Unlocking the Mystery of the ‘Third Eye’: Scientists Discover Its Purpose Hidden in Our Skull

Posted on May 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

When observing a tuatara, a unique lizard-like creature native to New Zealand, you might be intrigued to discover a fascinating feature: a functioning third eye on the top of its head.

Like its prominent lateral eyes, the parietal eye contains a lens, retina, and neural connections to the brain. This sophisticated eye structure in vertebrates, closely related to us on the evolutionary tree, is surprising—but humans possess a similar feature.

The pineal gland, located deep within our brains, plays a crucial role in how we respond to light and darkness, even though it is shielded from direct sunlight.

A groundbreaking new hypothesis published in Current Biology explores the origins of this gland, suggesting that our third eye traces back to some of our earliest ancestors, potentially unlocking one of the deepest mysteries in the evolution of vision.

Vertebrate Eye Problems

Many animals, from flies to octopuses, follow a consistent evolutionary plan for eye structure. Their lateral eyes use an ancient family of striated photoreceptors, while a second group known as ciliary photoreceptors usually performs non-visual tasks in the brain, such as tracking light levels.

For vertebrates—which include fish, reptiles, birds, and humans—this model is more complex. Our eyes incorporate ciliary photoreceptors at the input end and neurons of striated origin at the output, a rare configuration in the animal kingdom.

Juvenile tuatara are born with a visible third eye, which becomes covered with scales in adulthood – Photo credit: Getty

Research shows that this complex eye structure demands an explanation: “What was the original solution to vision, and how have species adapted it?” questions Professor Thomas Baden, a neuroscientist at the University of Sussex and co-author of the study.

Ancestor of the Cyclops

To investigate these questions, Baden and his team examined the evolutionary history stretching back 575 million years. Our ancestors during this time were likely simple, maggot-like creatures with dual lateral eyes for navigation and a central eye for light tracking.

As these early vertebrates buried themselves in sediment, their navigation needs evolved. The lateral eyes—now energetically costly—became obsolete, leaving behind a central sensor for determining orientation, day and night.

Approximately 560 million years ago, our ancestors began burrowing, leading to the loss of lateral eyes – Photo credit: Thomas Baden

Baden notes that even after losing the side eyes, the central sensor remained vital. “You still need to track time and know your orientation,” he states.

One Eye Becomes Three

Eventually, some ancestors resurfaced, transitioning back into an aquatic environment where navigation re-emerged as a necessity. This led to a slow evolution of the central eye into a complex structure with a cup-shaped extension sensitive to incoming light direction.

As the eye evolved, it migrated to the side of the head, allowing for directional vision and improved navigation. Remarkably, the original central eye did not vanish; it persists as the pineal gland, found in virtually all vertebrates—from lions to lizards.

In tuataras and certain reptiles, this gland functions similarly to a complete eye, while in fish it remains a basic light sensor. In mammals, we’ve lost this direct light-detecting capability; instead, we interpret light via signals relayed from our eyes.

Some reptiles, such as the silkback bearded dragon shown here, have a pineal gland located on their head – Credit: Getty

Eyes in Front of Me

This evolutionary narrative has unexpected implications. For the retina—the sheet of light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye—a primitive version likely existed first in the median eye, influencing the development of our own eyes.

However, Baden adds, referring to the median eye as a “real eye” might be misleading. “What you see on your head is more accurately a collection of sensors, like a patch of photoreceptors,” he clarifies.

New research published in Nature suggests our ancestors may have initially possessed four eyes, all equipped with lenses and retinas. The complexity of reconstructing 500 million years of evolutionary history is no small feat, yet Baden is optimistic about uncovering more answers.

“With adequate funding and time, I believe we can test the core aspects of our proposal and possibly arrive at a definitive answer,” he affirms.

Ultimately, one fact remains clear: at the top of our skull, buried and shielded from light, lies a network of cells that once gazed toward the sky—a testament to our fascinating evolutionary journey.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Massive Tyrannosaurus Rex Fossil Unearthed in New Mexico: Discover the Latest Prehistoric Find

Posted on May 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A massive tyrannosaurid dinosaur likely roamed the floodplains of present-day New Mexico around 74 million years ago, as revealed by a team of paleontologists from Bath University, Montana State University, and the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science.

Bistahieversor sealeyi hunting Pentaceratops sternbergi. Image credit: A. Belov / CC BY 3.0.

“Tyrannosaurids were among the largest and latest predatory dinosaurs,” stated lead author Dr. Nicholas Longrich from the University of Bath and his collaborators in their research paper.

“Following the extinction of carcharodontosaurs during the mid-Cretaceous, tyrannosaurs diversified and evolved into larger forms, dominating as the primary predators of the late Cretaceous in North America and Asia.”

“By the Late Campanian era, multiple groups of tyrannosaurids, such as Albertosauridae, Daspletosaurini, and Teratophonii, achieved impressive weights of 2 to 3 tons.”

“Their evolutionary journey culminated with the emergence of titanic forms, like tyrannosaurus, the largest known predatory dinosaur ever to exist.”

In this study, paleontologists analyzed an exceptionally large tibia (shin bone) from a Tyrannosaurus specimen sourced from the Hunter Wash Formation in New Mexico’s Kirtland Formation.

The tibia measures 96 cm in length and 12.8 cm in diameter, representing about 84% and 78% of the dimensions of the largest confirmed tyrannosaurus specimens.

Based on comparisons with known tyrannosaurus species, researchers estimated that this prehistoric predator weighed around 4 to 5 tons.

“This discovery marks the oldest giant tyrannosaurus found in North America, potentially identifying it as the earliest known species of Tyrannosaurini,” they noted in their publication.

The tibia exhibits features akin to later tyrannosaurids, specifically tyrannosaurus rex.

Researchers considered three scenarios: the fossil belongs to an unusually large known tyrannosaurus from New Mexico, Bistahieversor sealeyi; it might represent a new lineage of colossal tyrannosaurs; or it could be an early member of the tyrannosaurus rex lineage and its Asian relatives.

After thorough comparisons with other tyrannosaurids and conducting a phylogenetic analysis, the authors determined that the third hypothesis is the most plausible.

“Regardless of which hypothesis is accepted, the unusual size of the Hunter Wash tyrannosaurus is significant as it signifies the presence of a previously unknown large tyrannosaurid in the late Campanian, suggesting their earlier than anticipated evolutionary emergence,” the researchers added.

Paleontologists have long debated the geographic origins of giant tyrannosaurs.

Some theorize that this lineage started in Asia before migrating to North America, while others argue that the massive tyrannosaurus rex originated in the southern part of western North America known as Laramidia.

The newly discovered fossils bolster the theory of a southern Laramidian origin.

“The Hunter Wash tyrannosaurs underscore the remarkable diversity of Laramidian dinosaurs, with smaller albertosaurines and daspletosaurids inhabiting the northern regions, while gigantic tyrannosaurids thrived in the south,” the paleontologists concluded.

The team’s findings were published in a research paper in March 2026 in the journal Scientific Reports.

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NR Longrich et al. 2026. A large tyrannosaurid from the late Cretaceous (Campanian) of North America. Scientific Reports 16, 8371; doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-38600-w

Source: www.sci.news

Study Reveals Average Person Farts 32 Times Daily: Discover the Innovative Underwear Designed to Prove It!

Posted on May 15, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Personal question: Do you consider yourself a frequent farter? On average, how many times a day do you pass gas? 5 times? 20? More?

There’s no boring answer here. Recent scientific studies reveal that human flatulence is surprisingly under-explored in medical literature.

While some claim the average person experiences 5 to 15 flatulence episodes daily, this estimate is based on limited 1980s research, according to Professor Brantley Hall, a microbiome expert from the University of Maryland.

“Invasive studies involving rectal tubes have hindered our understanding,” he asserts, adding, “Our knowledge hasn’t progressed significantly since.”

But there’s good news! Hall’s team is developing a groundbreaking Human Fart Atlas to chart normal flatulence ranges across the population. A key element of this initiative is innovative smart underwear that detects human gas emissions.

A coin-sized sensor clips discreetly onto standard briefs, continuously monitoring gas releases and sending data to an app, providing valuable insights for both users and researchers.

In a study published in December 2025 in Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X, participants wore these smart pants for at least 11 hours over three days. Findings suggest that people fart far more than previously believed.

The average healthy adult expels gas about 32 times a day, but the range is diverse.

The study revealed individual differences, with participants reporting anywhere from 4 to 59 farts daily. Unpublished data indicates even higher numbers in some cases.

“Some individuals farted up to 175 times a day,” Hall noted, contrasting it with others on similar diets who only farted four times.

The human gut microbiome contains approximately **38 trillion bacterial cells** – Photo credit: Getty

Breakthrough in Gas Detection

These fascinating insights stem from a technology the research team has refined over five years.

Hall humorously describes its inception: “As a microbiologist, one day I was studying microbial metabolism in an anaerobic chamber when everything went wrong. Someone farted, and we got a groundbreaking signal.”

This incident led to placing sensors in a place no wearable has ventured before—inside your pants. The sensors detect hydrogen, a gas produced by intestinal bacteria during food metabolism.

While future versions aim to capture a broader gas spectrum, current technology mainly detects the “hydrogen bomb.”

This data allows researchers to begin monitoring flatulence frequency and proceeds to shape a comprehensive Human Flatus Atlas. Hall mentioned the oversubscription for study participation demonstrates how comfortable the device is to wear.

“The most unexpected revelation was that there was room for the sensor in that area,” he explains. “You won’t even feel it. We’ve tested various shapes and materials; ultimately, we found that a round shape works best.”

Holding up what he coined a “butt mannequin,” he elaborates on sensor placement next to the perineum. “When seated, you’re typically not in contact with it,” he adds.

“Plus, women often wear menstrual pads without issue; our device is much smaller.”

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Gastrointestinal Insights

Wearing Hall’s smart underwear provides critical insights into our daily bodily functions. For skeptics, it offers essential information about your gastrointestinal health.

Generally, farting is a normal part of digestion. In fact, individuals consuming a fiber-rich diet often pass more gas, as beans and vegetables ferment in the intestines, producing excess gas.

Bloating can indicate good gut health but might also signify irritable bowel syndrome or a food intolerance.

Changes in frequency or habits can hint at shifts in your microbiome, influenced by stress or dietary changes. Excessive or foul-smelling gas might indicate lactose or gluten intolerance.

Consult a healthcare provider if you experience persistent digestive symptoms, such as diarrhea, pain, or bloating.

The variation in flatulence stems from multiple factors, including genetics, diet, and microbiome diversity. For instance, lactose intolerance is often hereditary.

“Those who are lactose intolerant must adjust their diets accordingly, as consuming milk can lead to increased gas production,” Hall explains.

The average person produces enough gas in a day to inflate a small balloon – Photo credit: Getty

Hall envisions that smart pants technology could revolutionize personal health tracking, providing clinicians with valuable data for better patient care.

“While we lack medical approval for this technology currently, future adaptations could empower gastroenterologists with this data, making it easier to distinguish normal from abnormal,” he explains.

His dream is to create a “fart score” akin to cholesterol levels, enabling individuals to monitor their health effectively.

Next steps involve adding methane detection, known to correlate with constipation, while exploring how farting habits across the globe compare with those in the United States.

Don’t you just love the smell of progress in the morning?

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Scientists Discover Vocal Fry is More Prevalent in Men

Posted on May 14, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Vocal Fry: Challenging Stereotypes about Women’s Speech

Cavan Image/Alamy

Vocal Fry and Squeaky Voices — Vocal Fry: Challenging Stereotypes about Women’s Speech

Cavan Image/Alamy

Have you tuned into a podcast or scrolled through TikTok? If so, you’ve likely encountered vocal fry—a unique sound produced when speaking in a deep vocal range. Although commonly linked with young women, recent research reveals a lack of substantial evidence supporting this stereotype.

Vocal fry happens when vocal cords are relaxed, leading to a distinct sound as airflow decreases towards the end of a statement. However, in popular culture, this phenomenon is often viewed negatively, particularly concerning young women. A recent study by Jeanne Brown and her team at McGill University, Montreal, is encouraging a reconsideration of these biases.

The researchers analyzed voice recordings from 49 Canadians obtained online, focusing on specific acoustic markers characteristic of youthful voices, such as tonal irregularities. Surprisingly, these vocal traits were found to be more common in men. Additionally, the study indicated that vocal squeakiness tends to increase with age, demonstrating that being young or female does not define the squeakiest voices.

Professor Brown stated that previous studies also align with their findings on vocal squeaks as acoustic features, but the reason behind their association with women remains unclear. “Perhaps the way we process the acoustic signals influences our perception of women’s voices,” she noted.

To explore this further, 40 participants listened to audio samples featuring manipulated voices that varied in squeakiness and gender ambiguity. Participants could identify the squeaky sound but struggled to attribute it exclusively to either gender. Brown’s research was presented at the Acoustical Society of America meeting on May 14th in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

“Both controlled studies did not support the theory that women’s voices are inherently louder,” Brown explained.

Researchers including Lisa Davidson from New York University found that while people generally recognize squeaky voices accurately, biases based on social and cultural factors influence perception. Age also played a role; older individuals often rated squeaky voices less favorably compared to younger listeners. “It’s noteworthy that negative media portrayals rarely mention annoying male voices,” Davidson emphasized.

“Perceptions surrounding vocal fry and squeaky voices extend beyond sound,” remarked Brown. “Judgments may stem from societal interpretations about the individuals behind the voices, including the social groups they are perceived to represent.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover the World’s Weirdest Animal Urine: More Bizarre Than You Imagine!

Posted on May 13, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

What is the Weirdest Peeing Animal? The animal kingdom offers a variety of intriguing answers.

A male Amazon river dolphin can be seen lying on its back as it pees in an arc, allowing its urine to cascade near its head. This behavior is not just about competition; it serves as a rich flow of chemical information that other dolphins can detect while swimming.

Meanwhile, male porcupines mark their territory to signal to potential mates, assisting females in becoming sexually receptive. Likewise, Siberian chipmunks cleverly smear bits of snake urine on their fur, which helps them camouflage from predators.

In the grand scheme of things, despite the fascinating peeing habits across species, there can only be one ultimate champion of unusual urine production. As you might suspect, reptiles hold the title for producing solid urine.

When animals digest food, proteins and nucleic acids degrade, resulting in ammonia as a byproduct. This waste can be toxic and must be eliminated. Aquatic creatures, including most teleost fish, directly excrete ammonia into the water. In contrast, mammals convert ammonia into a less harmful substance called urea, which is then excreted in urine.

However, reptiles, insects, and birds take a different approach: they convert ammonia to uric acid. While uric acid isn’t toxic, its poor solubility in water means that their urine is often solid, semi-solid, or pasty in consistency.

Under a microscope, uric acid appears to consist of small crystals.

A 2025 survey published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society found that researchers collected urine pellets from over 20 reptile species for lab analysis. Each sample contained visible urate globules.

Reptiles don’t urinate liquid; instead, they excrete solid urate (shown left), made up of microspherical uric acid crystals (shown right) – Image credit: Journal of the American Chemical Society 2025, DOI: 10.1021/jacs/5c10139

Ball pythons, Angora pythons, and Madagascan tree boas all produce urate that forms microspheres with tiny irregularities. These microspheres range in diameter from 1 to 10 micrometers, roughly equivalent to the width of spider silk.

X-ray analysis has unveiled that each microsphere consists of even smaller nanoparticles of uric acid and water. These nanoparticles are remarkably tiny, boasting a large surface area relative to their volume, and bear a slight negative charge.

This combination enables the nanoparticles to interact with positively charged salt ions, aiding not only in regulating uric acid levels in these animals but also in maintaining salt balance. This adaptation likely evolved to help reptiles and other species in arid habitats conserve precious water resources.

Interestingly, humans produce small amounts of uric acid as well, which can accumulate. Excess can lead to complications in the urinary tract, such as kidney stones, or in the joints, causing gout.

Investigating how reptiles process uric acid could pave the way for treatments for related human health issues in the future.

So while the urinary habits of baby reptiles may seem odd by human standards, they serve a purpose—and one day, we might all be thankful for these evolutionary developments.

This article addresses the curious question posed by Brendan Wood from Leicester: “What is the weirdest peeing animal?”

For inquiries, feel free to reach out to us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or contact us on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (please include your name and location).

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Discover a New Species of Giant Long-Necked Dinosaur in Argentina

Posted on May 12, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Fossils discovered at a secluded ranch in Argentina reveal a new genus and species of large sauropod dinosaur, identified by an international team of paleontologists from Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich.

Reconstruction of Vicaracosaurus dionydei. Image credit: Felipe Cutro-Lev.

The newly identified sauropod species roamed the southern region of the Gondwana supercontinent during the Late Jurassic period, approximately 157 million years ago.

Named Vicaracosaurus dionydei, this dinosaur measured around 20 meters (65 feet) in length.

“Sauropods are a key lineage of dinosaurs, representing one of the most significant groups of herbivorous vertebrates from the Mesozoic era,” said lead author Alexandra Reuter, a doctoral student at Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, alongside her research team.

“These giant herbivores first emerged in the late Triassic period and thrived until the end of the Cretaceous period.”

“Sauropods displayed considerable taxonomic diversity and included the largest terrestrial animals in history.”

“Neosauropoda eventually branched into two primary clades, Diplodocoideae and Macronariidae, early in their evolutionary journey. This major classification has been widely accepted since the 1990s, though there is ongoing debate regarding the classification of many Jurassic taxa into these subclades or Neosauropoda as a whole.”

Fossil remains identified as Vicaracosaurus dionydei, including vertebrae, ribs, and parts of a hip joint, were first reported to paleontologists in March 2001 by local farmer Dionid Mesa.

This fossil site belongs to the Canadon Carcareo Formation, located in central to northern Chubut province, Argentina.

Historically, researchers have relied heavily on fossils from North America, Europe, and other Northern Hemisphere regions to piece together the evolution of neosauropods.

Both the Canadon Carcareo Formation and the Tendaguru Formation in Tanzania stand out as rare Gondwanan deposits preserving skeletons of multiple sauropods.

“For years, the only significant archaeological site in the southern continent was in Tanzania,” stated lead author Professor Oliver Rauchat, a paleontologist at the Bavarian Institute of Paleontology and Geology, as well as Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich.

“The fossils from the Chubut province, including Vicaracosaurus dionydei, provide critical comparative material that enhances our understanding of these creatures’ evolutionary history, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere.”

Fossil evidence indicates that Vicaracosaurus dionydei is part of a giant herbivore group known as Macronaria, which later gave rise to iconic giants like Brachiosaurus.

Yet, this new dinosaur’s anatomy also shows remarkable similarities to diplodocids, another sauropod lineage that includes famous species like Diplodocus.

To ascertain its position within the dinosaur family tree, researchers employed two distinct phylogenetic datasets for analysis.

Most analyses positioned Vicaracosaurus dionydei as sharing traits with Macronaria and Brachiosauridae, including Brachiosaurus and the African giant Giraffatitan.

“Our phylogenetic analysis indicates that Vicaracosaurus dionydei is closely related to brachiosaurids, making it the earliest known brachiosaur to inhabit South America during the Jurassic period,” Reuter concluded.

The research team’s paper was published in the online journal Peer J.

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A. Reuter et al. 2026. Vicaracosaurus dionydei, a new giant herbivorous dinosaur (sauropod) from the Late Jurassic Canadon-Carcareo Formation in Argentina and insights into the early evolution of giant sauropods. Peer J 14: e20945; doi: 10.7717/peerj.20945

Source: www.sci.news

Discover How Simple Dietary Changes Can Lower Blood Pressure Risk by 30%

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent research indicates that beans are not only tasty but also beneficial for heart health, according to a comprehensive study conducted in England and Norway.

Researchers discovered that a higher consumption of legumes—including beans, peas, lentils—and soy foods like tofu, edamame, and miso is linked to a decreased risk of high blood pressure.

High blood pressure, often referred to as hypertension, impacts approximately 1.4 billion adults worldwide. If not treated, it can lead to severe health issues, such as heart attacks, heart failure, and strokes, particularly in individuals aged 30 to 79.

Notably, the research suggests that consuming just 170 grams (6 oz) of beans or about 70 grams (2.5 oz) of soy daily could significantly mitigate the risk of developing hypertension.

“These findings are crucial, as elevated blood pressure is a significant risk factor for various cardiovascular diseases,” stated the lead author, Dr. Dagfin Ohne, a researcher at Imperial College London and an associate professor at the University of Oslo. BBC Science Focus.

“Focusing on plant-based proteins like legumes and soy offers a cost-effective and sustainable approach to lowering hypertension risk and the related diseases,” he added.

The research team analyzed data from 300,000 adults across 12 distinct studies to investigate the correlation between high blood pressure and legume or soy intake.

Among the included studies, five were from the United States, while others came from China, Iran, South Korea, Japan, France, and the United Kingdom, featuring participant sizes ranging from 1,000 to 90,000 individuals.

In this study, participants were categorized based on their legume and soybean consumption, and their risk of high blood pressure was assessed.

The findings revealed that higher intakes of soy and legumes correlated with a reduced risk of hypertension, with optimal consumption levels being 170g of legumes and 60-80g of soy daily. Individuals adhering to these intake levels were about 30% less likely to develop hypertension compared to those with no beans or soy in their diet.

Additionally, those in the high-intake group showed a 16% lower risk of hypertension for legumes and a 19% reduction for soybeans, compared to low-intake participants.

Legumes include beans, chickpeas, peas, and lentils, while soy products encompass tofu, soy milk, edamame, tempeh, and miso – Credit: Getty

“We hope to encourage individuals to include more legumes and soy in their diets,” Ohne expressed.

While the study is based on observational data, the correlation so compellingly suggests a causal relationship. Previous research indicates that legumes and soybeans contain heart-healthy nutrients such as potassium, magnesium, fiber, and isoflavones (antioxidants), which may collectively protect blood vessels.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Discover Coffee’s Mood-Enhancing Benefits Beyond Caffeine

Posted on May 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Coffee’s Influence on Mood and Microbiome

Artem Varnitsyn / Alamy

Coffee and Mood — Coffee’s Influence on Mood and Microbiome

Artem Varnitsyn / Alamy

Both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee have been shown to enhance mood and cognitive performance, potentially through their beneficial effects on the gut microbiome.

Research indicates that coffee significantly impacts digestion, cognition, and mood by interacting with gut bacteria. While much of the existing literature emphasizes caffeine’s role, coffee is also abundant in polyphenols—plant compounds that gut bacteria transform into bioactive molecules associated with anti-inflammatory properties and cognitive enhancement.

To better understand these interactions, John Cryan and his team at University College Cork recruited 62 healthy volunteers. Half were regular coffee consumers, while the others abstained from coffee. Participants underwent a 14-day caffeine withdrawal followed by a 21-day reintroduction period, during which they consumed either caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee.

Researchers collected blood, saliva, urine, and stool samples to analyze physiological reactions to coffee compounds, alongside assessments of mood, cognition, stress, sleep, and behavior.

Results showed that caffeinated coffee drinkers reported lower anxiety levels and enhanced alertness, whereas decaf drinkers exhibited improved memory performance and sleep quality. Both coffee types correlated with decreased stress and depression levels.

Upon removing and reintroducing coffee, participants’ microbiomes underwent rapid changes, with both regular and decaf coffee leading to higher levels of beneficial gut bacteria. “We were taken aback by the system’s dynamic nature,” stated Cryan.

This study indicates that the cognitive benefits of coffee may be driven more by polyphenols than by caffeine, as improvements in cognitive scores were linked to specific polyphenol-derived metabolites found in urine samples.

According to team member Daniel Del Rio from the University of Parma, a critical next step is understanding how different coffee types impact the microbiome. “Not all coffee is created equal; even roasting levels significantly affect its chemical makeup.”

Nicola Segata, a researcher at Italy’s University of Trento, emphasizes the importance of this study but also warns against overstating the findings. “The study’s modest sample size may restrict the generalizability of its results,” he notes.

“This research offers valuable insights into how coffee consumption influences microbiome composition, suggesting that the human gut may adapt quickly to various diets and environments without genetic alteration,” adds Telmo Pievani from the University of Padua.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover the 2023 Young Science Writer Award Winners

Posted on May 6, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Hasset Kifle Receives Award

Mark Lewis/Mark Lewis Photography

New Scientist - Explore the Latest in Science, Technology, Health, and Environment — Hasset Kifle Receives Award

Mark Lewis/Mark Lewis Photography

The world is evolving at an unprecedented pace, with rapid technological advancements transforming various fields. This relentless human pursuit of innovation has increasingly influenced sports, prompting the question: “How far is too far?”

Running serves as a definitive measure of both our physical and mental capabilities, characterized by intense competition—athlete versus athlete, and athlete against the clock. It has also become a competitive ground for top-tier brands.

The term “technological doping” highlights the competitive edge provided by cutting-edge sports gear, reshaping our understanding of athleticism. In just seven years, records for the fastest marathons and half marathons have shifted, with Paula Radcliffe’s 2003 marathon being a notable exception.

What has led to these remarkable achievements? Much of it can be attributed to “super shoes.” Extensive laboratory testing and field studies have demonstrated that these advanced footwear enhance athletic performance. Four key components make them revolutionary:

Midsole Foam: Acts as a shock absorber, reducing ground impact.
Curved Carbon Fiber Plate: Optimizes stride efficiency.
Stack Height: Determines cushioning level between foot and ground.
Breathable Upper: Ensures comfort and temperature regulation.

These features combine to create a lightweight, cushioned, and flexible shoe that enhances energy efficiency. Super shoes can return 87% more energy compared to traditional running shoes, significantly boosting runners’ speed and efficiency. Nike popularized this trend with the release of the Vaporfly in 2016, which was backed by a study asserting a 4% improvement in oxygen efficiency over conventional marathon shoes, based on the top three male finishers at the 2016 Olympics.

However, the introduction of shoes like the Vaporfly has sparked controversy, as many records have fallen to athletes wearing them. In response, the World Athletics Federation has implemented regulations that limit certain shoe features, such as a maximum stack height of 40 millimeters and the use of only one carbon plate.

Critics argue that contemporary athletes might not meet past standards due to the advantages offered by modern technology. A potential proposal is to establish separate records for technology-assisted performances, raising the question: Who are the true competitors—athletes or brands crafting these technologies?

Interestingly, there may also be psychological impacts linked to super shoes. Athletes might develop a reliance on these shoes for performance, overshadowing their own physical training.

Athletes strive for record-breaking performances, while fans eagerly anticipate these milestones in high-stakes events, such as the 100 and 200 meters featuring renowned athletes like Noah Lyles and Sha’Carri Richardson. But does this obsession for speed come at a cost?

At its core, running is the ultimate testament to physical fitness, whether it’s the strength needed for sprints or the endurance required for marathons. It’s a constant battle of mind over body, beginning long before the starting gun sounds. Having competed across various distances and trained alongside super shoe athletes, I recognize the need for the sport to evolve—yet maintaining its integrity is equally crucial. If losing credibility is the price, we face a significant collective decision.

Written for the Young Science Writer Award, an initiative by the Association of British Science Writers (ABSW).

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlock Youthful Skin with Ice Rollers: Discover Their True Benefits

Posted on May 6, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

For centuries, cold substances have been utilized to address various skin issues.

Medical professionals often apply liquid nitrogen to effectively freeze warts. Notably, devices for treating acne with liquid oxygen have existed since the 1920s, although their efficacy remains subject to debate.

Regarding ice rollers, there currently are no clinical trials confirming their benefits.

For those looking to minimize swelling, theoretically, some temporary improvements may occur due to the constriction of small blood vessels near the skin.

Evidence suggests that soaking your face in cold water could stimulate the “rest and digest” (parasympathetic) pathway of the nervous system, although this practice is not widely recommended. Bururu.

This article addresses the question: “Should I start using an ice roller?” (submitted by Rebecca Webb, Newry).

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Discover a Hidden Frozen World with a Unique Atmosphere

Posted on May 5, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Artist’s Impression: Trans-Neptunian Object (612533) 2002 XV93

Credit: National Astronomical Observatory of Japan / Ko Arimatsu

Artistic Impression of 2002 XV93 — Artist’s Impression: Trans-Neptunian Object (612533) 2002 XV93

Credit: National Astronomical Observatory of Japan / Ko Arimatsu

Recent research reveals that a small, icy celestial body located in the Kuiper Belt, comparable to Pluto, possesses an atmosphere.

This object, designated as (612533) 2002 XV93, marks its discovery nearly 25 years ago and has a diameter under 500 kilometers.

It is classified within the Plutino group, sharing a similar stable orbit with Pluto, completing three solar revolutions for every two of Neptune.

On January 10, 2024, (612533) 2002 XV93 caused an occultation, passing in front of a distant star. A team led by Wataru Arimatsu at Kyoto University monitored this event across three locations in Japan.

If there were no atmosphere, the star’s light would have blinked away almost instantaneously as it obscured 2002 XV93.

However, the researchers noticed that the star’s light gradually faded and returned within approximately 1.5 seconds at the shadow’s edge.

“This gradual change suggests that starlight is being refracted by a thin atmosphere enveloping 2002 XV93,” explains Arimatsu.

The team estimates a surface pressure of 100 to 200 nanobars—dramatically thinner than Earth’s atmosphere, approximately 5 to 10 million times less, and about 50 to 100 times thinner than Pluto’s atmosphere.

“I couldn’t breathe, feel the wind, or see anything reminiscent of Earth’s sky,” said Arimatsu. “Nonetheless, this thin atmosphere significantly bends starlight, indicating the presence of volatile gases around small icy bodies.”

While the exact composition of the atmosphere remains undetermined, Arimatsu speculates that methane, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide could be potential constituents, as these gases are highly volatile even under the frigid temperatures of the outer solar system.

Another question arises regarding the gas emissions from the interior of 2002 XV93, potentially suggesting volcanic activity or a result of cosmic collisions.

“This discovery reshapes our understanding of small celestial bodies in the outer solar system,” Arimatsu asserts. “Traditionally, detectable atmospheres were believed to be exclusive to planets, dwarf planets, and a select few large moons. 2002 XV93 stands as one of the smallest known celestial objects with a clearly detectable atmosphere.”

Astonished, Ben Montet from the University of New South Wales in Sydney remarked, “If one stood on this icy surface, they wouldn’t see a sky like ours. This challenges the belief that even the faintest atmosphere cannot exist on small celestial bodies.”

Explore the Mysteries of the Universe: Cheshire, England

Join a weekend adventure with some of science’s leading minds and delve into the enigmas of the universe, featuring a tour of the iconic Lovell Telescope.

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Discover How Prebiotic Chewing Gum Can Combat Periodontal Disease

Posted on May 4, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Clinical Trial Compares Chewing Gum Types for Periodontal Health

PeopleImages/Shutterstock

Chewing Gum Clinical Trial — Clinical Trial Compares Chewing Gum Types for Periodontal Health

PeopleImages/Shutterstock

Patients suffering from periodontal disease can experience immediate relief by chewing gum infused with nitrates, substances known to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria.

Periodontal disease, commonly referred to as mild gingivitis, develops when plaque—a thin film of bacteria—accumulates on the teeth, leading to gum inflammation and bleeding.

Maintaining oral hygiene by brushing twice daily, flossing or using interdental brushes, and rinsing with antibacterial mouthwash are essential for preventing or treating this condition. However, these habits can be challenging to maintain regularly, notes Sean Green at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center in West Carson, California.

If untreated, this milder form of gum disease can escalate to periodontitis, resulting in painful oral abscesses and loss of teeth.

Prior studies indicate that consuming nitrate-rich foods like leafy greens and beets can enhance the growth of beneficial bacteria, mitigating gum inflammation. However, access to or enjoyment of such foods varies widely, adds Green.

To explore a different method of leveraging nitrate benefits, Green and his team enlisted 30 adults diagnosed with mild periodontal disease. Participants were randomly assigned to chew a nitrate-rich gum developed by the researchers or a nitrate-free gum of the same flavor for at least 15 minutes three times daily over three weeks. They were instructed to continue their regular oral care routines and dietary habits during the study period.

Before and after the trial, the researchers evaluated gum health by measuring bleeding around each tooth using a small metal rod. Participants chewing the nitrate-rich gum showed a decrease in bleeding from an average of 26% at the study’s onset to 15% by the end. In contrast, chewing nitrate-free gum did not produce any significant results.

“This marks a clinically significant improvement in gum health,” states Praveen Sharma, a researcher from the University of Birmingham, UK, who did not participate in the study.

Analysis of saliva samples indicates that the nitrate gum enhances levels of beneficial oral bacteria that convert nitrate into nitric oxide while reducing the presence of harmful plaque-forming bacteria, including Porphyromonas gingivalis.

The findings imply that this approach, supplemented by conventional treatments, could serve as an effective method for alleviating periodontal symptoms. “This serves as a solid proof of concept,” adds Francesco Daiuto at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, UK. However, further research is necessary to determine the longevity of these effects and their efficacy in treating advanced periodontal disease.

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Discover an Excerpt from “Luminous” by Sylvia Park: New Scientist Book Club Featured Read

Posted on May 1, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Seoul – Sylvia Park Luminous Stage – Night

Sean Pavone/Shutterstock

Explore the latest in science news, technology, health, and environmental developments with New Scientist. — Seoul – Sylvia Park Luminous Stage – Night

Sean Pavone/Shutterstock

This summer was unforgettable. July struck hard, with 62 recorded heatstroke fatalities in Seoul, compounded by a disgraceful failure of a GS-100 security android that collapsed outside the Unified Chosun Bank. A street cleaner swept the remains into a pile, leaving behind its head, which continued chirping warnings about the heat.

Then came the monsoon season. Undeterred, hundreds of Red Devils supporters packed the World Cup stadium, waving flags of a unified nation, only to have their hopes dashed in the first round: Mexico triumphed 7-0 over the Republic of Korea. The following day, the sun reemerged, casting a white glow over a salvage yard as an aged Grumman A-1 bomb disposal unit maneuvered in a figure-eight pattern. It made way for a young girl named Louisier, who exuberantly threw her arms back as if celebrating, while dragging a woman by her ankles.

This woman, once enchanting with her pink lips and shimmering blonde hair, had seen better days. Her visage was a mosaic of ruins, held together by one cloudy blue eye, while her torso resembled a translucent bioplastic vest. Ruijie pressed the power button on the woman’s neck, but alas, the robot was lifeless.

Yet, those legs—so exquisitely beautiful—caught Mr. Louisier’s attention, and he intended to take them home.

She paused to check her robowear’s battery. Two hours remained. A cutting-edge, battery-powered titanium brace was affixed to her leg, designed to enhance her mobility, a testament to the love that surrounded her.

Nearby, Japanese pampas grass swayed at the edge of the collection lot. Abandoned war machines from the Unification War lay dormant, resembling ancient beasts. Among them rested the SADARM-1000, notorious for its terrifying legacy. Once active, it unleashed a barrage of bladed robots that sliced through the air with abandon.

Decades later, SADARM remained dormant, lying on its side as if in a deep slumber, its gut torn open and robbed of valuable parts. Louisier pulled on the woman’s leg, but when her head struck a piece of buried metal, one blue eye popped out. Cursing, he chased it through the grass until it finally slowed to a crawl at the base of SADARM’s belly.

Ruijie paused for a moment, her heart racing as a swarm of wasps stood still, their wings flickering. From the melted remnants of another machine, perhaps there lay the remnants of a golden drone, or a yellow jacket awaiting to pounce—real or virtual, which posed a greater threat?

Real entities displayed no restraint.

She aspired to achieve perfection, to become as still as a robot. Yet, robots require no enhancements to move. They are discarded when they outlive their utility.

In that instant, a hum emanated from deep within SADARM. The hornets rustled, their wings buzzing with rising indignation, but a unique sound submerged their anger. It was a melodic hum, oscillating like the tide, echoing the gentle rhythm of a temple bell. Hmm, hmm. The vibrations disrupted her robowear and sent chills across her arms.

Silence enveloped the hornets.

Someone is inside. Even her thoughts lowered to whispers, and this must be a person of wonder to be lulled to sleep by the drone of a wasp’s nest.

RUIJIE was treasured by both sides of her family. Her relatives in Fuzhou lovingly called her Rui Rui and Mingzhu, particularly her father, who saw her as a priceless gem.

Her symptoms first arose in fourth grade while her father proudly shared Ruijie’s award-winning science project, “The Great Silence and Why I Think We’re Listening,” during dinner, leading her mother to jest that the table itself could benefit from some silence. Amidst laughter, Louise inhaled pungent shacha sauce through her nose, reaching for a glass of water when it slipped from her grasp.

Days passed, and she dropped her chopsticks. They crashed to the floor, dragging slippery noodles along. Her father commented on her clumsiness. Ruijie, shy but rebellious, remembered those moments and often felt trapped within her own body.

The tremors intensified. Her fingers resisted the urge to clench. Embracing this, she found strength to fend off annoying classmates, yet simple tasks like holding a pen became insurmountable. Hospital visits escalated, tests unveiled potential scares—ALS, PMA, MMA, but they were no martial arts to her. Sleepless nights came, gripped by an iron band tightening on her body. In despair, her parents would sneak in, kneeling beside her as they wrapped sandalwood beads around her hands and prayed for relief.

Thereafter, she was fitted for her first robowear. A rectangular ivory disc was affixed to her hip—a sensor and motor guiding her movements like a gentle nudge on a swing. Louisier stood unassisted for the first time in weeks. Her father praised her as “super,” while her mother captured the moment, touching the photo delicately as if to save its fleeting worth.

Doctors maintained a somber tone—preparations were in order. But Ruijie, a triumphant presence in science fairs, remained optimistic about miracles. She believed in the intricate connections between beings and the universe. She was one with everything. Matter and spirit melded, resembling a swimmer’s fluidity within the sea and the precision of an archer’s shot. With this belief, she envisioned waking up, walking forward, and inhaling the luminous energy of a universe alive with fluctuating light—her body undergoing decay, yet thriving, igniting her internal cosmos, where stars flickered in radiant harmony.

This is an excerpt from Bright, written by Sylvia Park, published by Oneworld, May 2026. Join the New Scientist Book Club and be part of our discussions on Discord.

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New Scientist Book Club: Discover My Passion for Robots in the Novel ‘Luminous’

Posted on May 1, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A robot child goes missing in Sylvia Park’s “Luminous,” the New Scientist Book Club’s May selection.

d3sign/Getty Images

New Scientist - Explore compelling science news, technology insights, health updates, and environmental developments through expert journalism. — A robot child goes missing in Sylvia Park’s “Luminous,” the New Scientist Book Club’s May selection.

d3sign/Getty Images

In 2024, a striking headline emerged: In a country with the world’s lowest birth rate, dog strollers outnumber baby strollers.

As our affection for pets becomes increasingly refined, the concept of parenthood often feels more like an obligation. In a world facing economic and environmental challenges, exacerbated by AI, traditional milestones appear elusive.

To express my appreciation, bright, emphasizes that this narrative originated as a children’s book. A family tragedy altered its path. Over several years, I experienced a succession of losses. The first was the death of a beloved dog.

He was fragile, charming with his silky fur and long eyelashes, drawing attention wherever he went. Despite being adored, he was also challenging—he had a distinct aversion to children. Yet, whenever we returned home, he danced about joyously. When we had to say goodbye, his suffering manifested as seizures, the first signs of a brain tumor.

The loss of a pet is fundamentally disruptive. Logically, one might anticipate this eventuality. Bringing an animal into our lives carries an implicit acknowledgment of its finite existence. We tell ourselves, “I know you will eventually depart.”

We often deceive ourselves. Headlines reveal how many have embraced the role of caregivers for these beloved animals—“fur babies,” we call them. The strollers we buy are not for infants but for our older furry companions. What could be more unnatural than losing something akin to a child?

This unnatural aspect inspired my exploration into the realm of robotics, particularly in the context of childhood. In my novel, a robot child goes missing, and her older guardian confronts the degradation not just of her sense of loss, but of her very identity. Aging takes its toll, evident in her diminished mobility; she grapples with the profound void left by the absence of her ‘daughter’, along with the loss of her housekeeper and assistant—all embodied in the robot child.

As robots become integral to our lives, our love for them might eventually be viewed as unconventional. The eeriest aspect is that these artificial beings, which elicit our affections, may not even possess consciousness. Yet, love them we will—just as we have done with countless living beings.

I sought to explore this emotional attachment and sorrow. How does one navigate grief for something deemed socially unacceptable? Not long ago, mourning a pet publicly was often met with the suggestion to “just get another one.” Today, jokes abound about taking time off work for a deceased pet. Grief complicates existence, especially when it lingers. We discuss “processing” grief as though it’s a task to be completed. In a society driven by productivity, being too sad to work renders one ‘unproductive,’ particularly for childless women with a love for animals. The attachment we develop for robotic children may soon face similar scrutiny.

And rightly so; we need to be cautious. Consider the ethics surrounding companies marketing these artificial relationships. Imagine robots cleaning, cooking, and even nurturing the elderly, perhaps embodied as a child designed to love and never leave us.

But what if that love isn’t genuine?

bright May 2026 article by Silvia Park (Oneworld). New Scientist Book Club. Join the conversation here.

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Discover Innovative Methods for Sending Messages Throughout History

Posted on April 30, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A Closed Time-like Curve: A Path to the Past

Roman Budnikov/Alamy

What if you could communicate with the past? Surprisingly, the laws of physics don’t rule this out. In some cases, sending messages backward in time could be more feasible than we imagine.

The potential for sending messages into the past stems from specific solutions to the equations of general relativity. This foundational theory of physics explains how the fabric of spacetime operates, showing that all objects traverse paths through time and space. Among these paths is the concept of a closed time-like curve (CTC), where an object journeys into the future before looping back to the past.

However, creating a CTC on a cosmic scale poses a significant challenge, as it necessitates bending spacetime—a feat that demands an enormous amount of energy. This complication seems to render backward messaging impossible, but quantum entanglement might offer a potential workaround.

In quantum mechanics, entangled particles exhibit a unique property: the state of one particle directly influences the state of another, regardless of distance. Some physicists theorize that this connection implies one particle could send messages back in time to inform its counterpart of future events.

While this theory is debated, in 2010, Seth Lloyd and colleagues at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology demonstrated this concept using entangled photons to simulate a quantum CTC. “It’s akin to sending a photon back in time for mere nanoseconds with the intention of eliminating your previous self,” Lloyd explained.

Lloyd’s team then envisioned a scenario where the CTC experienced interference, similar to a faulty phone line. Analyzing the communication capacity of these “noisy” channels is a common challenge in information theory. To their surprise, they discovered that communicating with the past could actually outperform traditional communication methods, even with noise present.

Team member Kaiyuan Ji noted that their inspiration came from the film Interstellar. In a pivotal scene, Matthew McConaughey’s character sends a message to his daughter from the past by manipulating a clock using a CTC. Considering this as a noisy quantum channel, they found that messages sent backwards in time could be understood better, as the sender could access past memories, enhancing message decoding. “Fathers recall how their daughters interpret future messages, allowing them to optimize their message encryption,” Ji added.

While practical time travel remains hypothetical, improved communication strategies for noisy devices are valuable, according to Lloyd. “Creating a physical closed time-like curve poses immense challenges. However, all channels have noise,” he remarked. The findings from Lloyd’s research could be adapted to similar experiments using photons, potentially uncovering new avenues for effective communication, even in conventional contexts.

Andreas Winter from the University of Cologne highlighted that the study illustrates how feedback types can enhance communication protocols, allowing future senders to draw on their memories. However, he notes that the chances for practical applications are minimal. “As far as we know, time travel or sending signals back in time isn’t feasible in our universe. We are unaware of any mechanisms that could facilitate such phenomena,” he concluded.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover the Omnivorous Rodent-like Mammal that Thrived Along the Pacific Coast During the Age of Dinosaurs

Posted on April 30, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists have unveiled a remarkable discovery—a new species of multituberculous mammal from the genus Simolodon based on fossils found in Baja California, Mexico.

Illustration of Simolodon de Sosai holding fruit on a tree. Image credit: Andrei Atutin.

The newly identified mammal, Simolodon de Sosai, roamed the region that is now Mexico approximately 75 million years ago, during the Cretaceous period.

This ancient creature was about the size of a golden hamster, weighing around 100 grams.

It likely foraged on the ground and in trees, primarily consuming fruits and insects.

According to Professor Gregory Wilson Mantilla, a paleontologist at the University of Washington and curator of vertebrate paleontology at the Burke Museum, “Genus Simolodon was quite prevalent during the Late Cretaceous, the final chapter of the dinosaur era.”

Fossils of Simolodon have been uncovered across Western North America, stretching from western Canada to Mexico.

This new species, Simolodon de Sosai, represents an ancestor of those that survived the mass extinction event.

“Its relatively small size and omnivorous diet likely contributed to its survival advantages,” said Professor Mantilla.

Fossilized remains of Simolodon de Sosai, including parts of its skeleton such as teeth, skull, jaw, femur, and ulna, were discovered in the El Gallo Formation of Baja California in 2009.

This specimen is considered the most complete mammal known from the Mesozoic era in Mexico and one of the best-studied representatives of simolodontans, a significant group of multituberculates from North America.

“Fossil discoveries here are rare when compared to other regions,” explained Professor Wilson Mantilla.

The discovery of more than just teeth for Simolodon de Sosai enhances understanding of its anatomical features and locomotion.

This contributes to a broader comprehension of the genus and its ecological niche, providing insights into the multituberculate lineage.

Research indicates that the local mammalian fauna of El Gallo is currently represented by 16 specimens, including three multituberculates, one metatherian, and one eutherian.

“While additional sampling is necessary, the existing mammalian fauna appears to exhibit the highest biogeographic similarity to the native fauna of Terlingua in West Texas,” the researchers noted.

The findings were published in a recent paper in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.

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Gregory P. Wilson Mantilla et al. New skull and postcranial remains of Simolodon (Mammalia, Polytuberculata, Cymolodontidae) from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) El Gallo Formation of Baja California, Mexico. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, published online on April 22, 2026. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2026.2641109

Source: www.sci.news

Discover What Your Favorite Movie Villains Say About Your Psychology

Posted on April 29, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Everyone has a favorite movie villain, whether it’s Darth Vader or Cruella de Vil. These iconic characters captivate us, sparking a fascination that goes beyond their nefarious deeds.

Logically, this admiration doesn’t make sense. These characters are undeniably bad, dangerous, and often downright evil… yet we find ourselves rooting for them!

According to recent research, while most people acknowledge the villainous actions of these characters, they often believe there’s a “good” side lurking beneath. But why do we think this?

One reason might be that compelling plots depend on conflict, which is frequently brought to life by the antagonist. In essence, the excitement kicks in when the villain steps onto the scene.

The more diabolical the villain, the greater our entertainment. This simple fact often suggests that a movie’s success correlates with its villain’s role.

Just like how many people enjoy horror movies or thrilling activities like bungee jumping—despite their inherent dangers—our brains connect these experiences with positive emotions. Objectively “bad” experiences can elicit joy.

To reconcile this cognitive dissonance, we may instinctively convince ourselves that the villain can’t be *that* bad.

If we see ourselves as good people, we often believe villains have some goodness too. – Image credit: Getty Images

Humans are arguably one of the most social species, which is likely reflected in our brain’s inner workings.

Our perceptions are shaped by our personal experiences, beliefs, and moral compass, leading us to view ourselves as inherently good.

When we emotionally connect with a character, such as an intriguing villain, we use our moral framework to understand their motives. If we can empathize with them, we subconsciously assume they possess some goodness too.

Right?

While there may be many psychological factors influencing our attraction to villains, the key takeaway is that, while we may cheer against them, we secretly appreciate their presence.

This article addresses the intriguing question from Lancaster’s Luke Rees: “Why do we root for the villain in a movie?”

For inquiries, reach out to us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or follow us on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram. (Don’t forget to include your name and location.)

Explore our ultimate collection of fun facts and discover more amazing science pages.

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Discover How Small Titanosaurs from Morocco Connect to South America: Surprising Links Revealed

Posted on April 29, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A newly identified genus and species of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur, related to South American forms, has been unveiled by a research team led by the University of Bath, including Dr. Nick Longrich.

Reconstruction of Phosphatotitan khouribgaensis. Image credit: Conor Ashbridge.

Phosphatotitan khouribgaensis thrived in present-day Morocco during the “late but not latest” Maastrichtian epoch of the Cretaceous period, around 70 million years ago.

“The closing Cretaceous epoch witnessed the last diversification of dinosaurs, leading up to the end-Cretaceous extinction,” noted Longrich and team in their research.

“Discussions about Cretaceous dinosaur diversity have largely concentrated on the well-documented fauna of Laurasia.”

“However, there’s limited information about the dinosaur species from the Southern Hemisphere, particularly Africa.”

Fossils of Phosphatotitan khouribgaensis were excavated from the Sidi Shenan phosphate deposit in the Ourad Abdoun Basin, located in the Kouribga region of Morocco.

The fossil collection includes sacrum, parts of the pelvis, dorsal and caudal vertebrae.

“The phosphates in the Ourad-Aboun Basin consist of a mix of phosphate sandstone, marl, and limestone,” the paleontologists explained.

“These materials were formed in warm, shallow continental oceans and are part of a phosphate belt that developed along the Atlantic and Tethyan Seas during the Late Cretaceous and early Paleogene.”

Despite its North African origins, Phosphatotitan khouribgaensis appears closely linked to the Lognkosauria, a group of titanosaurs previously identified only in South America, known for harboring some of the largest land animals.

This connection implies that these dinosaurs roamed the ancient supercontinent Gondwana before the split of Africa and South America over 100 million years ago.

Alternatively, these dinosaurs could have crossed the narrow oceanic barrier between the two continents later on.

“This novel species differs from the titanosaurs described from Cretaceous Africa and Europe but bears resemblance to South American lognkosaurs, particularly Patagotitan,” the researchers remarked. “The dorsal and caudal centra are notably short, the neural spines are expanded, and the pubis is broad.”

In contrast to its giant South American cousins, Phosphatotitan khouribgaensis was relatively small, weighing an estimated 3.5 to 4 tons, significantly less than other titans like Patagotitan. This size reduction may be attributed to environmental factors or geographical isolation.

It is suggested that parts of North Africa might have acted as an island during the Late Cretaceous, a setting that typically favored smaller species.

Phosphatotitan khouribgaensis, akin to previously identified hadrosaurids, indicates that Morocco likely hosted a unique endemic population during the latest Cretaceous, distinct from other African fauna,” the authors noted.

“Increased sea levels during the Late Cretaceous could have led to isolated landmasses, resulting in distinctive faunas shaped by geographic isolation and local extinctions.”

“The substantial endemism observed among modern Cretaceous dinosaurs suggests a potentially incomplete understanding of dinosaur diversity, complicating efforts to discern global patterns prior to the end-Cretaceous extinction.”

The discovery of Phosphatotitan khouribgaensis is documented in a study published in the journal Diversity.

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Nicholas R. Longrich et al. 2026. Titanosaurian sauropods (Lognkosaurinae: Argentinosauridae) with South American affinities from the Late Maastrichtian of Morocco, and evidence of specific African dinosaur fauna. Diversity 18 (5): 241; doi: 10.3390/d18050241

Source: www.sci.news

Marine Biologists Discover Secrets of Deep-Sea ‘Golden Orbs’: A Breakthrough in Oceanic Mysteries

Posted on April 25, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

At a lightless depth of approximately 3,251 meters (2 miles) beneath the Gulf of Alaska, marine scientists and the public are puzzled by a golden object, roughly the size of a softball, clinging to a rock. Is it an egg, a sponge, or something entirely unknown? A recent study from the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History provides a fascinating answer: these “golden spheres” are remnants of a rare species of sea anemone.

This ‘golden sphere’ was discovered approximately 3,300 meters deep in the Gulf of Alaska. Image credit: NOAA Ocean Exploration, Seascape Alaska.

The intriguing “Golden Orb” was collected on August 30, 2023, using a remotely operated vehicle launched from a U.S. exploration vessel, Oceanos Explorer.

Measuring about 10 centimeters (4 inches) in diameter, this mysterious object was found among small glass sponges on the ocean floor, southwest of Walker Seamount in the Gulf of Alaska.

Its smooth, metallic sheen and torn opening sparked immediate curiosity regarding its origins.

“An initial inspection revealed no signs of typical animal anatomy—such as a mouth, intestines, or musculature—but rather a loose collection of fibrous material covered by a smooth, layered surface,” stated study lead author Dr. Stephen Orskavich, alongside his team.

Further microscopic examinations showed that the surface was replete with unique specialized puncture structures belonging to hexacoralia, a diverse group of cnidarians that includes sea anemones and stony corals.

Relicanthus daphneae has pale purple or pink tentacles that can reach about 2.1 m (7 ft) in length. Image credit: Craig Smith & Diva Amon, ABYSSLINE Project.” width=”580″ height=”326″ srcset=”https://cdn.sci.news/images/2026/04/image_14720_1-Relicanthus-daphneae.jpg 580w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2026/04/image_14720_1-Relicanthus-daphneae-300×169.jpg 300w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2026/04/image_14720_1-Relicanthus-daphneae-195×110.jpg 195w” sizes=”(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px”/>

Relicanthus daphneae features pale purple or pink tentacles, growing up to about 2.1 m (7 ft) long. Image credit: Craig Smith & Diva Amon, ABYSSLINE Project.

The researchers also analyzed similar specimens collected during a 2021 expedition aboard the Schmidt Oceanographic Research Vessel, Falcor, discovering comparable stinging structures.

Genetic analysis confirmed the connection: DNA extracted from the “Golden Orb” aligns with Relicanthus daphneae, a mysterious deep-sea anemone recognized for its considerable size and long flowing tentacles.

Collectively, this evidence suggests that the “golden spheres” are not living organisms but rather biological debris formed at the base of sea anemones.

The specimen corresponds to Relicanthus daphneae, individuals that attach themselves to bedrock.

“This specimen represents a novel microhabitat composed of remnants of the originally secreted cuticle from Relicanthus daphneae, a rarely observed and recently classified species found between 1,200 and 4,000 meters (0.75 to 2.5 miles), while hosting microbial communities above and below its epidermis,” noted the scientists.

“These significant discoveries would not have been possible without the unique golden color and enigmatic egg-like appearance of the specimen.”

Relicanthus daphneae was observed during a 2016 expedition to the Mariana Islands by the NOAA ship Oceanus Explorer. Image credit: NOAA Ocean Exploration, Mariana Deep Sea Exploration.” width=”580″ height=”326″ srcset=”https://cdn.sci.news/images/2026/04/image_14720_2-Relicanthus-daphneae.jpg 580w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2026/04/image_14720_2-Relicanthus-daphneae-300×169.jpg 300w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2026/04/image_14720_2-Relicanthus-daphneae-195×110.jpg 195w” sizes=”(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px”/>

This Relicanthus daphneae was documented during a 2016 expedition aboard the NOAA ship Oceanus Explorer in the Mariana Islands region. Image credit: NOAA Ocean Exploration, Mariana Deep Sea Exploration.

Though rarely collected, Relicanthus daphneae is believed to have a worldwide distribution.

Individual polyps can reach approximately 30 cm (12 inches) in diameter, with long, winding tentacles that may extend twice that width.

Observations indicate that these creatures perch on rocks or sponges, using their tentacles to snag prey from the currents.

They may also traverse the ocean floor, leaving traces of the same golden cuticle behind.

The exact reason for shedding this material is still uncertain. One possibility is a method of asexual reproduction known as pedal laceration.

“Our findings underscore that the biodiversity and biological behaviors of obscure deep-sea species remain largely unexplored, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive specimen collection and rigorous taxonomic tracking in telepresence-based ocean exploration,” the authors concluded.

Their study was published online on April 21, 2026, on the BioRxiv preprint server.

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Stephen R. Orskavich et al. The Curious Incident of the Golden Orb – Remains of Relicanthus daphneae (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexagram), deep sea anemone. BioRxiv published online on April 21, 2026. doi: 10.64898/2026.04.17.719276

Source: www.sci.news

Age Code Review: Discover How Dieting Can Slow Aging with Our New Book!

Posted on April 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The biological age of an individual indicates damage over time, which can be enhanced through lifestyle adjustments such as improved diet and routine exercise.

Burt Glinn/Magnum Photography

Pom Pom Girls at Sun City West Retirement Community, Arizona, USA, 1988. — The biological age of an individual indicates damage over time, which can be enhanced through lifestyle adjustments such as improved diet and routine exercise.

Burt Glinn/Magnum Photography

Age Code
by David Cox

Published by HarperCollins

Every compelling narrative requires an inciting event that prompts the main character into action. For freelance health journalist David Cox, this pivotal moment came in the form of a health scare. He discusses this experience in his new book: Age Code: The New Science of Food and How it Can Save Us.

In his mid-30s and deeply engaged in the growing field of geriatrics, Cox opted to determine his biological age. After undergoing three tests that all yielded alarming results, he realized he was aging prematurely.

Cox’s biological age, indicating the extent of age-related damage accumulated over 34 years, was typical for a 36-year-old. While there’s no immediate cause for concern, he explains, “If no actions are taken, by your 50s, you will face a substantially increased risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes and cancer.” This marks the beginning of his captivating and often challenging journey to lower his biological age.

Let’s address the elephant in the room: the concept of biological age is based on a solid premise. Individuals age at varying rates, leading to significant mismatches between chronological age and accumulated biological damage. The biological clock offers a clear metric for this discrepancy. It’s also important to note that age-related damage can be halted or even reversed.

“
Cox chronicles his journey to understand and mitigate the factors of aging.
“

However, the concept has drawbacks, including variations in test outcomes. Nevertheless, since Cox took three different tests—all yielding similar results—and focuses on lowering his biological age rather than merely obtaining a snapshot, we can trust his findings.

A healthier alternative to excessive sugary drinks and chocolate biscuits.

Carlos Gawronski/Getty Images

Realizing that dietary changes are the simplest path to lowering biological age, Cox embarked on his journey with several kilograms gained and a subpar diet full of sugary drinks, chocolate biscuits, and sedentary fast food lunches, with minimal whole grains or legumes. His daily caloric intake reached 2700 calories—above the NHS’s recommended 2500 calories for an average adult male.

Engaging with leading geriatric experts, Cox acknowledged that his diet exposed him to numerous aging factors. A total of ten factors that accelerate aging were identified, beginning with the most recognizable: excess calorie intake. Other well-documented factors included insufficient fiber, micronutrients, and unhealthy fats.

Some factors, like dietary acid load and advanced glycation end products, are still largely unrecognized outside specialized nutritional and geriatric research. Cox’s grasp of scientific principles and his ability to present them in practical ways for self-improvement impressed me.

As Cox reduced his caloric intake, he also began to identify drivers of aging and sought to limit his exposure. This process included multiple lab visits to analyze various bodily measurements and fluids.

Notably, he aimed to increase his fiber intake to over 50 grams daily, surpassing the recommended 25 to 30 grams, a concept termed “fiber maxing,” although he refrains from using that terminology.

Having undertaken a similar challenge, I can attest that obtaining this amount of fiber is remarkably difficult, and maintaining such intake is even more challenging. However, Cox’s narrative centers on his journey, rendering the book both compelling and relatable.

Each chapter stands alone, but one critique of Age Code is its lack of cohesion. Sifting through the various, sometimes conflicting dietary health recommendations can be daunting; even with my background as a science writer, a bit more guidance would have been beneficial. Numerous ingredients are heralded for their remarkable health benefits—green tea, pomegranate juice, Iberico ham, blueberries, nuts, and more. Should I strive to incorporate all of these into my diet, or concentrate on a few that offer the most benefit? Cox doesn’t delve deeply into these considerations.

Furthermore, certain methods for mitigating dietary aging seem to conflict. For example, aiming to decrease dietary acid load encourages reduced animal product intake, while increasing omega-3 fatty acids suggests incorporating more fatty fish. Which should be prioritized?

Despite these challenges, Cox’s journey deserves admiration. New Scientist readers who appreciate our health and nutrition coverage will discover a wealth of intriguing insights and practical advice for adopting a healthier lifestyle and enhancing longevity.

In the book’s conclusion, Cox revisits the lab to reassess his biological age, offering a satisfying closure. His endeavors weren’t in vain, and he makes it clear that similar accomplishments are attainable by everyone.

3 Additional Books for Living Longer and Better

Invincible: Defy Your Genetic Destiny and Live Better and Longer
By Florence Comite

This insightful book on anti-aging delves into not just diet but also sleep and physical activity. While it leans towards self-help, it provides a wealth of practical advice.

This Book May Save Your Life: The Science of Living Better and Longer
By Graham Lawton

This title verges on self-promotion, but it’s precisely what it claims to be. I initially wished to name it This Book May Delay Your Death, though the publisher considered that a bit gloomy.

This Book May Save Your Life: Daily Health Hacks to Worry Less and Live Better
By Karan Rajan

No surprise, the titles of these books follow a distinct pattern. However, Rajan offers a humorous and insightful guide to understanding body functions and optimizing health.

Graham Lawton is a writer based in York, UK.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover the Unexpected Resilience of Small-Diameter Diamonds

Posted on April 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Artistic Render of Nanodiamonds

Katerina Conn/Science Photo Library/Alamy

Artistic Render of Nanodiamonds

Katerina Conn/Science Photo Library/Alamy

While diamonds are renowned for their eternal qualities, when reduced to nanoscale dimensions, these crystals exhibit unexpected elasticity. Recent experiments on minuscule diamonds have illuminated what contributes to their surprising flexibility.

According to Chongxin Shan from Zhengzhou University, China, “Bulk diamonds are widely recognized for their extreme stiffness and hardness. However, the properties may differ significantly at the nanoscale.” His team investigated diamonds measuring just 4 nanometers in diameter—hundreds of times smaller than certain viruses—to analyze their behavior under pressure.

The investigation involved sandwiching nanodiamonds between cylinders featuring diamond tips designed for compression. A force sensor measured the drag on the diamonds while a specialized microscope captured their compressed state.

Shan noted the challenges of accurate nanoscale measurements, as minor disturbances can obscure data. To minimize these variables, researchers conducted experiments with approximately 100 distinct diamonds, ensuring a high vacuum environment to eliminate air interference. They discovered that reducing the diamond diameter from 12 nanometers to 4 nanometers resulted in a 30% decrease in stiffness, enhancing elasticity.

By combining experimental data with computer simulation, researchers discerned the underlying mechanics of this phenomenon. Due to their small size, nanodiamonds possess a higher surface-to-core atom ratio, with weak chemical bonds between these regions contributing to increased elasticity. This contrasts with larger diamonds, where stronger core bonds dictate behavior, as explained by Shan.

Yan Lu, a researcher at the City University of Hong Kong, highlighted that these findings reveal unexpected shifts in diamond characteristics compared to earlier investigations. Their work marks a pivotal contribution to understanding nanoscale diamonds, crucial for emerging applications in electronics and quantum technology. “With lab-created diamonds available at lower costs, now is the opportune moment to expand their use,” Lu states.

Topics:

Diamond/
Materials Science

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover How Astronomers Uncover Shape-Shifting Planetary Systems: The Fascinating TOI-201

Posted on April 17, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The TOI-201 system features a super-Earth, a warmer Jupiter, and a massive brown dwarf, showcasing unique orbital periods of 5.8, 53, and 2,900 days, respectively.

Artistic representation of the warm giant exoplanet TOI-201b and its parent star. Image credit: Sci.News.

TOI-201 is a brilliant F-type star located 372 light-years away in the constellation Pictor.

With a size and mass 32% greater than that of the Sun, TOI-201 is approximately 870 million years old.

Also referred to as HD 39474 and TIC 350618622, this star hosts at least three planetary companions: TOI-201b, c, and d.

Dr. Ismael Mireles, a candidate at the University of New Mexico, stated, “The goal was to characterize the TOI-201 planetary system to understand not only what planets exist, but also how they interact dynamically.”

This research aids scientists in understanding the formation and evolution of planetary systems akin to our own solar system.

TOI-201d is a rocky super-Earth, approximately 1.4 times Earth’s size and about six times its mass, completing an orbit every 5.8 days.

TOI-201b is a warm Jupiter-like exoplanet, with half the mass of Jupiter, orbiting every 53 days.

Lastly, TOI-201c is a brown dwarf, the system’s most massive entity excluding the star, with a highly elliptical, broad orbit of around 8 years, significantly influencing the system’s dynamic characteristics. It is also the longest-period transiting object discovered to date.

Dr. Mireles noted, “TOI-201c is unique due to its extensive orbital period of about 7.9 years and its positioning within a system that includes two inner planets.”

“Most known transiting brown dwarfs are in much closer proximity to their stars.”

Diana Dragomir, a professor at the University of New Mexico, remarked, “TOI-201c’s mass is at the threshold between giant planets and brown dwarfs, raising questions regarding whether this object formed as a planet or a star.”

“This system offers one of the few opportunities to observe planetary orbits undergoing changes on human timescales,” Mireles added.

“This presents a rare chance to learn about the dynamic life of a planetary system in real-time. In 200 years, only two out of the three objects will still be transiting.”

The significance of the TOI-201 system lies in the fact that astronomers can monitor its changes in real time.

Professor Dragomir explained, “This was unexpected because if planets formed in the protoplanetary disk aligned with their star’s early life, their orbits would typically align, like those in our solar system.”

The next key question for TOI-201 is about the origins of these tilted orbits among the three objects.

After 200 years, TOI-201d will cease transiting, followed by TOI-201b, and eventually TOI-201c will stop as well.

However, they oscillate between transiting and non-transiting states, suggesting they will resume transiting in several thousand years.

Predictions indicate TOI-201c’s next transit will occur on March 26, 2031, offering a rare chance for global follow-up observations, including opportunities for citizen scientists.

“A large, multi-year team effort was essential to study this complex system,” Mireles concluded.

A publication detailing the survey results appeared in the journal Scientific Progress.

_____

Ismael Mireles et al., 2026. Unveiling the dynamic evolution of the TOI-201 system. Scientific Progress 12(16); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aef2618

Source: www.sci.news

Is Beef Making a Comeback? Discover Its Role in a Healthy Diet

Posted on April 15, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Exploring Healthy Beef Consumption in the US

Image Credit: Westend61 GmbH/Alamy

The US government recently unveiled new dietary guidelines, igniting discussions around beef consumption. With red meat prices hitting record highs, the updated food pyramid emphasizes the role of beef and animal proteins in a balanced diet.

This new guidance marks a significant shift from previous public health recommendations advocating for reduced red meat intake. As Dr. Sarah Bleich, a Harvard Ph.D. holder and former USDA official, states, “Such visual representations can mislead consumers into thinking they can indulge in unlimited steak.”

The beef resurgence has not emerged in isolation; trends on social media promote carnivore diets, and even public figures like Robert F. Kennedy Jr. have endorsed cooking with beef tallow. His “Make America Healthy Again” initiative underscores the push towards “real food,” but it’s essential to assess how these claims align with nutritional science.

Scientific consensus on red meat’s health impacts remains largely consistent—linking high consumption to serious conditions like heart disease and cancer. In March, the American Heart Association advocated for reduced red meat intake in favor of plant-based proteins.

Understanding the cultural shift towards red meat requires viewing it through a lens of tradition, protein obsession, and powerful lobbying from beef and dairy industries.

The Evolution of Red Meat Consumption

Historically, Western diets treated meat as a secondary element rather than the main focus. This changed during the 19th century, as industrialization made meat more accessible. Annual beef consumption peaked in the US in 1976 at approximately 43 kg (94 lbs) per person before entering a decline due to health concerns regarding saturated fat.

In 2015, a landmark report from the World Health Organization classified processed meats—like bacon—as carcinogenic. It suggested that consuming just 50 grams daily could increase colorectal cancer risk by 18%, similar to risks from second-hand smoke.

Red Meat in the Updated US Food Pyramid

Image Credit: U.S. Department of Agriculture/U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

The WHO labeled red meat a potential carcinogen based on studies linking its consumption to colorectal cancer. Although risk estimates vary, consuming 100 grams of red meat daily has been associated with a 17% increase in risk. These statistics hold significant implications for public health.

In 2015, the USDA advised promoting a plant-based diet, citing meat production’s environmental impact. A 2012 survey revealed that doubling the number of vegetarians could significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions, alongside health benefits related to climate change. However, these recommendations were dismissed.

Health Risks Associated with Red Meat

Research increasingly demonstrates the health dangers posed by regular red meat consumption. A 2024 study identified that adults consuming two or more servings of processed red meat daily had a 29% higher risk of heart disease compared to those consuming less than one serving per week. Unprocessed red meat similarly contributed a 14% higher risk for the same group.

The myth that saturated fat alone drives these health risks is fading. Recent findings show that substance trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) produced from gut bacteria upon digesting red meat is more integral to cardiovascular risks and may even be a factor in colorectal cancer development.

Numerous pathways linking meat intake to health issues do not rely solely on saturated fat, highlighting the dangers beyond common dietary misconceptions. Respected researchers like Dariush Mozaffarian confirm that alternative ingredients in red meat yield serious health implications.

The Resurgence of Beef on Our Plates

Despite documented risks, red meat consumption has rebounded. From 2015 to 2021, beef intake increased by nearly 9% across the US. With new dietary guidelines, a further uptick appears imminent. Simultaneously, projections indicate a growing uptake in countries like Australia, where 25% of respondents plan to consume more red meat in 2025.

Shifts in cultural advocacy surrounding beef reflect pressures and ideals regarding masculinity, prompting a surge in red meat consumption, particularly among younger generations. Various sociocultural movements suggest that red meat is often viewed as a symbol of strength and independence among young men.

Healthy eating guidance now recommends nearly doubling the daily protein intake, despite critiques regarding its scientific rationale. As stated by Bleich, simply consuming protein-rich foods doesn’t necessitate increasing red meat intake.

Announcement of New Dietary Guidelines by U.S. Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr.

Image Credit: Michael M. Santiago/Getty Images

The USDA’s recent guidelines come after prior recommendations were overlooked, emphasizing a shift towards supporting American farmers and increasing consumption of protein-rich foods while downplaying the health implications of red meat.

Ultimately, experts suggest there may not be a safe amount of processed or unprocessed red meat, despite its nutritional merits such as iron and vitamin B12. It might be prudent for individuals to reduce their red meat intake, relying on healthier alternatives.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Physicists Discover Elusive Nuclear State: Breakthrough in Nuclear Physics Research

Posted on April 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Groundbreaking experiments in Germany reveal the first evidence of the long-predicted pairing of carbon-11 nuclei and η’ mesons, shedding light on how the strongest forces in nature contribute to mass formation.

Sekiya et al. Experiments at Germany’s GSI/FAIR research center have uncovered evidence of exotic nuclear states. Image credit: J. Hosan, GSI/FAIR.

“In physics, we identify four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetism, strong interactions, and weak interactions,” stated Professor Kenta Itabashi from RIKEN and his team at Osaka University.

“Various bound systems are maintained by these forces. For instance, gravity holds the Earth and the moon together, while electromagnetic interactions bind positively charged atomic nuclei with negatively charged electrons.”

“The nucleus of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons, is held together by strong interactions.”

“In addition to protons and neutrons, which are each made up of three quarks, other particles, such as mesons, also participate in strong interactions.”

“Certain mesons carry a negative charge,” the physicists commented.

“In special instances, these mesons can displace electrons within an atom and bond to the nucleus via electromagnetic interactions.”

“However, some mesons, including the η’ meson, are electrically neutral.”

“Due to its lack of charge, the η’ meson cannot bond electromagnetically to an atom’s nucleus, relying instead on strong interactions for binding.”

“These situations, where strong interactions are the sole binding mechanism, are particularly intriguing as they allow us to gain insights into the nature of this force.”

In 2005, scientists anticipated the existence of meson-nuclear configurations formed solely by strong interactions.

However, thorough investigations into this exotic state had remained inconclusive until now.

Professor Itabashi and his collaborators conducted pioneering experiments at the GSI fragment separation facility in Germany.

“Our proton beam strikes the carbon-12 nucleus at approximately 96% of the speed of light, removing neutrons, forming deuterons, and proceeding forward,” the researchers explained.

“The residual carbon-11 nucleus is excited into a high-energy state, producing an η’ meson that occasionally binds with it. This results in a transient, bound quantum state.”

The implications of this experimental breakthrough extend well beyond the initial identification of an exotic nuclear state.

Simultaneously, it was demonstrated that the mass of the η’ meson diminishes within nuclear matter.

This finding enhances our comprehension of how meson mass is generated. The combined masses of the quarks in the η’ meson account for only about 1% of its total mass when unbound.

“Moving forward, our collaborative effort will conduct enhanced follow-up experiments, utilizing substantially more data to accurately gauge the spectroscopic properties of bound η’ meson nuclear systems, focusing on energy levels, binding energies, and decay widths,” the researchers concluded.

For further details, refer to their paper published in the Physical Review Letters.

_____

Takashi Sekiya et al. 2026. Excitation spectrum of the 12C(𝑝,𝑑) reaction near the 𝜂’-meson emission threshold measured simultaneously with high-momentum protons. Physics. Review Letters 136, 142501; doi: 10.1103/6vsl-ng7x

Source: www.sci.news

Discover the World’s Most Unique Scientific Tourist Attraction: A Hidden Gem!

Posted on April 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Feedback from New Scientist

Welcome to Feedback, your go-to source for the latest in science and technology news. If you have suggestions or feedback on topics we should explore, email us at feedback@newscientist.com.

Unique Tourist Attractions: Exploring the Niche

The Earth is vast, populated with a diverse range of interests. Here at Feedback, we have a penchant for unique tourist attractions along America’s scenic highways — such as the world’s largest collection of miniature representations of the world’s biggest objects.

Recently, science historian Richard Fallon drew our attention to what is likely the world’s only sculpture park dedicated to foraminifera. For those unfamiliar, foraminifera are single-celled organisms, primarily ocean dwellers with hard outer shells. Their fossil record is abundant and detailed, as they are preserved in vast quantities.

Located in Zhongshan, China, this Foraminifera Sculpture Park opened in 2009, and we acknowledge our delayed recognition of it. Nestled in a hillside park, visitors can stroll through 114 large sculptures. Describing these works is challenging without diving into terminology for irregular three-dimensional forms, but fans of Barbara Hepworth’s curvilinear sculptures might find some familiarity here.

On TripAdvisor, the Foraminifera Sculpture Park boasts a 5-star rating, albeit from a single review by a user named Eudyptes—who seems to have a specific fondness for foraminifera sculptures. Eudyptes is the scientific classification for the crested penguin.

We’d love more testimony about this attraction. Unfortunately, our editorial team turned down our request to visit China solely for this purpose, as well as a proposed visit to the Slavic International Toilet Museum in New Delhi.

On that note, we invite our readers to share any scientifically inclined sites that might be even more niche. Just to clarify, we are not seeking suggestions for popular attractions like the Icelandic Penis Museum or the British Vagina Museum. Maybe a unique museum focused solely on moss or Western blot images exists?

Humor in Scientific Research

It’s not uncommon for academics to incorporate humor in their paper titles, but referring to them in abstracts is rare. Typically, abstracts summarize key study points in about 200 words, varying from concise brilliance to confusing jargon.

However, physicist Leonard Susskind submitted a paper to arXiv titled “Is time reversal in de Sitter space a spontaneously broken gauge symmetry?” His summary includes an intriguing answer: “Yes, but with a twist: Time reversal is indeed a gauge symmetry, albeit hidden by spontaneous symmetry breaking.”

While the last part might puzzle many, we were particularly drawn to Susskind’s acknowledgment of his colleagues for their ongoing discussions. He humorously noted, “I’m almost 86 years old and I can’t wait for my readers to catch up.” His insightful summaries have landed on our list of favorite academic summaries, proving that humor can make complex subjects more relatable.

A Missed Opportunity

We owe our readers a heartfelt apology for an oversight. A few weeks back, we critiqued accounting firm PwC’s venture into estimating the moon’s future economy. We expressed skepticism about monetizing lunar assets, but reader Alex Collier raised an intriguing question: Could this entrepreneurial spirit imply the moon is actually made of cheddar?

Share Your Story with Us!

If you have a story to share with Feedback, email us at feedback@newscientist.com. Don’t forget to include your home address. You can find this week’s and past Feedback stories on our website.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover How Neanderthals Hunted Turtles for Tools, Not Meals

Posted on April 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent research from Germany reveals that Neanderthals captured the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) approximately 125,000 years ago, likely valuing its shell as a tool more than its modest meat yield.

European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) beside the leg of a straight-tusked elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus). Image credit: Nicole Viehofer / MONREPOS – LEIZA.

Professor Sabine Gaudzinski-Windhauser of MONREPOS and Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz stated, “Recent findings on Neanderthal prey selection reveal a fascinating overlap with their ecological adaptability—showing similarities with the subsistence activities of Homo sapiens in the Upper Paleolithic.”

“Their diet ranged beyond traditional medium-to-large mammals like horses, bovids, and deer to include numerous small mammals such as leopards, birds, and reptiles, even incorporating massive straight-tusked elephants (Palaeoloxodon antiquus), which could weigh up to 135 tons.”

“Additionally, evidence indicates that Neanderthals consumed freshwater and marine resources, including shellfish and crabs, throughout the Mediterranean Basin and southwestern Iberian Peninsula.”

The latest study investigated fragments of a 125,000-year-old turtle shell unearthed in Neumark-Nord, a renowned Paleolithic site in present-day Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

Utilizing advanced 3D scanning technology, researchers discovered cut marks on the interior surfaces of many of the 92 shell fragments. This indicates that Neanderthals carefully slaughtered these turtles, severing their limbs, removing internal organs, and thoroughly cleaning the shells.

“Our findings provide the first evidence that Neanderthals hunted and processed turtles beyond the Mediterranean region and north of the Alps,” remarked Professor Gaudzinski-Windhauser.

Researchers believe that the turtle identified was a European pond turtle, which was not primarily utilized as a food source.

Professor Gaudzinski-Windhauser added, “Given that the site is rich in large, high-yielding animal remains, this possibility can be virtually dismissed.”

“It seems they had an ample surplus of calories.”

“The pond turtle weighs about 1 kilogram and offers relatively low nutritional value, yet they are fairly easy to catch. Children may have participated in hunting them, as their shells could have been crafted into tools.”

“Furthermore, they might have been pursued for their taste or potential medicinal properties, a notion supported by subsequent research on indigenous populations.”

“Our results illuminate Neanderthal ecological flexibility and intricate survival strategies that extend well beyond mere calorie maximization.”

The team’s results were published in today’s edition of Scientific Reports.

_____

S. Gaudzinski-Windhauser et al. 2026. Shell Play: Neanderthal Use of the European Pond Turtle (Emys orbicularis) in the Landscape of the Last Interglacial Period North of Neumark (Germany). Scientific Reports 16, 8628; doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-42113-x

Source: www.sci.news

Discover the Geometry of a Trumpet-Shaped Single-Celled Microorganism

Posted on April 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A fascinating protist species known as the blue spot stentor demonstrates remarkable movement by perceiving physical shapes. This finding implies that even the most basic life forms can utilize geometry for survival.

blue spot stentor. Image credit: Hokkaido University Physical Behavior Laboratory.

Measuring just 1mm in length, the blue spot stentor belongs to the protist family Tentriidae.

According to Dr. Shun Echigoya from Hokkaido University, lead author of the study, blue spot stentor exhibit complex behaviors that toggle between free-swimming and anchoring to substrates.

While swimming, the blue spot stentor generates propulsive force through hair-like structures called membranous bands located at the anterior end.

These cells adjust their movement in response to light and chemical signals while exploring their environment.

During swimming, the blue spot stentor elongates into a trumpet shape and anchors itself to the substrate using a fixation organ at the back.

When anchored, blue spot stentor also creates external vortices via its membranous band, forming an oral apparatus that traps bacteria and small ciliates for food.

However, the researchers noted that being anchored may increase vulnerability to predation.

Thus, selecting anchor points in a varied environment is crucial for the blue spot stentor.

For this study, Dr. Echigoya and colleagues crafted small chambers with controlled shapes, simulating the structures microorganisms encounter in natural aquatic habitats.

Some chambers featured smooth surfaces, while others included narrow spaces imitating edges, angles, and corners.

“We adjusted geometric characteristics such as corner angles and depths to provide varied anchorage options,” Dr. Echigoya elaborated.

“We documented the microorganisms’ behaviors through video recordings and supplemented them with numerical simulations for detailed analysis.”

The researchers observed behavior that was anything but random.

Initially, the cells swam freely, but as they neared the surface, their behavior transformed.

Their bodies became subtly asymmetrical, allowing them to glide along walls using the coordinated beating of their cilia.

Over time, they navigated toward smaller crevices, where they secured themselves to the surface.

“We were surprised by the effectiveness of this minimal strategy,” Dr. Echigoya stated.

The blue spot stentor does not require cognitive awareness of its surroundings; it can interact physically with surfaces simply by altering its shape to find suitable nooks.

“Our findings indicate that even slight physical features in natural environments significantly influence where microorganisms thrive and how they proliferate,” remarked Dr. Yukinori Nishigami, study co-author from Hokkaido University.

“The microscopic landscape is filled with tiny crevices and safe spaces.”

“Possessing the ability to locate and inhabit these protected niches may explain how microorganisms survive, disperse, and establish communities.”

The complete findings are published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

_____

Echigoya Shun et al. 2026. Geometric preference of anchor sites in unicellular organisms: blue spot stentor. PNAS 123 (9): e2518816123; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2518816123

Source: www.sci.news

Discover the Effective Anti-Aging Peptides That Actually Work

Posted on April 4, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

In the ever-evolving landscape of wellness, celebrity culture, and anti-aging trends, one term has emerged as a sensation: peptides. This broad term encapsulates short chains of amino acids, including substances like insulin and GLP-1 medications such as Ozempic. Thousands of influencers and their followers are diving into the world of peptides for purported health benefits.

With claims ranging from weight loss to enhanced sleep, injury recovery, and even increased libido, these compounds are gaining popularity for those looking to rejuvenate their lives and promote longevity. However, a word of caution is warranted. Many injectable peptides are unregulated and often sourced online, raising questions about their safety and efficacy. How can you differentiate between beneficial and potentially harmful compounds?

Peptides: Evidence and Efficacy

It’s essential to recognize that not all peptides share the same properties. These unique molecules act as biological signals, prompting specific cellular actions. They fall between individual amino acids and complete proteins, possessing enough specificity for defined functions while remaining small enough for online synthesis and sale.

Among the peptides capturing attention, BPC-157 is known for its alleged wound healing and recovery benefits, while GHK-Cu, a copper peptide, claims to provide anti-aging effects. Then there’s TB-500, often marketed alongside BPC-157 as a “recovery stack” for injuries.

The surge of interest includes reports of “peptide raves” in places like San Francisco, where groups gather for self-injection. However, those seeking scientific validation may find disappointments. BPC-157, often hailed as the flagship peptide, lacks substantial human trial evidence to back its claims.

Dr. Andrew Steele, director of the Longevity Initiative, states, “We were shocked at how limited the evidence is.” Despite animal studies suggesting benefits such as accelerated recovery and enhanced blood vessel growth, human trials are virtually non-existent.

As highlighted in research studies, many human trials solely gather subjective feedback on pain relief without a control group or placebo comparison.

Similarly, TB-500 is widely adopted by athletes for muscle recovery, yet is linked to safety issues. Dr. Steele notes it promotes angiogenesis and may inadvertently support tumor growth under specific conditions.

Health risks extend to peptides like Melanotan II, designed to stimulate melanin production for tanning. According to Cancer Research UK, this substance poses significant risks, including a higher chance of skin cancers.

Some peptides, such as GHK-Cu, are available as topical serums for skincare. – Photo credit: Getty

Product Transparency: What You Need to Know

Understanding peptide efficacy is important, but equally crucial is knowing their content and purity. Often marketed as research chemicals, peptides can evade drug regulations, raising safety concerns.

Testing reveals that a significant percentage of peptide products may contain harmful contaminants like bacterial endotoxins. As Dr. Steele points out, “Even if they work, there are significant red flags.” The safety of online-sourced research-grade peptides remains questionable.

Recent incidents, such as two women requiring hospitalization after unregulated peptide injections at an anti-aging festival, highlight the tangible risks associated with these unverified treatments. Symptoms included severe allergic reactions, which warrant serious consideration before pursuing such therapies.

The Exceptions: Noteworthy Peptides

Amid the uncertainty, there are exceptions. GHK-Cu, a copper peptide, exhibits proven topical benefits, promoting collagen and elastin production, reducing inflammation, and functioning as an antioxidant, as confirmed in clinical studies.

On the pharmaceutical side, GLP-1 peptides like Semaglutide (Ozempic and Wegovy) are well-researched and approved for weight management. Updated studies suggest they may also reduce risks for cardiovascular issues and possibly dementia, as discussed in recent publications.

A 2025 report found nearly 12 percent of Americans are using GLP-1 medications. – Photo Credit: Getty

While GLP-1s are rigorously tested and approved, the broader peptide landscape remains fraught with uncertainty. Dr. Steele emphasizes, “It’s likely that there are valuable anti-aging peptides out there, but currently, evidence is lacking for most.”

In summary, the term “peptide” encompasses a wide range of compounds, some of which are clinically beneficial while others may pose risks. Always prioritize safety—if a prescription is required, there’s usually a valid reason. If substances are sourced online as unregulated powders or liquids, exercise extreme caution.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Discover Fascinating Indigenous Cultures: Insights from New Scientist Expert Kathleen Duvall

Posted on April 3, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The rich history of North America’s Indigenous peoples is often misrepresented through a European perspective. In her book, Indigenous People, historian Kathleen Duvall from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill provides a comprehensive overview, exploring centuries of development and the ways Indigenous communities navigated a constantly changing world.

Duvall illustrates how climate change from the Medieval Warm Period to the last Ice Age influenced Indigenous agricultural and water management practices. The book also highlights monumental engineering achievements, such as the impressive Cahokia Mounds in present-day Illinois and the innovative Hoogum canal system in Arizona.

Focusing on Indigenous experiences, the book covers essential topics such as the astronomical calendar and the impacts of the post-colonial smallpox epidemic, while dismantling prevalent misconceptions.

If you are passionate about historical nonfiction or seeking fresh insights into topics like ecology, botany, and archaeology, Indigenous People promises to be an engaging read.

Kelsey Haze
London Bureau Chief

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover the Unique Galapagos Lava Heron: Insights from New Research

Posted on April 3, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The Galapagos lava heron, a unique small heron found on the lava-strewn shores of Ecuador’s Galapagos Islands, has recently gained recognition for its distinct status.

Galapagos lava heron (Butorides sundevalli). Image credit: Casey Klebba / CC BY-SA 4.0.

Endemic to the Galapagos Islands, this slate-gray to black heron has intrigued ornithologists for years.

While some classify it under the widely distributed Great Heron (Butorides striatum) as a subspecies Butorides striata sundevari, others advocate for its recognition as a separate species, Butorides sundevalli.

Recent DNA analyses led by researchers from San Francisco State University and the California Academy of Sciences lend weight to the latter perspective.

“This bird, noted for its significant plumage variation, has long posed the question of whether it stands as a separate species or simply as a subspecies of mainland birds,” said Dr. Jamie Chavez, lead author of the study.

Through the examination of thousands of genetic markers and numerous museum specimens, researchers found that the Galapagos lava heron forms its own distinct evolutionary lineage, diverging from its supposed relatives.

Surprisingly, the lava heron shows closer genetic ties to the Gray Heron (Butorides virescens) from North and Central America than to the Great Heron.

The ancestors of the Galapagos lava heron may have arrived on the islands via unusual migration routes, evolving in isolation over time.

“For biologists, visiting the Galapagos is a dream come true,” remarked Ezra Menderes, a graduate from San Francisco State University and co-author of the study. “There’s still so much to uncover within these well-studied ecosystems.”

This research not only clarifies the status of this magnificent bird but also contributes to a broader understanding of the evolutionary relationships within heron species.

Scientists suggest that what was once perceived as a single, globally distributed species should now be considered as several distinct species, including separate lineages across the Americas, Africa, and Australasia.

“Our ultra-conserved element (UCE) phylogenetic results indicate substantial internal divergence within the genus Butorides, bridging populations from the Old and New Worlds,” the authors noted.

“The UCE-based phylogeny strongly confirms the monophyly of New World herons, including the South American Great Heron, Gray Heron, and Galapagos lava heron.”

The findings, published in this month’s edition of Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, significantly enhance our comprehension of avian evolution.

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Ezra Z. Menderes et al. 2026. Global phylogenetic relationships of Butorides herons (suborder: Ardeidae) reveal the evolutionary history and taxonomic status of the Galapagos lava heron. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 220: 108600; doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2026.108600

Source: www.sci.news

SEO Optimized Title: “Discover Lixing Sun’s Ambitious Exploration: ‘The Origins of Sex’ This Week”

Posted on April 2, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

California condor embryos can develop without fertilization

Shutterstock/Barbara Ash

California condor bird on a rock with spread wings against blue sky. — California condor embryos can develop without fertilization

Shutterstock/Barbara Ash

Explore the Origin of Sex
Lixing Sun, Profile Books

The natural world often teaches us about life through vivid examples. Many kids learn about reproduction through birds laying eggs and bees pollinating flowers instead of focusing on human examples, which can be more challenging to convey.

However, as evolutionary and behavioral biologist Heung-sun Lee discusses in his thought-provoking book On the Origins of Sex: The Weird and Wonderful Science of How Our Planet is Populated, the “birds and bees” analogy is far too simplistic. It overlooks the vivid diversity and intricacies involved in animal reproduction.

Even species that might appear unremarkable have fascinating reproductive practices. For instance, barnyard hens can expel sperm from less dominant males, while male ducks sport corkscrew-shaped penises. Interestingly, female ducks have evolved opposite-spinning vaginas, enabling them to exert control over paternity.

On the Origins of Sex presents numerous examples to illustrate fundamental biological concepts. The wide range of breeding methods observed makes many human practices seem mundane. However, Sun’s ambitious goal is to delve deeper into the critical questions surrounding reproduction, especially the very existence of sexual reproduction.

“
The rigid male/female binary feels increasingly outdated.
“

This question might baffle readers unfamiliar with evolutionary biology, but from an evolutionary standpoint, sexual reproduction can be far more complex and resource-intensive than asexual reproduction. Achieving sexual reproduction requires two partners—one generating male gametes and the other producing female gametes. At first glance, asexual reproduction appears more efficient, a method still employed by numerous species, including bacteria and fungi. Parthenogenesis, a form of asexual reproduction where embryos develop without fertilization, is noted in over 80 vertebrate species, encompassing California condors, booby sharks, and Komodo dragons.

So why did sexual reproduction become prevalent? Sun dedicates the book’s first section to addressing this question, succinctly introducing essential concepts like the Müller ratchet, proposed in 1964 by geneticist Hermann Müller. This theory describes how the absence of genetic mixing in asexual reproduction leads to the gradual accumulation of detrimental mutations.

Additionally, the Red Queen hypothesis likens evolution to a continuing arms race, suggesting that species must evolve continuously to survive and outpace their competitors, underscoring the inherent risks of sexual reproduction.

Sun, a distinguished research professor at Central Washington University, draws from his connections with numerous scientists whose work he references throughout the book. On the Origins of Sex is his fourth work aimed at a general readership, following his explorations into fairness in nature and the history of beavers.

Despite Sun’s admission that On the Origins of Sex is a selective narrative, the intended audience isn’t always clear. While readers might need some background knowledge in evolutionary biology, the book remains captivating, enriched with examples of exotic animal reproduction that are well-paced.

Sun’s passion for his subject is infectious, particularly evident in his discussions on sexual adaptation and variation. He advocates for a broader understanding of gender, arguing that current definitions are “hopelessly homocentric and disconnected from evolutionary realities.” His detailed, step-by-step explanations of the sciences underpinning sex and gender reveal just how much human society relies on these biological concepts.

He articulates, “In popular discussions, gender is often perceived as a social construct. What is often overlooked is a deeper understanding of gender as a biological construct—something evolutionary biology can elucidate.”

Though careful not to engage in cultural arguments, Sun primarily focuses on evolutionary biology in non-human animals. It becomes evident that nature’s binary classification is an oversimplification. “Biological sex is not merely about distinguishing species that produce sperm from those that produce eggs,” he asserts. Consider fish like eels, clownfish, and wrasse, which can naturally change sex. Within birds and mammals (including humans), numerous variations exist, including intersex individuals.

Gender fluidity is far more prevalent among animals than traditionally understood, affecting not just reproductive roles but also behaviors and social structures. For example, hyenas, known for their matrilineal society, exhibit females possessing a “pseudopenis,” which aids in food competition and complicates pregnancy.

By highlighting this diversity, Sun urges a paradigm shift regarding sex and gender, advocating for a perspective that embraces differences as “natural and adaptive aspects of life’s continuum.” He concludes: “The rigid male/female binary is increasingly recognized as limited and outdated.”

In previous discussions, Sun has expressed a desire to infuse scientific insights into debates about diversity and social justice. He effectively meets this goal through a science-focused approach, enriched with examples from the natural world. Indeed, he posits that the immense diversity of non-human life and the numerous unanswered questions about reproduction should inspire us to welcome complexity and openness.

We may presume to understand the fundamentals of life, yet even Sun closes the book in awe of “how little we truly grasp.”

Elle Hunt – Writer based in Norwich, UK.

3 Great Reads on Sex and Evolution

The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Humanity
Written by Matt Ridley

Check out this essential 1993 favorite, praised by Lixing Sun for shaping contemporary views on sex and gender with its “sharp wit and engaging prose.”

The Evolution of Sex: How 500 Million Years of Sex, Gender, and Mating Have Shaped Modern Human Relationships Written by Nathan H. Lentz

This witty and insightful book showcases the remarkable diversity of sexual behaviors in animals while providing crucial lessons about human sexual diversity.

Intimate Animals: The Science of Love, Loyalty, and Connection
Written by Justin Garcia

This 2026 publication explores human attraction and emotional bonds. Justin Garcia, an esteemed evolutionary biologist and executive director of the Kinsey Institute, brings his expertise to the science of dating.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Scientists Discover Possible Signatures of the Universe’s First Stars

Posted on April 2, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

An Artist’s Impression of Star Formation in the Early Universe

Adolf Schaller STScI/NASA

Astronomers have gained an unprecedented insight into some of the universe’s first stars, known as “Population III” stars. These primordial stars could significantly enhance our understanding of the early universe, including their mass and influence on subsequent star formation.

Predicted to be composed almost entirely of hydrogen and helium, these ancient stars were colossal—hundreds of times the size of our Sun—and reached scorching temperatures of tens of thousands of degrees.

Despite their crucial role in cosmic history, most Population III stars had short lifespans, leading to their explosions, and astronomers have not conclusively identified galaxies rich in these stars due to their extremely early existence.

Recently, Roberto Maiorino and researchers at the University of Cambridge uncovered that the Hebe Galaxy, which formed just 400 million years post-Big Bang, aligns perfectly with characteristics of a Population III galaxy.

It contains no detectable elements heavier than hydrogen or helium, and the emitted light concentrates around specific frequencies tied to helium, a signature only achievable through extremely hot stars like the Population III. “As we understand it, a Population III star seems to be the most plausible explanation,” stated Maiorino. “Any other explanations fall short.”

The Hebe Galaxy was initially identified in 2024 through observations made with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). While its spectrum initially suggested lines of ionized helium indicative of a Population III star, doubt lingered regarding the reality of these lines or the presence of heavier metals.

Further JWST observations revealed a second line linked to ionized hydrogen from the same source, confirming the presence of helium.

“We invested significant time analyzing the data to validate this line detection,” said Hannah Uebler from Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich. “Discovering the peak in ionized hydrogen without additional detection was a pleasant surprise, confirming our previous claims of helium and hydrogen indicating a Population III scenario.”

The compelling results suggest we are witnessing a very hot object, consistent with expectations for a Population III star. Daniel Whalen, studying at the University of Portsmouth, UK, notes that while findings are promising, precision remains insufficient to exclude heavy elements typical of more mature Population II stars.

A galaxy populated predominantly by Population III stars, as anticipated by Maiorino and his team, poses challenges even in existing simulations of early universe conditions. These simulations indicate that initial stars typically formed in isolated, sparse clusters.

“This is not merely a quest to claim we found Population III stars,” said Maiorino. “We have gained significant insights already.” If Hebe’s stars are confirmed as Population III, it could yield vital knowledge about the universe’s infancy.

Maiorino and his team have leveraged early observations from Hebe to infer that most of the original stars had masses between 10 to 100 times that of the Sun, with significantly fewer being smaller.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover the World’s First Antimatter Delivery Service: A Revolutionary Breakthrough

Posted on March 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Portable Trap System “BASE-STEP”

Marina Cavazza, Chetna Krishna/CERN

CERN’s antimatter factory, located in a high-magnetic field environment and a vacuum more extreme than interstellar space, houses some of the most delicate matter found on Earth. Nestled in a compact box roughly the size of a filing cabinet and a few hundred kilograms lighter than a Ford Focus, lie antiprotons that have been quietly resting for weeks. Rather than being aggressively tested like most particles produced in this facility, these antiprotons have a singular purpose: awaiting their moment of transport.

Shortly, more than a hundred of these precious antimatter particles will be transported in trucks along a four-kilometer ring road around the CERN campus. This marks the inaugural demonstration of a future antimatter delivery service designed to transport antimatter to laboratories across Europe.

During my visit to CERN’s campus near Geneva, Switzerland, project leader Christian Smolla guided me through the facility, showcasing the final preparations for the “Symmetry Test in Transportable Antiproton Experiments (STEP).” “This represents a groundbreaking achievement in antimatter science,” he remarked. “While the theoretical framework for transporting antiprotons existed since the facility’s inception, this is the first practical implementation.”

Since the 1920s, scientists have acknowledged the existence of antimatter, particles with counterparts that possess opposite charges. However, antiprotons, being the simplest form of antimatter, often annihilate upon contact with their more plentiful proton counterparts, complicating their production and storage. It wasn’t until the 1980s that CERN successfully conducted the first experiments to confine antiprotons, generated by proton bombardment of metal targets.

Today, CERN’s Antimatter Factory is the only location globally capable of producing millions of antiprotons on demand and retaining them for research purposes. Several experiments, including the Baryon Antibaryon Symmetry Experiment (BASE), take place here, with STEP also participating.

Christian Smolla Making Final Adjustments

David Stock

These experiments meticulously test antimatter’s fundamental properties, examining deviations from normal matter. Insights gleaned could provide answers to why our universe predominantly consists of matter, seemingly devoid of antimatter.

To achieve the necessary precision in measurements, it is essential to mitigate noise from radiation that might disrupt data collection. When antiprotons enter the detection zone, they approach nearly the speed of light, necessitating a robust magnetic field for deceleration, although complete blockage remains unattainable.

In 2018, Smolla’s team recognized the need for a quieter environment for antimatter, resulting in a strategic escape plan. “Observing variations in the magnetic field made it clear we had to continue precision measurements elsewhere,” Smolla stated.

Containing antimatter is a formidable challenge, requiring superconducting magnets cool enough to sustain near absolute zero temperatures while consuming massive electrical power. The STEP design leveraged just a 30-liter liquid helium tank for magnet cooling, allowing its electronics to function on a standard diesel generator. Future test runs aim to transition to battery power.

Additionally, magnets needed to withstand start-stop movements during operation, and a custom vacuum system was essential to ensure the antiprotons remain uncontaminated by normal matter during their loading and unloading processes.

In 2024, Smolla’s team is set to showcase the STEP experiment. A truck will transport the device across the CERN campus to observe protons, a significant milestone in antimatter transport.

In the days leading up to my visit, approximately 100 antiprotons were slowed and positioned within a sophisticated network of vacuum and electromagnetic fields.

Since then, they’ve patiently awaited the next steps within a complex arrangement of electrical wires and liquid helium lines. With a small oscilloscope screen, Smolla’s team monitors the antimatter’s vital signs. The natural frequencies at which antiprotons vibrate manifest as double humps, affectionately adorned with googly eyes.

Detection Signals Indicating Antiproton Presence

David Stock

On an early Tuesday morning, a crane carefully hoists the entire 850-kilogram trap onto a specialized truck. The truck’s operator is trained to manage CERN’s sensitive equipment, ensuring smooth acceleration and braking.

The truck will then navigate a four-kilometer loop around the CERN campus before returning to the antimatter factory. Should the experiment prove successful, Smolla’s ultimate goal is to extend this antimatter transport service beyond CERN’s confines, delivering antimatter capsules to various European laboratories. A facility currently under construction at Heinrich Heine University in Düsseldorf, Germany, aims to study antimatter in a near-field-free environment.

However, this ambitious goal entails several years of work. CERN is scheduled to suspend extensive operations in July to upgrade its Large Hadron Collider for higher power outputs, a task slated for completion in late 2028.

Once operational, the antimatter delivery service could mean trucks transporting antimatter alongside ordinary vehicles on highways throughout Switzerland and Germany. Though it sounds alarming—given antimatter’s tendency to annihilate upon contact with regular matter—Smolla assures that the risk remains minimal.

“Transporting antimatter is safe, as the quantities we handle are extremely small,” Smolla explains. “You could easily lose 1,000 antiprotons without any noticeable impact.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover Nature’s Perfect Disguise: The Vibrant Hot Pink Phase of Tropical Bush Crickets

Posted on March 17, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent studies by Panamanian entomologists reveal that leaf-mimicking katydid species, specifically the Alota festae, start their life cycle in a vibrant pink hue, transitioning to green within days. This transformation not only mirrors the color changes of rainforest leaves, which often turn red or pink before fully maturing, but also serves as a sophisticated adaptive camouflage strategy previously misinterpreted as a genetic anomaly.

Striking hot pink female Alota festae, photographed on March 27, 2025, at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Image credit: Zeke W. Rowe.

Commonly referred to as bush crickets, Alota festae is a medium-sized katydid (measuring 2.7 cm and weighing 1 g) native to Panama, Colombia, and Suriname. These insects are usually non-sexually dimorphic, exhibiting a light green coloration and broad, rounded forewings that help them blend into their environment, resembling young plants.

On March 27, 2025, Dr. Benito Wainwright from the University of St Andrews and his colleagues made a groundbreaking discovery while studying a female Alota festae at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute field station on Barro Colorado Island in Panama. This specimen showcased an unexpected and vivid hot pink coloration.

“The discovery was quite surprising,” noted Dr. Wainwright. “It’s so uncommon that, under natural conditions, we observed its color shift from deep pink to green.”

Dr. Wainwright elaborated, “Instead of being a rare genetic mutation, this phenomenon could very well be a finely tuned survival tactic aligned with the lifecycle of the rainforest leaves the katydid mimics.”

During their research, the team maintained the insects at natural ambient temperature and humidity for 30 days. After just four days in captivity, the brilliant pink hue faded into a softer pastel pink.

Photographic documentation was made every 24 hours to meticulously track the katydid’s coloration changes. By April 7, 2025, the insect had transitioned entirely to green, rendering it indistinguishable from the more prevalent green variant.

Though pink katydids have been observed in scientific literature since 1878, they were previously viewed as rare mutations with potential disadvantages. This marks the first documented instance of a katydid exhibiting a complete color change within a single life stage.

Dr. Matt Greenwell from the University of Reading commented, “The complexities of tropical forests reveal how precisely certain animals have evolved to adapt. A bright pink insect in an emerald-green forest might seem vulnerable to predators, much like a worker in a high-visibility jacket. The gradual color adaptation reflects the dynamic nature of rainforests and stands as a remarkable example of natural camouflage.”

The team’s findings are detailed in a recent study published on March 7, 2026, in the journal Ecology, which can be accessed here.

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J. Benito Wainwright et al. 2026. Pink Cricket Club: Dramatic color changes in katydids disguised as neotropical leaves (Alota festae Griffini, 1896). Ecology 107 (3): e70333; doi: 10.1002/ecy.70333

Source: www.sci.news

Discover the Secrets Between the Stars: An Insightful Guide by Cyworthy

Posted on March 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The universe contains space waiting to be explored. When we shift our focus from Earth and the Milky Way to intergalactic space, we find an average density of 1 atom per cubic meter, or roughly 35 cubic feet of emptiness. Yet, the universe holds more than mere emptiness; it conceals a wealth of material on smaller scales.

Inside galaxies, regions between stars harbor gatherings of matter at different temperatures and densities, collectively known as the multiphase interstellar medium (ISM). This cosmic material primarily consists of hydrogen and helium, supplemented by trace amounts of heavier elements, referred to by astronomers as metals. It is from this material that new stars are born.

A recent study by a team of astronomers examined how variable metallic content affects star formation within the ISM. By simulating ISM clouds with varying metallicities across seven regions of the nearby universe, including areas near the Sun, random patches of the Milky Way, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, Sextans A, the globular cluster NGC 1904, and the blue compact dwarf galaxy I Zwicky 18, the team employed the SILCC project, a collaborative effort among European research institutions focused on simulating the lifecycle of star-forming gas clouds.

Using a sophisticated simulation code, the researchers modeled gas dynamics and magnetic field interactions within a massive cuboid measuring 500 parsecs on each side. This giant box, equivalent to 15 quintillion kilometers per side, contained gas molecules influenced by the gravitational attractions of star clusters and dark matter present within and around the cloud. To maintain cloud stability, gas molecules were initially set to move at an average speed of 10 kilometers per second during the first 20 million years.

Post-initiation, the simulation examined how magnetic fields and fluid dynamics evolved, including the effects of high-energy protons, referred to as cosmic rays. Over a simulated timeframe of 200 million years, the researchers tracked cloud interactions, star formation, lifecycle events, and the chemistry of residual molecules. By isolating metallicity effects across the seven different simulations, it was found that the solar neighborhood had the highest metallicity, while I Zwicky 18 displayed a mere 2% metallicity.

The findings revealed that low-metallicity regions of the ISM tend to be warmer on average compared to high-metallicity areas. The results indicated that metals possess superior heat-releasing properties compared to hydrogen or helium. In contrast, colder regions rich in metals fostered star birth, whereas warmer, low-metallicity environments produced fewer stars, perpetuating a cycle of thermal dynamics until temperatures soared to around 1 million Kelvin (or 2 million °F).

The research team acknowledged several simplifications in their study. Due to time constraints, only metallicity was varied across simulations, despite differing spatial parameters. Additionally, the team underestimated common metals like carbon, oxygen, and silicon, which are formed at higher rates through stellar nuclear fusion. Lastly, it was assumed that all massive stars culminated their lifespans via supernovae, excluding the possibility of black hole formation.

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Source: sciworthy.com

Discover the Only Proven Method to Boost Your IQ Effectively

Posted on March 15, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Many of us aspire to enhance our intelligence, whether we admit it or not. Who wouldn’t want to be the life of the dinner party or excel at chess?

You might be curious if it’s feasible to boost brain performance beyond innate genetics and an enriching early environment. If so, how can you achieve this?

Brain training games are often promoted as a viable solution. Just as individuals pursue muscle gains at the gym, those looking to sharpen their intellect gravitate toward brain-training games.

Their popularity has surged recently, largely due to the availability of apps on smartphones, coupled with the enticing premise: play for a few minutes daily and become smarter.

Unfortunately, the evidence supporting brain-training games is less than compelling.

A significant 2018 study demonstrated that participants improved significantly in a token-tracking game. However, when tested on similar tasks like recalling short digit strings, those gains vanished. The training failed to transfer from games to real-world tasks.

“When it comes to brain training, as marketed,” states Professor Bobby Stoyanowski, the study’s lead researcher, “we don’t see any improvement.”

Other research corroborates Stoyanowski’s findings. This isn’t the first time claims surrounding such games have been challenged; in 2016, the US Federal Trade Commission fined Lumosity $2 million, citing deceptive advertising related to their brain training claims.

“This raises many questions,” said Stojanowski. “We understand that our brains are plastic and can be enhanced, so the potential for improving cognitive performance is still open.”

Interestingly, one potential improvement avenue might involve weightlifting.

Harnessing Brain Power

When envisioning a high-IQ individual, we often picture a frail, bookish person instead of someone with a fit physique. However, these stereotypes are outdated and misleading, especially since exercise can significantly enhance mental capacities.

Puzzles can assess spatial awareness and problem-solving but how beneficial are they for cognitive function? – Image credit: Getty Images

A 2024 analysis indicated that motivating children to engage in regular exercise led to a noteworthy increase of four IQ points, regardless of their initial IQ levels or duration of the intervention.

While four points may seem minor, Dr. Javier Salvador Morales, the analysis’ lead author, argues that “an average increase of four IQ points is significant in a population context.”

For comparison, studies have shown that an additional year of formal education generally increases IQ by about one to five points.

“Thus, the impacts we observed relate comparably to the cognitive benefits of an extra year of schooling,” he says.

He notes that this isn’t a one-size-fits-all solution. “This doesn’t imply that individual physical activity will automatically result in such changes; rather, a structured exercise program can meaningfully enhance a child’s intelligence.”

Why is exercise effective? Its benefits for the brain are numerous.

MRI scans have shown that exercise can facilitate the creation of new neurons in the hippocampus, vital for learning and memory, improve brain connectivity, promote new blood vessel formation, and protect against neurodegenerative disease proteins.

These effects can largely be attributed to enhanced blood flow and oxygen availability, providing the brain with essential energy. Additionally, exercise leads to the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that benefit healthy brain function.

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The Thought Process

Are certain types of exercise more effective than others? Currently, the answers are debatable since much research has targeted older adults with moderate activities like walking taking precedence.

A 2024 study found that gardening was linked to a reduced risk of cognitive decline in individuals over 45, with higher energy expenditure driving improvements among participants engaged in gardening.

However, Salvador Morales’ analysis indicated benefits across a range of activities including aerobic exercises, yoga, team sports, and strength training. “Despite the differences, a clear pattern emerged: Structured physical exercise improved both general and fluid intelligence,” he affirms.

Certain trends were evident. Interventions typically lasted between 30 to 60 minutes, occurred three to five days a week, and included moderate to vigorous exercise.

Moreover, combining various exercise types proved effective. Some evidence suggests that mixing aerobic exercises with strength and flexibility training yields greater cognitive function improvements in older adults.

Research indicates that active, interactive video games may offer cognitive benefits. – Image courtesy of Getty Images

There’s ongoing debate regarding the magnitude or directness of these effects. Exercise often coincides with other benefits like improved sleep quality, mood enhancement, and social interaction. Nonetheless, Salvador Morales insists the cumulative evidence is compelling.

“Decades of research consistently demonstrate that structured exercise programs correlate with tangible improvements in cognitive and intellectual outcomes among youth,” he states.

This trend appears consistent across nearly all age demographics surveyed.

“Intelligence is influenced by a range of biological, educational, and environmental factors; thus, we can’t deem it the ‘best’ approach,” he observes.

“However, exercise is one of the few interventions consistently showing positive effects in randomized controlled trials for adolescents. It also enhances physical, emotional, and social well-being simultaneously—something not always achievable through more focused cognitive strategies.”

“While no single formula exists for boosting intelligence, exercise stands out as a safe, accessible, and broadly beneficial option.”

While brain-training apps may not significantly boost IQ, emerging technologies that integrate physical activity could hold promise.

A notable study involving mostly sedentary students showcased a virtual reality game with lightsabers.

Rather than remaining stationary, players had to swing, dodge, and engage dynamically, turning the game into a moderate to intense physical activity workout.

The outcomes, though modest, were significant. After gameplay, participants exhibited marked improvements in cognitive tests regarding naming, abstraction, and spatial orientation.

So, the wisest strategy might not be to abandon brain-training games completely, but to seek out games that engage both your mind and body.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Scientists Discover Potential Cure for Baldness: Here’s How It Works

Posted on March 15, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

When discussing hair removal options, many products promise quick fixes or a return to the hair’s original luster. Unfortunately, these claims often fall short, leading to subpar and temporary results.

Despite the fact that 80% of men experience male pattern baldness, our understanding of how to slow, halt, or even reverse this process has been limited until recently.

Fortunately, breakthroughs in science may reveal effective strategies to combat this issue.

The intriguing solution could involve freezing hair at extremely low temperatures to produce clones—yes, clones! Sci-fi enthusiasts, get ready to support this innovation.

What Causes Male Pattern Baldness?

The common misconception is that bald individuals lack hair entirely, but that’s not true. When hair is lost, it doesn’t disappear; instead, it shrinks.

“Baldness is a result of hair shrinking,” explains Paul Kemp, CEO of HairClone, a pioneering company dedicated to next-generation hair loss treatments. “The hair isn’t gone; it’s just becoming smaller and less visible.”

The shrinkage occurs due to a type of skin cell known as dermal papilla, which surrounds the base of hair follicles and is essential for hair formation, growth, and texture.

During hair loss, the number of these vital cells—typically around 1,000 per follicle—diminishes dramatically.

This loss is exacerbated by dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a potent derivative of testosterone that affects hair follicles differently across the scalp. Generally, dermal papilla cells on the top of the head are more susceptible to this process compared to those on the sides.

Recent research findings, published in Experimental Dermatology, explore how these skin cells differentiate during early embryonic development, suggesting a genetic basis for why some areas are more prone to hair loss.

“The dermal cells that are lost and those that remain originate from distinctly different populations,” Professor Kemp clarifies. “Essentially, where you experience hair loss can be likened to a ticking clock set from the moment your body begins to develop.”

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Why Cloning Hair Could Cure Baldness

With the loss of dermal papilla cells linked to baldness, researchers are racing to discover ways to replenish them. Hair cloning, also known as hair propagation, is gaining traction, thanks to frontrunners like HairClone.

This pioneering technology is not yet available in the UK or US, but if successful, it could come with a hefty price tag. Kemp notes, “While initial costs will be high, scaling up production should help lower prices, making it comparable to advanced hair transplant techniques.”

Unlike traditional hair transplants, hair cloning can be initiated before significant hair loss occurs, ensuring discreet treatment results.

Here’s how the process works:

1. Hair Root Collection and Preservation:

Healthy hair follicles are extracted from areas where hair is still growing and cryogenically preserved for later use. For optimal results, it’s crucial to gather these follicles while they are still young.

2. Cell Multiplication:

This step involves isolating and multiplying dermal papilla cells in a laboratory setting. As Dr. Jennifer Dillon states: “From one follicle, we can multiply these cells over 1,000 times, resulting in over a million cells.”

3. Replantation:

The cultivated dermal papilla cells are injected back into bald areas of the scalp, returning hair to its natural thickness and fullness. This step is awaiting regulatory approval, but initial clinical data is promising.

While banking hair follicles is currently possible globally, it comes with a significant cost.

What Other Treatments Are Available?

Although hair cloning is a buzz-worthy topic, it isn’t the sole treatment option. A study published in the Cosmetic Dermatology Journal suggests that fat cells harvested from the abdomen could regenerate hair. This method, known as autologous fat grafting (AFG), eliminates the need for cryogenic preservation.

AFG falls under stem cell therapy, using versatile cells that can transform into various cell types to meet regenerative needs. Instead of freezing hair cells, stem cells can be extracted from the patient’s body and directed to grow into hair cells, injected into the scalp just like in hair cloning.

Another innovative treatment in development is microRNA therapy, which fine-tunes gene expression to stimulate hair growth and has the potential to be applied topically, thus reducing invasiveness.

When Will These Treatments Be Available?

As with hair cloning, various stem cell and microRNA treatments are currently seeking clinical approval, potentially becoming available in the coming years. Despite the rising optimism for effective baldness treatments, Dr. Claire Higgins, a tissue regeneration expert at Imperial College London, warns that success in lab trials does not always translate to clinical effectiveness.

Dr. Higgins believes that understanding the specific reasons why some dermal papilla cells are more vulnerable to hair loss will be key in designing more effective treatments. “While we understand the physiological changes leading to hair loss, the underlying causes remain unclear.”

Optimistically, Kemp concludes that future generations will have revolutionary solutions for hair restoration, much like advancements in dentistry. “Rather than waiting for hair loss to occur, we envision a world where individuals can maintain their hair throughout life.”

About Our Experts

Dr. Paul Kemp is the Co-founder and CEO of HairClone. Previously, he led the development of the first multicellular therapy approved by the FDA, currently benefitting millions globally. He also serves as co-director for doctoral training in regenerative medicine at the University of Manchester.

Dr. Claire Higgins is a leading lecturer in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine at Imperial College London, focusing on hair follicles and skin regeneration.

Dr. Jennifer Dillon heads research at HairClone, specializing in the development of cell therapies for hair loss and possessing over a decade of experience in stem cell and cancer research.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Unlocking the Mind: Discover One of Your Brain’s Sneakiest Tricks

Posted on March 13, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Historically, people couldn’t read in silence. Writing originated as a method to encode spoken language rather than abstract thoughts. In ancient times, written texts were performed to audiences, emphasizing community engagement over solitary consumption.

From religious scriptures to royal decrees and epic tales of legendary heroes, these texts were recorded for accuracy but meant to be read aloud to an audience. With literacy rates low and the production of documents labor-intensive and costly, private reading was seldom practiced.

Early writing reflected spoken language, lacking spaces, paragraph breaks, or punctuation that we recognize today. It’s fascinating that complex speech sounds likely developed around 200,000 years before the advent of writing. The earliest known written form, Cuneiform from Mesopotamia, emerged approximately 5,000 years ago, indicating that our brains process these new linguistic forms using existing cognitive mechanisms.

Reading aloud was once the standard practice – Photo credit: Ann-Sophie De Steur

In the 1970s, psychologists Dr. Alan Baddeley and Dr. Graham Hitch introduced a model of short-term memory involving a “phonological loop” that retains speech sounds for a few seconds. When listening, this mechanism decodes sounds into meaningful words—similar processes occur during silent reading.

Studies indicate that even during silent reading, the muscles in our mouth, tongue, and larynx remain active due to subvocalization, a process where we internalize the sounds of words for comprehension.

The full potential of silent reading didn’t surface until the rise of mass literacy and the printing press during the early Renaissance. Nevertheless, this skill has older roots; for instance, in 428 B.C.E., playwright Euripides depicted Theseus silently reading a letter from his late wife, while Roman leader Julius Caesar was known to read a love letter silently during Senate debates.

This article addresses the query: “Why did it take so long for people to learn to read silently?” (submitted by Kelly Peña).

To contribute your questions, please email questions@sciencefocus.com or reach out through Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram. Be sure to include your name and location.

For exciting scientific insights, visit our Ultimate Fun Facts page.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Discover How One Day Could Reveal Your Remaining Lifespan

Posted on March 13, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Science is advancing towards accurately predicting lifespan based on daily habits, as highlighted in new research conducted by Stanford University.

The study observed the behavior of 81 African turquoise killifish in a camera-monitored aquarium throughout their lifespan, which ranges from four to eight months.

By analyzing billions of frames of video footage, scientists established a link between daily behavioral patterns and longevity.

Co-first author Dr. Claire Bedbrook, a bioengineer and neuroscientist, stated, “One of the main findings of this study is that behavior serves as a non-invasive indicator of the aging process.” BBC Science Focus.

She added, “By tracking simple metrics such as activity and sleep patterns over a 24-hour period, we gain insights into aging progression and potential lifespan predictions.”

With the rise of smartwatches, scientists anticipate a future where individual aging journeys can be quantified more effectively.

Claire Bedbrook (right) and Ravi Nath (left) studied the behavior of African turquoise killifish. Credit: Andrew Brodhead/Stanford University

This research sheds light on the aging processes in animals with complex brains.

A key finding suggests that towards early middle age, when their lifespans reach approximately 70 to 100 days, fish destined for longer lives exhibit different behaviors compared to those that die earlier.

Co-first author Dr. Ravi Nath, also a neuroscientist and geneticist, remarked, “We could accurately estimate an animal’s age and whether it has a short or long lifespan based on its behavior at a relatively young age.” BBC Science Focus.

Notably, the research revealed variations in sleep patterns. Long-lived fish primarily sleep at night, while those with shorter lifespans increasingly sleep during the day as they mature.

Additionally, more active fish—those that swim more vigorously and spontaneously during the day—were found to have a higher likelihood of living longer.

The team identified a total of 100 distinct “action syllables,” representing short actions that form the foundational aspects of medaka behavior, many of which correlate with lifespan.

Claire Bedbrook (left) retrieves a tank of African turquoise killifish while Ravi Nath observes. Credit: Andrew Brodhead/Stanford University

Utilizing machine learning models, researchers accurately predicted the lifespan of individual fish based on a few days of behavioral data during mid-life.

Furthermore, the study found that fish age in distinct stages rather than continuously, supporting similar findings in recent research on humans.

Dr. Bedbrook explained, “I initially believed aging to be a gradual process, but our behavioral tracking indicates long periods of stability followed by sudden aging phases where animals enter new life stages.”

Future studies will aim to analyze behaviors in more natural settings, potentially allowing fish to exhibit increased social interactions.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Astronomers Discover Neutron Star Collision in Surprising Cosmic Environment

Posted on March 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Astronomers have utilized NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory along with other advanced telescopes to investigate a transient gamma-ray burst event known as GRB 230906A. This burst originated from a faint dwarf galaxy hidden within a vast flow of intergalactic gas. The discovery indicates that neutron star mergers—violent collisions responsible for producing heavy elements like gold and platinum—can occur far away from the luminous centers of galaxies, which may elucidate why some bursts appear to lack a defined host galaxy.

GRB 230906A originated in a small galaxy in a gas stream approximately 4.7 billion light-years from Earth. Image credit: NASA / CXC / Pennsylvania State University / S. Dichiara / ESA / STScI / ERC BHianca 2026 / Fortuna and Dichiara, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 / SAO / P. Edmonds.

A neutron star is the remnants left after a massive star depletes its nuclear fuel, collapses, and violently explodes.

Despite their compact size, neutron stars possess a mass greater than our Sun and are incredibly dense.

These celestial bodies are considered among the most extreme entities in the universe.

In recent years, astronomers have gathered evidence of neutron star mergers occurring within larger galaxies.

However, this recent revelation highlights that neutron star collisions can also take place within smaller galaxies.

“Discovering a neutron star collision in such an unexpected location is a pivotal moment for our field,” stated Dr. Simone DiChiara, an astronomer from Pennsylvania State University.

“This finding may hold the key to resolving two significant mysteries in astrophysics.”

The first question this groundbreaking neutron star collision site may clarify is why gamma-ray bursts from neutron star mergers often do not appear at the central regions of galaxies.

The second mystery this discovery could illuminate concerns the presence of heavy elements like gold and platinum in stars located far from a galaxy’s core.

This neutron star collision is intriguingly situated in a gas stream spanning approximately 600,000 light-years, originating from a diminutive galaxy about 4.7 billion light-years away.

This gas flow likely emerged hundreds of millions of years ago during a galactic collision that stripped gas and dust from the involved galaxies, leaving remnants in intergalactic space.

“Our discovery reveals a collision within a collision,” remarked Dr. Eleonora Troja of the University of Rome.

“The merging of galaxies instigated a surge of star formation, ultimately leading to the birth and subsequent collision of neutron stars over millions of years.”

To identify the GRB 230906A phenomenon, which occurred on September 6, 2023, astronomers employed multiple NASA telescopes, including the Chandra X-ray Observatory, Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, and the Hubble Space Telescope.

Fermi detected neutron star collisions by recognizing the characteristic gamma-ray burst (GRB) signals.

Following initial location analysis by the interplanetary network, the precise location of the object was further defined using the advanced observational capabilities of Chandra, Swift, and Hubble.

NASA’s initiative is part of a growing global network dedicated to monitoring cosmic phenomena to uncover the secrets of the universe.

“Chandra’s pinpoint accuracy in X-ray localization made this research possible,” said Dr. Brendan O’Connor, a postdoctoral fellow at Carnegie Mellon University.

“Without this data, connecting the burst to a specific cosmic source would have been unattainable.”

“Once Chandra provided us with a precise location, Hubble’s exceptional sensitivity unveiled a small, faint galaxy in that area.”

“We managed to achieve this groundbreaking discovery by synergizing various research elements.”

This insight might elucidate why certain GRBs seem to lack identifiable host galaxies.

It suggests that some host galaxies may be too diminutive to be discerned in standard optical surveys conducted by ground-based observatories.

GRB 230906A’s unusual positioning could also contribute to the understanding of how astronomers found heavy elements like gold and platinum in stars situated far from their galaxy centers.

These stars are generally believed to have formed from older gas that had less opportunity to accumulate heavy elements from supernova events.

Collisions between neutron stars can synthesize heavy elements, including gold and platinum, via various nuclear reactions, similar to those observed in a well-documented neutron star collision from 2017.

Events like GRB 230906A can produce such elements that eventually disperse throughout the galactic outskirts and can appear in future generations of stars.

Another potential explanation for this explosion is its positioning within a more distant galaxy located behind the cluster of galaxies.

“We consider this a less likely explanation compared to the presence of small galaxies,” the researchers concluded.

This groundbreaking finding is detailed in the research paper published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.

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S. Dichiara et al. 2026. A merger within a merger: Chandra identifies short GRB 230906A in exceptional circumstances. APJL 999, L42; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ae2a2f

Source: www.sci.news