Tag Archives: quantum

How a Skilled New Zealand Dog Triumphed and Secured a Quantum Computer

Posted on by
Reply

Feedback provides the latest insights into science and technology from New Scientist, showcasing recent developments. To share intriguing items you think our readers would enjoy, email us at Feedback@newscientist.com.

Computer vs Dog

Feedback often receives emails that start with striking statements. Elliot Baptist recently wrote, expressing curiosity about the comparison of well-trained New Zealand dogs to quantum computers.

Elliot referenced a Preprint paper by cryptographers Peter Gutman of Auckland and Stephen Neuhaus of Zurich’s University of Applied Sciences. This work documents efforts to develop quantum computers capable of factoring very large numbers, specifically identifying two numbers that multiply to a given target.

This is a significant concern because many encryption systems depend on large numbers that are hard to factor. If a quantum computer is built that can easily manage large numbers, it would compromise the security of numerous servers and transactions. There have been notable advancements; for instance, IBM created a computer capable of factoring 15 in 2001 (5×3, for reference) and upgraded to 21 (7×3) by 2012. In 2019, the startup Zapata claimed they could factor 1,099,551,473,989.

However, Gutman and Neuhaus remain optimistic about the future of encryption, noting that many of the quantum factors are engineered. “Like stage magic, when a new quantum factorization is announced, the fascination lies not just in the trick, but in discerning how it was achieved,” they state.

Consequently, we attempted to replicate quantum factorizations using advanced technology. I utilized a home computer for a detailed explanation, which I’ll leave to readers as an exercise. The Abacus method is simpler, but larger numbers necessitate an Abacus arranged in 616 columns.

Now, let’s consider the dog method. To replicate the factorizations of 15 and 21, researchers trained dogs to bark three times. “We took the recently proofed reference dog, depicted in Figure 6, and commanded it to bark together for both 15 and 21,” they wrote. “This task was more complicated than expected, as Scribble performed exceptionally well and hardly barked.”

Elliot admits that he “is not qualified to judge the discussion’s validity,” and remarks that the Feedback team might be even less so. Readers with a deep understanding of quantum computing and encryption are encouraged to write in and elucidate what is happening globally. Feedback may not grasp the explanation, but try presenting it to one of the cats and note their reactions.

Robot Response

Feedback received inquiries about next year’s “inspirational” conference focused on love and interactions with robots, slated to occur in Z Jiang, China.

Tim Stevenson pointed out that I failed to mention a critical detail: the attendance fee. Feedback thrives on diligence, so I revisited the conference website and discovered it costs $105.98 to register. I suspect the actual tickets could hold higher prices, but I didn’t want to register just to find out.

Meanwhile, Pamela Manfield weighed in, disagreeing with Feedback’s stance. However, she acknowledged the controversy, especially given the Trump administration’s cuts to research funding.

Seasonal Injuries

Nicole Golowski wrote to spotlight research from 2023 that may have flown under our radar. She remarked it was akin to “obvious findings.” The study on “Penis Fracture: Merry Christmas Price” exemplifies this notion, as Nicole puts it, “It speaks for itself.”

Using data from Germany between 2005 and 2021, researchers examined whether “tears of the tunica albuginea surrounding the corpora cavernosa” were more frequent during certain times of the year, particularly around the holiday season. The Christmas period (December 24th-26th) and summertime exhibited a higher incidence of such injuries, while unexpectedly, the New Year (December 31st to January 2nd) did not follow this trend. The researchers proposed that “Christmas may be a risk factor for penile fractures due to the heightened intimacy and joy associated with the festive season.”

The study concludes: “Last year’s Christmas penile fractures rose in frequency. This year, let’s avoid doing anything that leads us to tears.”

Apologies for any typos: Feedback noted that this section seemed to curl up defensively.

Have you shared your thoughts with Feedback?

Stories can be submitted to feedback@newscientist.com. Make sure to include your home address. Check our website for this week’s and past Feedback editions.

Source: www.newscientist.com

The US Military Aims to Enhance Internet Security Through Quantum Technology.

Posted on by
Reply
SEI 262862112

Can we add quantum to the internet to enhance safety?

Nicolinino / Aramie

The U.S. military has initiated a program aimed at enhancing traditional communication infrastructures to improve the security of quantum devices and the information shared over the Internet.

Quantum networks utilize the quantum states of particles for information sharing, thereby ensuring high security. For instance, the messages linked to these quantum states cannot be copied without detection due to inherent quantum properties. Consequently, numerous quantum communication networks have already been established globally.

However, the development of a fully functional quantum internet remains restricted due to various unresolved technological challenges. Instead of awaiting the resolution of these issues, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has propelled a program focused on uncovering the immediate advantages of integrating quantum technologies into existing communication networks.

The agency emphasizes its goal of pinpointing practical and beneficial quantum enhancements available in the short term. Allison O’Brien, DARPA Program Manager of the Quantum Organised Network (Quanet) initiative, remarks, “We can’t convert everything from classical to quantum.”

In August, the Quanet team participated in a Hackathon, culminating in a tangible demonstration. Light was placed into a specific quantum state that successfully transmitted images, including the DARPA logo and simple cat graphics. This initial trial of the quantum-enhanced network achieved sufficient bitrate to stream high-resolution videos.

O’Brien indicates that the quantum state demonstrated is just one example of the multitude of quantum properties the Quanet initiative is investigating. Researchers are also delving into “hyperparting,” where multiple light properties are simultaneously linked through the complex nature of quantum entanglement. Initial mathematical models suggest this could allow for the encoding of more secure data within fewer optical signals, optimizing resource use within quantum networks.

Meanwhile, the team is exploring the prospect of generating light with certain quantum-like characteristics, but without fully altering the physical properties at a fundamental level.

Furthermore, Quanet researchers are designing quantum network interface cards that integrate with communication devices to facilitate the transmission and reception of quantum signals.

Numerous questions remain concerning the practical utility of these innovations, including optimal deployment stages and network design levels. However, O’Brien reassures that Quanet is uniting experts in quantum physics, electrical engineering, and networking to comprehensively address these inquiries.

“Quantum networks are not designed to be a universal solution.” states Joseph Lukens from Purdue University, Indiana. They excel in specific tasks, and performing them effectively necessitates some conventional networking components. “The future lies in the automatic integration of quantum networks with traditional ones,” Lukens asserts. He believes that initiatives like Quanet are valuable, despite the numerous questions we still face regarding the potential enhancement of our well-established internet infrastructure.

If this program successfully devises a means for users to activate an ultra-secure “quantum mode” on their devices, it will mark a significant achievement. In that scenario, we could all benefit from these advancements without needing to understand the complexities of quantum physics, says Lukens.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Another Quantum Computer Achieves Quantum Advantage — Is It Significant?

Posted on by
Reply

Jiuzhang 4.0 early prototype, a quantum computer that has achieved quantum advantage

Chao-Yang Lu/University of Science and Technology of China

Quantum computers may have achieved a “quantum advantage” by performing tasks beyond the capabilities of the most powerful supercomputers. Experts estimate that replicating the calculations made by classical machines could take an incomprehensible amount of time, equivalent to trillions of times the age of the universe. What implications does this development hold for creating truly functional quantum computers?

The latest record holder in this domain is a quantum computer known as Jiuzhang 4.0, which utilizes particles of light, or photons, to execute computations. Chao-Yang Lu and his team at the University of Science and Technology of China utilized it for Gauss Boson Sampling (GBS). This involves measuring a sample of photons after they navigate a sophisticated arrangement of mirrors and beamsplitters connected to computers.

In earlier attempts to perform this task, the number of utilized photons never exceeded 300. In contrast, Jiuzhang employed 3,090 particles, representing a tenfold improvement in computational strength. Lu and his colleagues estimate that contemporary algorithms on the most powerful supercomputers would require a staggering 1042 years to replicate what Jiuzhang accomplished in just 25.6 microseconds.

“These results are certainly an impressive technical achievement,” said Jonathan Lavoy of the Canadian quantum computing startup Xanadu, which previously held the GBS record with 219 photons. Chris Langer of Quantinuum noted that while their systems have previously demonstrated quantum advantages in various forms of quantum computing, this advancement is significant. “It’s essential to establish that quantum systems cannot be simulated by classical means,” he asserts.

However, Jiuzhang’s previous versions have been used successfully in conducting GBS with a considerable number of photons, but each time a classical computer eventually replicated the results, sometimes within an hour.

Bill Fefferman from the University of Chicago mentions that he is working on a classical algorithm to achieve victory over quantum systems but notes that significant challenges exist for photonic devices. Many photons are lost during the operation of quantum computers, and the systems tend to be noisy. “Currently, we’ve managed to reduce noise while simultaneously ramping up experimentation. However, our algorithm has yet to find a breakthrough,” states Fefferman.

Lu points out that addressing photon loss is the primary hurdle his team faced in the latest experiment. Nevertheless, Jiuzhang remains free of noise, suggesting potential for new classical simulation strategies to take on the title of superiority.

“In my view, they haven’t achieved full power yet, but they are certainly in a position to prove that such classical strategies may not be feasible,” remarks Gelmarenema from the University of Twente, Netherlands.

This presents a “noble cycle” where the competition between classical algorithms and quantum devices enables a better understanding of the blurry lines separating classical and quantum realms, according to Fefferman. From a fundamental science view, this signifies a triumph for all; however, whether quantum computing can be effectively harnessed in more powerful machines remains an open question.

Langer describes GBS as an “entry-level benchmark” that highlights the distinction between quantum and classical computers, but the results do not necessarily indicate the practical utility of such machines. From a rigorous mathematical perspective, evaluating GBS as concrete evidence of quantum advantage is challenging, as Nicolas Quesada at Polytechnic Montreal, Canada, points out. Identifying a clear pathway to developing a superior machine using GBS remains elusive.

This is primarily because Jiuzhang’s hardware is highly specialized, and programming quantum computers for a variety of calculations remains unachieved. “It might demonstrate computational advantages for narrow tasks, but it fundamentally lacks the key components for practical quantum calculations that involve fault tolerance,” explains Lavoy. Fault tolerance refers to a quantum computer’s ability to recognize and correct its own errors—an essential capability that has yet to be realized in contemporary quantum systems.

Meanwhile, Lu and his team advocate for various applications stemming from Jiuzhang’s remarkable capabilities in GBS. This approach could revolutionize computations tied to image recognition, chemistry, and specific mathematical challenges associated with machine learning. Fabio Sciarrino from the University of Sapienza in Rome suggests that though this quantum computing paradigm is still nascent, its realization could lead to groundbreaking changes.

Specifically, advancements like Jiuzhang’s device could pave the way for the creation of extraordinary light-based quantum computers, asserts Sciarrino. These computers would be programmed in entirely innovative manners and excel in machine learning-related tasks.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Quantum Device Simultaneously Detects All Electrical Units

Posted on by
Reply

A standardized unit is necessary for measuring electricity

Yuichi Rochino/Getty Images

A single quantum device can now define all three units critical for understanding electricity.

When calculating electricity, one must assess the current in amperes, resistance in ohms, and voltage in volts. Before proceeding, researchers need consensus on the measurements for each unit, which has historically required separate quantum devices and often necessitated visits to different labs.

Recently, Jason Underwood and his team at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Maryland have showcased how to characterize these units using a single device. “Integrating these two quantum standards has always felt like a Holy Grail,” he remarks. “It was a prolonged endeavor. Much like Sisyphus, we’ve been pushing this boulder uphill.”

This integration posed challenges as both devices depend on delicate quantum effects observable only at extremely low temperatures. Additionally, certain devices historically required magnetic fields, which could disrupt the operation of others.

The innovative “One Box” approach circumvents these issues by utilizing new materials capable of conducting quantum functions without the need for magnetic fields, allowing previously separated quantum systems to function together within the same cryostat. This method successfully measures amperes, ohms, and volts with an uncertainty of just one in millions for each unit.

However, before these combined devices can be used practically, researchers must further enhance their precision. Currently, accuracy is hampered by the heating generated when placing the two systems and their wiring too closely together. Moreover, development on the new quantum material, which facilitates the cooperation of both systems, is ongoing, according to Lindsey Rodenbach at Stanford University in California.

He views the project as a significant achievement, yet Underwood highlights that Budget constraints at NIST, funded by the US government, have impeded the team’s reach for even higher precision. He specifically mentions the agency’s “Crossing Infrastructure” report, which revealed that several NIST facilities are in disrepair. NIST has chosen not to comment on the matter.

Susmit Kumar from the Norwegian Metrology Service describes the new device as an “impressive engineering feat” that could enhance quantum electrical standards, making them more accessible and affordable for researchers and tech developers worldwide. He is part of the Quahmet Consortium, which also aims to develop user-friendly devices for measuring ohms using novel materials.

“The International System of Units is a shared language for scientists and engineers everywhere. Our goal is to simplify their use as much as possible,” says Richard Davis, a retired member of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. He adds that integrating existing devices will foster advancement moving forward.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

The Challenges of Creating a Viable Quantum Broadcasting Station

Posted on by
Reply

Can I broadcast quantum information?

Weiquan Lin/Getty Images

Distributing quantum information akin to traditional broadcasting may not be feasible, even with mathematical models designed to work around quantum mechanics’ inherent limitations.

It is a well-established fact that quantum copy machines cannot exist due to the no-cloning theorem, which is a fundamental principle of quantum physics that prevents the duplication of quantum states. However, physicists have explored the possibility of transmitting or broadcasting copies of quantum information to multiple recipients without breaching this law.

To achieve this, researchers must permit the quantum copies to differ slightly and integrate additional information processing steps for the receivers. Recently, Zhenhuan Liu from Tsinghua University in China and his team demonstrated that these methods might be impractically complex.

“There’s no ‘Ctrl+C’ in the quantum realm,” Liu states. “If you aim to send quantum information to several receivers, there are no quick fixes. You must generate sufficient copies and transmit each one individually.”

The researchers honed in on the previously discussed “virtual quantum broadcast” protocol. In this model, information is adjusted so that various states maintain correlations with each other, although not with identical physical replicas. The messages received are not precise duplicates but share enough characteristics to be valuable. This is analogous to a television network broadcasting slightly different episodes of a serialized drama to each household while generally maintaining the narrative flow. While this protocol is certainly functional, team member Xiangjing Liu at the National University of Singapore questioned its efficiency.

The team analyzed the effort required by recipients to ensure that the information they received, despite not being identical, remained useful. Their mathematical assessment indicated that viable quantum broadcasts may not be realistic.

Counterintuitively, even this optimized approach to quantum broadcasting demands more resources compared to methods like drafting individual letters for each recipient, akin to how group texts send messages to everyone simultaneously, according to team member Yunlong Xiao from Singapore’s scientific research institutions.

“If your sole objective is to simply relay quantum states across various locations, it’s questionable whether exploring virtual quantum broadcasts is a viable method,” says Seok Hyun Lee at Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology in Korea. He believes this protocol has never been considered a practical guideline for quantum communication but rather an investigation into the fundamental limits of quantum information theory.

Paolo Perinotti from Pavia University in Italy acknowledges the mathematical significance of the team’s efforts but also suggests it is unlikely to provide immediate benefits to quantum technology.

Looking forward, researchers are keen to explore the theoretical implications of this current analysis. It helps us comprehend the correlations permissible when manipulating quantum states, regardless of whether they are distributed over space or transmitted sequentially in time. Xiangjing Liu notes that this work could form the basis of a new framework for understanding quantum processes, emphasizing a clearer distinction between time and space compared to traditional methods.

topic:

  • Quantum Computing/
  • Quantum Physics

Source: www.newscientist.com

Why There’s No Consensus on the Implications of Quantum Physics

Posted on by
Reply

What does interpretation mean in quantum theory?

ShutterStock/Cyber Magic Man

If you were to poll a thousand physicists, you’d find no consensus. This assertion applies to a multitude of subjects, including the nature of the universe, the composition of dark matter, and the quest for perfectly efficient wiring. Recently, the team at Nature raised inquiries that sharply delineated the field’s divisions. They conducted a survey of 1,100 physicists regarding their preferred interpretations of quantum mechanics. The outcome? They exhibited “significant disagreement.”

This does not surprise me. In my reporting, I frequently encounter physicists who interpret the results of quantum experiments in varied ways. They might all analyze the same equation or experimental outcome but arrive at different narratives about reality.

So, how significant is this discord, and what does the quest for interpretation really entail? To begin with, it’s peculiar how things unfold within quantum mechanics, a discipline we’ve explored for over a century amid a plethora of unfortunate tests. There’s no denying the robust success of quantum mechanics, a remarkable framework governing the actions of the extremely small or the extremely cold. This theory not only passes all evaluations with distinction but also leads to technological innovations like transistors that power electronic devices and fiber optics for the internet. “Quantum mechanics is remarkably successful, both theoretically and practically,” asserts Peter Lewis from Dartmouth College in New Hampshire.

However, while physicists can articulate equations and construct devices, if I may put it bluntly, they don’t always agree on what these equations signify. They fail to reach consensus on how quantum mechanics describes the observable realities of our world. Research published in Nature indicates that the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics discourages contemplation on the nature of quantum entities, prompting physicists to focus merely on calculations. Others endorse the many-worlds interpretation, which necessitates belief in an infinitely expansive universe or a hyper-deterministic theory. Notably, only 24% of physicists expressed complete confidence in their chosen interpretations.

Discrepancies also surfaced regarding fundamental aspects of quantum theory, such as wave functions, the enigmatic link between particles referred to as quantum entanglements, and the iconic double-slit experiment that confirmed all matter possesses hidden wave-like attributes. “Moreover, some scientists, even those in similar camps, exhibit varied understandings of their chosen interpretations,” Elizabeth Gibney highlighted in her analysis of the research.

Lewis observes that this scenario—a blend of extraordinary technical advancement and complete philosophical bewilderment—is unparalleled in the annals of science. Navigating this situation remains a challenge. Some physicists perceive it as a discredit to the field, while others argue it’s a positive aspect of scientific diversity. I found myself wrestling with the term “interpretation” to discern which viewpoint I align with the most. What does this term actually imply, and what criteria make an interpretation viable or competitive? Ultimately, I returned to the source material.

“For me, interpreting quantum mechanics transcends mere physics; it veers into philosophy or perhaps psychology,” noted Jeffrey Harvey from the University of Chicago. I recall his class as being a mathematical challenge, and I vividly remember the excitement of discovering that the waves in the abstract Hilbert space “exist.” However, I struggle to remember any clear arguments surrounding the interpretations of the complex mathematical outcomes we examined. Harvey expresses hesitance in teaching various interpretations, citing competition from established “mental models” over experimentally discernible frameworks. When two interpretations stem from the same equation and yield identical experimental predictions, why favor one over the other? “This reflects an agnostic stance. I’d prefer to keep an open mind rather than feel compelled to choose,” Harvey explained.

Jontae Hans, located at the University of Newcastle in the UK, contends that the term interpretation is often utilized too broadly. Some interpretations effectively extend quantum mechanics by adding or modifying core equations. “The challenge lies in the fact that interpretations are viewed differently, as well as the specific issues faced by quantum mechanics,” Lewis states. The Nature survey revealed respondents’ insights across eight interpretations, some of which augment the foundational quantum mechanics rules, while others simplify them, leaving the question of their necessity open for debate, as seen in the Copenhagen interpretation.

To grasp this distinction, consider the famous Schrödinger equation. This is the equation physicists employ to predict outcomes related to quantum objects. Several interpretations of quantum mechanics (e.g., the many-worlds interpretation) rely on the original Schrödinger equation as it was initially formulated. Conversely, a theory termed “decoherence” seeks to uncover why quantum effects are infrequently observed in our macroscopic world, incorporating additional symbols and numbers into the Schrödinger equation that signify new physical processes. Hans asserts that this technically renders the latter an extension rather than merely an interpretation. In such cases, experimental tests could potentially reveal whether our reality necessitates modification of the Schrödinger equation.

This could provide evidence compelling researchers like Harvey to abandon agnosticism. Hans suggests that a successful extension of quantum mechanics could explain numerous experiments whose predictions are already highly accurate, while also insisting that different interpretations can yield clearly distinct and testable predictions.

At the same time, all three researchers acknowledged that many physicists manage to perform their daily tasks without delving into the complexities of quantum mechanics interpretations. This partly explains why my class with Harvey didn’t cover quantum mechanical interpretations; I was primarily taught how to apply the theory. “I don’t perceive it as a problem in terms of innovation and applications in most areas of quantum mechanics. [Interpretation] is mainly a philosophical concern,” Lewis remarks.

Nonetheless, it doesn’t mean that interpretations lack merit, even when competing interpretations don’t yield differing experimental predictions. “While physicists may find interpretations less integral to physics, they can significantly influence how innovative ideas emerge. In that regard, I believe the diversity of mental models fosters exploration of new concepts arising from quantum mechanics,” says Harvey.

Moreover, even philosophical perspectives hold weight, especially regarding the growth of quantum mechanics. For Lewis, this historically unprecedented divide between utility and meaning in quantum mechanics might offer insights into the limitations of science and the philosophical boundaries regarding what can or cannot be understood. The fact that quantum mechanics, a mathematical model explaining the world exceptionally well, still lacks consensus on its significance is telling.

Hans similarly argues that assigning meaning is a fundamental aspect of physics. When discussing this, they often reference social media posts from people like Elon Musk. While I may not have seen them, I’m struck by the tremendous simplifications in their claims. “For me… it’s all about developing equations; it’s about engineering. While some are inclined to pursue engineering careers, I haven’t followed that path. This doesn’t imply engineers lack curiosity; rather, I feel some tension stemming from existential concerns. It’s a question that has kept physicists awake for centuries, and it will likely persist into the future.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Imaging Molecules’ Minute Quantum Jitter with Unmatched Clarity

Posted on by
Reply

Accelerator tunnels at the European XFEL, where atomic motion is meticulously studied.

Xfel/Heiner Mueller-Elsner

In a groundbreaking achievement, a highly advanced X-ray laser has successfully unveiled the slight atomic movements of molecules that are typically expected to remain stationary.

Quantum physics thrives on uncertainty. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle prevents scientists from simultaneously and accurately determining a particle’s position and momentum, indicating that quantum particles can never be fully at rest. Instead, atoms are perpetually in motion, albeit minuscule.

Nonetheless, measuring this subtle Heisenberg wiggle is challenging in complex molecules where atoms exhibit various motion patterns. Recently, Till Janke from the XFEL facility, along with his team, successfully captured this phenomenon using molecules composed of 11 atoms, including carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and iodine.

“This was my first experiment utilizing an extraordinary tool,” Janke remarked. The pivotal device was the “laser beast,” which bombarded molecules with intense bursts of X-rays. Although the pulse duration was only a quarter of a second, it was a million times brighter than conventional medical X-rays.

Each X-ray pulse stripped electrons from the molecule, causing the atoms to become positively charged and repel explosively from each other. By analyzing the aftermath of these explosions, scientists were able to reconstruct quantum variations of atoms in detail at their lowest energy states.

The team discovered that Heisenberg’s wiggle appears to follow a synchronized pattern in the movements of specific atoms. While this wasn’t unexpected based on the molecular structure, the researchers were astonished by the precision of their measurements, as noted by team member Ludger Inhester at German electronic synchrotrons.

Next, the researchers aim to explore how quantum fluctuations influence molecular behavior during chemical reactions. They also intend to adapt their methodology to study electron movements.

“We are exploring ways to expand our findings to larger systems. There are numerous avenues for future research,” shared team member Rebecca Bol from European XFEL.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Is It Possible to Capture Quantum Creepiness Without Entanglement?

Posted on by
Reply

Sure! Here’s the rewritten content with the HTML tags preserved:

Light particles seem to display quantum peculiarities even without entanglement

Wladimir Bulgar/Science Photo Library

Particles that appear unentangled achieved significant results in the renowned Entanglement test. This experiment offers fresh insights into the peculiarities of the quantum realm.

Nearly sixty years ago, physicist John Stewart Bell devised a method to determine whether our universe can be better explained through quantum mechanics or traditional theories. The pivotal distinction lies in quantum theory’s incorporation of “abbiotics,” or effects that can persist across vast distances. Remarkably, every experimental implementation of Bell’s tests to date supports the idea that our physical reality is non-local, indicating that we reside in a quantum world.

However, these experiments primarily focused on particles that are closely associated via quantum entanglement. Now, Xiao-Song Ma from Nanjing University in China, along with his team, claims they conducted the Bell Test without relying on entanglement. “Our research may offer a novel viewpoint on non-local correlations,” he states.

The experiment commenced with four specialized crystals, each generating two light particles, or photons, when exposed to a laser. These photons possess various properties measurable by researchers, such as polarization and phase, which describe their behavior as electromagnetic waves. The researchers guided the photons through an intricate arrangement of optical devices, including crystals and lenses, prior to detection.

A standard Bell test experiment involves two fictional experimenters, Alice and Bob, evaluating the properties of correlated particles. By correlating their observations with the “inequality” equation, Alice and Bob can ascertain whether the particles are linked in a non-local manner.

In the new experiment, Alice and Bob were represented by sets of optical devices and detectors instead of interlinked photons. In fact, the researchers incorporated devices in the setup to prevent the intertwining of particle frequencies and velocities. Nonetheless, when Alice and Bob’s measurements were analyzed using the inequality equation, the results indicated a stronger correlation among photons than what could be explained by local effects alone.

Mario Clen from the Max Planck Institute for the Light of Light in Germany suggests that this might be linked to another peculiar property of photons. They indicate it is impossible to identify which photons were “born” within the crystal and what paths they took, making them indistinguishable. Previously, Clen, along with colleagues, utilized this property, termed “distinguishability by path identity,” to entangle photons. However, in this scenario, they confirmed that only one type of quantum peculiarity remains indistinguishable.

The team has yet to formulate a definitive theory explaining how entanglement outcomes can manifest in the Bell test without entanglement actually being employed, but Ma proposes that several underlying quantum phenomena could be indistinguishable as a condition. Thus, even strategies that lack entanglements might serve as the fundamental components necessary to create non-local correlations.

Krenn and Ma express hope that fellow physicists will propose new alternative theories and identify experimental gaps within the Bell test. This mirrors the historical development surrounding the standard Bell test, where nearly five decades elapsed between the initial experiment and the establishment of quantum theory, successfully ruling out all alternative explanations.

One contentious aspect may be the “post-selection” technique utilized by the team. Stefano Paesani at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark argues that this raises questions about whether unentangled photons can be convincingly recognized as non-local within Bell’s tests. After the selection process, he contends that the experiments resemble more traditional scenarios where entanglement exists.

Jeff Randeen from the University of Ottawa, Canada, asserts that while the Bell test can create experiments to examine light, this “holds no profound significance concerning the nature of the universe or reality.”

In such circumstances, there exists the potential for Alice and Bob to act as identical observers or to generate correlations that researchers might misinterpret as non-local effects. Lundeen maintains that the new experiment doesn’t completely eliminate the possibility that Alice and Bob were colluding. “Thus, this experiment doesn’t quite carry the same weight as the renowned violation of Bell’s inequality,” he states.

“This represents one of the elegant extensions of a landmark finding from the ‘Glorious Age’ of the 1990s,” notes Aephraim Steinberg at the University of Toronto, Canada. Nevertheless, in his assessment, traces of entanglement remain in the new experiment—not at the photon level, but rather within the quantum field.

Looking forward, the team aims to enhance the apparatus to address some of these criticisms. For instance, by generating more photons from each crystal, researchers could avoid relying on selection thereafter. “Our collaborative group has already pinpointed several critical potential shortcomings, which we are eager to tackle in the future,” states Ma.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

You Could Potentially Share Near-Infinite Quantum Entanglement

Posted on by
Reply

Quantum entanglement can be treated as a shareable resource

Peter Julik/Aramie

Quantum entanglement, an enigmatic connection between particles, serves as a crucial asset for quantum computing and communication, and in some instances, can be shared almost limitlessly.

Numerous quantum operations, including the secure transfer of encrypted quantum data and computations on quantum systems, depend on multiple entangled particles. Ujjwal Sen and his team at the Harish Chandra Research Institute in India have inquired whether entanglements can be shared rather than created anew.

“We imagined a scenario where someone possesses an abundance, like money or treats, willing to distribute it among children, employees, or others,” he explains.

To explore this idea, his team formulated a mathematical model featuring two hypothetical researchers, Alice and Bob, who share entangled particles. When additional researchers, Charu and Debu, require entanglement but cannot generate their own, the first pair must assist.

Their calculations indicated that if Charu’s particles interacted with Alice’s, and Debu’s with Bob’s, the initial pair could transfer part of their entanglement to the latter pair. Kornikar Sen, another researcher at the Harish Chandra Research Institute, clarified that although Charu and Debu couldn’t interact with each other, they could utilize a shared “entanglement bank.”

In fact, the researchers concluded that this procedure for sharing entanglement could potentially accommodate an infinite number of successive pairs of researchers unable to create their own entangled states. Ujjwal Sen expressed that this revelation was surprising, as they had not anticipated the ability to share entanglement across so many pairs when they commenced their calculations.

Moreover, the team pinpointed how the experimenters would need to modify their operations on the particles to facilitate this sharing mechanism, although these specific methods have yet to undergo experimental validation.

Chirag Srivastava from the Harish-Chandra Research Institute added that each new experimenter obtaining entanglement from Alice and Bob would acquire a diminishing share, as some entanglement dissipates during interactions.

Consequently, while the sharing methodology could theoretically continue forever, in practice, it would sooner or later cease when some researchers receive insignificantly small portions of entanglement.

How this situation unfolds—and how it measures against other methods by which researchers can obtain entanglement from a single source—remains to be explored through ongoing experiments.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Physicists Uncover Unusual Quantum Echoes in Niobium Superconductors

Posted on by
Reply

Researchers from Ames National Laboratory and Iowa State University have unveiled the emergence of Higgs echoes in niobium superconductors. These findings shed light on quantum behavior that could influence the development of next-generation quantum sensing and computing technologies.

Using Higgs Echo Spectroscopy, Huang et al reveal unconventional echo formation due to non-uniform expansion and soft quasiparticle bands, dynamically evolving under THZ drive. Image credit: Ames National Laboratory.

Superconductors are materials known for conducting electricity without resistance.

These superconducting materials exhibit collective oscillations referred to as the Higgs mode.

The Higgs mode represents a quantum phenomenon that occurs when the electronic potential fluctuates similarly to a Higgs boson.

Such modes manifest when the material experiences a superconducting phase transition.

Monitoring these vibrations has posed challenges for scientists for many years.

Additionally, they interact complexly with quasiparticles, which are electron-like excitations arising from superconducting dynamics.

By utilizing advanced terahertz (THZ) spectroscopy, the researchers identified a new type of quantum echo known as Higgs echo in superconductive niobium materials utilized in quantum computing circuits.

“Unlike traditional echoes seen in atoms and semiconductors, Higgs echoes result from intricate interactions between Higgs modes and quasiparticles, generating anomalous signals with unique properties.”

“Higgs echoes can uncover and reveal hidden quantum pathways within a material.”

By employing precisely-timed THZ radiation pulses, the authors were able to detect these echoes.

These THZ radiation pulses can also facilitate the encoding, storage, and retrieval of quantum information embedded in the superconducting material via echoes.

This study illustrates the ability to manipulate and observe the quantum coherence of superconductors, paving the way for innovative methods of storing and processing quantum information.

“Grasping and controlling these distinctive quantum echoes brings us closer to practical quantum computing and advanced quantum sensing technologies,” stated Dr. Wang.

a paper detailing these findings was published in the journal on June 25th in Advances in Science.

____

Chuankun Huang et al. 2025. Discovery of unconventional quantum echoes due to Higgs coherence interference. Advances in Science 11 (26); doi:10.1126/sciadv.ads8740

Source: www.sci.news

Quantum Physics Laws Might Erase the Universe That Preceded Ours

Posted on by
Reply

Did the cosmos originate from a massive bounce from a different universe?

Vadim Sadovski/Shutterstock

Is it possible that our universe will continuously expand, then contract back into a small point, repeating the Big Bang? According to recent mathematical analyses, the laws of physics suggest that such cyclical behavior is unlikely.

A pivotal element in the concept of a cyclical universe is the “big bounce,” which reimagines the beginning of our known universe as an event following this bounce rather than the traditional Big Bang. The Big Bang is characterized by incomprehensibly dense concentrations of matter and energy where gravity becomes intense enough to alter physical laws, leading to an infinite outward expansion. Conversely, a universe beginning with a big bounce allows us to explore realities beyond what we perceive as the inception, potentially emerging from another universe that undergoes contraction into an extremely dense state, but not necessarily a singularity.

Thus, the essential inquiry about whether time began with a singularity becomes crucial for understanding our universe’s past and future. If the big bounce indeed marks the inception of our universe, it may also inform its prospective trajectory. The initial idea proposed by Oxford’s Roger Penrose in 1965 revolved around the inevitability of collapse under general relativity, the prevailing framework for understanding gravity, particularly related to black holes, which also represent scenarios where gravity can disrupt the fabric of space-time. Penrose concluded that if gravity intensifies sufficiently, singularities cannot be evaded.

Currently, Raphael Bousso of the University of California, Berkeley, has introduced critical insights enhancing these findings by elucidating the quantum properties of the universe.

While Penrose’s arguments didn’t incorporate quantum theory, Bousso indicates that prior explorations by Aron Wall from Cambridge University considered scenarios of very minimal gravity. However, Bousso’s analysis does not limit gravity’s intensity and asserts that it “decisively excludes” the possibility of a circular universe, reinforcing the singularity associated with the Big Bang as an unavoidable outcome.

Onkar Parrikar from the Tata Basic Research Institute in India asserts, “This represents a significant generalization of Penrose’s original theorem, further extended by Wall.”

Chris Akers from the University of Colorado, Boulder points out that this marks substantial progress, as it is “far more effective in quantum physics” compared to earlier studies. He suggests that this new research will impose stricter constraints on larger bounce models.

Bousso’s computations hinge upon a generalized second law of thermodynamics, expanding the conventional second law to address entropy behavior around black holes. This advanced perspective has yet to be rigorously validated, according to Surjeet Rajendran at Johns Hopkins University in Maryland.

In 2018, Rajendran and his team crafted a mathematical representation of the bouncing universe that circumvented constraints imposed by Bousso’s theorems. However, their model included more dimensions of space-time than have currently been observed, leaving some uncertainties unaddressed.

Akers emphasizes, “Understanding our universe’s history is undeniably one of the most crucial scientific endeavors, and alternative models like big bounces should be thoroughly evaluated.”

Jackson Fris from the University of Cambridge mentions that in bouncing scenarios, quantum effects might bolster the universe’s rebound from its dense states. Investigating these scenarios can further our understanding of how quantum gravity theory, which melds general relativity and quantum mechanics, may reshape our conception of the universe. “If quantum gravity is indeed essential for a comprehensive explanation of a black hole’s interior or a big bang,” he notes.

According to Rajendran, one of the most vital methods to ascertain whether our universe experienced a spatial bounce is through gravitational wave observations. These space-time ripples could carry identifiable signatures of the bounce but currently exist in frequencies outside the detection capabilities of existing gravitational wave observatories. Future generations of detectors may capture these frequencies, although the realization of several planned upgrades to U.S. detectors may be uncertain due to proposed budget cuts from the previous administration.

“It is a matter of whether there exists a universe capable of generating a signal strong enough for detection, and if our current world permits scientists to perform those experimental constructions,” Rajendran states.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Quantum Computers Exhibit Unexpected Randomness—And That’s Beneficial!

Posted on by
Reply

Quantum object shuffling is more complex than classic shuffling

Andriy Onofriyenko/Getty Images

Quantum computers are capable of generating randomness far more efficiently than previously anticipated. This remarkable discovery reveals the ongoing complexities at the intersection of quantum physics and computation.

Randomness is essential for numerous computational tasks. For instance, weather simulations require multiple iterations with randomly chosen slightly varied initial conditions. In the realm of quantum computing, researchers have demonstrated quantum advantage by arranging qubits randomly to yield outcomes that classical machines struggle to achieve.

Creating these random configurations effectively entails shuffling qubits and connecting them repeatedly, akin to shuffling a deck of cards. Initially, it was believed that adding more qubits to the system would extend the time required for shuffling, analogous to how larger decks of cards are harder to shuffle. With increased shuffling potentially compromising the delicate quantum states of qubits, the prospect of significant applications relying on randomness was thought to be limited to smaller quantum systems.

Recently, Thomas Schuster from the California Institute of Technology and his team found that generating these random sequences requires fewer shuffles than previously believed.

To illustrate this, Schuster and his colleagues conceptualized dividing the qubit ensemble into smaller segments, thereby mathematically demonstrating that each segment could independently produce a random sequence. They further established that these smaller qubit segments could be “joined” to create a well-shuffled version of the original collection of qubits in a manner that defies expectations.

“It’s quite astonishing because it indicates that classical random number generators don’t exhibit anything comparable,” states Schuster. For instance, in the case of card shuffling within a block, the top cards tend to remain near the top. This is not applicable in quantum systems, where quantum shuffles generate a random superposition of all possible arrangements.

“This is a significantly more intricate phenomenon compared to classical shuffling. The order of the top card is not preserved, as can be observed through classical methods where measuring the top card’s position post-shuffle yields a random output each time, devoid of any insights into the shuffling process itself. It’s genuinely a new and fundamentally quantum phenomenon.”

“We anticipated that this sort of random quantum behavior would be exceptionally challenging to achieve. Yet, the authors demonstrated that it can be realized with remarkable efficiency,” remarks Peter Craze from the Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems in Germany. “This discovery was quite unexpected.”

“Random quantum circuits hold numerous applications as elements of quantum algorithms and for showcasing what is termed quantum advantage,” notes Ashley Montanaro from the University of Bristol, UK. “The authors have already identified various applications in quantum information and hope that additional applications will emerge.” While researchers can facilitate experiments demonstrating a type of quantum advantage they have previously conducted, Montanaro cautions that this does not imply we are closer to reaping the practical benefits of such advantages.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Quantum Superposition Challenges Us to Confront Profound Realities

Posted on by
Reply

Physicists observe that students often exhibit a “digging expression” when first introduced to quantum superposition, as noted by Marcelo Gleiser. Having taught quantum mechanics for several decades, he notes the consistent surprise among students as they grapple with the complexities of atomic and particle behavior.

This article is part of our special concept series, exploring how experts perceive some of the most astonishing ideas in science. Click here for additional details.

The term “clear” often adds confusion in this field. Since the inception of superposition, its true implications have been debated for centuries. What is universally acknowledged is that this concept challenges our understanding of what constitutes “reality.”

A foundational aspect to grasp is the Schrödinger equation. Formulated by Erwin Schrödinger in the 1920s, it serves as a cornerstone of quantum theory, outlining the probabilities of finding particles in specific states upon measurement. Notably, quantum mechanics focuses on predicting potential outcomes rather than clarifying the exact activities of particles pre-measurement.

The Schrödinger equation articulates all conceivable positions a particle may occupy before measurement, utilizing mathematical constructs known as wave functions. This establishes one mathematical interpretation of superposition, defined as the combination of various potential quantum states.

It is well-established that particles can indeed exist in superposition. For instance, in a double-slit experiment, a solitary photon (a light particle) is directed toward a barrier with two narrow openings. When a detector is active, the photon seems to “choose” one slit and strikes a specific point on the screen. In contrast, without the detector, an “interference pattern” is observed, indicating that the particles act like waves, traversing through both slits simultaneously and interacting with themselves.

However, the true significance of being “in a superposition” remains elusive. Generally, two perspectives exist. Some view wave functions merely as mathematical constructs rather than reflections of reality—this aligns with Gleiser’s stance at Dartmouth University, New Hampshire. He asserts, “In quantum mechanics, we argue that wave functions must constitute a part of physical reality,” asserting that equating mathematical constructs with truth has become almost cult-like.

Gleiser endorses an interpretation known as quantum Bayesianism (or QBism), which posits that the theory addresses our understanding rather than reality itself. Consequently, during quantum state measurements, what shifts is merely our information about reality, not reality itself.

Conversely, some scholars, like Simon Saunders, a philosopher from Oxford University, argue against this view, asserting that wave functions represent an authentic state of existence. He suggests that particles in superposition physically occupy multiple locations simultaneously. “It’s an extended object,” he clarifies. “It’s delocalized.” Within this framework, our experience of particle reality may deviate from actual reality. For example, electrons orbiting atoms appear as a cloud of probability until measured.

Critics of this interpretation often question the fate of alternate possibilities once measurement constrains a particle to a single location. Saunders concedes to the radical notion that this may suggest the existence of a branching infinite multiverse.

Ultimately, a resolution to this question isn’t imminent. Meanwhile, researchers have successfully extended superposition beyond individual particles to larger molecules and even 16-microgram crystals. This suggests that reality is much stranger than it appears.

Explore more articles in this series by using the links below:

Topics:

  • Quantum Mechanics/
  • Amazing Concepts

Source: www.newscientist.com

Unveiling the Quantum Computers That Can Make a Difference

Posted on by
Reply

Zhang Bin/China News Service/VCG Getty Images

In the last decade, quantum computing has evolved into a multi-billion dollar sector, attracting investments from major tech firms like IBM and Google, along with the U.S. military.

However, Ignacio Cirac, a trailblazer in this field from Germany’s Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics, provides a more measured assessment: “Quantum computers are not yet a reality,” he states, because creating a functional and practical version is exceedingly challenging.

This article is part of our special feature that delves into how experts perceive some of science’s most intriguing concepts. Click here for more information.

These quantum systems utilize qubits to encode data, in contrast to the traditional “bits” of conventional computers. Qubits can be generated through various methods, ranging from small superconducting circuits to ultra-cold atoms, yet each method presents its own complexities in construction.

The primary advantage lies in their ability to leverage quantum attributes for performing certain calculations at a speed unattainable by classical computers.

This acceleration holds promise for various challenges that traditional computers face, such as simulating complex physical systems and optimizing passenger flight schedules or grocery deliveries. Five years ago, quantum computers appeared poised to tackle these and numerous other computational hurdles.

Today, the situation is even more intricate. Certainly, the progress in creating larger quantum computers is remarkable, with numerous companies developing systems exceeding 1000 qubits. However, this progress also highlights the formidable challenges that remain.

A significant issue is that as these computers scale up, they tend to generate increased errors, and developing methods to mitigate or correct them has proven more challenging than anticipated. Last year, Google researchers made notable strides in addressing this problem, but as Cirac emphasizes, a fully functional useful quantum computer remains elusive.

Consequently, the list of viable applications for such machines may be shorter than many previously anticipated. Weighing the costs of construction against the potential savings reveals that, in many scenarios, the economics may not favor them. “The most significant misconception is that quantum computers can expedite all types of problems,” Cirac explains.

So, which issues might still benefit from quantum computing? Experts suggest that quantum computers could potentially compromise the encryption systems currently employed for secure communications, making them appealing to governments and institutions concerned with security. Scott Aaronson from the University of Texas at Austin notes this.

Another promising area for quantum computers is in modeling materials and chemical reactions. Because quantum computers operate within a framework of quantum objects, they are ideally suited for simulating other quantum systems, such as electrons, atoms, and molecules.

“These are simplified models that don’t accurately reflect real materials. However, if you appropriately design your system, there are numerous properties of real materials you can learn about physics.” Daniel Gottesman from the University of Maryland adds.

While quantum chemical simulations might seem more specialized than flight scheduling, the potential outcomes (such as discovering room-temperature superconductors) could be groundbreaking.

The extent to which these ambitions can be realized heavily relies on the algorithms guiding quantum computations and methods for correcting those pesky errors. This is a complex new domain, as Vedran Dunjko of Leiden University in the Netherlands points out, prompting researchers like himself to confront fundamental questions about information and computation.

“This creates a significant incentive to investigate the complexity of the problem and the potential of computing devices,” Dunjko asserts. “For me, this alone justifies dedicating a substantial portion of my life to these inquiries.”

Explore more articles in this series by using the links below:

topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Helgorand: Exploring the Past and Future of Quantum Physics on a Tiny Island

Posted on by
Reply

Helgoland Island occupies a nearly mythical position in quantum mechanics history

Shutterstock/Markus Stappen

Having attended numerous scientific conferences, the recent one on Helgoland Island, marking a century of quantum mechanics, stands out as one of the most peculiar, in a positive sense.

This tiny German island, stretching less than a kilometer in the North Sea, exudes the ambiance of a coastal resort. Even during summer, its charm wanes, giving way to the scent of quaint streets filled with souvenir shops, fish eateries, and ice cream stalls. Picture cutting-edge experimenters in Quantum Technologies casually mingling after discussions at the town hall beside a miniature golf course—it’s quite an experience.

Our purpose here becomes evident as we stroll along the cliffside road, where a bronze plaque commemorates physicist Werner Heisenberg’s purported invention of quantum mechanics in 1925. While it sounds intriguing, it’s an embellishment; Heisenberg merely outlined some concepts here. The more recognized formulation came from Erwin Schrödinger in early 1926, who introduced wave functions to predict quantum system evolutions.

Nonetheless, this year clearly holds significance as we commemorate a century of quantum mechanics. Regardless of how much of Helgoland’s narrative stems from Heisenberg’s own embellishments—he recounted his breakthrough there several years later—this “Remote Control Island” serves as a unique venue for celebratory gatherings.

And what a celebration it is! It’s almost surreal to witness such a congregation of renowned quantum physicists. Among them are four Nobel laureates: Alain Aspect, David Wineland, Anton Zeilinger, and Serge Haroche. Collectively, they’ve validated the bizarre aspects of quantum mechanics, showcasing how the characteristics of one particle can instantaneously influence another, no matter the distance. They’ve also developed techniques to manipulate individual quantum particles, crucial for quantum computing.

In my view, these distinguished individuals would concur that the younger generation is poised to delve deeper into the implications of quantum mechanics, transforming its notoriously counterintuitive essence into new technologies and a better understanding of nature. Quantum mechanics is renowned for encompassing multiple interpretations of its mathematical framework concerning reality, with many seasoned experts firmly entrenched in their perspectives.

Helgoland’s plaque honors Werner Heisenberg’s role in quantum mechanics

Philip Ball

This divisive sentiment was noticeable during Zeilinger and Aspect’s evening panel discussion. Jill’s Brothers pioneered quantum cryptography at the University of Montreal.

In fairness to the veterans, their theories emerged under considerable skepticism from their peers, particularly regarding the significance of examining such foundational concerns. They navigated an era where “silent calculations” were prevalent—a term coined by American physicist David Mermin to describe how it was frowned upon to ponder the implications of quantum mechanics beyond merely solving the Schrödinger equation. It’s no wonder they developed thick skins.

In contrast, younger researchers seem more pragmatic in their approach to quantum theories, often adopting various interpretations as tools to address specific challenges. Elements of the Copenhagen interpretation and the multiverse theory are intertwined, not as definitive claims about reality, but as frameworks for analysis.

The new wave of researchers, such as Vedika Khemani from Stanford University, are actively bridging condensed matter physics and quantum information. I heard her highlight the evolution from storing information on magnetic tapes in the 1950s to the crucial error correction techniques in today’s quantum computing.

Quantum mechanics applications are on the rise, with theorists also stepping up their game. For instance, Flaminia Giacomini at the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich spoke about her pursuit of reconciling the granular quantum realm with the smooth continuous world required for quantum gravity, offering profound insights into the essence of quantum mechanics.

While some may consider this exploration to be veering into the realm of speculation, as seen in string theory attempts, Giacomini asserted, “There is no experimental evidence that gravity should be quantized.” Hence, empirical validation remains elusive, despite a wealth of theoretical discourse.

Excitingly, there are plans to test hypotheses in the not-so-distant future. For instance, examining whether two objects can entangle purely through gravitational interactions is a goal. The difficulty is ensuring the objects are substantial enough to exert meaningful gravitational pull while being sufficiently small to demonstrate quantum characteristics. Several speakers expressed confidence in overcoming this hurdle within the next decade.

The conference revealed the interconnectedness of quantum theories and experiments: perturbing one aspect inevitably influences others. Gaining a nuanced understanding of quantum gravity through delicate experiments involving trapped particles could shed light on black hole information paradoxes and inspire innovative ideas for quantum computing and the nature of quantum states.

Ultimately, achieving progress in any of these areas appears promising for uncovering the enduring questions that have fascinated Heisenberg and his contemporaries. What occurs when we measure quantum particles? However, rather than perceiving it as a repetitive struggle, it’s clear that quantum mechanics is much more sophisticated and intriguing than the founders ever envisaged.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Why John Stewart Bell Has Challenged Quantum Mechanics for Decades

Posted on by
Reply

John Stewart Bell developed a method to measure the unique correlations permitted in the quantum world

CERN

While some perceive a Poltergeist in the attic and others spot a ghost on dark nights, there’s also the enigmatic figure of John Stewart Bell. His groundbreaking work and enduring legacy have intrigued me for years.

Consider this: how much of our reality can we claim to experience objectively? I ponder this frequently, especially when discussing the intricate nature of space, time, and quantum mechanics. Bell was deeply reflective about such matters, and his contributions have forever altered our comprehension of these concepts.

Born in Belfast in 1928, Bell was, by all accounts, a curious and cheerful child. He gravitated towards physics early and undertook his first role as a lab engineer at just 16. With training in both theoretical and experimental physics, he built a significant part of his career around particle accelerators. Yet, it was the inconsistencies he perceived within quantum theory that occupied his thoughts during late nights.

Today, this area has become a well-established branch of physics, featured prominently in New Scientist. Modern physics does not typically welcome those who question the edges of physics, mathematics, and philosophy. In Bell’s time, scientists were still grappling with the legacies of quantum theory’s pioneers, including heated debates between Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein.

My interest in Bell’s work began as a casual pursuit, though I devoted several hours to it. In 1963, he took a sabbatical with his physicist wife, using the time to craft a pair of original papers. Initially published without much attention, their significance could not be understated.

Bell transformed philosophical inquiries into testable experiments, particularly concentrating on the notion of “hidden variables” in quantum mechanics.

Quantum mechanics inherently resists certainty and determinism, as elucidated by Bohr and his contemporaries in the early 20th century. Notably, definitive statements about quantum entities remain elusive until we engage with them. Predictive ability exists only in probabilistic terms—an electron, for instance, might have a 98% likelihood of exhibiting one energy level while being 2% likely to reveal another, but the actual outcome is intrinsically random.

How does nature make these seemingly random decisions? One theory proposes that certain properties remain hidden from observers. If physicists could identify these hidden variables, they could inject absolute predictability into quantum theory.

Bell crafted a test aimed at marginalizing the myriad hidden variable theories, either altering or challenging quantum theory. This test typically involves two experimenters—Alice and Bob. A pair of entangled particles is produced repeatedly, with one particle sent to Alice and the corresponding one dispatched to Bob in a separate laboratory. Upon receipt, Alice and Bob each independently measure specific properties, for instance, Alice might analyze a particle’s spin.

Simultaneously, Bob conducts his measurements without any communication between the two experimenters. Once all data is collected, it is filtered into equations derived by Bell in 1964. This “inequality” framework evaluates the correlations between Alice and Bob’s observations. Even in scenarios devoid of quantum interactions, some correlations may occur by mere chance. However, Bell established a threshold of correlation indicating that something beyond randomness is happening. The particles demonstrate correlations unique to quantum physics, negating the presence of local hidden variables.

Thus, Bell’s test does more than affirm quantum theory as a superior explanation of our reality; it also underscores the peculiar nature of “non-locality,” revealing strange traits of our existence. This implies that quantum objects can maintain connections, with their behaviors remaining profoundly intertwined despite vast separations. Einstein critiqued this notion vigorously, as it contradicts the principles of his special theory of relativity by insinuating a form of instantaneous communication between entities.

Bell, initially a disciple of Einstein’s theories, found himself ultimately proving his idol wrong. His tests compellingly indicated that our reality is indeed quantum. This debate continues to engage researchers, particularly regarding the persistent discrepancies between quantum theory and our best understanding of gravity, framed by Einstein himself.

There was little acknowledgment of Bell’s experimental designs during his lifetime, despite the technical challenges they presented. The first experiment of this kind was conducted in 1972, and it wasn’t until 2015 that a test with minimal loopholes ultimately refuted the local hidden variable theories conclusively. In 2022, physicists Alain Aspect, John F. Krauss, and Anton Zeilinger received the Nobel Prize in Physics for their extensive work on these experiments.

So why does John Stewart Bell’s legacy resonate so strongly with me? Am I ensnared in some quantum malaise?

The answer lies in the fact that his work and the myriad experiments testing it have spawned as many questions about quantum physics and physical reality as they aim to resolve. For instance, numerous physicists concur that our universe is fundamentally non-local, yet they strive to uncover the underlying physical mechanisms at play. Others are busy formulating new hidden variable theories that evade the constraints set by Bell’s tests. Additionally, researchers are scrupulously reevaluating the mathematical assumptions Bell made in his original work, believing that fresh perspectives on Bell’s findings may be critical for advancing interpretations of quantum theory and developing cohesive theories.

The repercussions of Bell’s findings permeate the realm of quantum physics. We have engaged in Bell tests for nearly five decades, continuously enhancing entangled particles. But this is just the beginning. Recently, I collaborated with physicists to design a method to leverage Bell’s work in exploring whether free will might be partially constrained by cosmic factors. Afterwards, I received a call from another cohort of researchers keen to discuss Bell again, this time in relation to gravity and the foundational nature of space and time. They drew inspiration from his methodologies and sought to create a test that would examine genuine gravitational properties rather than quantum ones.

It’s no wonder I feel inextricably linked to Bell. His capacity to convert philosophical inquiries into tangible tests encapsulates the essence of physics. The essence of physics is to unravel the world’s most baffling mysteries through experimental means. Bell’s test vividly embodies that promise.

If I must ponder a haunting presence, I couldn’t ask for a more remarkable specter.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

IBM Plans to Develop a Functional Quantum Supercomputer by 2029

Posted on by
Reply

Rendering of IBM’s proposed quantum supercomputer

IBM

In less than five years, you’ll have access to a Quantum SuperComputer without errors, according to IBM. The company has unveiled a roadmap for a machine named Starling, set to be available for academic and industrial researchers by 2029.

“These are scientific dreams that have been transformed into engineering achievements,” says Jay Gambetta at IBM. He mentions that he and his team have developed all the required components to make Starling a reality, giving them confidence in their ambitious timeline. The new systems will be based in a New York data center and are expected to aid in manufacturing novel chemicals and materials.

IBM has already constructed a fleet of quantum computers, yet the path to truly user-friendly devices remains challenging, with little competition in the field. Errors continue to thwart many efforts to utilize quantum effects for solving problems that typical supercomputers struggle with.

This underscores the necessity for a fault-tolerant quantum computer that can autonomously correct its mistakes. Such capabilities lead to larger, more powerful devices. There is no universal agreement on the optimal strategy to tackle these challenges, prompting the research team to explore various approaches.

All quantum computers depend on qubits, yet different groups create these essential units from light particles, extremely cold atoms, and in Starling’s case, superconducting qubits. IBM is banking on two innovations to enhance its robustness against significant errors.

First, Starling establishes new connections among its qubits, including those that are quite distant from one another. Each qubit is embedded within a chip, and researchers have innovated new hardware to link these components within a single chip and connect multiple chips together. This advancement enables Starling to be larger than its forerunners while allowing it to execute more complex programs.

According to Gambetta, Starling will employ tens of thousands of qubits, permitting 100 million quantum manipulations. Currently, the largest quantum computers house around 1,000 physical qubits, grouped into roughly 200 “logical qubits.” Within each logical qubit, several qubits function together as a single computational unit resilient to errors. The current record for logical qubits belongs to the Quantum Computing Company Quantinuum with a count of 50.

IBM is implementing a novel method for merging physical qubits into logical qubits via LDPC codes. This marks a significant shift from previous methods employed in other superconducting quantum computers. Gambetta notes that utilizing LDPC codes was once seen as a “pipe dream,” but his team has now realized crucial details to make it feasible.

The benefit of this somewhat unconventional technique is that each logical qubit created with an LDPC approach requires fewer physical qubits compared to competing strategies. Consequently, they are smaller and faster error correction becomes achievable.

“IBM has consistently set ambitious goals and accomplished significant milestones over the years,” states Stephen Bartlett from the University of Sydney. “They have achieved notable innovations and improvements in the last five years, and this represents a genuine breakthrough.” He points out that both the distant qubits and the new hardware for connecting the logical qubit codes deviate from the well-performing devices IBM previously developed, necessitating extensive testing. “It looks promising, but it also requires a leap of faith,” Bartlett adds.

Matthew Otten from the University of Wisconsin-Madison mentions that LDPC codes have only been seriously explored in recent years, and IBM’s roadmap clarifies how it functions. He emphasizes its importance as it helps researchers pinpoint potential bottlenecks and trade-offs. For example, he notes that Starling may operate slower than current superconducting quantum computers.

At its intended scale, the device could address challenges relevant to sectors such as pharmaceuticals. Here, simulations of small molecules or proteins on quantum computers like Starling could replace costly and cumbersome experimental steps in drug development, Otten explains.

IBM isn’t the only contender in the quantum computing sector planning significant advancements. For instance, Quantinuum and Psiquantum have also announced their intentions to develop fault-tolerant utility-scale machines by 2029 and 2027, respectively.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Physicists Investigate Light’s Interaction with Quantum Vacuums

Posted on by
Reply

Researchers have successfully conducted the first real-time 3D simulation demonstrating how a powerful laser beam alters the quantum vacuum. Remarkably, these simulations reflect the unusual phenomena anticipated by quantum physics, known as vacuum four-wave mixing. This principle suggests that the combined electromagnetic fields of three laser pulses can polarize a virtual electron-positron pair within a vacuum, resulting in photons bouncing toward one another as if they were billiard balls.

Illustration of photon photon scattering in a laboratory: Two green petawatt laser beams collide in focus with a third red beam to polarize the quantum vacuum. This allows the generation of a fourth blue laser beam in a unique direction and color, conserving momentum and energy. Image credit: Zixin (Lily) Zhang.

“This is not merely a matter of academic interest. It represents a significant advance toward experimental validation of quantum effects, which have largely remained theoretical,” remarks Professor Peter Norries from Oxford University.

The simulation was executed using an enhanced version of Osiris, a simulation software that models interactions between laser beams and various materials or plasmas.

“We are doctoral students at Oxford University,” shared Zixin (Lily) Zhang.

“By applying the model to a three-beam scattering experiment, we were able to capture a comprehensive spectrum of quantum signatures, along with detailed insights into the interaction region and the principal time scale.”

“We’ve rigorously benchmarked the simulation, enabling our focus to shift to more intricate, exploratory scenarios, like exotic laser beam structures and dynamic focus pulses.”

Crucially, these models furnish the specifics that experimentalists depend on to design accurate real-world tests, encompassing realistic laser configurations and pulse timing.

The simulations also uncover new insights into how these interactions develop in real-time and how subtle asymmetries in beam geometry can influence the outcomes.

According to the team, this tool not only aids in planning future high-energy laser experiments but also assists in the search for evidence of virtual particles, such as axes and millicharged particles, or potential dark matter candidates.

“The broader planned experiments at state-of-the-art laser facilities will greatly benefit from the new computational methods implemented in Osiris,” noted Professor Lewis Silva, a physicist at the Technico Institute in Lisbon and Oxford.

“The integration of ultra-intense lasers, advanced detection techniques, cutting-edge analysis, and numerical modeling lays the groundwork for a new era of laser-material interactions, opening new avenues for fundamental physics.”

The team’s paper was published today in the journal Communication Physics.

____

Z. Chan et al. 2025. Computational modeling of semi-real-world quantum vacuums in 3D. Commun Phys 8, 224; doi:10.1038/s42005-025-02128-8

Source: www.sci.news

Emerging Theories May Finally Bring “Quantum Gravity” to Reality

Posted on by
Reply

Researchers might be on the brink of solving one of the most significant challenges in physics, potentially laying the groundwork for groundbreaking theories.

At present, two distinct theories—quantum mechanics and gravity—are employed to elucidate various facets of the universe. Numerous attempts have been made to fuse these theories into a cohesive framework, but a compelling unification remains elusive.

“Integrating gravity with quantum theory into a single framework is one of the primary objectives of contemporary theoretical physics,” states Dr. Mikko Partanen, the lead author of the recently published research in Report on Progress in Physics. He elaborates on this innovative approach in the context of BBC Science Focus, calling it “the holy grail of physics.”

The challenge of formulating a theory of “quantum gravity” arises from the fact that these two concepts operate on entirely different scales.

Quantum mechanics investigates the minutest scale of subatomic particles, leading to the development of standard models. These models link three fundamental forces: electromagnetic, strong (which binds protons and neutrons), and weak (responsible for radioactive decay).

The fourth fundamental force, gravity, is articulated by Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity, which portrays gravity as a curvature of spacetime. Massive objects and high-energy entities distort spacetime, influencing surrounding objects and governing the domain of planets, stars, and galaxies. Yet, gravity seems resistant to aligning with quantum mechanics.

The Duality of Theories

A significant issue is that gravity is rooted in a “deterministic classical” framework, meaning the laws predict specific outcomes. For instance, if you drop a ball, gravity guarantees it will fall.

In contrast, quantum theory is inherently probabilistic, offering only the likelihood of an event rather than a definitive outcome.

“These are challenging to merge,” Partanen comments. “Attempts to apply quantum theory within gravitational contexts have yielded numerous nonsensical results.”

For example, when quantum physicists measure the electron’s mass, the equations spiral into infinity. Similarly, applying gravity in extreme conditions, like at the edge of a black hole, renders Einstein’s equations meaningless.

Even general relativity fails to explain phenomena within a black hole. -NASA

“While intriguing approaches like string theory [which substitutes particles with vibrating energy strings] exist, we currently lack unique, testable predictions to differentiate these theories from standard models or general relativity,” notes Partanen.

Instead of crafting an entirely new theory for unification, Partanen and his colleague, Professor Jukka Tulkki, approached gravity through the lens of quantum mechanics by reformulating the gravitational equations using fields.

Fields represent how quantum theory elucidates the variation of physical quantities over space and time. You may already be acquainted with electric and magnetic fields.

This novel perspective allowed them to replicate the principles of general relativity in a format that combines effortlessly with quantum mechanics.

Testing the Theories

A particularly promising aspect of this new theory is that it does not require the introduction of exotic new particles or altered physical laws, meaning physicists already possess the necessary tools for its verification.

According to him, this new theory generates equations that account for phenomena like the bending of light around massive galaxies and redshifts—the elongation of light’s wavelength as objects recede in the expanding universe.

This new theory aligns with predictions from general relativity. – Credits: ESA/Hubble & NASA, D. Thilker

While this validates the theory, it does not confirm its correctness.

To establish this, experiments must be conducted in extreme gravitational environments where general relativity falters.

If quantum gravity can make superior predictions in such scenarios, it would serve as a crucial step towards validating this new theory and suggesting that Einstein’s framework might be incomplete.

However, this is challenging due to the minimal differences between the two theories.

For instance, when observing how the sun’s mass bends light from a distant star, the predictive discrepancy is a mere 0.0001%. Current astronomical tools are insufficient for precise measurements.

Fortunately, larger celestial bodies can amplify these differences dramatically.

“For neutron stars with intense gravitational fields, relative differences can reach a few percent,” Partanen observes. While no observatory currently exists to make such observations, advancements in technology could soon enable this.

The theory remains in its nascent stages, with the team embarking on a mission to finalize mathematical proofs to ensure the theory avoids diverging into infinities or other complications.

If progress remains encouraging, they will then apply the theory to extreme situations, such as the singularity of a black hole.

“Our theory represents a novel endeavor to unify all four fundamental forces of nature within one coherent framework, and thorough investigation may unveil phenomena beyond our current understanding,” concludes Partanen.

read more

About Our Experts

Mikko Partanen is a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Physics and Nanoengineering at Aalto University in Espoo, Finland. He specializes in studying light and its quantum properties, with his research appearing in journals such as Physics Chronicles, New Journal of Physics, and Scientific Reports.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

A Potential Breakthrough in Quantum Computing Design

Posted on by
Reply

Could a new approach lead to error-free quantum computers?

Nord’s numbers

Canadian startups in quantum computing assert that the new Qubit technology will enable the development of smaller, more affordable, and error-free quantum computers. However, reaching that goal presents a significant challenge.

Traditional computers mitigate errors by storing redundant copies of information across multiple locations. This method, known as redundancy, requires quantum computers to utilize many additional qubits, potentially hundreds of thousands, to replicate this redundancy.

Julianne Camiland Lemire and her team at Nord’s numbers have engineered a qubit that promises to reduce this requirement to just a few hundred. “The fundamental principle of our hardware is to utilize qubits with inherent redundancy,” she notes.

Competing qubit technologies include small superconducting circuits and ultra-cold atoms. The Nord Quartique qubit employs a superconducting cavity filled with microwave radiation. Inside this cavity, photons are trapped and bounce back and forth, allowing information to be encoded within quantum states.

This design is not entirely new; however, it’s the first instance of employing “multimode encoding.” Researchers utilize multiple properties of photons simultaneously to store information, thereby enhancing resilience against common quantum computing errors.

Victor Albert from the University of Maryland mentions that effective quantum error correction necessitates more qubits, meaning information is stored in interconnected groups rather than isolated qubits, safeguarding the system from individual failures.

The innovative Qubit incorporates a second technique that enables the effective storage of information in a four-dimensional mathematical framework.

This is why NORD’s quantitative project anticipates that their error-resistant quantum computers will be up to 50 times smaller than those utilizing superconducting circuit qubits, the most advanced yet. Moreover, the company estimates that machines built with their Qubits will consume as much power as those using conventional methods.

Despite these advancements, Nord has not yet released data on multiple kits. Furthermore, ensuring the multimode encoding functions correctly is still pending, indicating that the new Qubit has yet to be applied in computational tasks. Significant technical hurdles remain before these teams can achieve scalable quantum computing.

“It’s too early to conclude whether this fault-resistant approach will inherently outperform other methods,” remarks Barbara Telhal at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands.

Michel Devoret from Yale University observes that while the new development is “not groundbreaking,” it enhances the science of quantum error correction and reflects the company’s grasp of technical difficulties.

Lemire expresses that the team is actively working on building additional Qubits and refining existing designs. They aim to implement a “perfect mechanism” for manipulating information stored within the Qubit, essential during quantum computational processes. The goal is to create a practical quantum computer featuring over 100 error-resilient qubits by 2029.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Physicists Unveil a Novel Quantum Theory of Gravity

Posted on by
Reply

Sure! Here’s the rewritten content:

A novel theory formulated by physicists at Aalto University provides a new perspective on gravity that aligns with established particle physics models, paving the way to understanding the universe’s origins.

The standard model of particle physics delineates the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions among three of the four fundamental forces of nature. The challenge in unifying these with gravity has persisted due to the incompatibility of the general theory of relativity and quantum field theory. While quantum field theory employs compact, finite-dimensional symmetry linked to the quantum fields’ internal degrees of freedom, general relativity is grounded in non-competitive, infinite external space-time symmetry. Mikko Partanen & Jukka Tulkki aim to construct a gauge theory of gravity using compact twin symmetry, similar to the formulation of basic interactions in standard models. Image credit: Desy/Science Communication Lab.

“If this research leads to a comprehensive quantum field theory of gravity, it will ultimately address the challenging question of understanding the singularities in black holes and the Big Bang,” stated Dr. Mikko Partanen from Aalto University.

“Theories that effectively unify all fundamental natural forces are often referred to as ‘theory of everything.’

“Several fundamental questions in physics remain unresolved. Current theories do not elucidate why the observable universe exhibits a greater abundance of matter than antimatter.”

The breakthrough lay in formulating gravity through the appropriate gauge theory, which describes how particles interact via fields.

“The most recognized gauge field is the electromagnetic field,” remarked Dr. Jukka Tulkki from Aalto University.

“When charged particles interact, they do so through electromagnetic fields. This represents the proper gauge field.”

“Therefore, if particles possess energy, their interactions will occur through the gravitational field simply because energy exists.”

One of the significant challenges physicists have encountered is discovering a theory of gravity that aligns with the gauge theories governing the three fundamental forces: electromagnetic force, weak nuclear force, and strong nuclear force.

The standard model of particle physics serves as a gauge theory that describes these three forces, characterized by specific symmetries.

“The core concept is to avoid basing your theory on the fundamentally distinct space-time symmetries of general relativity, but rather to establish a gravity gauge theory with symmetry that resembles the standard model’s symmetry,” Dr. Partanen explained.

Without such a theoretical framework, physicists cannot reconcile the two most potent theories at our disposal: quantum field theory and general relativity.

Quantum theory provides insights into the behavior of small particles in a stochastic manner, while general relativity describes the gravitational interactions of massive, familiar objects.

Both theories offer unique perspectives on our universe and have been validated with remarkable accuracy, yet they remain mutually exclusive.

Moreover, due to the weak interactions of gravity, enhanced precision is required to investigate genuine quantum gravity effects beyond the classical theory of general relativity.

“Understanding the quantum theory of gravity is crucial for deciphering phenomena occurring in high-energy gravitational fields,” noted Dr. Partanen.

“These phenomena are particularly relevant in the vicinity of black holes, during the moments following the Big Bang, and in the early universe, areas where existing physical theories fail to apply.”

“I’ve always been captivated by such a grand problem in physics, which inspired me to explore a new symmetry-based approach to gravity theory and begin developing ideas,” he added.

“The resulting work promises to usher in a new era of scientific comprehension, akin to how understanding gravity enabled the creation of GPS technology.”

The theory holds great promise, but the researchers caution that their evidence collection is still ongoing.

This theory employs a technical method known as renormalization, a mathematical technique employed to manage the infinities that arise in calculations.

Currently, Dr. Partanen and Dr. Tulkki have demonstrated its effectiveness to a certain degree for the so-called “first-order” term, but they need to ensure that these infinities can be navigated throughout the calculations.

“If the renormalization process falters under higher-order conditions, the results become endlessly divergent,” Dr. Tulkki explained.

“Hence, demonstrating the continuation of this process is critical.”

“While we still need to gather comprehensive evidence, we are optimistic about our chances for success,” he remarked.

“Challenges remain, but with time and perseverance, I hope they will be surmountable,” Dr. Partanen reflected.

“I cannot predict when, but I expect to gain more insights in the coming years.”

The team’s paper has been published in the journal Report on Progress in Physics.

____

Mikko Partanen & Jukka Tulkki. 2025. Gravity generated by four 1-dimensional single-gauge symmetry and the standard model. Legislator prog. Phys 88, 057802; doi:10.1088/1361-6633/ADC82E

Let me know if you need any additional changes!

Source: www.sci.news

Quantum data sent securely through conventional internet cables

Posted on by
Reply

There could be a secure quantum internet in the middle

vs148/shutterstock

Another step to the quantum internet has been completed and no special communication equipment is required. Two German data centers have already used existing communication fibers to exchange quantum safe information at room temperature. This is in contrast to most quantum communications, and in many cases it requires cooling to very low temperatures to protect quantum particles from environmental disturbances.

Thanks to being encoded into quantum particles of light, known as photons, the quantum internet, which allows for extremely secure exchange of information, is rapidly expanding into the world outside of labs. In March, microsatellites enabled quantum links between China’s ground stations and South Africa. A few weeks ago, the first operating system for quantum communications networks was announced.

now, Mirko Pittaluga Toshiba Europe Limited and his colleagues are sending quantum information through optical fibers between two facilities, approximately 250 km apart, in Kehl and Frankfurt, Germany. This information passed through the third station between them, just over 150km from Frankfurt.

Photons can be lost or damaged when crossing long distances through fiber optic cables, so large quantum internet iterations require “quantum repeaters” and reduce these losses. In this setup, the midway station played a similar role, allowing the network to outweigh the simpler connections between the two previously tested endpoints.

In a notable improvement on previous quantum networks, the team used existing fibers and devices that could be easily slotted into racks that already house traditional communication equipment. This enhances the case where Quantum Internet will ultimately become plug-and-play operations.

The researchers also used photon detectors that cost much less than those used in previous experiments. Although some of these previous experiments spanned hundreds of kilometers, they say that using these detectors reduces both the cost and energy requirements of the new network. Raja Yehea At the Institute of Photonic Science in Spain.

Premkumar Northwestern University in Illinois says that using the types of quantum communications protocols here on commercial equipment highlights how quantum networks are approaching practicality. “Systems engineers can see this and see that it works,” Kumar says. However, he says that in order to be completely practical, networks need to exchange information faster.

Medi Namaji Quantum Communication Start-Up Qunnect in New York says that this approach could be beneficial for future networks of quantum computers or quantum sensors, but it is not as efficient as involving true quantum repeaters.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

New Quantum Entanglement Type Successfully Demonstrated

Posted on by
Reply

Technology Physicist – Israel Institute of Technology says it has observed a new form of quantum entanglement in the total angular momentum of photons, limited to nanoscale structures. Their work paves the way for on-chip quantum information processing, using the total angular momentum of photons as an encoding property of quantum information.

The transformations that occur in two photon nanometric systems are intertwined in total angular momentum. Image credits: Shalom Buberman, Shultzo3d.

So far, quantum intertwining has been demonstrated for a wide variety of particles and their various properties.

In the case of photons, particles of light, entangled particles may be present in the direction of movement, frequency, or the direction in which the electric field is pointing.

It may also be the characteristics that are difficult to imagine, such as angular momentum.

This property is divided into spins related to the rotation of photons in the electric field, and is related to orbitals related to the rotational motion of photons in the universe.

“It’s easy to imagine these two rotational properties as separate quantities. In fact, photons are coupled to a beam of light much wider than the wavelength,” Professor Geibaltal and colleagues said in a statement.

“However, when we try to put photons in structures smaller than the photonic wavelength (a field effort in nanophotonics), it is impossible to separate different rotational properties, and we see that photons are characterized by a single amount, total angular momentum.”

“So why do you want to put photons in such a small structure? There are two main reasons for this.”

“One thing is clear: it helps narrow down devices that use light to miniaturize their electronic circuits.”

“Another reason is even more important. This miniaturization increases the interaction between photons and materials that are travelling (or nearby), allowing for phenomena and use that are not possible with photons of “normal” dimensions. ”

In their new study, researchers found that it is possible to entangle photons in nanoscale systems that are one-third of the size of hair, but entanglement is not performed solely by total angular momentum, depending on the conventional properties of photons, such as spins and orbits.

They uncover the process that occurs from the stage in which photons are introduced into the nanoscale system until they leave the measurement system, and found that this transition enriches the space in which the photons can live.

A series of measurements mapped their states to confirm the correspondence between photon pairs that were intertwined with the same properties inherent to nanoscale systems and exhibited quantum entanglement.

“This is the first discovery of new quantum entanglement in over 20 years, and could lead to the development of new tools for the design of photon-based quantum communications and computing components, as well as important miniaturization,” the scientists concluded.

Their paper Published in the journal Nature.

____

A.Cam et al. Near-field photon entanglement in total angular momentum. NaturePublished online on April 2, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08761-1

This article was adopted from the original release by Technion.

Source: www.sci.news

Exploring the Impact and Intrigue of 100 Quantum Theories

Posted on by
Reply

David Parker/Science Photo Library

You might say it all started with hay spots. In June 1925, a young physicist named Werner Heisenberg retreated to the barren island of Helgorand in the North Sea, seeking a rest from his allergies. So he scrawled the equations that illuminate European intellectual fires, forming the basis for ideas that ultimately shake our views on how reality works. The idea was quantum theory.

In recognition of the 100th Quantum Anniversary, the United Nations has designated 2025 as the year of International Quantum Science and Technology. There are celebrations, exhibitions and meetings all over the world.

This article is part of a special series celebrating the 100th anniversary of the birth of quantum theory. Click here for details.

If you know only one thing about quantum theory, it’s probably “strange.” Certainly, the idea that the quantum world is too strange to fully understand is infecting our culture. There are also products Like branded cosmetics Or, called “quantums,” they are implicit signals that they have power beyond our understanding.

The idea that the quantum world is too strange to be completely understandable is infecting our culture.

It is true that quantum theory paints strange pictures of the subatomic world, but stopping it will overlook its true importance. This centenary should celebrate its theory of power and provocation, as does the trio of articles in this special issue.

Physicist Carlo Robery gives us his view on the origins of quantum mechanics and presents its bold claims. We see how these ideas revolutionized technology and how they do so. And we explore the deep questions that quantum theory forces us to ask what it means to be “real.” The fact that it draws such an unsettling picture of the subatomic world suggests that we lack something about the workings of the universe, but new interpretations and experiments guide us towards a fresh understanding.

Quantum theory has also been a huge success. Most other scientific ideas have not passed many experimental tests. Its origin may be due to the fever of hay, but it is an irresistible heritage.

This article is part of a special series celebrating the 100th anniversary of the birth of quantum theory.

topic:

  • Quantum Mechanics/
  • Quantum theory

Source: www.newscientist.com

Schrödinger’s Cat Warmed Up: A Potential Game-Changer in Quantum Physics

Posted on by
Reply

Scientists have achieved a breakthrough in quantum physics, creating a “Schrodinger Cat” state at warmer temperatures than previously thought possible.

This state relies on the concept of superposition, where particles can exist in multiple states simultaneously, a key principle of quantum mechanics.

The famous thought experiment by physicist Erwin Schrodinger involving a cat in a box with a radioactive material highlights the paradoxical nature of this concept.

Physicists have managed to create real Schrodinger cat particles, where quantum objects can exist in two states simultaneously without needing to be cooled to ground state temperature.

A recent study published in the journal Advances in Science has reported the creation of quantum states at ground state temperature.

In Erwin Schrödinger’s thought experiment, cats are alive and dead at the same time. Similar to how quantum objects occupy multiple states at once – Innsbruck University/Halaldricksch

Researchers at Innsbruck University have successfully produced the Schrodinger Cat state at a temperature of 1.8 Kelvin, a relatively warm temperature for quantum experiments.

This discovery challenges the traditional belief that quantum effects are disrupted by higher temperatures and opens up new possibilities for quantum technology.

Quantum computers, which could revolutionize technology by operating in multiple states, currently require expensive cooling methods. However, this study suggests that quantum phenomena can still be observed and utilized in warmer environments.

“Our work demonstrates that quantum interactions can persist even at higher temperatures, making temperature ultimately irrelevant for certain quantum effects,” said Professor Gerhard Kirchmair, one of the researchers involved in the study.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

British Cybersecurity Agency Issues Warning About Quantum Hacker Threats In Relation to Cybercrime

Posted on by
Reply

By 2035, the UK cybersecurity agency is urging organizations to protect their systems from quantum hackers, as the prospects for a strong computing breakthrough threaten digital encryption.

The National Cyber Security Center (NCSC) has issued new guidance recommending large entities, including energy and transport providers, to introduce “post-Quantum encryption” to prevent quantum technology from infiltrating their systems.

NCSC warned that quantum computers, although still in development, pose a serious threat to encryption as they can solve complex mathematical problems that underpin public key cryptography. Quantum Computing’s ability to compute at incredible speeds is a major concern for encryption.

“Today’s encryption methods are used to protect everything from banking communication, but rely on mathematical problems that quantum computers could solve much faster, posing a threat to current encryption methods,” the agency stated.

NCSC recommends that large organizations, critical national infrastructure operators, and businesses with bespoke IT systems implement post-Quantum encryption to combat this threat.

Organizations must identify services that require upgrades by the 2028 deadline, undergo essential overhauls by 2031, and complete migration to a new cryptographic system by 2035 according to the guidance provided.

Skip past newsletter promotions

Traditional computers use bits to represent information as 0 or 1, but quantum computers can simultaneously encode various combinations of 1 and 0, enabling them to perform much larger calculations at incredible speeds.

However, qubits, the building blocks of quantum computing, are highly sensitive to interference such as temperature changes and cosmic rays, hindering the development of large quantum computers despite significant investments. NCSC hopes its guidance will give organizations ample preparation for the future arrival of quantum computers.

“There is now a new way to encrypt public keys, making it prudent to act now rather than wait for the threat to materialize,” said Alan Woodward, a cybersecurity professor at the University of Surrey.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Quantum Satellite achieves record-breaking distance communication over gloves

Posted on by
Reply

A rocket carrying satellites explodes from China's commercial aerospace zone

VCG/Getty Images

The small quantum satellite created a secure link between China and South African terrestrial stations, sharing quantum encrypted data over a record distance of 12,900 kilometers. Similar microsatellites could become part of the quantum internet of things in the future.

The record-breaking feat that took place in October 2024 was also notable for the use of satellites with small, light payloads. The miniaturized equipment on the Jinan-1 microsatellite weighed only 23 kilograms, about 10 times the payload of previous experiments.

Petite quantum satellites like Jinan-1 say “like what SpareX does with StarLink for the Internet, it could launch many satellites in one shot with the same space launcher.” Laurent de Forge de Panney at Thales Alenia Space, a space technology company headquartered in France.

In this experiment, the researchers used the quantum state of photons to generate a secret key for encrypting and decrypting the data. This key was used to encode photographs of the Great Wall in China and Stellenbosch University in South Africa, and was then transmitted between the Zinan-1 satellite and various ground stations using lasers and telescopes. Research team led by Jianwei Pan The University of Science and Technology in China has performed this quantum key distribution process 20 times, including a test of 12,900 km set record.

There are limits to this showcase of quantum technology. Jinan-1 satellites “apparently optimized for quantum key distributions and do not perform common quantum communication tasks such as teleportation or entanglement distributions.” Alexander Lynn At the National University of Singapore. Nevertheless, Lynn, who praises the demonstration, says it could become part of the actual communications network within the next decade.

Quantum Key Distribution can be “are considered the first practical quantum communication use case,” and “the first step into a quantum information network,” says De Forges de Parny. “China's activities will definitely help develop a second-generation small satellite for the quantum internet,” he says.

The Jinan-1 was originally launched in 2022, and PAN says China will send two or three more quantum satellites in 2025. Other countries are expecting to release their own quantum satellites by 2026. projectfunded by the European Space Agency. Boeing, a US aerospace company, is working on it Another.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

First Operating System for Quantum Networks Successfully Created

Posted on by
Reply

Qnodeos is an operating system that allows you to connect different types of quantum computers.

Studio Oostrum/Blijft Eigendom Van Fotograaf

Researchers created the first operating system for quantum networks, making it easier to link quantum computers to each other.

“By building only hardware, we make quantum networks useless.” Stephanie Wenner At Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands. She has been working on connecting quantum computers to a network for a long time. This allows for the exchange of information very safely and perform calculations in new ways, but this requires understanding of the technical nity-gritty of each device involved. Together with her colleagues, Wehner has now developed a way to run quantum networks more universally.

The operating systems the team has built are software that allows you to control devices within a quantum network regardless of the type of qubit or qubit that make them. Such control devices become more difficult due to the fact that networked quantum computers receive both quantum information from other quantum computers and traditional signals from classical computers that serve the interface.

To demonstrate that an operating system called Qnodeos can handle both, researchers tested it on two types of quantum computers and several different tasks. They used two quantum computers made from specially processed diamonds and another quantum computer made from electric charged atoms. Using these two types of quantum hardware, researchers ran a delegated quantum computing test program, similar to using laptops to perform calculations in the cloud. We also tested the ability of Qnodeos to handle multitasking by running two programs at once.

Joe Fitzsimmons At the Quantum Computing Startup Horizon Quantum, based in Singapore and Ireland, it states that this is a major advance in laying the foundations of the quantum internet. He says, “If you start to take the idea of ​​seriously building a general-purpose quantum network, there's a lot to do,” and the new operating system will lead to a long list of things to develop next, such as routing protocols.

Wehner says that Qnodeos development is like creating coloring pages. They outline all the shapes and struggle to color them all. For example, the work raised the question of how to write a scheduling program for quantum networks. “This wasn't even on my radar before, but now I'm very excited,” she says.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Physicists generate quantum tornadoes in momentum space

Posted on by
Reply

Physicists have long known that electrons can form vortices from quantum materials. What's new is evidence that these small particles create tornado-like structures in momentum space.

In quantum materials called Tantalum harsenide (TAAS), electrons form vortices in momentum space. Image credits: Think-Design / Jochen Thamm.

Momentum space is a fundamental physics concept that explains electron motion in terms of energy and orientation rather than precise physical location.

The counterpart, the position space, is an area where familiar phenomena such as water vortices and hurricanes occur.

Until now, even quantum vortices of materials have been observed only in positional space.

Eight years ago, Dr. Roderrich Mossner of the Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems and the Excellence ct.qmat of the Würzburg Denden cluster theorized that quantum tornadoes could also form in momentum spaces.

At the time, he described this phenomenon as a smoke ring. Because, like a ring of smoke, it is made up of vortices.

But up until now, no one knew how to measure them.

To detect quantum tornadoes in momentum space, Dr. Moessner and colleagues have enhanced a well-known technique called ARPES (angle-resolved light emission spectroscopy).

“ARPES is a fundamental tool in experimental solid-state physics,” explained Dr. Maximilian ünzelmann, researcher at the University of Werzburg, the experimental Physik VII and the Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence Cluster.

“It involves shining light on a material sample, extracting electrons, and measuring energy and outlet angles.”

“This allows us to see the electronic structure of the material directly in the momentum space.”

“By skillfully adapting this method, we were able to measure orbital angular momentum.”

Team's work It will be displayed in the journal Physics Review x.

____

T. figgemeier et al. 2025. Imaging of orbital vortex lines in three-dimensional momentum space. Phys. Rev. X 15, 011032; doi:10.1103/physrevx.15.011032

Source: www.sci.news

Mayorana 1: Microsoft ignites controversy with claims of new quantum computer launch

Posted on by
Reply
SEI 242916156

Microsoft’s Majorana 1 Quantum Computer

John Brecher/Microsoft

Last month, Microsoft announced at Fanfare that it had created a new kind of problem and used it to create a quantum computer architecture that could lead to a machine. It can solve industrial-scale problems that have meaning over many years, not decades“.

But since then, the tech giant has been increasingly burning from researchers who say it’s not doing something of a kind. “My impression is that the response of the expert physics community is overwhelmingly negative. Personally, people are just furious.” Sergei Frolov at the University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Microsoft’s claim is based on an elusive, exotic quasiparticle called Majorana Zero Modes (MZMS). These can theoretically be used to create topological kibits, new types of qubits, i.e. components of information processing within quantum computers. Due to their unique properties, such qubits can be excellent at reducing errors and can address the major drawbacks of all quantum computers used today.

MZM is theorized to emerge from the collective behavior of electrons at the edges of thin superconducting wires. Microsoft’s new Majorana 1 chip contains some such wires, and according to the company it contains enough MZM to create eight topological maize. A Microsoft spokesperson said New Scientist Chip was a “big breakthrough for us and the industry.”

However, researchers say Microsoft does not provide sufficient evidence to support these claims. In addition to the press release, the company published its paper in the journal Nature He said the results confirmed the results. ” Nature The papermark shows a peer-reviewed confirmation that not only did Microsoft have been able to create majorana particles, but it also helps protect quantum information from random interference, but also allows for reliable measurement of information from that information. A Microsoft press release said.

But the editor Nature It explicitly made it clear that this statement was incorrect. A published report on the Peer-Review process states, “The editorial team wants to point out that the results of this manuscript do not represent evidence of the existence of Majorana Zero Mode in the device on which it was reported.”

In other words, Microsoft and Nature They are directly contradictory to each other. “The press release says something completely different [than the Nature paper]” I say Henry Legg At St Andrews University, UK.

This is not just an unorthodox aspect of Microsoft’s papers. Legg points out that two of the four peer reviewers initially gave rather critical and negative feedback. The peer review report shows that by the final round of editing, one reviewer still opposed the publication of the paper, and three others registered with it. spokesman for Nature I said New Scientist The ultimate decision to publish it came down to the possibilities we saw for future experiments with MZM on Microsoft devices.

Also, one of the reviewers is rare. Hao Chang Legg says that at China’s University of Tsingea, previously collaborated on MICSOFT and MZM research. The work published in Nature In 2018, it was later withdrawn, and the team apologized, “.” Scientific rigor is insufficient” After other researchers have identified inconsistencies in the results. “That’s very shocking Nature You can choose the judge who retracted the paper just a few years ago,” says Legg.

Chang says there was no conflict of interest. “I wasn’t an employee at Microsoft either. [the firm]. Of the more than 100 authors of Microsoft Paper recently, I have worked with three before,” he says. “It was seven years ago, but back then they were Tu Delft students. [in the Netherlands]not an employee of Microsoft. “

Microsoft says the team wasn’t involved in the selection of reviewers and was not aware of Zhang’s participation until the review process was completed. Nature The decision was based on a spokesman who said, “The quality of the advice received can be seen from the reviewer’s comments.”

Looking at the issue, both Leg and Frolov are making more fundamental challenges to Microsoft’s methodology. Experiments using MZM have proven extremely difficult to perform over the past decades. This is because imperfections and obstacles within the device can produce false signals that mimic quasiparticles even if they are not present. This was a challenge for researchers related to Microsoft, including the withdrawn 2018 paper. The withdrawal notice explicitly refers to new insights into the impact of the failure. To address this, Microsoft has been working on 2023. The procedure has been published in the journal Physical Review b It was called the “Topology Gap Protocol” and claimed to tease these differences.

“The whole idea of this protocol was that it was a binary test of whether Mallorna is there,” says Legg. His Unique analysis of code and data However, Microsoft implemented the protocol in 2023, which showed that it was less reliable than expected and changing the format of the data is sufficient to turn the failure into a path. Legg says he raised these issues with Microsoft before its publication. Nature Paper, yet the company was using protocols in new research.

NatureA spokesman for the journal’s editorial team “are aware that some people are questioning the effectiveness of the topology gap protocol used.” Nature Paper and other publications. This was an issue that we were also aware of during the peer review process. “Through the process, the reviewer determined that this was not an important issue at the end of the day, the spokesman said.

Microsoft says it will respond to leg analysis of the 2023 paper. Physics Review B. “Criticism can be summarised as a leg that will build a false strooger for our paper and attack it,” said Microsoft’s Chetan Nayak. He challenged some points to Legg’s work, saying that the 2023 paper “showed that we can confidently create topology phases and Mayorana Zero modes,” and the new paper only strengthens those claims.

A Microsoft spokesperson said: Nature The paper was submitted for review and the company built on its confidence and not only created multi-kut chips, but also tested how to operate these kitz as needed for a working topological quantum computer. The company will release more details at the American Physics Society’s Global Physics Summit in March, the spokesman said. “We look forward to sharing our results and transforming our 20+ year vision of quantum computing into a concrete reality, along with the additional data behind science.”

But for Frolov, the assertion that incomplete results from the past can be ignored as the company is trying to build a more sophisticated device lies in false logic. Legg shares this view. “The fundamental issues of obstacles and materials science don’t go away just because we start manufacturing more fancy devices,” he says.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

The importance of AI companies adopting the practices of quantum computing research

Posted on by
Reply

David Parker/Science Photo Library

What is the difference between artificial intelligence and quantum computing? One is sci-fi sound technology that has long been committed to revolutionizing our world, providing researchers can sort out some technical wrinkles, such as the tendency to cause errors. In fact, the other one is too.

Still, AI seems breathless and inevitably inevitable, but the average person has no experience with quantum computing. Is this important?

Practitioners in both fields certainly commit the crime of hyping their products, but part of the problem with quantum advocates is that the current generation of quantum computers are essentially useless. With a special report on the state of the industry (see “Quantum Computers Finally Arrived, Will They Be Useful?”), races are intended to build machines that can actually do useful calculations. Currently underway. This is not possible on a regular computer.

There is no clear use case to prevent high-tech giants from forcing AI into the software they use every day, but the subtle nature of this hardware makes quantum computing the masses more difficult. It is much more difficult to bring in the same way. You probably won’t own a personal quantum computer. Instead, the industry is targeting businesses and governments.

Practitioners in both AI and quantum computing fields are guilty of hyping their products

Perhaps that’s why quantum computer builders seem to keep their feet on science, drumming business while publishing peer-reviewed research. It appears that the major AI companies have all those who have given up on publishing. Why are you troubled when you can simply charge a monthly fee to use your technology, whether it actually works or not?

The quantum approach is correct. When you are committed to technology that transforms research, industry and society, explaining how it works in the most open way possible is the only way to persuade people to believe in the hype. .

It may not be flashy, but in the long run it’s not style, it’s substance. So, I will definitely aim to revolutionize the world, but please show me your work.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

A breakthrough in quantum simulation: Discovery of the long sought-after phase change

Posted on by
Reply

Ion traps can control atoms for quantum experiments

Y. Colomb/National Institute of Standards and Technology/Scientific Photo Library

After decades of investigation, researchers observed a series of atoms undergoing a one-dimensional phase change. This was so elusive that it could only happen in a quantum simulator.

“There is only one motive [for our experiment] I'm trying to really understand basic physics. “We're just trying to understand the fundamental states that matter can be in,” he says. alexander shuckardt at the University of Maryland.

He and his colleagues used electromagnetic fields to arrange 23 ions of the element ytterbium in a line, forming a nearly one-dimensional chain. The device can be used for quantum computing, but in this case the researchers used the chain as a simulator instead.

In it, they built a 1D ytterbium magnet one atom at a time. Previous calculations predicted that this type of magnet would become unmagnetized when warmed, thanks to quantum effects. However, no experiments have achieved this phase transition in the past.

One reason for the difficulty is that systems such as quantum computers and simulators typically only work properly when they are very cold. So heating them to cause a phase transition can cause them to malfunction, Schuckert says.

To get around this, he and his colleagues tuned the initial quantum state of the atoms so that over time, the collective state of the 1D magnet changes as if the temperature were increased. This revealed a phase transition that had never been seen before.

The result is very unusual, he says, because chains of atoms are generally not supposed to undergo phase transitions. Mohammad Maghrebi at Michigan State University. The researchers were able to manipulate it precisely because each ion could interact with other ions over large distances, even if they weren't in contact. This caused the entire line to engage in abnormal collective behavior.

Because their simulator allows for such exotic states of matter, it could be used to study theoretical systems that are extremely rare or may not exist in nature, Maghrebi said. say.

Schuckert suggests that quantum simulators could also help explain the strange electrical or magnetic behavior that some materials exhibit in the real world. But for that to happen, these devices will have to be able to reach higher temperatures than they currently do. Currently, researchers can only create models at extremely low temperatures, but within five years it may be possible to simulate even higher temperatures, he says.

And if the simulator could be made larger, for example by arranging ions in two-dimensional arrays, many more existing theoretical systems could be studied, he says. andrea trombettoni at the University of Trieste, Italy. “This would suggest new physics to explore,” he says.

Source: www.newscientist.com

First successful implementation of automatic error correction on a quantum computer

Posted on by
Reply

Quantum computers could use heat to eliminate errors

Chalmers University of Technology, Lovisa Håkansson

A small cooling device can automatically reset malfunctioning components in a quantum computer. Its performance suggests that manipulating heat may also enable other autonomous quantum devices.

Quantum computers are not yet fully operational because they have too many errors. In fact, if a qubit, a key component of this type of computer, is accidentally heated and has too much energy, it can end up in an incorrect state before calculations can even begin. One way to “reset” a qubit to the correct state is to cool it.

Simone Gasparinetti For the first time, researchers at Sweden's Chalmers University of Technology have delegated this task to an autonomous quantum “fridge.”

Researchers have constructed two qubits and a single qubit, which can store more complex information than a quantum bit, from a tiny superconducting circuit. The qutrit and one of the qubits form a refrigerator for the second target qubit, which can eventually be used for computation.

The researchers investigated the interaction between the three components so that if the target qubit has too much energy and an error occurs, heat automatically flows out of the qubit and into the other two elements. carefully designed. This lowered the temperature of the target qubit and reset it. Because this process is autonomous, qubits and quantum trit refrigerators were able to correct errors without external control.

aamir aliThe researchers, also at Chalmers University of Technology, said this approach to resetting qubits required less new hardware and produced better results than traditional methods. Without a major redesign of the quantum computer or the introduction of new wires, the starting state of the qubit would be accurate 99.97% of the time. In contrast, other reset methods typically only manage 99.8%, he says.

He said this is a powerful example of how thermodynamic machines, which deal with heat, energy, and temperature, can be useful in the quantum realm. nicole junger halpern I worked on this project at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Maryland.

Traditional thermodynamic machines like heat engines sparked an entire industrial revolution, but so far quantum thermodynamics hasn't been very practical. “We are interested in making quantum thermodynamics useful, and this potentially useful autonomous quantum refrigerator is our first example,” says Jünger Halpern.

“I'm glad that this machine has been implemented and has become useful. Being autonomous, it does not require external control and should be efficient and versatile,” he says. Nicholas Bruner at the University of Geneva, Switzerland.

Michał Holodeck Researchers at the University of Gdańsk in Poland say one of the most pressing problems for quantum computers built with superconducting circuits is to keep the machines from overheating and causing errors. He says the new experiment paves the way for many similar projects that have been proposed but untested, such as using qubits to build autonomous quantum engines.

The researchers are already considering whether they can take the experiment further. For example, we might create autonomous quantum clocks or design quantum computers with other functions that are automatically driven by temperature differences.

topic:

  • quantum computing/
  • quantum physics

Source: www.newscientist.com

Scientists successfully achieve quantum teleportation through fiber optic cables transporting internet data

Posted on by
Reply

Researchers at Northwestern University have successfully achieved quantum state transfer over a 30.2 km fiber carrying 400 Gbps C-band classical traffic. The ability for quantum and conventional networks to operate within the same optical fiber will aid in the large-scale deployment of quantum network technology.

thomas others. Demonstrated quantum state teleportation over 30.2 km of fiber with conventional high-power 400 Gbps data traffic. By employing different methods to suppress SpRS noise, we have increased the classical power that can transmit many Tbps aggregate data rates while maintaining sufficient teleportation fidelity. Image credit: Thomas others., doi: 10.1364/OPTICA.540362.

The fiber optic infrastructure and telecommunications technologies that underpin the Internet have been widely adopted by researchers aiming to develop quantum networks capable of applications such as quantum-enhanced cryptography, sensing, and networked quantum computing.

However, the feasibility of quantum networking at scale remains uncertain, as much of the existing fiber infrastructure still carries traditional communications traffic, and new fiber is expensive to lease and install. It depends on its ability to propagate within the network. Uses the same fiber as high-power classical signals.

“In optical communications, all signals are converted to light,” said Prem Kumar, a professor at Northwestern University.

“Conventional signals in classical communications are typically made up of millions of particles of light, whereas quantum information uses a single photon.”

Professor Kumar and his colleagues have discovered a way to allow delicate photons to avoid crowded traffic.

“This is incredibly exciting because no one thought it was possible,” Professor Kumar said.

“Our research points the way to next-generation quantum and classical networks that share a unified fiber optic infrastructure.”

“Essentially, this opens the door to taking quantum communications to the next level.”

After studying in detail how light is scattered in fiber optic cables, researchers have discovered a less crowded wavelength of light at which to place photons.

Next, we added a special filter to reduce noise from normal internet traffic.

“We carefully studied how light scatters and placed photons at decision points where that scattering mechanism is minimized,” Professor Kumar said.

“We found that quantum communication can be performed without interference from simultaneously existing classical channels.”

To test the new method, the scientists installed a 20-mile-long fiber optic cable with photons at each end.

They then transmitted quantum information and regular internet traffic simultaneously.

Finally, we measured the quality of the quantum information at the receiving end by taking quantum measurements at intermediate points while running the teleportation protocol.

They discovered that quantum information was successfully transmitted even in the midst of busy Internet traffic.

Next, the authors plan to extend the experiment to even longer distances.

They also plan to use two pairs of entangled photons to demonstrate entanglement swapping, another important milestone leading to distributed quantum applications.

Finally, we are exploring the possibility of running experiments via underground optical cables in the real world rather than on spools in the lab.

“Quantum teleportation has the ability to securely provide quantum connectivity between geographically separated nodes,” Professor Kumar said.

“But many people have long thought that no one would build the specialized infrastructure to transmit particles of light.”

“If you choose the wavelength properly, you don't need to build new infrastructure. Classical and quantum communications can coexist.”

of the team paper Published in this month's magazine optica.

_____

Jordan M. Thomas others. 2024. Quantum teleportation coexists with classical communication using optical fibers. optica 11 (12): 1700-1707;doi: 10.1364/OPTICA.540362

This article is adapted from the original release by Northwestern University.

Source: www.sci.news

‘Quantum teleportation defies expectations: It’s a reality now’

Posted on by
Reply

A groundbreaking achievement in human communication has been made by scientists with quantum teleportation. However, this technology is not meant for teleporting people or objects, but rather for teleporting information.

The scientists have found a way to instantly teleport information over any distance without the need for advanced technology. They believe that quantum teleportation is a feasible option, as discussed in a study published in optica.

Professor Prem Kumar from Northwestern University led the research and expressed excitement about the possibilities this breakthrough opens up for quantum and classical networks. This advancement could revolutionize quantum communications and make them more efficient.

Optical communications, which involve transmitting information as light signals, underpin most telecommunications systems. The recent study proposes that quantum teleportation could enhance the security and speed of these communications, limited only by the speed of light.

An Innovative Breakthrough

Quantum teleportation harnesses quantum entanglement, allowing particles to exchange information instantly regardless of their distance apart. Instead of using millions of light particles like classical communication, quantum communication relies on pairs of single photons.

A team at Northwestern University, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, discovered a method to guide these delicate photons through fiber optic cables more efficiently. By identifying specific wavelengths that minimize interference from other signals and implementing special filters, they successfully transmitted quantum information alongside regular internet traffic.

This success could pave the way for secure and rapid quantum communications, aligning with the goals of the International Year of Quantum Technology designated by the United Nations in 2025.

Future Applications

With this breakthrough, existing fiber optic networks could integrate quantum teleportation, eliminating the need for specialized infrastructure. This advancement holds promise for applications like quantum cryptography, sensing, computing, and potentially a new quantum internet.

Professor Kumar aims to test quantum teleportation over longer distances and explore entanglement swapping to enhance communication quality and security. Once proven effective on real underground cables, this technology could be fully integrated into communication networks.

Meet the Experts

Jim Al-Khalili CBE FRS, a theoretical physicist and Emeritus Professor of Physics at the University of Surrey, is a prominent figure in the field. He has made significant contributions to science communication through his books and media appearances.

For more information:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Is Google’s new Willow quantum computer truly groundbreaking?

Posted on by
Reply

Google announces new quantum chip is the most powerful yet

Google Quantum AI

Google has unveiled a new quantum computer, reasserting its lead in the race to prove that these unusual machines can beat even the world's best conventional supercomputers. So does that mean we've finally arrived at a useful quantum computer?

Researchers at the tech giant unveiled their quantum computing chip Sycamore in 2019, becoming the first in the world to demonstrate this feat known as quantum supremacy. But since then, supercomputers have caught up and left Sycamore behind. Now, Google has produced a new quantum chip called Willow. julian kelly Google says its Quantum AI is the best in the company's history.

“You can think of this as having all the benefits of Sycamore, but when you look under the hood, the geometry has changed…We've rethought the processor,” he says.

The latest version of Sycamore boasted 67; The quantum bits, or qubits, that process information have been upgraded to Willow's 105 qubits. Ideally, larger quantum computers should be more powerful, but researchers have found that qubits in larger devices struggle to remain coherent and lose their quantum nature. I discovered it. This is also the case with competitors IBM and California-based startup Atom Computing, both of which recently debuted quantum computers with more than 1,000 qubits.

For this reason, the quality of the qubits is a big focus for the team, and Willow's qubits can store complex quantum states, reliably encoding information more than five times longer than Sycamore's qubits, Kelly said. says.

Google uses a specific benchmark task called RCS to evaluate the performance of its quantum computers, and Willow said it was superior. Hartmut Neven also with Google Quantum AI. This task involves verifying that the distribution of numerical samples output by programs running on the chip is as random as possible. For several years, Sycamore was able to do this faster than the world's best supercomputers, but in 2022 and again in 2024 a new record was set by a conventional computer.

Google says Willow's task took five minutes on a chip, once again widening the gap between quantum machines and conventional machines, but the company said its prior technology would take 10 septillion years, or the age of the universe. We estimate that it will take much longer than the square of supercomputer.

For this comparison, the researchers modeled a Frontier supercomputer (recently downgraded to only the second most powerful supercomputer in the world) with more memory than is currently available. This only emphasizes Willow's computational abilities. says Naven. Although Sycamore's record has been broken, he is confident Willow will remain champion for much longer as traditional computing methods reach their limits.

What remains to be seen is whether Willow can actually do anything useful, given the lack of practical use for RCS benchmark tests. Kelly said that while success in benchmarks is a “necessary but not sufficient” condition for a quantum computer's usefulness, chips that fail to perform well in RCS are unlikely to be used in the future.

But the Google team has another reason to believe in Willow's bright future. That said, Willow is very good at correcting her own mistakes. Quantum computers' propensity for error is one of the biggest current problems preventing them from fulfilling their promise of being more powerful than other types of computers. To improve this, researchers, including a team at Google, are grouping physical qubits together to form “logical qubits” that are much more resilient to errors.

Using Willow, the team showed that as logical qubits get larger, they become more error-proof, with about half as many errors as the physical qubits that make up logical qubits. Furthermore, when the size of the logical qubit was approximately doubled, the error rate was further halved. In this way, Google researchers believe they can continue to increase the number of qubits, making quantum computers larger and larger and capable of performing increasingly greater calculations than previously trending. Threshold reached.

“In my opinion, this is a distinctive result, and although we are still far from demonstrating a practical quantum computer, it is an important and necessary step towards that goal.” Andrew Cleland at the University of Chicago.

Martin Wides Researchers at the University of Glasgow in the UK say their work points the way towards building quantum computers that are “fault tolerant” – quantum computers that can find and correct all errors. Although challenges remain, he says these advances pave the way for innovative applications in quantum chemistry, such as cryptography and machine learning, as well as drug discovery and materials design.

The increased focus on error correction in academic labs and across the burgeoning quantum computing industry has made advances in logical qubits a key point of comparison for today's best quantum computers. In 2023, a team of researchers from Harvard University and the startup QuEra set a record for the most logical qubit ever created using a qubit made from cryogenic rubidium atoms. did. Earlier this year, researchers at Microsoft and Atom Computing linked a record number of logical qubits through quantum entanglement.

Google's approach is different. Because instead of maximizing the number of single logical qubits, the focus is on making single logical qubits bigger and better. “We could have split the chip into even smaller logical qubits and run the algorithm, but we really wanted to reach this threshold. all challenges exist [of quantum computing] ,” says Kelly.

But ultimately, the biggest test of Willow's impact will be the goal that all other quantum computers also pursue: reliably computing things that are useful but impossible for classical computers. The question will be whether it can be achieved. Neven said Sycamore was already used for scientific discoveries such as quantum physics, but the team is setting its sights on more real-world applications with Willow. “We are moving toward new calculations and simulations that could not be performed on classical computers.”

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Google reveals revolutionary quantum computing chip

Posted on by
Reply

Measuring just 4cm square, Google has developed a computing chip with unprecedented speed. In just five minutes, this chip can complete tasks that would take conventional computers 10 billion years to finish – a mind-boggling number surpassing the age of our universe.

The chip, named Willow, is the size of an After Eight Mint and could revolutionize drug development by accelerating the experimental phase. Recent advancements suggest that within five years, quantum computing will transform research and development across various industries.

Willow boasts fewer errors, enhancing the potential of artificial intelligence. Quantum computing leverages matter existing in multiple states simultaneously to make vast calculations beyond previous capabilities, expediting advancements in medicine and technology.

However, concerns remain about security vulnerabilities posed by quantum computing – the ability to breach even the most robust encryption systems.

Google Quantum AI, alongside other entities like Microsoft, Harvard University, and Quantinum, is working on harnessing quantum mechanics for computing. Overcoming challenges in error correction has paved the way for significant speed enhancements and groundbreaking developments.

Quantum processors are evolving rapidly, surpassing traditional computers and unlocking new possibilities for quantum computations. The potential for quantum computers to exist in multiple states simultaneously promises remarkable capabilities across various fields.

Skip past newsletter promotions

Dr Peter Leake, Research Fellow at the University of Oxford’s Quantum Institute and founder of Oxford Quantum Circuits, acknowledges the rapid advancements in quantum computing technology. While applauding Google’s progress in error correction, he highlights the need for practical applicability in real-world scenarios.

As quantum computing approaches practical implementation, collaboration across various fields becomes crucial to navigate challenges and harness the full potential of this groundbreaking technology.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Scientists uncover mysteries of quantum entanglement in proton particles

Posted on by
Reply

Physicists have discovered a new way to look inside protons using data from smashups of high-energy particles. Their approach uses quantum information science to map how the tracking of particles flowing from electron-proton collisions is affected by quantum entanglement inside the protons. As a result, it became clear that quarks and gluons, the basic building blocks of the proton’s structure, are affected by so-called quantum entanglement.

Data from past proton-electron collisions provide strong evidence that proton quarks and gluon oceans are entangled, which plays a key role in strong force interactions. There is a possibility that there are. Image credit: Valerie Lentz / Brookhaven National Laboratory.

“Until we did this work, no one had observed the internal entanglement of protons in experimental high-energy collision data,” said Brookhaven Laboratory physicist Zhoudunming (Kong) Tu. states.

“For decades, we have had the traditional view of the proton as a collection of quarks and gluons, and we have had many questions about how the quarks and gluons are distributed within the proton, so-called single particles. The focus has been on understanding the nature of

“Now that we have evidence that quarks and gluons are entangled, this situation has changed. We have a much more complex and dynamic system.”

“This latest paper further deepens our understanding of how entanglement affects the structure of protons.”

“Mapping the entanglement between quarks and gluons inside the proton provides insight into other complex questions in nuclear physics, such as how parts of the larger nucleus affect the proton’s properties. There is a possibility that

“This will be one of the focuses of future experiments at the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), a nuclear physics research facility scheduled to open at Brookhaven Laboratory in the 2030s.”

In their study, Dr. Tu and his colleagues used the language and equations of quantum information science to predict how entanglement would affect particles flowing from collisions between electrons and protons.

Such collisions are a common approach to probing the structure of protons, most recently performed at the Hadron Electron Ring Accelerator (HERA) particle collider in Hamburg, Germany, from 1992 to 2007, and were used to investigate the future EIC. Experiments are also planned.

The equation predicts that if quarks and gluons are entangled, it can be revealed from the entropy of the collision, or disorder.

“Think of a child’s cluttered bedroom with laundry and other things strewn about. Entropy is very high in that cluttered room,” Dr. Tu said.

Calculations show that protons with maximally entangled quarks and gluons (high “entanglement entropy”) should produce a large number of particles with a “random” distribution (high entropy).

“For maximally entangled quarks and gluons, a simple relationship exists that predicts the entropy of particles produced in high-energy collisions,” says the theory, which is affiliated with both Brookhaven Institute and Stony Brook University. said Dr. Dmitri Kharziyev of the house. .

“In our paper, we used experimental data to test this relationship.”

The scientists started by analyzing data from proton-proton collisions at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider, but they also wanted to look at “cleaner” data produced by electron-proton collisions. .

Physicists have cataloged detailed information from data recorded from 2006 to 2007, including how particle production and distributions change, as well as a wide range of other information about the collisions that produced these distributions. It became.

When we compared the HERA data with the entropy calculations, the results were in perfect agreement with our predictions.

These analyzes, including the latest results on how the particle distribution changes at different angles from the point of collision, provide strong evidence that quarks and gluons inside the proton are maximally entangled .

“Unraveling the entanglement between quarks and gluons reveals the nature of their strong force interactions,” Dr. Kharziyev said.

“It could provide further insight into what confines quarks and gluons inside protons, one of the central questions in nuclear physics investigated at the EIC.”

“Maximum entanglement inside the proton appears as a result of strong interactions that produce large numbers of quark-antiquark pairs and gluons.”

of the team work appear in the diary Report on advances in physics.

_____

Martin Henczynski others. 2024. QCD evolution of entanglement entropy. Progressive member. physics 87, 120501; doi: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad910b

This article is based on a press release provided by Brookhaven National Laboratory.

Source: www.sci.news

Discovering Love through a Quantum Perspective

Posted on by
Reply

love quantum

Netflix shows love is blind Rather, I ignored the feedback. This is a romance show where participants cannot meet each other in person and only communicate through audio. You will only be allowed to meet in person if you are engaged.

Like many reality shows, it is “Social experiment”which is an interesting way to explain putting something so personal on television as entertainment, but I’m sure Netflix’s consent form is perfect.

I bring this up because a quantum physicist was introduced in Season 7, which was released in October. Garrett Josemans is a technical program manager at IonQ, which is developing “next generation” quantum computing systems.

According to the company’s blog post He touted his experience, saying, “The opportunity to focus on love in a structured environment was interesting.” That’s one way to say it. Josemans added: “My intellectual curiosity grew and I felt like fate was knocking at my door.”

Obviously he was right. Josemans is currently married to co-star Taylor Krauss. As one of my colleagues in the news department pointed out, being used to having two confusing and contradictory realities existing at the same time is probably a boon in some relationships.

the biggest odor

Speaking of dating, Mrs. Feedback draws attention to pheromone maximization (sometimes spelled maxxing). This is apparently what alpha males do.

Actually, let me stop you there. Alpha males are not the problem. The concept stems from research on captive wolves in the 1940s, which found that a single male often dominated the pack. From there, the concept spread into popular culture. But it turns out that wild wolves don’t behave like that. Their herd is like an extended family. Wolf researcher L. David Meck has spent much of his career correcting the record, including trying to get his early books out of print.

where were we? Well, a human alpha male (which doesn’t exist) has come up with a novel strategy to attract women as sexual partners. They maximize their “musk” by refraining from showering and wearing the same clothes for several days, producing an attractive cocktail of pheromones that sends women into a sexual frenzy.

The idea gained some fame on the internet after a teenage TikTok user posted a video about an experiment that begins like this: First It doesn’t smell. It’s pheromone MAX. ” follow-up video, from His mother asked other parents for advice on how to get him to shower.

I don’t know where to start with feedback. Perhaps the idea of ​​human pheromones? Indeed, some animals communicate by releasing chemicals into the air called pheromones, some of which play a role in mating. However, despite decades of research, there is no conclusive evidence that human pheromones exist. Basing your dating strategy on a phenomenon that may not be real is a bold move.

Even if human sex pheromones exist, why do we get the most benefit from not showering? And why do pheromones cancel out other odors?

It’s been a long time since Feedback played the dating game, but according to our vague memories, the best way to connect with people is to talk to them, find common interests, and be nice. That was it. Still, young minds, fresh ideas.

Trouble with TED talks

I’ve never gotten feedback on a TED talk. Perhaps our invitation ended up in your spam folder. But the goal is to bring together the best and brightest to communicate their ideas to a wide audience. Jennifer Doudna, CRISPR pioneer and Nobel Prize winner, 2 TED Talks. Malcolm Gladwell turning point fame, did 4 Therefore, it is assumed that he is twice as important.

But when you need a never-ending firehose of content, you inevitably end up hunting for material – Feedback knows this feeling all too well – which brings us to a talk by Raymond Tan. he It was delivered Back in 2017, TED Conferences social media reshared Feedback first encountered that profound wisdom in October.

At the time, Mr Tan was an IT manager at a financial services company. But his talk is about “Lessons from the Philosophy of Water.” By studying the behavior of water, we can gain a sense of fulfillment in our lives. This kind of thing is a headache for feedback, so I’ll give you some examples of what was provided.

“If you think about water flowing through a river, it’s always at a low level,” Tan said. Yes, liquids under gravity tend to do that. “Water can change. Depending on the temperature, it can be a liquid, a solid, or a gas… We also constantly reskill to stay relevant. We are expected to invent and update.” Feedback appreciates the comparison between the job market situation and the simmering and frozen experience. Indeed, water embodies the hustle spirit. #grind

Let’s put the obvious facts aside. You might get similar advice from one of those internet memes that highlights an “inspirational” phrase over a photo of a waterfall. The real problem with advice like this is that it’s not as universally applicable as the speakers claim. Many people may do the easy job, but too many cooks will ruin the soup. Here we argue in our TED talk: “It depends.”

Have a story for feedback?

You can email your article to Feedback at feedback@newscientist.com. Please enter your home address. This week’s and past feedback can be found on our website.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Quantum Witch: The Intersection of Religious Cults and 80s Spectrum Games | A Gaming Adventure

Posted on by
Reply

THus’ kingdom is a rural idyll, with happy villagers wandering around the market, the young shepherd Len tending his flock and his partner Tyra repairing the shed. It’s as if they all live in a cozy farming simulator made by a benevolent game developer. But is that really the case? Or is it just an illusion cast by an evil god that has trapped them in their horrible pixelated appearance?

That’s the fun “meta” setting of Quantum Witch, a pixel-art platform game by lone developer Nikki Jay. Heavily inspired by old LucasArts adventures and the legendary Dizzy series for the ZX Spectrum, it’s a comedy game with a serious autobiographical heart. Jay grew up in a right-wing religious sect with very closed-minded views, based in the northeast of England. “They were obsessed with the end of the world,” she says. “They believed it could happen at any time, and that all evil people would be destroyed. So I Had “Being good. It was very oppressive.”




“This is not a platform game. Plot Former“…Quantum Witch.” Photo: Nikki Jay

Jay came out as a lesbian as a teenager, but was quickly shunned by her group. After a period of homelessness, she taught herself to code and found work as a software engineer, but the desire to share her story haunted her. “My mind was constantly swirling with what had happened to me,” she says. “I thought, ‘I can’t just hold onto this trauma, I have to do something about it.’ I knew there were other people out there who had been through the same thing. I wanted to tell them a story they could relate to and let them know there was something better out there.”

She initially thought she would write a novel, but found the process terrifying. Instead, she turned to games. Growing up in the 1980s, her family had a ZX Spectrum, which was her escape. “I escaped into video games because they let me create the worlds I wanted,” she says. “I was obsessed with computer-generated worlds. When I first played Trashman on the Spectrum, I thought, ‘This is amazing. This is a completely self-contained, internally consistent world that I can interact with.’ I loved it. It freed me from the fears I was facing in my life.”




“Multi-layered metaphor”…Quantum Witch. Photo: Nikki Jay

In Quantum Witch, Ren discovers that something malevolent exists beyond the saccharine pixel-art world she’s lived in, and sets off on a journey to discover the truth. Along the way, she’ll complete fetch quests and pick flowers for her partner, but ultimately must attack a god and take his throne. While the open Metroidvania-style structure suggests a standard platform game, the game is actually a “Choose Your Own Adventure”-style narrative quest. You’ll make many choices over the course of four hours of play, meeting characters and taking on optional side quests that will affect the outcome. “This isn’t just a platform game, it’s a game about discovering the truth,” says Ren. Plot Former“Your choices shape the story. There are multiple endings and, where possible, each side quest also has multiple endings. It’s a total logistical nightmare,” says Jay.

Throughout the adventure, the story is filled with the wonderfully silly humor that is typical of the ZX Spectrum development scene. Available on Steamyou encounter dancing skeletons who can see into time, a lampshade-worshipping religious group (“We’re not a cult!”), and a marketplace where all the merchants resemble famous video game protagonists, including a wordy archaeologist selling dodgy artifacts and a strange circular character trying to sell you stimulants to fight the ghosts in your mind. Naturally, Jay was also a big fan of Digitizer, the cult teletext gaming magazine known for its surreal humor. She later became friends with the magazine’s writer Paul Rose, who served as a script consultant for the game. “I had lots of ideas for storyline and character development for Quantum Witch, but I’d never written anything this long or complex,” Jay explains.[Rose] It’s really helped me organize and make it all work together.

After being blown away by how fun Thank Goodness You’re Here is, it’s great to see other developers taking cues from quirky British humor from the ’70s and ’80s. But Quantum Witch isn’t just a pun-filled comedy quest. It’s a multi-layered metaphor about game development, identity and escapism, and it’s based on its creators’ own experiences. It’s about what games are supposed to be about: making the biggest decisions that sometimes save your life.

“I wanted to introduce a theme of choice and responsibility that is really central to the story,” Jay says. “A lot of religions involve giving up your autonomy to some mysterious force you’ve never seen, heard or met. In the game, Ren reclaims that agency… It’s a queer liberation story.”

Quantum Witch is scheduled to release on PC in 2025

Source: www.theguardian.com