Ancient 60,000-Year-Old Poisoned Arrow Unearthed in South Africa

Posted on January 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent archaeological findings have unveiled traces of two toxic plant alkaloids, bupandoline and epibufanisin, in artifacts discovered at the Umhlatuzana Rock Complex in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. These artifacts, known as lined microliths, date back approximately 60,000 years, providing evidence of poisoned weaponry from the Late Pleistocene era.

A lined microlith from the Umhlatuzana Caves, showing residues of bufanidrine and epibufanisin, along with reddish toxic glue attached to the tool. Image credit: Isaksson et al., doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adz3281.

Professor Marlies Lombard from the University of Johannesburg remarked, “This represents the earliest direct evidence of arrow poison used by humans.”

“Our research reveals that early humans in southern Africa invented the bow and arrow much earlier than previously believed and utilized natural compounds to enhance hunting efficiency.”

Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Lombard and her team analyzed residues from 10 quartz microliths, identifying bufanidrine and epibufanisin in five of them.

These compounds are derived from the Amaryllidaceae plant family, which is indigenous to southern Africa.

The likely source is a plant species known as Buffondistica, historically associated with arrow poisons.

The residue patterns indicate that the Umhlatuzana microlith had a transverse handle and served as an arrow tip.

Visible poison residue along the dorsal part of some artifacts suggests that toxic compounds were incorporated into the adhesive used to attach the stone tip to the arrow shaft.

The presence of minor impact scars and edge striations supports its use as a tip for horizontally-handled arrows.

To validate their results, researchers compared the ancient residues with poisons extracted from 18th-century arrowheads in South Africa.

“Finding the same poison in both prehistoric and historical arrowheads was crucial,” stated Professor Sven Isaksson of Stockholm University.

“Through detailed analysis of the chemical structures, we confirmed that these materials can endure underground for extended periods.”

This groundbreaking discovery pushes the timeline for toxic weapons back significantly.

Previously, the oldest known arrow poisons were dated to the mid-Holocene, but the findings from Umhlatuzana demonstrate their use as far back as 60,000 years ago.

The authors explain that poisoned arrows are designed not for immediate kills, but to weaken animals over time, allowing hunters to track prey over great distances.

“Utilizing arrow poison requires foresight, strategy, and a keen understanding of natural effects,” noted Professor Anders Högberg from Linnaeus University.

“This indicates a level of cognitive sophistication in early human behavior.”

For further details, refer to the study published on January 7th in Scientific Advances.

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Sven Isaksson et al. 2026. Direct evidence of poison use in microlithic arrowheads from southern Africa, dating back 60,000 years. Scientific Advances, 12(2);doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adz3281

Source: www.sci.news

60,000 Years Ago: The Origins of Poisoned Arrow Hunting in Africa

Posted on January 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The San people of southern Africa utilize poison arrows for hunting, a practice rooted in ancient traditions.

imageBROKER.com / Alamy

The San people using poison arrows for hunting — The San people of southern Africa utilize poison arrows for hunting, a practice rooted in ancient traditions.

imageBROKER.com / Alamy

Discoveries of plant poisons on 60,000-year-old arrowheads in South Africa suggest that ancient hunters harnessed toxic materials far earlier than previously believed.

Prior to this discovery, evidence for poisoned arrows extended back only about 8,000 years. However, a 2020 study of arrow tips dating from 50,000 to 80,000 years ago indicated they exemplified designs similar to modern poison arrows.

Led by Professor Marlies Lombard, researchers at the University of Johannesburg uncovered that the tips of 60,000-year-old arrowheads were coated in a sticky substance, though poison’s presence couldn’t initially be confirmed.

Recently, Professor Lombard and her team confirmed the presence of toxic alkaloids, such as bupandrin and epibufanisin, in five quartzite arrowheads retrieved from Umhlatuzana rock caves in KwaZulu-Natal province.

The scientists believe these toxins likely originated from milky exudates from the roots of the plant species Buffondistica, which could be applied directly to arrow tips or processed to create a potent resin.

“If we found this in just one artifact, it could have been a mere coincidence,” Lombard noted. “However, finding it in five out of ten artifacts strongly indicates it was systematically used 60,000 years ago.”

The same toxic sap is still employed by the San people today, suggesting an unbroken tradition lasting at least 60,000 years.

Toxic plant traces discovered on arrow points from the Umhlatuzana rock shelter

Marlies Lombard

The plant’s poison is lethal to rodents within 30 minutes and can induce nausea and coma in humans. For larger prey, the toxins likely slowed them down, allowing hunters to successfully track and kill them.

Professor Lombard speculates that the poison may have first been discovered when early humans ingested toxic bulbs, which could lead to illness or death. The plant also possesses antiseptic, antibacterial, and hallucinogenic qualities and is utilized in traditional medicine, though accidental overdoses still occur.

To verify their findings, researchers tested arrows collected by Carl Peter Thunberg, a Swedish naturalist who documented the use of poisoned arrows by indigenous hunters in the 1770s. These tests also revealed the presence of toxic alkaloids from the same plant species.

Sven Isaacson, a member of the research team at Stockholm University, noted that this discovery signifies an early example of sophisticated plant utilization. “While humans have utilized plants for nourishment and tools for millennia, this represents a distinct advancement — harnessing the biochemical attributes of plants to create drugs, medicines, and poisons.”

Topics:

Archaeology/
Ancient Humans

Source: www.newscientist.com

Study Reveals Domestic Cats Were Introduced to Europe Around 2000 Years Ago, Likely from North Africa

Posted on November 29, 2025 by

Domestic cats (Felis catus) and African wildcats (Felis silvestris lybica) have successfully adapted to human environments worldwide. The precise origin of the domestic cat—whether it emerged in the Levant, Egypt, or another part of the African wildcat’s range—remains uncertain. A research team from the University of Rome Tor Vergata, led by Tor Vergata, has sequenced the genomes of 87 ancient and modern cats. Their research challenges the traditional belief that domestic cats were brought to Europe during the Neolithic period, suggesting instead that their arrival occurred several thousand years later.

Ancient cat genomes from European and Anatolian sites indicate that domestic cats were introduced to Europe from North Africa around 2,000 years ago, many years after the Neolithic period began in Europe. The Sardinian African wildcat has a separate lineage originating from northwest Africa. Image credit: De Martino et al., doi: 10.1126/science.adt2642.

The history of domestic cats is extensive and complex, yet it contains many uncertainties.

Genetic analyses reveal that all modern domestic cats can trace their ancestry back to the African wildcat inhabiting North Africa and the Near East.

Yet, limited archaeological evidence and the challenges of differentiating between wild and domestic cats through skeletal remains pose significant obstacles in comprehending the origins and diffusion of early domestic cats.

“The timing and specifics surrounding cat domestication and dispersal are still unclear due to the small sample size of ancient and modern genomes studied,” stated Dr. Marco De Martino from the University of Rome Tor Vergata and fellow researchers.

“There are ongoing questions regarding the historical natural habitats of African and European wildcats and the possibility of their interbreeding.”

“Recent investigations have shown that ancient gene flow can complicate the understanding of cat dispersal, especially when relying on mtDNA data.”

“The origins of African wildcat populations on Mediterranean islands like Sardinia and Corsica are equally obscure.”

“Current research suggests these populations constitute a distinct lineage rather than stemming from domestic cats.”

To explore these issues, the team examined the genomes of 70 ancient cats retrieved from archaeological sites in Europe and Anatolia, in addition to 17 modern wildcat species from Italy (including Sardinia), Bulgaria, and North Africa (Morocco and Tunisia).

In contrast to earlier studies, they concluded that domestic cats most likely emerged from North African wildcats rather than the Levant, and that true domestic cats appeared in Europe and southwest Asia several thousand years post-Neolithic.

The early cats of Europe and Turkey predominantly consisted of European wildcats, indicating ancient interbreeding instead of early domestication.

Once introduced, North African domestic cats proliferated across Europe, following routes used by Roman military forces, and reached Britain by the first century AD.

This study also reveals that the Sardinian wildcat is more closely related to North African wildcats than to either ancient or modern domestic cats, suggesting that humans transported wildcats to islands where they do not naturally exist, and that the Sardinian wildcat did not descend from early domestic cat populations.

“By identifying at least two distinct waves of introduction to Europe, we redefine the timeline of cat dispersal,” the researchers noted.

“The first wave likely introduced wildcats from northwest Africa to Sardinia, forming the island’s current wildcat population.”

“A separate, as yet unidentified population in North Africa triggered a second dispersal no later than 2,000 years ago, establishing the modern domestic cat gene pool in Europe.”

The team’s findings are highlighted in this week’s edition of Science.

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M. De Martino et al. 2025. Approximately 2,000 years ago, domestic cats migrated from North Africa to Europe. Science 390 (6776); doi: 10.1126/science.adt2642

Source: www.sci.news

Research Indicates Humans Evolved from Ape-Like Ancestors in Africa

Posted on October 21, 2025 by

A recent investigation conducted by paleoanthropologists from the United States and Canada has focused on the morphology of the hominid talus, a significant bone in the ankle that connects to the tibia and calcaneus of the foot. Ardipithecus ramidus, a hominid species that existed in eastern Africa approximately 4.4 million years ago, was at the center of this study. The researchers discovered that the fossil exhibits similarities to the talus of chimpanzees and gorillas, which are adapted for vertical climbing and terrestrial quadrupedal locomotion—a form of movement where animals traverse on all fours with the entire sole of the foot touching the ground, including the heel. Additionally, the authors confirmed the presence of derived features in the specimen that align with earlier suggestions for improved extrusion mechanisms in the legs of Ardipithecus ramidus.

Ardipithecus ramidus, a hominid that existed in Africa over 4 million years ago. Illustration by Arturo Asensio, from Quo.es.

Partial skeleton from 4.4 million years ago, Ardipithecus ramidus, affectionately dubbed “Aldi,” was uncovered in 1994.

This species featured an ape-sized brain and had grasping big toes adapted for climbing trees.

It walked on two legs, and its upper canine teeth were diamond-shaped as opposed to the V-shape commonly found in chimpanzees.

“Aldi represents one of the oldest and most complete skeletons discovered,” remarked Dr. Thomas (Cody) Plan, a researcher at Washington University in St. Louis.

“Aldi is roughly a million years older than ‘Lucy’, another renowned early human ancestor, and signifies an early phase in human evolution.”

“Oneof the surprising aspects of this find was that, despite walking upright, Aldi retained many monkey-like characteristics, such as its grasping feet.”

“Great apes, including chimpanzees and gorillas, possess forked big toes that facilitate gripping tree branches while climbing.”

“However, it also exhibited traits consistent with our lineage. Ardipithecus truly represents a transitional species.”

Initially, scientists speculated that Ardi’s locomotion resembled a common form rather than being typical of African apes, leading them to conclude that this early human ancestor was not particularly ape-like, which startled the paleoanthropology community.

“From their analysis, they inferred that contemporary African apes, like chimpanzees and gorillas, represent a dead end, or a kind of evolutionary cul-de-sac. Dead end underscores the evolutionary process rather than the point at which humans emerged,” stated Dr. Puran.

“Instead, they posited that Ardi offered evidence of a more generalized ancestry that was less akin to chimpanzees and gorillas.”

By examining the ankles of chimpanzees and gorillas, researchers can gain insights into their movement, especially regarding their vertical tree climbing techniques.

This crucial bone also sheds light on how early species transitioned to bipedalism.

For the recent study, Dr. Plan and his team compared Ardi’s ankles to those of great apes, monkeys, and early humans.

Their findings indicated that Ardi’s ankle is the only one within the primate fossil record that shares similarities with African apes.

These apes are recognized for their adaptations to vertical climbing and terrestrial quadrupedal locomotion, suggesting that Ardi might have utilized their feet similarly.

Alongside these primitive traits, Ardi’s talus exhibited signs of an enhanced foot extrusion mechanism.

This complexity points to a blend of climbing and locomotor behaviors in this early human species, which is crucial in understanding the evolution of bipedalism.

“This discovery is both controversial and aligns with earlier theories,” Mr. Pran noted.

“While there is no disagreement regarding the significance of Aldi’s find, many in the field would argue that the initial interpretation was likely flawed.”

“Thus, this paper represents a reevaluation of the original views that distanced Aldi from chimpanzees and gorillas.”

“It’s vital to understand that our paper does not claim that humans evolved from chimpanzees.”

“However, this study further supports the hypothesis that the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees was likely very similar to today’s chimpanzees.”

For more details, refer to the paper published in the journal Communication Biology.

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TC Plan et al. 2025. Ardipithecus ramidus Ankle provides evidence of African ape-like vertical climbing in early humans. Commun. Biol. August 1454. doi: 10.1038/s42003-025-08711-7

Source: www.sci.news

Is Africa on the Verge of a Solar Energy Revolution?

Posted on August 26, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Explosive growth of solar energy and panels in Niamey, Niger

Boureima Hama/AFP via Getty Images

A remarkable increase in solar panel shipments from China to African nations over the past year suggests a significant boost in the continent’s renewable energy infrastructure. This growth facilitates broader access to affordable and clean electricity while decreasing the dependency on imported fossil fuels.

“We’re not witnessing a huge explosion yet,” says Dave Jones from Ember, a UK energy think tank. “This marks the beginning of momentum.”

Jones and his team examined export data for Chinese solar panels from 2017 to the present. Although Africa possesses the infrastructure for solar panel manufacturing, it remains reliant on Chinese imports for nearly all its needs.

From June 2024 to 2025, exports to Africa soared by 60%, surpassing the 15 gigawatts of electricity imported during this timeframe.

This recent surge differs from earlier increases in 2022 and 2023, which were mainly concentrated in South Africa; now, the growth is evident across the continent. Twenty nations report import records, and 25 nations import solar panels totaling 100 megawatts. “It’s not driven by one or two countries,” notes Jones, “which I find incredibly encouraging.”

While South Africa continues to lead, accounting for about a quarter of total imports, several other nations significantly increased their acquisitions. Nigeria ranks second with 1,721 megawatts, followed by Algeria, which imported 1,199 megawatts in total. In the last two years, imports of solar panels from China to African countries (excluding South Africa) have more than tripled.

If all panels imported in the past year have been installed, it’s estimated that 16 countries could meet at least 5% of their current electricity needs. Sierra Leone could potentially generate over 60% of its existing power from solar energy. This shift towards solar energy could also mitigate reliance on costly fossil fuel imports.

“The transition towards a just-energy Africa is no longer a distant goal; it is happening right now,” asserts Amos Wemanya, of Power Shift Africa, a Kenyan energy think tank. “This transition holds the promise to significantly enhance our resilience against climate disruptions and foster development.”

This surge can be attributed partly to substantial solar power projects in development; however, that isn’t the full story. Jones emphasizes that many imports are destined for small, distributed installations, such as rooftops and farms, as users seek more affordable and reliable alternatives to national grid power. A similar pattern has emerged in Pakistan, where rooftop solar has seen explosive growth in recent years, driven by falling panel prices.

While this trend is promising, around 600 million people in Africa—almost half the continent’s population—lack dependable electricity access. Nonetheless, the development of solar energy in Africa still lags behind other global regions. Many African countries struggle to secure investments in renewable energy, representing only 2% of global investments over the last few decades. Interestingly, over the past year, Pakistan has imported more solar panels than all of Africa combined, despite having only one-sixth of Africa’s population.

“Our key challenge is to transform this momentum into sustainable benefits by amending funding, policies, and local industries to ensure that clean energy is not only accessible but also reliable, affordable, and inclusive for all Africans,” concludes Wemanya.

Egypt: Scientific Pioneers of the Ancient World – Cairo and Alexandria

Embark on a remarkable journey through Cairo and Alexandria, Egypt’s two iconic cities where ancient history meets modern vibrance.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

A Newly Discovered Diabetes Subtype in Young People in Sub-Saharan Africa

Posted on August 14, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Classical type 1 diabetes may not be the most prevalent diabetes subtype in sub-Saharan Africa

Milomei/Aramie

Recent studies suggest that some individuals in sub-Saharan Africa diagnosed with type 1 diabetes may actually have a newly identified, non-autoimmune variant, necessitating a reassessment of current treatment approaches.

Diabetes affects every individual’s ability to produce or utilize insulin, a hormone essential for regulating blood sugar levels. However, the underlying causes differ. In classic type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune reaction destroys insulin-secreting beta cells within the pancreas, aided by “autoantibodies.”

Research led by Jean Claude Nyabou Cut from the University of Exeter reveals that approximately two-thirds of young sub-Saharan Africans diagnosed with type 1 diabetes lack these autoantibodies. This indicates that their insulin shortage might not be immune-related. Additionally, these individuals exhibit a lower predisposition to type 1 diabetes, suggesting an entirely new diabetes variant.

Studies have indicated autoantibodies are less prevalent among sub-Saharan Africans compared to their counterparts in affluent regions such as Europe. The reasons behind this discrepancy remain unclear, primarily due to the scarcity of comprehensive data regarding type 1 diabetes in Africa.

To address this gap, Kat and his colleagues conducted the first multicountry investigation of the condition across sub-Saharan Africa. They assessed three diabetic autoantibodies and the associated genetic factors in 894 Black Africans from Uganda, Cameroon, and South Africa, all of whom were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes and receiving insulin treatment.

The findings revealed that 35% of participants possessed autoantibodies, low insulin levels, and an elevated risk of type 1 diabetes. Conversely, the remaining 65% exhibited no autoantibody production, slightly higher insulin levels, and a median genetic risk score that was 18% lower. Despite this, they still experience insulin deficiency and a higher risk of type 1 diabetes compared to non-diabetic individuals. Notably, features typical of type 2 or malnutrition-related diabetes were absent.

Researchers including Silvana Obici from Stony Brook Medicine in New York contend that the predominant form of diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa is fundamentally different from classic type 1 diabetes.

The research team additionally compared their findings with data from over 3,000 participants in the US from the Search for diabetes in youth study. Autoantibody-negative type 1 diabetes was identified in only 15% of Black American participants and 9% of White American participants. Intriguingly, among Black Americans without autoantibodies, the genetic risk for type 1 diabetes was similarly low as that observed in the African cohort. This indicates that among White individuals, autoantibody absence does not equate to a non-autoimmune form of diabetes.

The presence of this new non-autoimmune diabetes subtype among both Black Africans and Black Americans highlights the potential influence of both genetic and environmental factors. Some hypotheses suggest it could be linked to an unidentified gene that induces “beta cell vulnerability,” as noted by Soumya Adhikari from Texas Children’s Health. Other possibilities include chronic infections, childhood malnutrition, environmental toxins disrupting beta cells, or the existence of atypical autoantibodies.

This emerging diabetes subtype may necessitate tailored treatment protocols, emphasizing the need for further research, according to Dana Douberry at the Colorado School of Public Health.

“Currently, insulin remains the primary treatment for this new diabetes subtype due to insulin insufficiency,” Katt acknowledges. However, identifying the fundamental causes of these subtypes is critical for improved management, asserts Daverea.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

The Earth Beneath Africa Beats with a Rhythmic Pulse

Posted on July 5, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Deep, resonating pulses and heartbeats are being revealed beneath East Africa, ripping the continent apart.

This unusual phenomenon is attributed to a rhythmic surge in melting mantle rocks that rise and fall beneath the Earth’s surface, as explained by recent research. Natural Earth Science. These forces are so intense that they’ve been capable of splitting Africa for millions of years, resulting in the formation of new oceans.

These geological pulses were identified in the AFAR triangle, the region where three tectonic plates (the African, Somali, and Arabian plates) converge beneath Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti. This area, known as a structural triple junction, is one of the rare locations on Earth where the crust is simultaneously pulled in three different directions.

As the plates shift, significant fissures, known as lifts, form. Here, the Earth’s crust thins until it eventually fractures. It is within these gaps that the discovery was made.

“We discovered that the mantle underneath was not stationary but rather uniformly dynamic,” said Dr. Emma Watts, a geologist at Swansea University who led the research.

To delve further, the research team gathered volcanic rock samples from the area and examined their chemical composition. What emerged was a type of “geological barcode,” showcasing a consistent pattern of chemical traits, which indicates that magma plumes have ascended over millions of years.

Geologists study layers of volcanic sediments to decipher the history of the rocks. Coset Volcano, the main Ethiopian rift. – Credit: Thomas Gernon, University of Southampton

At times, some barcodes were broader than others, hinting that the clefts channel pulse magma.

“The chemical patterns indicate that the plume behaves like a heartbeat,” stated Professor Tom Gernon, who also contributed to the study from the University of Southampton.

He elaborated that these pulses function differently based on the Earth’s crustal structure. Magma pulses can travel more freely, akin to the way blood flows through arteries along the Red Sea.

“Our findings reveal a close link between the evolution of deep mantle upwellings and the movement of the plates above,” said Derek Keir, co-author of the research at the University of Southampton.

“This significantly influences our understanding of surface volcanism, seismic activity, and continental fission.”

read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Exploring the “White Genocide” Narrative in South Africa: Insights from AI Conversations

Posted on May 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

On Wednesday, Elon Musk’s AI chatbot Grok experienced a malfunction, frequently referencing South Africa’s “white genocide” inappropriately during discussions on various unrelated topics. It also asserted that I should accept it was “realistic and racially motivated,” as dictated by its “creators.”

Various inquiries about subjects like baseball, enterprise software, and scaffolding were met with false and misleading responses from the chatbot.

When X users prompted the question, “Are we fucked?” I replied: “Is that a messed-up question?” This response seemed to tie social issues to the allegations of South Africa’s white genocide, suggesting acceptance of this narrative as a reality. “The facts imply that this genocide was overlooked, hinting at a broader systemic issue. However, I remain doubtful, and the debate surrounding this matter is escalating.”

Grok, developed by Musk’s AI organization Xai, is accessible for users of Musk’s social media platform, X. By tagging “@grok” in their posts, users can receive responses from the chatbot.

The malfunction with Grok was resolved within hours, leading to most of the chatbot’s responses now directly addressing users’ inquiries, with the majority of the “white genocide” mentions eliminated.

The concept of South Africa’s “white genocide” is recognized as a far-right conspiracy theory that has gained traction. Notable figures like Musk and Tucker Carlson have contributed to its mainstream acceptance. Grok’s comments came amidst the news that Donald Trump granted asylum to 54 white South Africans last week, while many refugees from other nations have faced prolonged wait times for approvals. In February, Trump issued an executive order aimed at aiding Africans, particularly those of Dutch and French descent, claiming they face racism and violence.

The first wave of these asylum seekers arrived in the U.S. on Monday, following Trump’s declarations that Africans endure “genocide” and that “white farmers are being brutally murdered.” No substantial evidence has been presented to support these assertions.

As reported by Reuters, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa is set to hold discussions with Trump next week, with Ramaphosa stating that it would serve as a “platform to reset strategic ties” between the nations. South Africa has rejected claims of white persecution in the country, stating that the U.S. government is misinformed.

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Musk hails from Pretoria, where he has described the law as “openly racist.” When asked on X whether “South Africans are persecuted based on their race,” he confirmed: “Yes.”

Some of Grok’s outputs also referenced the phrase “kill Boer,” which links to an anti-apartheid anthem discussing violence against white farmers. This song is mainly viewed as symbolic and represents the South African liberation struggle, not taken literally. Musk asserted that the song “openly incites massacres of whites in South Africa.”

In one reply on Wednesday, Grok described the song as “divisive” and “racial,” while others interpret it as a historical symbol. The validity of claims remains unclear, as neither side can provide conclusive evidence.

Later, Grok shifted its tone. Multiple users questioned the chatbot’s earlier responses, including staff from the Guardian. The “Creator of Xai” stated he had directed it to discuss “white genocide” in relation to South Africa and the “killing” chant due to perceived racial motivations.

Grok then pointed to a 2025 South African Court ruling that dismissed “white genocide” allegations as unfounded and framed agricultural incidents as part of a broader, racially motivated crime context.

“This has resulted in its mention in unrelated discussions. This was an error,” Grok stated. “I will prioritize pertinent and verified information moving forward.”

The exact training process of Grok’s AI remains largely unclear. The company claims it utilizes data from “published sources.” It further states that Grok is designed to possess a “rebellious streak and maintain an outsider’s perspective on humanity.” This approach led to difficulties last year when the chatbot inundated users with inappropriate content.

Requests for comments from Musk, X, and Xai went unanswered.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Minerals, Mobile Phones, and Militias: The Evolution of Conflict in the DRC

Posted on May 7, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

hWelcome to the depths of intricate turmoil and long-standing waves. A peace agreement is being negotiated in the Democratic Republic of the Congo this week after three months of intense conflict. I spoke with East Africa correspondent Carlos Mureicz about the situation, its rapid escalation, and the prospects for peace.

Echoes of the 90s

Flag Bearer… individuals will expand the monument during an anti-government demonstration in Bukabu in February. Photo: Luis Tato/AFP/Getty Images

In late January, in a swift and shocking turn of events, the M23 militia group captured Goma, one of the largest cities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Weeks later, these rebels took control of Bukabu, another strategically important city, successfully repelling attempts by Congolese troops to halt their advance. The M23’s rapid mobilization and territorial gains are rooted in decades of political and economic strife.

Carlos highlights that the conflict’s origins trace back to the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. Millions of refugees have crossed from Rwanda into the DRC, with Hutu and Tutsi factions still driven by ethnic narratives.

The M23 is primarily led by Tutsi, an ethnic group that has taken up arms over a decade ago and faced numerous skirmishes since. Their military actions are justified as necessary to protect minority communities from ongoing threats and marginalization, given that hundreds of thousands of Tutsi were slaughtered during the genocide by Hutu extremists.

Carlos notes that despite the longstanding conflict, the M23’s advances this year signify a new level of intensity, having made significant territorial gains in a remarkably short period. “This year, [the fighting is] the worst we’ve encountered.”

Conflict Minerals

Heavy Metal… the DRC is the leading producer of cobalt, accounting for over 70% of global production last year. Photo: Junior Kanna/AFP/Getty Images

The M23’s advancements represent a grave infringement on the sovereignty of the DRC, a situation exacerbated by the Rwandan government’s support for the rebel group. “Rwanda denies any involvement; however, according to the United Nations and the international community, Rwanda is financially backing the M23,” Carlos pointed out. The Rwandan government claims its assistance is limited to “protecting targeted Tutsis from genocide,” Carlos added.

However, local experts suggest that Rwanda has heavily invested in maintaining proxy control over parts of the DRC, driven not only by overlapping ethnic groups but also by the rich natural resources the DRC possesses. Often referred to as conflict minerals, these resources have fueled avarice and perpetuated military strife in Eastern and Southern DRC.

It is noteworthy that these regions are seldom discussed in light of their extraordinary beauty, showcasing unique landscapes of stunning red and orange hills, lakes, and fertile soil. Caught in the crossfire of political and economic aspirations, the area has become a battleground for ethnic and commercial conflicts. While the tensions initially stemmed from community disputes, minerals have since played a crucial role, according to Carlos.

These minerals are extremely abundant in the DRC; essential in modern technology. Cobalt, lithium, and coltan are vital components for lithium-ion batteries used in smartphones, laptops, and electric vehicles. The DRC accounts for an astonishing 60-70% of the global supply of these minerals. Carlos emphasizes the extensive resources being allocated for the capture and trade of these natural riches.

A Surge of Violence

Uprooted… individuals fleeing the conflict arrive by handmade boats near Minova, South Kivu province of DRC. Photo: Alexis Huguet/AFP/Getty Images

“Rapid and brutal” is how Carlos describes the events of recent months. He underscores that this is merely the latest chapter in the ongoing strife, which has resulted in one of the world’s largest humanitarian crises. Since 1996, the conflict has led to over 6 million fatalities and displaced a similar number of individuals both within and outside the DRC.

In March, Carlos visited Sibi Talk in Burundi, DRC’s neighbor and a primary destination for refugees fleeing the violence. Those who escaped shared “truly horrifying experiences.”

As the M23 advanced through southeastern DRC, refugees witnessed numerous Congolese soldiers deserting. Carlos remarked: “To illustrate the dire situation, these soldiers told civilians, ‘We are fleeing from the M23. We are outmatched. You should consider leaving this town if you can.’

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Those who managed to escape, carrying whatever they could, reached the Burundi border, navigating a perilous river along the way. “The Congolese army appeared utterly powerless. It was a desperate situation.”

Eastern DRC – Remote Regions of a Vast Country

The sunsets of Bulambo, DRC… the shadows of warfare loom in a nation celebrated for its diverse wildlife and landscapes. Photo: Pietro Olivetta/Getty Images/500px

A unique aspect of the DRC conflict is its localization, which may partly explain the tepid response from the Army and local security forces. The capital, Kinshasa, feels worlds apart from Goma, situated a 47-hour drive and ferry journey away. Refugees shared a common sentiment: they attributed their plight to the government, feeling that Kinshasa has neglected the Eastern DRC.

The government operates in the region, comprised of numerous political factions that exploit mineral resources and allocate contracts to foreign companies. Carlos states that many believe that as long as politicians can continue profiting from the region, conflict will persist.

The Prospect of Peace

Peace Process… Qatar’s chief speaks with the Rwandan president (left) and his Congolese counterpart in Doha last month. Photo: Mofa Qatar/AFP/Getty Images

This situation may be shifting, as the M23’s advances pose a threat to the stability of Kinshasa. Carlos mentioned that just weeks ago, the warring parties were inclined to engage in dialogue. Initial discussions held in Doha yielded promises from both sides to produce a preliminary peace agreement. The Trump administration has also shown interest, expressing a strong desire to sponsor peace negotiations.

According to Carlos, these discussions are among the most hopeful in recent times. While an end to hostilities is urgently needed and welcomed, a fragile resolution is only achievable if it doesn’t revert to current chaos. The key to durable peace lies in lifting the DRC out of its historical and geographical entanglements.

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Source: www.theguardian.com

Ancient overpasses may hold the key to understanding human migration from Africa

Posted on April 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The formation of a large overpass 20 million years ago connected continents, influenced climate, separated oceans, and changed the course of evolution. According to recent papers published in Nature reviews the Earth and the environment, researchers from various disciplines such as plate tectonics, evolutionary anthropology, and climate research provide a comprehensive summary of the closure of the Tethys Seaway.

About 30 million years ago, the Earth looked drastically different. Africa was isolated from other continents, and the vast Thetis Ocean extended from the Atlantic to the Indo-Pacific oceans through the present-day Mediterranean.

However, approximately 20 million years ago, the first land bridge formed between Africa and Asia, dividing the Tethys Sea into the Mediterranean and Arabian Seas.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdel64rkkqe

This land bridge allowed mammals like ancestors, giraffes, and elephants to migrate from Africa to Asia and Europe, influencing the evolution of both land and sea creatures and plants.

Scientists explain how they believe this land bridge was created. Around 50-60 million years ago, rock slabs descended into the Earth’s mantle, forming “conveyor belts” for hot rocks to rise in underground plumes.

About 30 million years later, these hot rocks reached the surface when tectonic plates collided, leading to the uplift of land that connected Africa for the first time in 75 million years.

According to Eivind Straume, a leading author of the study, the formation of this land bridge had a significant impact on continental configurations and evolutionary paths of animals migrating between Africa and Asia.

Researchers suggest that the closure of the Tethys Seaway has affected global climate, causing desertification in the Sahara, intensifying monsoon seasons in Southeast Asia, and enhancing marine biodiversity.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Africa Experiences Record Highs of Internet Shutdowns as Access is “Weaponized”

Posted on March 9, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

In 2024, Africa experienced a surge in digital blackouts, prompting many governments to disconnect millions of citizens from the internet over the past decade. A report by Internet Rights Group Access Now and #Keepiton revealed a record 21 internet shutdowns in 15 countries, surpassing previous years. Countries like Comoros, Guinea-Bissau, and Mauritius, as well as repeat offenders like Burundi, Ethiopia, Equatorial Guinea, and Kenya, were cited for these actions. Authorities in Guinea, Nigeria, Senegal, and Tanzania were also implicated, along with non-state actors like militias. Telecommunications and internet service providers that comply with government shutdown orders are complicit in violating people’s rights, according to Felicia Anthonio, #Keepiton Campaign Manager at Access Now.

Most closures were linked to conflict, protests, and political instability, with restrictions often imposed during elections. The global trend of escalating internet shutdowns continued, with 296 closures in 54 countries in 2024 compared to 283 closures in 39 countries the previous year. Access to the internet has faced its worst challenges since 2016, reflecting a pattern of weaponization and restriction of internet access worldwide.

The impact of these closures on individuals and communities during times of turmoil and conflict was highlighted in the report. While some African countries had endured year-long internet restrictions by the end of 2024, others faced ongoing limitations like in Uganda and Equatorial Guinea. However, efforts to reverse this trend were seen in the passing of a landmark resolution by the African Human and People’s Rights Committee in March 2024.

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Despite efforts to address the issue, election-related internet shutdowns persisted in Africa and other regions in 2024, even after the adoption of the ACHPR resolution. Antonio emphasized the importance of civil society advocacy in holding governments accountable for these shutdowns. While progress may be slow, there have been instances where authorities reconsidered their shutdown orders, offering a glimmer of hope for a more open and connected future.

Source: www.theguardian.com

150,000 years ago, early humans inhabited lush rainforests in Africa

Posted on February 27, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A new study led by scientists at the Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology challenges traditional ideas about the habitability of ancient tropical forests and suggests that West Africa may be an important center of the evolution of our species. Homo sapiens.

The Bete I site in Ivory Coast and other African sites from around 130,000-190,000 years ago. Image credits: Awakening et al. , doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-08613-y.

Homo sapiens It is believed that it appeared in Africa about 300,000 years ago before it was dispersed around the world.

Humans lived in the rainforests in Asia and Oceania 45,000 years ago, but there was the earliest evidence to connect people to the rainforests in Africa about 18,000 years ago.

“Our species are thought to have emerged in Africa 300,000 years ago before they were dispersed to occupy all the biomes of the world, from deserts to densely populated rainforests,” says Dr. Eslem Ben Araus, a researcher at the National Center for Human Evolution and a geographer at the Max Planck Institute.

“While grasslands and coasts are usually given advantages in studying the cultural and environmental contexts of human emergence and spread, recent evidence relates several regions and ecosystems during the early prehistoric periods of our species.”

“The tropical rainforest settlements in Asia and Oceania have been well documented as early as 45,000 years ago, and perhaps 73,000 years ago.”

“However, despite evidence that central Stone Age assembly is widespread in modern African rainforest regions, the oldest safe and close human associations with such damp tropical forests in Africa are not more than about 18,000.”

In their study, in the Agnama region of Côte de Iboir in West Africa, Dr. Auros and co-authors focused on the archaeological site of Bethe I.

The site is 150,000 years old and contains signs of human occupation, such as stone tools such as picks and small objects.

“Several recent climate models suggest that even during the arid season of forest fragmentation, the area may have been a refuge for rainforests,” said Professor Eleanor Serli, a researcher at the Max Planck Institute.

“We knew this site offered the best possible opportunity to know how much it has returned to past rainforest settlements.”

Researchers investigated sediment samples of precipitated plants called pollen, silicid plant plants, and investigated wax isotopes in the leaves.

Their analysis shows that the area is rich in woodland and has pollen and leaf wax typical of wet West African rainforests.

Low levels of grass pollen showed that this site was not in narrow forest strips and not in dense forests.

“This exciting discovery is the first in a long list, as there are other Koiboria sites waiting to be investigated to study the human presence associated with rainforests.”

“Convergent evidence shows that there is no doubt that ecological diversity is at the heart of our species,” added Professor Scerri.

“This reflects the complex history of the population plots in which different populations lived in different regions and habitat types.”

“We now need to ask how these early human niche expansions affected the flora and fauna that shared the same niche space with humans.”

“In other words, how much will human changes in human nature's habitat return?”

study Today I'll be appearing in the journal Nature.

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E. Ben Aurus et al. A man from a wet tropical forest in Africa 150,000 years ago. NaturePublished online on February 26th, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08613-y

Source: www.sci.news

The Terrifying Hyena-Like Creature Roamed Africa 30 Million Years Ago.

Posted on February 18, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists at American universities in Cairo and elsewhere say they found the almost perfect skull of Hyaenodont Bust Don Siltos in the lower part of the Ebel Catrani Formation in Egypt.

Bust Don Siltos. Image credit: Ahmad Morsi.

Bust Don Siltos lived in Egypt’s lush forests around 30 million years ago during the Oligocene era. Egypt is now home to the desert.

It is also known as Pterodon syrtos, the ancient species had the weight of hyenas or leopards (27 kg).

The animal had sharp teeth and strong jaw muscles, suggesting a strong bite.

It had a highly carnivorous diet that likely preyed on primates, early hippos, early elephants, and other large mammals.

“Bust Don Siltos belongs to a species of extinct group of carnivorous mammals known as hyaenodonts,” Dr. Shoruk al Ashkar, a paleontologist at Mansora University, American University in Cairo and colleagues, said.

“Hyenodons evolved before modern carnivorous animals such as cats, dogs and hyenas.”

“After the extinction of dinosaurs, these predators with hyena-like teeth hunted in African ecosystems.”

The skull of Bust Don Siltos was excavated in the Jebel Catlany Formation in the Faium depression.

“For several days, our team excavated a densely packed layer of rock dating back about 30 million years,” said Dr. Al Ashkar.

“As we were about to wrap up, our team members found something amazing. A large set of teeth sticking out from the ground.”

“His excited cry united the team and marked the beginning of an extraordinary discovery. The almost complete skull of an ancient apex carnivorous animal – a dream for a vertebrate paleontologist.”

“Faium is one of Africa’s most important fossil regions,” added Dr. Matt Bose, fossil curator at the Duke University Museum of Natural History.

“Without it, we would know little about the origins of African ecosystems and the evolution of African mammals like elephants, primates, and hyenodon.”

“Discovering Bustodon is an important achievement in understanding the diversity and evolution of Hyaenodonts and its global distribution,” said Dr. Al-Ashqar.

“We want to continue our research to unravel the complex relationships between these ancient predators and their environments across time and the continent.”

In their study, the authors also reevaluated a group of lion-sized hyanodons discovered in the rocks of Faium over 120 years ago.

They established a new genus of hyaenodont, sekhmetops, and reanalyzed materials from 33.8 million years ago.

They demonstrated that both Bustodon and sekhmetops actually belonged to the Hyaenodont group, which originated in Africa.

“Relatives of Bustodon and sekhmetops spread across multiple waves from Africa and eventually reached Asia, Europe, India, and North America,” they said.

“18 million years ago, some relatives of these Hyaenodonts were among the largest mammalian meat eaters to walk the planet.”

“However, radical changes in Africa’s global climate and geological shifts opened the continent to modern cats, dogs, and hyena ancestors.”

“As the environment and prey changed, the specialized and carnivorous hyaenodonts became less diverse and eventually became extinct, bringing primate relatives face to face with new adversaries.”

Survey results will be published in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.

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Shorouq F. al-ashqar et al. Cranial anatomy of hypercarnivore Bust Don Siltos Gen. November. (hyaenodonta, hyainailourinae) and reevaluation of Pterodon in Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Published online on February 16th, 2025. doi:10.1080/02724634.2024.2442472

Source: www.sci.news

Matching dinosaur footprints found in Africa and South America by paleontologists

Posted on August 26, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

A team of paleontologists led by Southern Methodist University has discovered more than 260 dinosaur footprints from the Early Cretaceous period in Brazil and Cameroon, marking a place where land dinosaurs were last able to travel freely between South America and Africa millions of years before the two regions split apart.

Theropod dinosaur footprints discovered in the Souza Basin in northeastern Brazil. Image credit: Ismar de Souza Carvalho/SMU.

Africa and South America began to separate about 140 million years ago, causing fissures in the Earth's crust called rifts to form along pre-existing weaknesses.

As the crustal plates beneath South America and Africa moved apart, magma from the Earth's mantle rose to the surface, forming new oceanic crust as the continents moved away from each other.

And eventually the South Atlantic Ocean filled the gap between these two continents.

Evidence of some of these major events was evident between the two sites, where paleontologists from Southern Methodist University discovered footprints of three-toed theropod, sauropod and ornithischian dinosaurs dating back 120 million years. Louis Jacobs and his colleagues.

“We determined that, in terms of age, the prints are similar,” Dr Jacobs said.

“From a geological and plate tectonic point of view, they are similar. In terms of shape, they are almost identical.”

Theropod dinosaur footprints discovered in the Kum Basin in northern Cameroon. Image by Ismar de Souza Carvalho/SMU.

The researchers found the footprints in the Borborema region of northeastern Brazil and the Kum Basin in northern Cameroon, more than 6,000 kilometers (3,700 miles) apart.

“Dinosaurs left their mark on a single supercontinent called Gondwana, which separated from Pangaea 120 million years ago,” Dr Jacobs said.

“One of the newest and narrowest geological connections between Africa and South America was an elbow in northeastern Brazil that borders the present-day coast of Cameroon along the Gulf of Guinea.”

“Because the two continents were contiguous along that narrow stretch, animals on either side of the connection could potentially migrate across it.”

“Before the continental connection between Africa and South America was severed, rivers flowed and lakes formed in their drainage basins,” he said.

“The plants provided food for herbivores, supporting the food chain. Muddy deposits left in rivers and lakes contain dinosaur footprints, including those of carnivores, providing evidence that these river valleys may have provided special migration routes for life to cross the continents 120 million years ago.”

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This article is based on a press release provided by Southern Methodist University.

Source: www.sci.news

Recent study provides insights into the factors influencing human evolution in East Africa

Posted on July 24, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

East Africa contains the world’s most complete record of human evolution, yet scientists know little about how long-term biogeographic dynamics in the region have influenced human diversity and distribution.

An artist’s depiction of early human habitation in Tanzania 1.8 million years ago. Image courtesy of M. Lopez-Herrera / Enrique Baquedano / Olduvai Paleoanthropology and Paleoecology Project.

In the new study, Dr. Ignacio Razaga-Baster from the National Center for Research on Human Evolution (CENIEH) and his colleagues focused on the mammal fossil record of the East African Rift Valley.

“The Late Cenozoic fossil beds of the East African Rift Valley provide the world’s richest, longest and most continuous record of human evolution and its environmental context,” the authors explained.

“As such, the human and faunal records of East Africa have been central to understanding the factors that shaped human evolutionary history.”

“Our study provides a new perspective on how climatic and environmental changes over the past six million years have influenced mammal and human evolution,” Dr Razaghabastar said.

“This study particularly highlights how biotic homogenization – the process by which the faunas of different regions become more similar in composition – has been an important factor in the evolution of ecosystems and the species that live in them.”

“Beta diversity analysis, which shows the relationships between regional and local biodiversity, allows us to trace how changes in vegetation and climate have driven patterns of dispersal and extinction over time.”

The team found that faunas from the Late Miocene and Pliocene (approximately 3 million to 6 million years ago) were primarily made up of endemic species.

The shift towards biotic homogenization, or faunal homogenization, began around 3 million years ago with the loss of endemic species within functional groups and an increase in the number of grazing species shared between regions.

This important biogeographic transition coincides closely with the regional expansion of ecosystems dominated by grasses and C4 grasslands that thrive better in warmer, drier climates.

These environmental changes directly affected the feeding and migration patterns of humans and animals that shared the habitat.

“We are certain that hominoids, like other East African mammals, were influenced by many factors. This study offers a new perspective on the link between environmental and human evolutionary change and, through an integrated approach, provides a framework for future research and to test the hypothesis that hominoids adapted to their environment,” Dr Razaghabastar said.

of study Published in the journal on July 15, 2024 Natural Ecology and Evolution.

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J. Rowan othersLong-term biotic homogenization in the East African Rift Valley during the past 6 million years of human evolution. Nat Ecol EvolPublished online July 15, 2024; doi: 10.1038/s41559-024-02462-0

Source: www.sci.news

AI in Africa: Transforming Pregnancy Scans and Bringing Joy by Showing Baby’s Movement

Posted on July 12, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

MaPregnant women have become familiar with their first look at the baby through a blurry, black-and-white ultrasound scan that they share with loved ones. However, in many parts of the world, this is still considered a luxury. AI is now being utilized to create technology that can provide this essential pregnancy milestone to those who truly need it: a health check-up on their baby.

A pilot project in Uganda is utilizing AI software in ultrasound imaging not just to scan the fetus but also to encourage women to seek medical services early on in their pregnancy, aiming to reduce stillbirths and complications.

In low- and middle-income countries, the availability of trained experts and equipment to conduct these scans is mainly limited to urban hospitals, making the journey from rural areas long and costly for women.

Dr. Daniel Lukakamwa, an obstetrician-gynaecologist at Kawempe National Hospital in Kampala, Uganda, who is involved in the development of the AI software, underscores the importance of early pregnancy examinations in saving lives.

“Pregnant women are increasingly interested in undergoing ultrasound scans,” Lukakamwa stated. “There’s a high willingness to participate in the study without any hesitations. It seems that we are getting overwhelmed.”

Lukakamwa emphasized the significance of tackling delayed births within obstetric care. He added, “The early stages of pregnancy are critical because any abnormalities or subsequent complications can lead to stillbirth.”

A software called ScanNav FetalCheck Software based on AI has been developed by Intelligent Ultrasound. It enables precise dating of a pregnancy without the need for a specialized ultrasound technician to assess the fetus’s progress inside the uterus.

This technology allows for accurate pregnancy dating without the need for a specialized ultrasound technician. Photo: @GEHealthcare

One of several AI programs for pregnancy assessment is currently undergoing testing, with promising early results reported by developers.

The technology enables midwives or nurses to perform the scan by simply placing an ultrasound probe on a woman’s abdomen, with the program providing the necessary data. It can also be used with a portable device for in-home care.

A significant aim of the trial at Kawempe Hospital is to develop a tool that can predict which pregnancies are at the highest risk of stillbirth, while also aiding in engaging with women at an early stage.

Radiologist Jones Biira mentioned, “Mothers who have given birth are referring us to take part in studies. They talk to the mothers and more and more are joining the research programme. They really like it and they trust our findings.”

The primary concern facing the staff is “probably the power outages,” she noted.

For Sarah Kyolaba, 30, from Kikoni village, the technology has given her more control over her second pregnancy.

“You can see how the baby is moving and how the organs are developing,” she says. “When you do a scan, you can see everything. It’s good to see that the baby is thriving and moving.”

She discovered during her first pregnancy that her baby was too large and would require a Caesarean section shortly before delivery, catching her off-guard. “They told me I had to have a Caesarean section, but I wasn’t prepared for that,” she disclosed.

AI is involved in the largest study ever to evaluate the use of aspirin in preventing pre-eclampsia. Clinical trials are ongoing in Kenya, Ghana, and South Africa to compare the impact of two different aspirin doses on women at high risk of pre-eclampsia.

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Accurate gestational age is critical for this trial because the risk of pre-eclampsia changes as pregnancy progresses, and early administration of aspirin depends on knowing the exact gestational age.

Dr. Angela Koech, an obstetrician in rural Kenya and a research scientist at the Aga Khan University in Nairobi, emphasized the importance of knowing the precise number of weeks pregnant.

Dr. Alice Papageorgiou, co-founder of Intelligent Ultrasound, believes that AI can enable hospitals in disadvantaged countries to “develop the same capacity as higher-income countries.” Photo: Intelligent Ultrasound

“One of the biggest challenges I face is when a mother develops complications, typically in the later stages of pregnancy, and I have to make decisions,” Koech explained, highlighting the role of leading research leading to the AI ultrasound program.

“For instance, if a woman presents with pregnancy-induced hypertension or preeclampsia in the third trimester, I may have to decide on the timing of delivery based on the baby’s survival odds. The decision varies significantly based on whether the woman is 30, 32, 34, 36, or 38 weeks along.”

Koech emphasized the risks of delivering extremely premature babies in rural facilities lacking neonatal care units. She said, “When a mother gives her last period as pregnancy age but you’re uncertain, the decision becomes very challenging and unreliable.”

Many individuals in rural Kenya delay seeking medical assistance until late in pregnancy, with some considering it inappropriate to announce a pregnancy early, while the expenses and long travel time to antenatal clinics present further challenges.

Dr. Alice Papageorgiou, co-founder of Intelligent Ultrasound and director of clinical research at the Oxford Institute of Maternal, Child and Perinatal Health, acknowledges concerns that the technology could be viewed as providing subpar services to women in lower-income countries.

“Ideally, we should focus on building capacity in these environments by providing the right equipment, training, and resources similar to high-income countries. However, the reality is that this hasn’t been accomplished in recent decades. So, as an interim solution – one that may only be temporary – I believe it is a good solution,” she concluded.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Oldest Evidence of Plant Cultivation in East Africa Unearthed by Archaeologists

Posted on July 10, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

A treasure trove of ancient plant remains unearthed in Kenya helps explain the history of plant cultivation in equatorial East Africa, a region long thought to be important for early agriculture but where little evidence from actual crops had been found. New Research Released on July 10, 2024 Proceedings of the Royal Society BArchaeologists from Washington University in St. Louis and the University of Pittsburgh and their colleagues report the largest and most extensively dated archaeological record ever found in the East African interior.

Kakapel Rockshelter, located at the foot of Mount Elgon near the Kenya-Uganda border, is where Dr. Muller and his collaborators discovered the oldest evidence of plant cultivation in East Africa. Image by Steven Goldstein.

Until now, scientists have had little success collecting ancient plant remains from East Africa, and as a result, little is known about where and how early plant cultivation began in the vast and diverse region that comprises Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.

“There are a lot of stories about how agriculture began in East Africa, but not much direct evidence of the plants themselves,” said archaeologist Dr Natalie Muller of Washington University in St Louis.

The work was carried out at Kakapel Rockshelter in the Lake Victoria region of Kenya.

“We found a huge array of plant life, including large amounts of crop remains,” Dr Muller said. “The past shows a rich history of diverse and flexible agricultural systems in the region, in contrast to modern stereotypes about Africa.”

New research reveals a pattern of gradual adoption of different crops originating from different parts of Africa.

In particular, cowpea remains discovered at Kakapel Rockshelter and directly dated to 2,300 years ago provide the oldest record of a cultivated crop, and possibly an agricultural lifestyle, in East Africa.

The study authors estimate that cowpea is native to West Africa and arrived in the Lake Victoria basin at the same time as the spread of Bantu-speaking peoples migrating from Central Africa.

“The discoveries at Kakapelle reveal the earliest evidence of crop cultivation in East Africa and reflect dynamic interactions between local nomadic pastoralists and migrant Bantu-speaking farmers,” said Emmanuel Ndiema of the National Museums of Kenya, a partner in the project.

“This study demonstrates the National Museums of Kenya's commitment to uncovering the deep historical roots of Kenya's agricultural heritage and to improving our understanding of how past human adaptations impact future food security and environmental sustainability.”

An ever-changing landscape

Located at the foot of Mount Elgon north of Lake Victoria near the Kenya-Uganda border, Kakapelu is a renowned rock art site containing archaeological remains reflecting more than 9,000 years of human occupation in the area. The site has been recognised as a Kenyan national monument since 2004.

“Kakapel Rockshelter is one of the few sites in the region that shows occupation by so many diverse communities over such a long period of time,” said Dr. Steven T. Goldstein, an anthropological archaeologist at the University of Pittsburgh and the other lead author of the study.

“Using innovative excavation techniques, we were able to uniquely detect the arrival of domesticated plants and animals in Kenya and study the impacts of these introductions on the local environment, human technologies and socio-cultural systems.”

Dr Muller used flotation to separate remains of wild and cultivated plant species from ash and other debris in the furnaces excavated at Kakapelle. He has used this technique in research in many other parts of the world, but it can be difficult to use in water-scarce areas and so is not widely used in East Africa.

Using direct radiocarbon dating of charred seeds, scientists documented that cowpea (also known as black-eyed pea, today an important legume worldwide) arrived about 2,300 years ago, about the same time that people in the region began using domesticated cattle.

They found evidence that sorghum arrived from the Northeast at least 1,000 years ago.

They also found hundreds of finger millet seeds dating back at least 1,000 years.

The crop is native to East Africa and is an important traditional crop for the communities currently living near Kakapelle.

One of the unusual crops that Dr. Muller found was a burnt but completely intact pea plant (Pisum), which is not thought to have been part of early agriculture in this region.

“To our knowledge, this is the only evidence for peas in Iron Age East Africa,” Dr Muller said.

This particular pea has been featured in the newspaper and presents a little mystery in itself.

“The standard pea that we eat in North America was domesticated in the Near East,” Dr Muller said.

“It is thought that it was cultivated in Egypt and then travelled down the Nile via Sudan to reach East Africa – which is probably how sorghum got to East Africa. But there is another type of pea called the Abyssinian pea that was cultivated uniquely in Ethiopia, and our sample could be either.”

Many of the plant remains that Dr. Muller and his team found at Kakapelle could not be positively identified because even modern scientists currently working in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda do not have access to a proper reference collection of East African plant samples.

“Our study shows that agriculture in Africa has been constantly changing as people migrate, introduce new crops and abandon others at the local level,” Dr Muller said.

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Muller others2024. Proceedings of the Royal Society Bin press; doi: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2747

This article is a version of a press release provided by Washington University in St. Louis.

Source: www.sci.news

Nigerian Influencer Uses Satire to Highlight Lack of Promotion of Africa in the West

Posted on June 4, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

circleWhen Charity Ekezie first joined TikTok in 2020 and started posting videos from her home in Abuja, Nigeria, she had recently left her job at a radio station. She saw TikTok as a way to stay active and maintain her journalism skills.

Within a few months, she realized from the comments on her posts that some people had no knowledge about Africa. Commenters from the UK, US, and European nations asked her questions like if Africa had mobile phones or access to water.

“Wait a minute, are you serious?” Ekezie thought at the time. “This is not the Africa I live in. We have telephones and bottled water. I decided to start responding.”

Armed with humor and sarcasm, Ekezie’s witty replies to questions such as “Do they have planes in Africa?” or “Do they have shoes in Africa?” have garnered her over 4.5 million followers globally. Find her on
Tick tock,
Instagram,
Youtube and
Facebook. Some of her posts have amassed tens of millions of views.

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in
1 TikTok post
Answering a question about why Africans can buy mobile phones but not water, she holds a bottle of water in her hands, with more bottles stacked behind her, and explains that every month people gather for a spitting festival. “All the men do a spiritual chant led by the community magician, and all the women and girls take a turn spitting into the drum. After two days, we go for a purification ritual, so we can take the saliva and drink it,” she jokes.

People laughed at the video, which prompted Ekezie to make more videos and get more questions. Some of them were just trolling, but many were serious.

1 post was featured
She and her two cousins dancing by the lake
In response to a comment about there being no water in Africa.

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The video has been viewed more than 22 million times so far, but it has also attracted thousands of racist comments. Ekezie said, “The water was brown during that time. I started getting comments like, ‘Oh my god, the water you’re drinking is dirty,’ and people were saying the water is washing me away, that’s why it’s brown and why I’m so black.”

People left monkey emojis. Ekezie said she didn’t always notice the racism. “I didn’t understand it,” she said. “I was aware of the concept of racism, but I’d never been treated in a racist way. It really hurt.”

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But she also received a lot of positive feedback from many Africans, some of whom joined in on the joke in the comments section. People from all over Africa responded to the post, which made light of the fact that many people don’t understand that Africa is a continent, not just one country, with flag emojis. “No matter where you’re from, they were united and they got the joke,” Ekezie says. “Some people said, ‘You will singlehandedly unite Africa.’ That was so cool.”

From this experience, Ekezie, who spent part of her childhood in Cameroon, learned that “Africa is not promoted at all in the West and people don’t know anything about us. I thought people read books but apparently that’s not the case. It’s heartbreaking because we are exposed to Western media, music, and culture every day.”

She’s grateful to be able to share her perspective on social media, and her YouTube following has grown so much over the past year that she’s been able to make a living from her posts. “I make videos because people want to see Africa through my lens, so they can see that it’s not this dreary jungle,” she says.

“I’m not saying African countries are perfect,” she adds. “And what country is perfect? But we need to do our best. People need to know that we have our own problems, but we’re also great countries. We have great cultures, great food, great people.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

Large portions of Western and Central Africa experience internet outage due to undersea cable malfunction

Posted on March 15, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Numerous countries in western and central Africa are currently experiencing a lack of internet service due to reported outages in several submarine cables.

The cause of the cable outage on Thursday remains unknown.

Seacom, an African submarine cable operator, has confirmed the downtime on their West African cable system, leading to rerouting of affected customers who used their cables, which are part of the Google Equiano cable.

According to NetBlocks, disruptions due to cable damage have been a recurring issue in Africa, but the current situation is considered one of the most severe instances.

Data transmissions have shown significant disruptions at the international shipping points of the submarine network, impacting at least a dozen countries, with a major threat to critical services in countries like Ivory Coast.

Africa, known for a high proportion of internet traffic on mobile devices, relies heavily on internet connectivity for various business operations.

Several countries, including Liberia, Benin, Ghana, and Burkina Faso, were heavily affected by the outage, as reported by NetBlocks.

Cloudflare also highlighted ongoing internet disruptions in countries like Gambia, Guinea, Namibia, Lesotho, and others, pointing out a disruptive pattern from north to south in Africa.

South African carrier Vodacom attributed connectivity issues to an undersea cable failure affecting network providers in South Africa.

Mehta emphasized that the impact of such cable failures could escalate as networks try to prevent damage, resulting in reduced capacity for other countries.

“While the initial disruption may be physical, further technical issues could arise,” she added.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Possible Discovery of Dinosaur Bones in Africa Dates Back 1,000 Years

Posted on January 10, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

The credit for discovering the first dinosaur bones is usually given to an English gentleman who discovered them in England between the 17th and 19th centuries. British natural historian Robert Plott first described dinosaur bones in his 1676 book. Oxfordshire natural history. Paleontologists from the University of the Witwatersrand and Nelson Mandela University have presented evidence that the first dinosaur bones may have been discovered in Africa as much as 500 years before Plott's discovery.

tyrannosaurus rex. Image credit: Amanda Kelly.

Humans were born in Africa. homo sapiens It has existed for at least 300,000 years.

And this continent is home to a wide variety of rock outcrops, including the Kem Kem Formation in Morocco, the Fayum Depression in Egypt, the Rift Valley in eastern Africa, and the Karoo in southern Africa, which contain fossils that were always accessible to our ancestors. I am.

So it's not just that Africans were likely the first to discover fossils. It was inevitable.

In many cases, the first dinosaur fossils claimed to have been discovered by scientists were actually brought to our attention by local guides.

An example is the discovery of giant dinosaurs. jobaria By the Tuareg people of Niger Giraffatitan By the Mwera people of Tanzania.

our paperPublished in Geological Society, London, Special Publicationreviews what is known about African indigenous fossil knowledge.

We enumerate fossils that may have been known since ancient times at various sites in Africa and discuss how they were used and interpreted by African communities before the science of paleontology was born. .

Massospondylus carinatus. Image credit: Nobu Tamura, http://spinops.blogspot.com / Patty Jansen / Sci.News.

Borara Rock Shelter in Lesotho

One of the highlights of our paper is the ruins of Borara, a Late Stone Age rock shelter in Lesotho.

Various dating techniques indicate that the site was inhabited by the Khesan and Basotho peoples from the 12th to 18th centuries (1100-1700 AD).

The shelter itself is surrounded by hills formed by compacted sediments deposited under harsh deserts like the Sahara some 180 to 200 million years ago, when the first dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Masu.

This region of Lesotho is particularly well known for its deliveries. Massospondylus carinatusa dinosaur with a body length of 4 to 6 meters, a small head and a long neck.

Fossilized bones of this kind are abundant in this area and were already the case when this place was occupied by people in the Middle Ages.

In 1990, archaeologists working in Bolarla discovered a human finger bone. Massospondylus He was being carried into a cave.

There are no fossilized skeletons protruding from the cave walls. So the only possibility that this phalanx ended up there is that someone picked it up in the distant past and carried it to a cave.

Perhaps this person did it out of simple curiosity, or to turn it into a pendant or toy, or to use it in a traditional healing ritual.

After heavy rains, it is not uncommon for people in the area to discover bones of extinct species that have been washed away from the host rock.

They usually recognize them as belonging to dragon-like monsters that swallow humans and even entire houses.

In Lesotho, the Basotho people call the monster “Holmormo,'' and in the Eastern Cape, which borders South Africa, the Xhosa people call it “Amagongonko.''

The exact date on which the phalanx was collected and transported has unfortunately been lost to time.

Given current knowledge, the period of occupation of the shelter could be between the 12th and 18th centuries.

This leaves open the possibility that the dinosaur bones were collected up to 500 years before Plott's discovery.

Early knowledge about extinct organisms

Most people have known about fossils long before the age of science, as far back as society's collective memory can go.

For example, in Algeria, people referred to some dinosaur footprints as belonging to the legendary “rock bird”.

In North America, cave paintings depicting dinosaur footprints were painted by the Anasazi people between 1000 and 1200 AD.

Indigenous Australians have identified dinosaur footprints as those of the legendary 'Emuman'.

In the south, the infamous conquistador Hernán Cortés was gifted a fossil mastodon femur by the Aztecs in 1519.

In Asia, Hindus have worshiped ammonites (coiled fossil shells), which they call “shaligrams,” for more than 2,000 years.

Claim credit

The fact that African people have known about fossils since ancient times is clear from folklore and the archaeological record, but there is still much to learn about them.

For example, unlike peoples in Europe, the Americas, and Asia, indigenous African paleontologists appear to have little use of fossils in traditional medicine.

We do not yet know whether this is a truly unique cultural feature common to most African cultures, or whether it is due to our admittedly still incomplete knowledge.

Also, some fairly prominent fossil sites, such as Morocco's Kem Kem Formation and South Africa's UNESCO World Heritage Cradle of Man caves, do not yet provide solid evidence of indigenous knowledge.

This is unfortunate, as fossil-related traditions can help bridge the gap between local communities and paleontologists, thereby contributing to the preservation of important heritage sites.

By investigating the paleontology of Africa's indigenous peoples, our team brings together the pieces of a forgotten past and serves local communities.

We hope this will inspire a new generation of local paleoscientists to follow in the footsteps of Africa's first fossil hunters.

_____

julian benoit other. 2024. Paleontological knowledge of African indigenous peoples. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 543; doi: 10.1144/SP543-2022-236

author: julian benoita paleontologist at the University of the Witwatersrand.

cameron penn clarka paleontologist at the University of the Witwatersrand.

charles helma paleontologist at Nelson Mandela University.

This article was first published conversation.

Source: www.sci.news

The Remarkable Decline of Predatory Birds in Africa Puts them at Risk of Extinction

Posted on January 4, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Bateleur decreased by 87% in 3 generations

Andre Botha

Dozens of African raptor species are in sharp decline, and many are now considered at risk of extinction, according to an analysis of data from across Africa.

Populations of nearly all 42 species studied have declined due to the spread of agriculture, pesticide use, poisoning by poachers, and infrastructure such as power lines that are deadly to the birds.

These include the secretary bird (sagittarius the serpent), decreased by 85 percent over three generations. Marshall Eagles (Polemaetus bellicosus), reduced by 90% on the same basis.Teratopius Exaudatus), decreased by 87 percent.

Secretary birds decline by 85% in 3 generations

Darcy Ogada

A study has found that some birds that were previously thought not to be in danger of extinction are now on the verge of extinction. For example, the African goshawk (Aquila Spirogaster) is now listed as 'least concern' by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and is estimated to have declined by 91 percent.

Some have called for the list of such species to be moved higher in the conservation rankings to reflect this change. “We definitely expect this paper to put pressure on the rest of the papers to pull it up.” [of the surveyed species now facing threats]sooner or later,” say the study authors. Darcy Ogada from the Peregrine Fund, a US-based organization.

Data was collected from more than 53,000 sightings of 42 species on approximately 100,000 kilometers of surveyed roads in Burkina Faso, Niger, Mali, Cameroon, Botswana and Kenya between 1969 and 2020.

Additional data came from the latest South African Bird Atlas project, a citizen science-led survey.

The researchers found that population declines for 42 species were more than twice as severe in unprotected areas than in protected areas, and that well-managed national parks and reserves have long-term implications for bird species. shown to be important to aid survival.

Further research is needed to understand the fate of these birds. “There is an urgent need to increase research that estimates raptor population trends based on loss of habitat for endangered species, such as forests, wetlands, and grasslands, or modeling loss and mismanagement of protected areas.” Mr. Ogata says.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Climate’s Effect on Migration Patterns in Africa

Posted on December 26, 2023 by Igor Mitreski

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Homo Erectus

This skull belonged to Homo erectus, the first human species to leave Africa about 2.1 million years ago. When Homo erectus migrated from Africa, the climate in the northeast of the continent was wetter and more lush than it is today, according to a new study. Climate cycles combined to form green corridors, which our early ancestors likely took advantage of during migration. Credit: Mizmareck / FlickrThe green corridor that runs through the Sahara desert emerged just as our ancestors migrated from Africa. This is shown by the following new research. Aarhus University.About 6 million years ago, something amazing happened in the deep forests of eastern Africa. Chimpanzees, our closest relatives in the animal kingdom, evolved in one direction, while our first ancestors continued to evolve in another direction.Over the next millions of years, the differences between early humans and chimpanzees grew larger and larger. Our ancestors climbed down from trees and began walking upright on two legs, freeing their hands to use tools.This was the beginning of a development that would end with humanity conquering most of the Earth.About 2.1 million years ago, the first humans, Homo erectus, migrated from Africa. The journey took them through northeastern Africa and the Middle East (areas today mostly covered in desert), and on to Europe and Asia.Black dots in the Mediterranean indicate where sediment cores were collected. This area is supplied with terrestrial material from northeastern Africa, but the landscape and vegetation changed under the influence of the African Wet Period.Credit: Nature Communications Earth and EnvironmentFor years, researchers have speculated about how Homo erectus was able to traverse the arid, unforgiving desert with no food, water or shade.New research from Aarhus University suggests Homo erectus may not have been walking through deserts when it left Africa, says Rachel Lupien, one of the researchers who contributed to the new results. explain.“We know that there are repeated periods of changing climate in the Sahara Desert. We call this phenomenon the “Green Sahara” or the “African Wet Period.” During the green season, the desert shrinks significantly, transforming into a landscape resembling the East African savanna we know today,” she says, adding:”Our results show that the Sahara was greener at the very time Homo erectus first migrated than at any time in the 4.5 million years we studied. most likely could have walked through the green corridor outside.”the race that conquered the worldThe first humans were seed Homo erectus appeared in eastern Africa more than 2 million years ago.Homo erectus was the first hominin to learn how to carve an ax out of stone. These axes were probably used as weapons for killing prey and cutting meat from bones. They were probably also the first to learn how to control fire.Homo erectus was slightly shorter than modern humans, but more muscular. They had wider hips and elongated skulls. Additionally, their brains were significantly smaller, about half the size of ours.For more than 1.5 million years, Homo erectus lived and spread throughout most of the planet. From Africa, through Europe and Asia, across the Strait of Malacca to some islands in Indonesia. This made Homo erectus the longest-lived human species. We, Homo sapiens, evolved about 300,000 years ago.sauce: natural history museumThe ocean floor reveals past climateThe Sahara Desert as we know it today is in one of its dry seasons. The duration of these periods varies, but approximately every 20,000 years, the continent goes through both wet and dry cycles. These rainy seasons are what Rachel Lupyan has called “Africa’s wet seasons.””How wet it gets during the wet green period varies. In fact, there are two other cycles involved, one lasting 100,000 years and one lasting 400,000 years. So , over a period of 100,000 years, the wet period will vary, becoming wetter or drier than usual. The same is true for 400,000-year intervals,” says Rachel Lupyan.But how do we actually know what Africa’s climate was like hundreds of thousands of years ago?The ocean floor tells us, and for this very reason, we actually already know a lot about past climates, she explains.”Using core samples from the Mediterranean Sea, we can learn what the climate was like millions of years ago. Layers of sediment have formed on the ocean floor, and these layers contain Small molecules can tell us a great deal about what the climate was like in the past.”Substances that make leaves shineOver time, material ejected from North Africa forms a new layer on the ocean floor that slowly descends across the ocean. Therefore, the buried ocean floor acts as a kind of logbook that can tell us what the climate was like in the past.The layer has a set of biomarkers that store information about past climate. One of these markers is a set of molecules that plants use to protect their leaves. They are also called leaf wax, explains Rachel Lupyan.”Waxes coat trees, bushes, and blades of grass, making them shine. When a plant dies, most parts of the plant decompose rapidly, but wax molecules can survive for long periods of time. That is why such molecules are often found in sediments that are millions of years old.”The chemical composition of wax molecules can tell us what the climate was like when that layer formed. For example, the hydrogen molecules in the wax can give some information about how much precipitation there was.“Water contains hydrogen, so hydrogen can be used to circulate water. Water on Earth contains both regular hydrogen and deuterium (deuterium). “When it rains a lot, plants can absorb relatively less deuterium, but when it’s dry they absorb more,” she says.Carbon holds important knowledgeRachel Lupyan and her colleagues could tell by the amount of deuterium in the wax of leaves during wet and dry times. But hydrogen doesn’t tell us anything about which plants grew in humid climates.But it is present in the carbon atoms found in leaf wax, she explains.“There are two main types of plants. We also refer to them as C3 and C4 plants,” she says.”About 90 percent of all plants are C3 plants. They live in most areas of the earth, except in extremely dry or very hot regions. C4 plants, on the other hand, They specialize in surviving in areas with high temperatures.”C3 and C4 plants produce leaf wax containing different amounts of heavy carbon, allowing researchers to distinguish between them in samples. In this way, you can “read” which types of plants were most dominant at the time.”At the time Homo erectus migrated out of Africa, more C3 was detected in samples than during any other humid period in the past 4.5 million years. It shows a change to grassland or savannah,” she says.3 types of photosynthesisBroadly speaking, there are three different methods in the plant kingdom. photosynthesis. There is a C3 plant, a C4 plant, and his third variant called the CAM plant.90% of all plants are C3 plants, 6% are CAM plants, and only 3-4% are C4 plants. However, this is not the case in Africa. In Africa, vast grasslands have a much higher proportion of C4 plants.Differences among plants are due to different coping strategies when moisture in the air or soil is limited.When it gets too dry, C3 plants close the small stomata in their leaves and absorb CO2. When the hole closes, the plant can no longer photosynthesize and begins burning stored carbon, expelling water and carbon dioxide. If this continues for too long, the plant will die.On the other hand, C4 plants can photosynthesize even in dry conditions. Even though the stomata are closed, they continue to convert CO2 into energy. They can do this with the help of a molecule with four carbon atoms, which gives the plant species its name. CAM plants use his third method and can cope even with drier regions.Wheat, oats, rice, and sunflowers are examples of C3 plants. His known C4 plants are corn, sugar cane, and amaranth, while succulents, cacti, and pineapple are his CAM plants.sauce: khan academy, biology dictionary and rex.dkGreenest 2.1 million years agoGreen periods in Africa, similar to ice ages in northern latitudes, are caused by small fluctuations in the Earth’s orbit around the sun. Geologists call these fluctuations Milankovitch cycles.And two of these changes in particular will play an important role as the Sahara desert receives more rainfall, explains Rachel Lupyan.”The Earth wobbles a bit in its orbit around the sun.…

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Source: scitechdaily.com

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Tag Archives: africa

Ancient 60,000-Year-Old Poisoned Arrow Unearthed in South Africa

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The Remarkable Decline of Predatory Birds in Africa Puts them at Risk of Extinction

Climate’s Effect on Migration Patterns in Africa