied. To grasp this question fully, we must delve deeper into the nature of black holes.
Into the Void
Black holes are peculiar. One of their odd characteristics is that while they appear to be fixed sizes externally, they are continuously evolving internally. According to Schwarzschild’s formula, the internal space elongates in one dimension while compressing in the other two simultaneously. (If a black hole spins, its interior behaves differently, but that’s a tale for another time.)
Cosmologists refer to this structure as anisotropy. The term derives from tropos, meaning “direction,” and iso, meaning “equal,” alongside an, denoting negation. The dynamics of anisotropy within a black hole leads to one spatial direction expanding while the other two contract. This phenomenon, along with the infamous spaghettification, relates to the tidal forces experienced by any object drawn in.
In contrast, the universe expands isotropically (uniformly in all directions). Doesn’t that sound akin to the interior of a black hole?
However, this doesn’t eliminate the possibility of a “universe as a black hole.” Both structures share two pivotal features: the event horizon and singularity.
The event horizon marks a boundary beyond which light cannot escape. For a black hole, this signifies a point of no return for anything crossing this threshold. In the universe, space expands so swiftly that light from exceedingly distant galaxies cannot reach us.
The event horizon of our universe can be thought of as an inverted version of a black hole’s event horizon. The former limits our observation from the furthest reaches of space, while the latter confines us from seeing beyond its depths.
This reciprocal relationship is also observable in the singularity—the point where density and curvature of spacetime become infinite. According to Schwarzschild’s formula, the singularity is a destination for unfortunate astronauts crossing a black hole’s event horizon. Conversely, our cosmological models indicate that singularities exist in the past—backtracking the universe’s expansion leads every space point closer together, intensifying density. In this context, the beginnings of the Big Bang culminate in a singularity. So, for black holes, this mathematical singularity lies in the future; for our expanding universe, it exists in the past. In both instances, the complexity indicated signifies just how little we understand about these dense, enigmatic points.
Sum it all up—the disparities in expansion, event horizon, and singularity—paint a convincing picture of our universe: it’s not a black hole. It just doesn’t fit that label!
“But wait,” the stranger interjects, feeling disheartened, “I thought we calculated that the universe met the criteria for a black hole.”
“While the computations are indeed accurate,” I explain, “we observe that mathematical relationships akin to Schwarzschild’s also align within the context of an expanding universe. This isn’t exclusively characteristic of black holes.”
It suggests that strange phenomena exist at the largest cosmic scales, beyond our observational reach with telescopes. However, according to models of non-rotating, expanding black holes, our universe lacks the definitive traits that categorize it as a black hole. What to make of it? Personally, I view it as a testament to gravity’s versatility, crafting magnificent structures that encapsulate the essence of time and space.
Jets erupting from the black hole at the heart of the Galaxy M87
Jan Röder; Maciek Wielgus et al. (2025)
Over a hundred years ago, Heber Curtis identified the inaugural black hole jet, a tremendous stream of heated plasma emerging from the supermassive black hole located in the core of the Galaxy M87. The James Webb Space Telescope is currently scrutinizing this jet with remarkable precision.
Since its initial observation in 1918, the M87 jet gained fame for being connected to the first imaged black hole in 2019; however, it has been analyzed by various telescopes and is arguably the most extensively studied black hole jet. Yet, many aspects of its behavior, like some intensely luminous regions and darker spiral-shaped sections, still lack thorough explanation. Astronomers suspect these may be the result of jet beam refocusing or varying chains that form upon interacting with new materials like the dense gaseous regions. Nonetheless, the fundamental mechanisms remain elusive.
Recently, Maciek Wielgus from the Institute of Astrophysics in Andalusia, Spain, along with his colleagues, utilized the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to further unveil the famous luminous features of the M87 jets. They also succeeded in capturing a striking and less frequently observed counterjet that shoots out in the opposite direction from the other side of the black hole.
Wielgus and his team analyzed data retrieved from another project examining the M87 star, where JWST’s infrared sensors proved particularly effective. The overwhelming starlight complicated the jet analysis, necessitating the data to be re-evaluated to filter out the extraneous light. “This is a classic example of what astronomers often describe as using another’s discarded data,” notes Wielgus.
The first bright region identified in the jet is termed Hubble Space Telescope 1, in acknowledgment of the discovering telescope, and is believed to result from the jet’s compression entering a higher pressure environment. This phenomenon resembles the bright diamond-shaped patterns seen in rocket engine exhausts.
Researchers can also observe the far end of the jet on the opposite side of M87. As it propels away from us at speeds nearing the speed of light, Einstein’s theory of special relativity renders it much dimmer than it inherently is. However, when this beam encounters another area of gas with varying pressures, it expands and becomes perceptible.
This indicates the end of the material foam surrounding M87, alongside the visible termination of the jet nearest to us. With the imaging of the other end of the jet in such detail in infrared, astronomers can commence modeling the gas structures present within this bubble, states Wielgus.
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The Big Bang may have been an explosive rebound from a collapsing black hole.
According to a new study led by Enrique Gastagnaga at the University of Portsmouth, this paper posits that the Big Bang was actually a “big bounce,” triggered when matter fell into a massive, compressed black hole, leading to a rebound and subsequent expansion that formed the universe.
“In essence, our entire observable universe could exist within a black hole in a larger universe,” Gastagnaga stated. BBC Science Focus.
I was trapped in event horizon
A recently published study in Physical Review D re-evaluated the fate of a dense, large gas cloud collapsing under its own gravity.
Instead of leading to an infinitely dense point known as a singularity, this research suggests that the collapse halts at a certain point before bouncing back.
This rebound initiates a rapid expansion akin to what cosmologists theorize occurred post-Big Bang. In a way, our reality might be trapped at the event horizon of a black hole.
The “black hole universe model” offers insights into key issues concerning the current mainstream understanding of cosmology known as the standard model.
The standard model necessitates a period of inflation, suggesting the entire cosmos expanded rapidly just moments after the Big Bang. It also involves “dark energy,” the elusive material responsible for the universe’s expansion.
“However, we lack a true understanding of these components,” Gastagnaga noted. “Conversely, both phases of rapid expansion arise naturally in the black hole universe model, attributed to its bounce geometry and dynamics.
“One compelling aspect of this model is its simplicity. It relies solely on gravity and quantum mechanics to elucidate the expansion, inflation, and dark energy of the universe without requiring additional assumptions or unknown elements.”
The black hole universe model does face its own distinct challenges. For instance, dark matter remains poorly understood. We recognize the presence of this invisible material throughout the universe, holding galaxies together, yet astronomers struggle to identify its nature.
“Certain forms of dark matter could be linked to remnants from our universe’s collapse phase, but further exploration of this idea is necessary,” Gastagnaga revealed.
Our entire universe might be confined within the event horizon of a black hole – Credit: Getty Images
If the universe originated in a black hole, we could still exist within one. Some of the black holes we observe might represent mini cosmos, each with their own miniature black holes.
“This can be envisioned as a nested structure—one black hole within another, akin to Russian nesting dolls,” Gastagnaga explained.
However, not every one of the trillion black holes in our universe necessarily contains its own miniature cosmos, as the size of the black holes influences the time available for small structures to form.
“Large black holes (like ours) allow for the development of galaxies, stars, and planets, while smaller ones may evolve too rapidly for anything noteworthy to occur,” Gastagnaga stated.
“This is crucial because gravitational collapse predicts the existence of significantly smaller black holes than the large ones. The fact that we reside within one of the rare, very large cases might not simply be a coincidence.
The concept of a black hole universe emerged when Gastagnaga and his team adopted a new perspective on the origins of our universe.
“Rather than assuming the universe began with an inexplicable ‘bang’, we reversed our approach, starting with matter collapsing into a black hole,” he detailed.
It all revolves around the principle of quantum exclusion principle. In brief, this principle asserts that two identical particles cannot occupy the same space at once.
Thus, there exists a limit to how densely particles can be arranged before compaction becomes untenable according to the quantum exclusion principle.
This limitation is one reason why stars like white dwarfs do not simply collapse under their own weight.
“The exclusion principle is also applicable to some black holes,” Gastagnaga explained. “It halts material from collapsing into a singular point by slowing the process, stopping it at high density, causing a bounce, and entirely avoiding singularity.”
Relic black hole
The theory that the universe began with the Big Bang is sound in theory, but cosmologists cannot confirm its validity until it undergoes testing.
Fortunately, this theory generates specific predictions regarding the appearance of our universe, allowing astronomers to assess its validity.
“We predict that the universe is slightly curved; it behaves like a sphere but isn’t perfectly flat,” Gastagnaga explained.
The first direct visual evidence of a black hole (at the heart of the elliptical galaxy Messier 87 in the Virgo constellation) was captured by the Event Horizon Telescope in April 2017. -Photo Credit: EHT Collaboration
Most efforts to measure the universe’s curvature have indicated it is flat, but there may exist subtle bends that current methods are not sensitive enough to detect. Hence, the European Space Agency’s Euclidean spacecraft is engaged in the most precise measurements of cosmic curvature to date, with completion expected by 2030.
“It also predicts the presence of Relic black holes and Relic neutron stars—objects that survived the bounce and formed during the collapse stages, which may still exist today,” Gastagnaga added.
These relics could have shaped the evolution of galaxies and stars over time. There is potential to identify the signatures of these artifacts in our current observations of the universe, revealing whether they reside within black holes.
Molecular gas and X-ray emissions around Sagittarius A*, a black hole in the Milky Way.
Mark D. Golsky et al. (CC by 4.0)
Researchers have confirmed that hot winds are emanating from the supermassive black hole at the center of the Galaxy for the first time.
In contrast to many other supermassive black holes throughout the universe, Sagittarius A* (SGR A*) remains relatively subdued. Unlike its more active counterparts that emit vast jets, SGR A* does not produce such striking displays. While many supermassive black holes create winds, which are streams of hot gas that originate near the event horizon, these have never been definitively observed around SGR A*, despite theoretical predictions dating back to the 1970s.
Mark Golsky and Elena Marchikova from Northwestern University, Illinois, utilized the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile to conduct a more detailed study of the cold gas in the innermost region of the Circumnuclear Disk (CND). Their observations revealed an unexpectedly large volume of cold gas and a distinct cone that penetrates through the hot gas.
“To find such a significant amount of cold gas so close to the black hole was surprising,” says Golsky. “Conventional understanding suggested it was unlikely to be there, which is why we hadn’t previously searched for it. When I shared this image, my colleague remarked, ‘We need to investigate this further, as it’s been a puzzle for over 50 years.’”
Golsky and Marchikova’s five years of observations provided a detailed analysis of the innermost part of the CND, mapping cold gases within a vicinity of SGR A* 100 times previous measurements. By simulating and subtracting the bright variability of SGR A*, they could isolate the dim light from the cold gas.
This approach revealed a pronounced cone region nearly devoid of cold gas, and when they overlaid X-ray emissions (produced by the hot gas), a striking correlation emerged. The energy required to propel the hot gas through this cone approximates that of 25,000 suns—far too substantial to originate from nearby stars or supernovae, indicating it likely derives from SGR A* itself. “The energy necessary comes directly from the black hole, confirming the presence of winds originating from it,” Golsky states.
<p>Prior observations have identified expansive gas bubbles, known as Fermi bubbles, situated above and below the galaxy. However, the possibility of these jets reforming remains uncertain. Understanding this wind phenomenon sheds light on why SGR A* shows lower activity and enhances our comprehension of black hole evolution.</p>
<p>The implications of the reduced wind activity surrounding SGR A* are exciting. If verified, findings by <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=1VNwK9gAAAAJ&hl=en">Ziri Younsi</a> from University College London could offer crucial insights into the nature of the black hole, including its rotational direction. Astronomers have postulated that SGR A* spins perpendicular to the Milky Way plane, implying a need for edge-on observation. However, the inaugural image of a black hole captured by the Event Horizon Telescope in 2022 produced inconclusive data, suggesting a possible in-person orientation.</p>
<p>“The mass of Sagittarius A* is well-defined by current observations, but its tilt angle relative to us remains largely unknown,” explains Younsi. “If these findings are robust, understanding the origins of these matter flows will be genuinely fascinating, as it will provide insights into how material spirals toward the black hole, contributing to our knowledge of galactic evolution.”</p>
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A newly identified supermassive black hole resides in the center of the “Little Red Dot” galaxy, known as Capers-LRD-Z9, existing merely 500 million years after the Big Bang.
Artistic impressions of Capers-Lrd-Z9. Image credit: Erik Zumalt, University of Texas, Austin.
“Finding a black hole like this pushes the limits of what we can currently detect,” remarked Dr. Anthony Taylor, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Texas at Austin.
“We’re truly expanding the boundaries of technological capability today.”
“While astronomers have identified more distant candidates, clear spectroscopic signatures for black holes have yet to be found,” noted Dr. Stephen Finkelstein from the University of Texas at Austin.
The astronomers conducted their research using data from the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope, as part of the CAPERS (Candels-Area Prism Epoch of Reionization Survey) program.
Initially regarded as a mere speck in the program images, Capers-LRD-Z9 is now recognized as part of a newly classified category of galaxies called Little Red Dots.
“The find of the Little Red Dot was a surprising revelation from initial Webb data. It did not resemble the galaxies captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope,” Dr. Finkelstein explained.
“We are currently working to understand what they are and how they formed.”
Capers-Lrd-Z9 contributes to the growing evidence that the ultra-large black hole plays a critical role in the unusual luminosity of small red dots.
Typically, such brightness signifies a galaxy teeming with stars. However, in the absence of substantial stellar mass, these small red dots cease to exist.
These galaxies may also help clarify what causes the distinct red hue observed in small red dots, which is altered to a red wavelength as it passes through surrounding gas clouds encircling the black hole.
“I’ve observed these clouds in other galaxies,” Dr. Taylor stated.
“When I compared this object to others, it was unmistakable.”
Capers-LRD-Z9 merits attention due to the immense size of its black hole.
It’s estimated to be as massive as 300 million solar masses, equating to half the total star mass within the galaxy. This size is notably large, even among supermassive black holes.
By discovering such massive black holes early on, astronomers provide a unique opportunity to investigate the growth and evolution of these entities.
Black holes existing in later epochs had diverse opportunities for growth over their lifetimes, yet this was not the case during the initial hundreds of millions of years.
“This reinforces the increasing evidence that early black holes grew much faster than previously believed,” Dr. Finkelstein mentioned.
“Or they might have originated much larger than our models suggested.”
These findings are detailed in a paper published in the Astrophysical Journal.
____
Anthony J. Taylor et al. 2025. Capers-Lrd-Z9: Gasensing Little Dot hosts Broadline’s active galactic nucleus at z = 9.288. apjl 989, L7; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ade789
The immense black hole at the center of Radio Quasar RACS J032021.44-352104.1 (shortened to RACS J0320-35) is currently expanding at one of the fastest rates ever recorded.
Artist illustrations and x-ray images from Chandra for Racs J0320-35. Image credits: NASA/CXC/INAF-BRERA/IGHINA et al. / SAO / M. WEISS / N. WOLK.
The black hole residing in RACS J0320-35 has a mass approximately 1 billion times greater than that of the sun.
This system is situated about 12.8 billion light-years away from Earth, meaning astronomers are observing it as it existed just 920 million years after the universe’s inception.
It emits more X-rays than any other black hole identified in the universe’s first billion years.
Black holes are the driving force behind what scientists refer to as quasars.
This luminous giant’s energy is fueled by the significant amount of material that falls into the black hole.
The same research team discovered this black hole two years prior, but further observations from Chandra were required in 2023 to gain more insights.
Data from X-ray observations suggests that this black hole is expanding at a rate that exceeds the typical limits for such objects.
“It was somewhat surprising to observe such a dramatic growth in this black hole,” commented Dr. Luca Idina, an astronomer at the Harvard & Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
As material is drawn towards the black hole, it heats up and generates intense radiation across a wide spectrum, including X-rays and optical light. This radiation creates pressure on the infalling material.
Once the falling speed reaches a critical threshold, the radiation pressure counterbalances the black hole’s gravity, making it usually impossible for material to fall inward more rapidly. This upper limit is known as the Eddington limit.
Researchers believe that black holes growing slower than the Eddington limit must originate with solar masses exceeding 10,000, allowing them to achieve a mass of 1 billion solar masses in the early universe.
Such massive black holes may originate from unique processes, often linked to incredibly dense clouds of gas that contain heavier elements than helium.
Interestingly, RACS J0320-35 is expanding at a remarkable speed, estimated to be 2.4 times greater than the Eddington limit, indicating that its formation may have followed a more typical path, beginning with a mass of less than 100 solar masses resulting from massive star explosions.
“By determining a black hole’s mass and growth rate, we can infer its initial size,” said Dr. Alberto Moretti, an astronomer at INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera.
“This calculation permits us to evaluate various theories regarding the formation of black holes.”
To investigate how rapidly this black hole is growing (at rates between 300 and 3,000 solar masses per year), researchers compared the theoretical model with Chandra’s X-ray spectra, assessing the X-rays emitted at various energy levels.
The findings indicated that Chandra’s spectrum closely matched their expectations based on a model for black holes developing beyond the Eddington limit.
Supporting data from optical and infrared observations further corroborates the conclusion that this black hole is accumulating mass faster than the Eddington limit permits.
“How did the universe generate the first generation of black holes?” mused Dr. Thomas Connor, an astronomer at the Harvard & Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
“This is one of the most pressing questions in astrophysics, and this singular object propels our quest for answers.”
Moreover, this research also sheds light on the origins of the jets of particles emitted by some black holes that approach the speed of light, as observed in RACS J0320-35.
“Jets like these are uncommon in quasars, suggesting that the accelerated growth of black holes may play a role in the formation of these jets,” the author remarked.
Their paper is set to be published in the Astrophysical Journal.
____
Luca Idina et al. 2025. X-ray investigation of the possibility of Super Eddington accretion in a wireless loudsal of Z = 6.13. apjl 990, L56; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/aded0a
Recent Observations of the M87* Black Hole by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) – Eight Ground-Based Radio Telescopes (ALMA, APEX, Iram 30 m Telescope, James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, Lage Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano, Submillimeter Array Telescope) – Unveil a dynamic environment with varying polarization patterns near black holes.
The EHT images show that the magnetic field of M87* spiraled in one direction in 2017, settled in 2018, and reversed direction in 2021. Image credit: EHT collaboration.
Messier 87 is a vast elliptical galaxy situated approximately 53 million light-years away in the Virgo constellation.
This galaxy, also known as M87, houses the M87*, an ultra-massive black hole with a mass exceeding 6 billion solar masses.
In 2017, the EHT Collaboration detected a helical polarization pattern, indicating large-scale twisted magnetic structures, confirming long-held hypotheses about black hole interactions and their surrounding environments.
However, by 2018, the polarization nearly vanished. In 2021, a faint remnant began to spiral in the opposite direction.
Astrophysicists are now grappling with the pivotal question: Why?
“Black holes hold mysteries tightly, yet we continue to seek answers from their grasp,” stated Professor Avery Broderick, an astrophysicist at the University of Waterloo and the Perimeter Institute.
“Our team at Waterloo is reconstructing images from EHT data and determining what we can confidently assert—distinguishing between realistic findings and potential instrumental artifacts.”
“We are at the forefront of deciphering how EHT images, particularly their evolution, can unveil astrophysical dramas unfolding in the most extreme gravitational conditions.”
Each year, EHT collaborations revisit M87*, capturing fleeting moments that reveal its ongoing evolution, providing deeper insights into its well-guarded secrets.
“What’s intriguing is that the ring sizes have remained consistent over the years, validating the shadows of black holes predicted by Einstein’s theory, while the polarization patterns change dramatically,” remarked Dr. Paul Thierde, an astronomer at the Harvard & Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
“This indicates that the magnetized plasma swirling near the event horizon is not static but dynamic and complex, challenging theoretical models.”
The stability of M87*’s shadow serves as evidence that “black holes have no hair,” implying that a black hole is a simple geometric entity defined exclusively by mass, spin, or charge.
“This simplicity makes it an intriguing object of study within gravity, allowing for precise predictions. Other astrophysical phenomena seem secondary,” elaborated Professor Broderick.
“However, the surrounding environment can exhibit ‘hair,’ with magnetic fields being notable examples.”
“We have long understood what types of magnetic structures could exist, but now we believe there’s a rich diversity of configurations that can change rapidly, similar to human hairstyles.”
“These findings illustrate how EHT is maturing into a full-fledged scientific observatory that not only produces unprecedented images but also fosters a continuous and coherent understanding of black hole physics.”
“Each new observational campaign broadens our understanding, from the dynamics of plasma and magnetic fields to the role of black holes in the evolution of cosmic structures.”
“This is a concrete demonstration of the extraordinary scientific potential of this infrastructure.”
The survey results will be published in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.
____
Kazunori Akiyama et al. (Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration). 2025. 2017-2021 Horizon scale variation of M87* from EHT observations. A&A in press; doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202555855
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Illustration of two black holes merging and emitting gravitational waves throughout the universe
Maggie Chiang from the Simons Foundation
Stephen Hawking’s theorem, established over 50 years ago, has aided astronomers in detecting waves produced by extraordinarily powerful collisions as they traverse Earth at light speed, shedding light on the merging of black holes thanks to significant advancements in gravitational wave astronomy.
In 1971, Hawking introduced the Black Hole Area theorem, which posits that when two black holes combine, the resultant event horizon cannot be smaller than the combined size of the original black holes. This theorem aligns with the second law of thermodynamics, which asserts that the entropy of a system cannot decrease.
The merging of black holes warps the structure of the universe, generating tiny ripples in space-time known as gravitational waves that move through the cosmos at the speed of light. Five gravitational wave observatories on Earth search for waves that are 10,000 times smaller than an atom. These include two detectors in the US—LIGO, a laser interferometer, alongside Italy’s Virgo, Japan’s Kagura, and Germany’s GEO600.
The recent event, named GW250114, mirrors the event that first detected gravitational waves in 2015.
Now, the upgraded LIGO detector is three times more sensitive than it was in 2015, enabling the capture of waves from collisions with remarkable detail. This has allowed scientists to confirm Hawking’s theorem, proving that the size of the event horizon actually increases following a merger.
When black holes collide, they generate gravitational waves with overtones akin to the sound of a ringing bell, as noted by Laura Nuttall, a member of the LVK team at the University of Portsmouth, UK. Previously, these overtones were too rapid to be detected clearly enough to assess the area of the event horizon before and after a merger, a crucial requirement to test Hawking’s theory. The initial 2021 study supporting the theory confirmed it at a 95% confidence level, but the latest findings suggest an impressive 99.999% confidence.
Over the past ten years, scientists have witnessed approximately 300 black hole collisions while observing gravitational waves. However, none have been as strong as GW250114, which was twice as powerful as any previously detected gravitational wave.
“What we are discovering in our data has tremendous implications for understanding basic physics,” remarked a researcher. “We’re eager for nature to provide us with further astonishing revelations.”
Only LIGO was operational when GW250114’s waves reached Earth; other detectors in the LVK collaboration were not active. This did not affect the validation of Hawking’s theory but limited researchers’ ability to pinpoint the waves’ origins more precisely.
Future upgrades to LIGO and upcoming observatories are anticipated to enhance sensitivity, offering deeper insights into black hole physics, according to Ian Harry, also from the University of Portsmouth and part of the LVK team. “We may miss some events, but we will certainly capture similar phenomena again,” Harry expressed. “Perhaps with our next set of upgrades in 2028, we might witness something of this magnitude and gain deeper insights.”
These findings pave the way for future research into quantum gravity, a field where physicists aim to reconcile general relativity with quantum mechanics. Nuttall stated that the latest results indicate that both theories remain compatible, although inconsistencies are expected in future observations.
“At some point, discrepancies are likely to emerge, especially when close signals appear noisy as the detector’s sensitivity improves,” Nuttall explained.
Moreover, the recent data from LVK enabled scientists to confirm equations proposed by mathematician Leakir in the 1960s, which suggested that black holes could be described by two key metrics: mass and spin. Essentially, two black holes with identical mass and spin are mathematically indistinguishable. Observations from GW250114 have verified this assertion.
Physical Review Letters
doi: 10.1103/kw5g-d732
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Gravitational waves result from colliding black holes
Victor de Schwanberg/Science Photography Library
Researching the universe can be enhanced by AI created by Google DeepMind. With an algorithm capable of diminishing unwanted noise by as much as 100 times, the Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), equipped with laser interferometers, can identify specific black hole types that are affecting our separation.
LIGO aims to detect gravitational waves generated when entities like black holes spiral and collide. These waves traverse the universe at light speed, yet the spacetime fluctuations are minimal—10,000 times smaller than an atomic nucleus. Since its initial detection a decade ago, LIGO has recorded signals from nearly 100 black hole collisions.
The experiment comprises two U.S. observatories, each with two perpendicular arms measuring 4 km. A laser is directed down each arm and bounced off precise mirrors, where an interferometer compares the beams. As gravitational waves pass through, the lengths of the arms fluctuate slightly, and these changes are meticulously documented to help visualize the signals’ origins.
However, achieving such precision is challenging, as even distant ocean waves or clouds can interfere with measurements. This noise can overwhelm the signal, rendering some observations unfeasible. To counterbalance this noise and accurately adjust the mirrors and other equipment, numerous critical tweaks are essential.
Lana Adhikari from the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena stated that his team has collaborated with DeepMind to innovate new AI methods. He mentions that even automating these adjustments can sometimes introduce noise. “That control noise has puzzled us for decades. All aspects in this space are hindered,” Adhikari explains. “How can you stabilize a mirror without creating noise? If left uncontrolled, the mirror tends to oscillate unpredictably.”
Laura Nuttall from the University of Portsmouth, UK, was involved in manually executing these adjustments at LIGO. “Changing one element causes a cascading effect; one change leads to another,” she points out. “It feels like an endless cycle of fine-tuning.”
DeepMind’s new AI, known as Deep Loop Shaping, aims to minimize noise by making up to 100 adjustments to LIGO’s mirrors. The AI is trained via simulations before being implemented in real-world scenarios, focusing on achieving two main objectives: limiting the number of adjustments it performs. “Over time, as it repeatedly operates, it’s like conducting hundreds or thousands of trials in a simulation. The controller learns what strategies work and identifies the best approach,” says Jonas Buchli from DeepMind.
Alberto Vecchio from the University of Birmingham, UK, expressed enthusiasm for the AI’s role in LIGO but mentioned that many challenges remain. The AI currently operates effectively for only an hour under real conditions, necessitating longer-term validation. Additionally, it’s only been applied to one control aspect, while many hundreds, if not thousands, of factors could assist in stabilizing the mirrors.
“This is clearly an initial step, but it’s certainly a fascinating one. There’s considerable scope for significant advancement,” Vecchio remarked.
If similar enhancements could be replicated elsewhere, it’s possible to detect medium-sized black holes—those around 1,000 times the mass of our sun—a category that has yet to see confirmed observations. Improvements are typically seen with the low-frequency gravitational waves generated by large bodies, where noise can obscure the signals.
“We’ve observed black holes up to 100 solar masses and more than a million solar masses in galaxies. What’s out there in between?” Vecchio pondered. “There’s a perception that black holes exist across a spectrum of masses, yet clear experimental evidence remains elusive.”
Nuttall commented that this new methodology could enhance identification of known black hole types. “This appears quite promising,” she stated. “I’m thrilled about this development.”
In February 2024, astronomers observed a peculiar phenomenon occurring in a galaxy located 300 light-years from Earth.
An enormous flare of X-ray light erupted from the ultra-massive black hole at its center, reaching brightness levels 10 times higher and emitting 100 times more energy than previously recorded.
Whatever unfolded in that distant black hole was nothing short of extraordinary.
After meticulously monitoring the situation for over a year, astronomers have come to realize they may have witnessed one of the universe’s most dramatic events.
Bright Light, Black Hole
According to the study, the flare observed in April 2025 could indicate that the black hole (dubbed Ansky) has begun to consume surrounding gas and dust.
This scenario may evoke the image of a colossal vacuum in the universe, but the reality is somewhat different.
While nothing can escape from the black hole’s grasp, this intense hold reaches only up to the event horizon.
Beyond that limit, gravity draws gas and dust towards the black hole, creating what are known as accretion disks.
Typically, these disks orbit quietly around black holes, as seen at the heart of our galaxy, but they lack excitement.
That changes when something disrupts the disk. Environments near black holes are incredibly extreme, so even minor turbulence can cause gas to overheat, producing a bright glow.
In certain instances, black holes transform into active galactic nuclei, gathering more dust and gas from their surroundings and funneling some towards the event horizon.
This resulting chaos leads to excessive heating of the gas, which shines brilliantly, overshadowing the stars in its host galaxy.
The Black Hole Awakens
Astronomers have observed shifts in black holes from one state to another, particularly noting those that were previously dormant now burning brightly.
This is when scientists, like Lorena Hernandez Garcia from Valparaiso University in Chile, first detected flares emanating from Ansky, initially suspecting a tidal disruption event.
“These eruptions typically correlate with interactions between compact objects like stars and other black holes, or dense rings of gas and dust circling the black holes,” Hernandez Garcia stated in BBC Science Focus.
If an object nears the event horizon, the extreme gravity can tear it apart, resulting in a brilliant flash as each fragment approaches the black hole.
However, Hernández-García notes that “Ansky does not exhibit typical signs of tidal disruption events seen in other systems. There’s no evidence of such chaotic disruption. While we can’t entirely rule out the possibility of stars being torn apart, it would certainly be an unusual case.”
As something falls towards a black hole’s event horizon, time appears to slow down and freeze from a distant observer’s perspective. – Photo credit: Getty
Instead, Hernández-García believes that Ansky’s unusual behavior offers a unique glimpse into a small black hole transitioning into an active galactic nucleus.
“We think we are witnessing galaxies undergoing the ‘on-switch.’ That central black hole is starting to feed again,” stated Hernandez Garcia.
If accurate, Ansky presents astronomers with an unparalleled opportunity to observe one of the universe’s most significant transformations.
Catching a Waking Black Hole
One challenge astronomers face in capturing this phenomenon is the need for the right telescope at the right place and time.
Fortunately, Ansky had been under scrutiny by astronomers. Previously, it was merely another quiet, unremarkable black hole that received little attention.
However, it falls within the range of the Zwicky Transient Facility, a telescope that scans the sky nightly, documenting the brightness and position of stars and galaxies, and monitoring changes.
In December 2019, the galaxy housing Ansky notably brightened. Hernández-García explains, “We observed an increase in optical brightness of approximately 20% over just six months. Since then, the brightness has remained above its original level until 2025.”
Subsequently, astronomers have been monitoring Ansky for changes, including with NASA’s rapid X-ray telescopes.
Initially, there were no X-ray signals, but in February 2024, a bright flare was detected emanating from the black hole.
What remains unclear is the possible connection between the two events.
“We still don’t know if the 2019 optical brighter burst and the 2024 X-ray flare are part of the same process—essentially the black hole ‘waking up’—or if they represent separate phenomena,” says Hernández-García.
Ansky provides significant insight into what occurs when a black hole awakens, but astronomers need to observe more such events to truly understand the dynamics at play.
If all goes well, it won’t be long until the powerful Vera Rubin Observatory scans the sky for signs of unusual activities in the cosmic depths.
With more eyes on the sky than ever before, astronomers can capture even more of these dormant giants as they stir from their long, deep slumber.
About Our Experts
Lorena Hernández-García specializes in ultra-massive black holes, focusing on their feeding habits and the impacts on the surrounding galaxy environments.
In early August, just before the Major Black Ops 7 Preview event in Los Angeles, Mike Ibara, the former Blizzard president and current Microsoft executive, described the Call of Duty franchise as “lazy”. In a post on X, the experienced executive asserted that EA’s upcoming Battlefield 6 will “bootstomp” this year, pushing the team to “better FPS games.” Furthermore, Ian Proulx of Splitgate 2 echoed similar sentiments during a Gamefest presentation two months ago, reinforcing the perception of the franchise as a target of industry criticism regarding its endless sequels.
This isn’t the only criticism faced by the brand over its 20-year history. Despite selling millions with each new release (Black Ops 6 was the top-selling game of 2024), many players are frustrated with predatory monetization, an abundance of in-game bugs, and recent issues with creating content within the game.
One thing is clear amidst these criticisms: there’s a lot happening with Call of Duty Black Ops 7. Releasing this November, Treyarch’s latest installment features heart-pounding campaigns starring Hollywood actors like Milo Ventimiglia (This Is Us), Michael Rooker (Guardians of the Galaxy), and Keenan Shapka (Chilling Adventures of Sabrina). Players can enjoy up to four co-op modes and the return of the beloved twin-stick mini-game, Dead Ops Arcade. The new 20-player mode called Skirmish also promises a large dedicated map, wingsuits, and vehicles—just scratching the surface of what’s included.
The story intertwines Secret Wars, Psyops, and Tech Industry Paranoia… Black Ops 7. Photo: Activision
Following the success of last year’s Black Ops 6, Number 7 is somewhat of a spiritual successor to the beloved 2012 title, Black Ops II, featuring Ventimiglia as David Mason, the game’s resolute protagonist. Set in 2035, the game is packed with high-tech warfare, including a futuristic UI resembling augmented reality and a Boston Dynamics-style attack dog named DAWG. For the first time since Black Ops II, players can engage in the campaign with up to three friends.
Alongside the Black Ops narrative, the game incorporates themes of Secret Wars, Psyops, and Tech Industry Paranoia. The returning series villain, Raul Menendez, has engineered a new drug that induces hallucinations in its users. During a demo playthrough, the 405 highway in Los Angeles is depicted bending skyward like something out of a hot wheels truck, reminiscent of a moment from Batman: Arkham Knight. While players often speed through the campaign to reach multiplayer, the team has added an enticing new “endgame” feature, inspired possibly by MMORPGs. Completing the linear storyline grants access to a vast open-world map situated in the fictional city of Avalon, where players can utilize individualized abilities to unlock new loadouts and regularly updated tasks. “We’re redefining the campaign with Call of Duty,” states design director Kevin Drew.
Commuting to battles on the Wings… Call of Duty: Black Ops 7. Photo: Activision
The new connected progression system allows players to earn XP by participating in the campaign, leveling up weapons, and advancing through the Battle Pass for the first time. “There’s been a lot of talk about connection,” mentions the production director. “It’s easy to jump into the campaign with friends. Solo, people might ask, ‘Why haven’t you played the Call of Duty Campaign yet?’ but playing with friends offers a whole different experience.”
Of course, quests in Black Ops 7 are designed to be bigger and bolder than their predecessors, including a Zombies mode that offers the largest round-based map ever created by the team. Inspired by the Tranzit Map from Black Ops II, the latest iteration of the Undead Shooting Fest diverges from more recent zombie installments where players often went solo. Now, teamwork is crucial as players use vehicles to engage hordes and face alternate versions of classic characters like Richtofen, Belinski, Masaki, and Dempsey.
Moreover, the team is reviving the much-loved Dead Ops Arcade—a classic twin-stick arcade shooter embedded within the zombies mode. It’s a passion project for the studio. “Dave King, our CTO, is incredibly passionate about it for various reasons,” shares Miller. “We have many team members who have been here for over a decade, contributing to the evolution of Dead Ops.”
As for the online experience, there are 16 multiplayer maps ready at launch, upgrading weaponry (including 16 all-new guns), and players can share their killer loadouts with friends—featuring the new Peacekeeper M1 Hybrid SMG/AR or a striking econ 12 shotgun. With the Omnimovement System from Black Ops 6, players can now wall jump and explore vertical battlescapes further. Among the new abilities, the Drone Chalmers option stands out, letting players deploy drones to track down enemies, harkening back to the attack dog in Call of Duty: World at War.
Is Black Ops 7 a response to those who’ve critiqued the series’ laziness? “I don’t consider it a double middle finger,” says Matt Sconce. “I come from the community. I’ve been part of it since previewing DLC for World at War back in 2007. Throughout my career, I’ve kept the players’ perspective in mind.”
While the annual Call of Duty release may not transform the industry or redefine the beloved genre, Black Ops 7’s inherent value cannot be overlooked. The evolving view on modern FPS will likely continue to resonate, irrespective of what Battlefield presents.
In a recent study, Professor Jonathan Tan, an astrophysicist from the University of Virginia and Chalmers Institute of Technology, suggests that the population III.1 supermassive star is the precursor to the ultra-high-massive black holes observed in the early universe. The intense high-energy photons emitted by the star ionized the surrounding hydrogen gas, creating a natural intergalactic medium that extended over millions of light-years. This process led to the formation of ultra-high massive black holes that caused a flash ionization, effectively ending the “dark age” of the universe.
An artist’s impression of the star field from population III that would have been visible hundreds of millions of years post-Big Bang. Image credits: noirlab/nsf/aura/J. da silva/SpaceEngine.
These black holes, residing at the centers of most large galaxies, including our Milky Way, typically possess masses millions or even billions of times greater than that of the Sun.
Their formation has sparked considerable debate, particularly with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope uncovering numerous such black holes located far away that date back to the universe’s early days.
Professor Tan’s theory, referred to as “Pop III.1,” posits that all supermassive black holes originate from the first stars, termed debris Population III.1 stars, which grow to enormous sizes due to energy from a dark matter annihilation process. This theory aligns with many of Webb’s latest discoveries.
In his publication, Tan presents another prediction that may illuminate our understanding of the universe’s origins.
“Our model indicates that the ultra-large star progenitors of black holes ionize the surrounding hydrogen gas extremely quickly, signaling their emergence with a bright flash that permeates all space,” stated Professor Tan.
“Notably, this additional stage of ionization occurs at a significantly faster rate than seen in typical galaxies, potentially addressing recent challenges and discrepancies in cosmology.”
“This was an unexpected connection we identified during the development of the POP III.1 model, but it could have substantial significance.”
“Professor Tan has crafted a sophisticated model that elucidates the two-stage process of star formation and ionization in the early universe,” commented Professor Richard Ellis, a distinguished observational cosmologist from the University of London.
“The initial star, created from a brief, brilliant flash of light, may have since vanished. Thus, what we observed with Webb could represent a subsequent phase. The universe continues to amaze us with its surprises.”
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