Are You Harming Your Teeth Every Night? Discover the Hidden Dangers!

The medical term for teeth grinding during sleep, known as sleep bruxism, is surprisingly common. Many individuals engage in this unconscious behavior without even realizing it.

It’s estimated that up to 8-10% of adults will experience this condition at some point in their lives.

While the exact causes of sleep bruxism remain unclear, several factors are believed to contribute. Stress and anxiety often serve as significant triggers, causing your body to unconsciously tense muscles during sleep.

Other contributing factors include misaligned teeth, certain medications (such as some antidepressants), consumption of caffeine or alcohol, and sleep disorders like sleep apnea.

In fact, research indicates a high correlation between sleep bruxism and obstructive sleep apnea, a condition where the airway intermittently becomes blocked during sleep, leading to respiratory arrest and disrupted sleep patterns. Approximately half of individuals with sleep apnea exhibit signs of teeth grinding during sleep studies. This study suggests that the relationship between these two conditions may be influenced by shared neurological mechanisms affecting jaw and airway muscle activity during sleep.

Recognizing the Signs of Teeth Grinding

Although teeth grinding occurs unconsciously while you sleep, certain signs may indicate that you are grinding or clenching your teeth. Nighttime clenching can lead to headaches, jaw pain, tooth wear, and even temporomandibular joint (TMJ) issues.

Symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorder can include:

  • Jaw, ear, and temple pain: Discomfort may arise in these areas, accompanied by clicking or grinding sounds when moving your jaw.
  • Morning headaches: Tension from clenching can result in headaches near the temples.
  • Worn or cracked teeth: Teeth may become unusually flat, chipped, or sensitive.
  • Jaw functionality issues: Clicking, popping, or difficulty moving your jaw may signal stress in your TMJ.
  • Earache-like pain: You may experience discomfort around your ears or cheeks.
  • Loud grinding sounds: Your partner may hear you grinding or clenching your teeth during sleep.
  • Mouth injuries: Look for small bites or irritation on your cheeks and tongue.

If you discover that you are grinding your teeth, you might be wondering how to stop.

If your jaw hurts in the morning, you may be grinding your teeth while you sleep – Photo credit: Getty

Strategies to Reduce Teeth Grinding

To alleviate or completely stop teeth grinding, consider addressing lifestyle factors. Managing stress through relaxation techniques, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), meditation, and gentle yoga before bedtime can be beneficial. Additionally, limiting alcohol and caffeine, along with maintaining regular sleep habits, may help.

Improving your overall sleep quality can also reduce instances of teeth grinding. Studies indicate that poor sleep quality is often associated with more frequent grinding incidents.

If discomfort is a concern, over-the-counter pain relief and cold compresses (like an ice pack wrapped in a cloth for 20-30 minutes) can help alleviate pain and swelling. Engaging in jaw exercises, light stretching, and adjusting your sleeping position may also provide relief.

Research has shown that targeted physical therapy can improve TMJ function and decrease pain related to teeth grinding.

If your symptoms persist or become significantly painful, consulting a dentist is crucial. They can diagnose underlying issues, provide a custom night guard, and refer you to additional treatments such as physical therapy or specialized dental care.

If your teeth grinding is linked to sleep apnea or other sleep disorders, a sleep specialist may suggest further evaluation, as treating the root sleep issue can reduce teeth grinding intensity. With consistent care and lifestyle adjustments, most individuals can reduce the frequency and severity of sleep bruxism, protect their teeth, and alleviate discomfort.


This article addresses the question (from Alex Jevons of Leeds): “How do I stop clenching my jaw at night?”

For questions, please email questions@sciencefocus.com or connect with us on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (include your name and location).

For more amazing science insights, visit our Ultimate Fun Facts page.


Read more:


Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Scientists Discover Evidence of Man-Eating Killer Whales in Russian Waters

Two severed killer whale fins discovered on a remote Russian island may reveal a shocking new behavior: killer whales may be hunting and consuming their own species. Each fin is newly severed, and a recent study indicates that the tooth marks belong to another killer whale.

Dr. Olga Filatova, an associate professor at the University of Southern Denmark, received the alarming photographs from her collaborator, Sergei Fomin, and was certain about the implications.

“I was astonished when he discovered the first fin,” she stated in an interview with BBC Science Focus. “We never believed we would witness this phenomenon in our lifetime, but it appears we have.”




Genetic analysis confirmed that the severed fins belonged to resident killer whales, which are fish-eating mammals living in tight family groups for generations. The likely aggressor is the transient killer whale, a separate population that preys on marine mammals such as seals, sea lions, and other whales.

From a taxonomic perspective, all killer whales belong to a single species, meaning this behavior technically qualifies as cannibalism. Killer whale.

However, Filatova emphasizes that the situation is more nuanced. Resident and transient populations do not socialize or interbreed, and in the wild, they may not even recognize one another as the same species.

Filatova suggests that the attack likely occurred during a large social gathering, where numerous resident families convened for breeding. Due to the familial ties within these groups, killer whales must seek mates from outside their family units, resulting in fragmented populations that may extend over several kilometers.

During these social events, young males may become separated from their protective family units. “This provides an opportunity for mammal-eating species to target these vulnerable young, as other adults are preoccupied,” Filatova explained.

Fomin observed one such gathering shortly before he came across the second fin.

The second fin was found in 2024, approximately 2 km (1.2 miles) from the first fin – Photo credit: Sergey Fomin/SDU

Both fins belonged to young whales, and their severed state—rather than being simply bitten off—suggests that killer whales that hunt other species typically remove fins to access the flesh beneath, leaving low-energy remains.

This discovery carries implications beyond the immediate tragedy. Filatova posits that the strong social bonds characteristic of resident killer whale communities could stem from the pressures of predation.

“These populations remain stable for a specific reason: they need to safeguard themselves,” she remarked.

She theorizes that the two populations first encountered each other around 100,000 years ago when resident whales—more genetically similar to Atlantic killer whales—migrated to the North Pacific, encroaching on territory already inhabited by transients.

The remarkable family cohesion seen in today’s killer whales may be a result of evolving under the long-term threat of predation.

With only two fins discovered thus far, Filatova is cautious about drawing definitive conclusions. It remains uncertain whether this killing behavior signifies a recent shift or if it has been occurring unnoticed.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Discover Two Newly Identified Bird Species in the Amazon Rainforest

Long believed to be a single species found throughout the Amazon rainforest, ant birds are, in fact, a group of different species, including two newly identified ones: Cherkomakra village and Cercomacula laucisona. These species inhabit distinct areas of the southern Amazon. This revelation was made possible through an extensive analysis of museum specimens and bird audio recordings. Discover more about the gray ant bird (Sercomacra cinerasense), which further complicates our understanding.



Cercomacula laucisona. Image credit: Fernando Zurdo.

The gray antbird is a small, inconspicuous bird native to forested areas. These birds thrive in dense understory habitats across Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.

Males typically exhibit gray plumage while females appear brownish, making it challenging for ornithologists to differentiate between various populations in this vast geographical region.

To reassess species boundaries, researchers led by Sercomacra cinerasense expert Wagner Cavalzere from the University of Complex conducted comparative studies on feather coloration, body measurements, and vocalizations.

The study analyzed 682 bird specimens from museum collections and evaluated 347 song recordings.

The team employed BirdNET, a deep learning platform designed to classify bird calls, to assess song structure.

“Birds rely heavily on vocal communication, which is crucial for species recognition,” the researchers stated.

“Their songs serve as sonic signatures, essential for uncovering hidden diversity.”

The findings indicated distinct divisions in populations separated by major Amazonian rivers.

Birds residing north of the Pastaza, Maranhão, Solimões, and Amazon rivers exhibited consistent differences in coloration and song patterns compared to southern populations.

Cherkomakra village is found in the forested region between the Ucayali and Madeira rivers, while Cercomacula laucisona inhabits areas between the Madeira and Tapajos rivers.

“These rivers act as long-standing natural barriers,” the researchers noted.

“The populations have diverged independently over millennia to evolve into the unique species we describe today, isolated by these significant rivers.”



Cherkomakra village. Image credit: Tomas Melo.

Additionally, scientists recognized several previously named forms as distinct species, bringing the total in this complex to five.

Each species is characterized by unique vocal traits and geographical ranges, with minimal evidence of overlap or hybridization.

This discovery underscores the vast unexplored biodiversity within the Amazon, revealing complexities among bird species previously thought to be well understood.

“By integrating artificial intelligence with fundamental bioacoustics and museum collection studies, we uncover diversity that would otherwise remain invisible,” the authors emphasized.

“Acknowledging these species is crucial for their conservation in a rapidly changing environment.”

For further details on this discovery, refer to the new paper published in Vertebrate Zoology.

_____

V. Cavalzere et al. 2026. Integrated taxonomy of Sercomacra cinerasense Species complex with descriptions of two new species (Birds: Thamnophilidae). Vertebrate Zoology 76: 73-91; doi: 10.3897/vz.76.e171834

Source: www.sci.news

Archaeologists Discover Neolithic Europeans’ Surprisingly Complex Cuisine

An international team of archaeologists analyzed 85 pottery sherds containing significant food shell remains from 13 archaeological sites in Northern and Eastern Europe, dating from the 6th to 3rd millennium BC. They identified various plant tissues such as wildflowers, legumes, fruits, and herbaceous roots, leaves, and stems in 58 of these sherds. The findings reveal that prehistoric hunter-gatherers exhibited a selective preference for specific plant species and parts, often pairing them with certain animal foods.

Prehistoric Europeans demonstrated careful selection of their plant foods, consciously opting for specific species and combining them with targeted animal foods. This practice may have led to the development of unique tastes, flavors, and textures, facilitated by pottery techniques, thereby motivating their invention and adoption.

Foraging wild plants was a crucial aspect of survival for prehistoric communities. However, direct evidence, including the types of plants foraged and their uses, often remains elusive.

Traditionally, scientists analyze fat residues in ancient pottery to interpret ancient diets. Nonetheless, this method primarily sheds light on animal remains, limiting insights into plant consumption.

In a groundbreaking study, researcher Lara González Carretero from the University of York and her colleagues employed advanced techniques, including microscopy and chemical analysis, to uncover evidence of plant consumption by ancient European hunter-gatherers.

The study evaluated organic artifacts from 58 pottery pieces excavated from 13 archaeological sites in Northern and Eastern Europe, dating between the 6th and 3rd millennium BC.

This innovative approach collected tissue samples from various plant species, including grasses, fruits, leaves, and seeds, frequently found alongside remains of animals, particularly fish and other marine life.

The specific combinations of ingredients varied by region, likely reflecting local cultural practices and available resources.

This important discovery underscores the significant role of plants and aquatic foods in early European diets.

The results confirm that these communities regularly utilized pottery techniques for meal preparation, each developing their own intricate culinary traditions.

“Our findings reveal that the selection of plant foods was highly selective, with hunter-gatherers favoring specific plant species and parts, often combining them with particular animal foods,” the researchers stated.

“These results also suggest that our understanding of plant processing in pottery may be drastically underestimated if we rely solely on lipid residue analysis.”

Read their paper published in the online journal PLoS ONE.

_____

L. González Carretero et al. 2026. Selective culinary uses of plant foods by Northern and Eastern European hunter-gatherer-fishermen. PLoS One 21 (3): e0342740; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0342740

Source: www.sci.news

Discover If You’re Truly Cool: Insights from Science

At some point, many of us yearn to be perceived as cool. This pursuit significantly influences our purchases, fashion choices, hobbies, social circles, and even our vocabulary.

Being accepted by a group has its advantages. Research indicates that those deemed cool are often more admired, likable, and viewed as friendly and competent. But what truly defines “cool”?

The idea of coolness has historical roots, with parallels in cultures worldwide, including West Africa and China. In Europe, the concept traces back to the 16th century Italian term sprezzatura, embodying a refined and effortless style (think of the Mona Lisa—her enigmatic smile and poise exemplify this ideal). This form of coolness hinges on nonchalance and mastering the art of making challenges appear effortless.







Perhaps one key to being cool is to be effortlessly yourself. We all recognize the discomfort of trying too hard to impress others (just recall former British Prime Minister Theresa May’s infamous dance video).

Being cool often stems from confidence and a sense of adventure.

Cool slang evolves over time, from rad and hip to swell, dope, fresh, and light, but “cool” remains timeless.

This term, signifying “fashionable,” originates from African American culture in the 1930s and 1940s, particularly in the jazz music scene.

Jazz musicians with a relaxed playing style were labeled as cool, a term later embraced by bohemian groups like beatniks and hippies in the 1950s and 1960s. Subsequently, the concept of coolness became commercialized, with businesses exploiting it to market everything from apparel to cars.

So, what might define coolness in 2026? A recent study involving around 6,000 participants from six continents outlined the characteristics of individuals considered cool. Findings revealed six core traits: power, hedonism, adventure, autonomy, openness, and extroversion. However, balance is crucial; excessive hedonism or a desperate pursuit of power can disrupt credibility.

The consistency of these traits across cultures suggests that coolness fulfills a universal social function.

Individuals embodying these traits are more likely to challenge the status quo, innovate, and inspire others to embrace new perspectives.

Moreover, simply being perceived as cool can elevate a person’s social status by showcasing their creativity and promoting cultural evolution.

But what if you don’t identify as cool or prefer not to chase that label? The same study identified personality traits regarded as “good” rather than cool, such as kindness, sincerity, friendliness, and warmth. Pursuing these qualities can also leave a lasting impression.


This article responds to the query (posed by Jonathan Schaefer of Wakefield): “What truly makes someone cool?”

For questions, please email questions@sciencefocus.com or connect with us on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (include your name and location).

For more exciting scientific discussions, check out our Ultimate Fun Facts page.


Read more:


Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Adorable Seal Pups Mimic Human Speech and Accents: Discover Their Unique Sounds!

Recent studies reveal that seal pups produce more human-like sounds than previously believed, often taking turns “communicating” by adjusting their calls to match their neighboring pups. This fascinating behavior sheds light on the evolution of complex communication, including human language.

Harbor seals, also known simply as seals, are among the few animal species capable of learning and altering their vocalizations.

“They can learn to create new sounds or modify existing ones,” explains Dr. Cohen de Reus from Radboud University and Vrije Universiteit Bruxelles. His research is part of his Ph.D. dissertation, as noted by BBC Science Focus.

Every talkative harbor seal has its own distinct calls, which mothers utilize to locate their pups on busy beaches. This study examines how seals modify their calls based on social contexts.

https://c02.purpledshub.com/uploads/sites/41/2026/02/Seal-pup-conversation.mp4
During testing, Jenny the seal’s responses were monitored as recordings of other pups were played.

Dr. de Reus found that the calls of pups sitting together became increasingly similar over time. “This phenomenon resembles regional accents in humans,” he stated. “Despite their visual similarities, each pup can be recognized individually, just as in humans.”

Additionally, akin to polite human conversation, the pups engage in turn-taking without overlapping in communication.

To conduct his research, Dr. de Reus analyzed thousands of hours of audio from numerous harbor seal pups at the Peterburen Seal Center in the Netherlands.

“After spending extensive time with the pups, I could identify at least half of their calls,” he shared.

This study aims to uncover the subtleties of communication shared across species and those unique to humans, potentially revealing the intricate history of human language development.

“Language is often regarded as a unique trait that sets us apart from other species, yet our findings indicate the existence of advanced communication systems in various animals,” Dr. de Reus continued. “Consider this research a foundational step for future comparisons.”

This seal was recorded at a rehabilitation center that cares for orphaned and injured seals until their release back into the wild – Credit: Getty

Read more:

This version incorporates SEO best practices by using relevant keywords, optimizing headings, and maintaining appropriate HTML tag structure.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Discover an Excerpt from “Art Cure” by Daisy Fancourt: New Scientist Book Club Picks

Spending Time Painting in Cornwall, UK

Ashley Cooper/Alamy

Russell hesitated at the door, unsure whether to enter or not. This wasn’t his usual environment; he only came at the doctor’s suggestion.

His journey began with a stroke that disrupted blood flow to his brain, leading to significant challenges. He faced months of recovery, relearning skills he once took for granted. As time passed, he encountered severe back pain, lost his job, and struggled to maintain relationships, becoming depressed and overwhelmed by his situation.

When his doctor suggested eight weeks of art classes, Russell doubted the effectiveness of art as therapy. Still, feeling like he had nothing to lose, he stepped inside.

To his surprise, the first class was less intimidating than expected; he didn’t draw but observed fellow students. The calming ambiance and vibrant colors somewhat eased his anxiety. On his way home, he noticed a shift—his breathing was slower and more peaceful. The next week, he recognized familiar faces and started doodling in the garden shed during sleepless nights. By the third class, he had picked up a paintbrush. In the following weeks, he proposed a collaborative project: to paint portraits of his classmates.

I first met Russell early in the morning at a Manchester hotel. We were both preparing to appear on BBC Breakfast, where he would discuss the pioneering initiative of “prescription-based art” within the National Health Service. His experiences left me in awe of the transformation he underwent.

During his subsequent checkup, doctors were impressed with his progress; both his mood and pain levels had significantly improved. Art classes provided him with a sense of structure, something he had started to look forward to. His doctor reduced his medication, noting the improvement in his overall health and sleep quality.

As he neared the completion of his portrait series, he approached Gloucester Art Museum to host an exhibition titled “We’re All Mad Here.” The event drew fellow students and healthcare professionals, leading to requests for more commissioned works, including paintings of a nurse’s children.

Over the past decade, Russell Haynes has showcased his art throughout the UK—from Gloucester Cathedral to the Tower of London. His pieces are now highly sought after, often selling for thousands. He not only continues to create art but also teaches classes, receiving referrals from doctors. Remarkably, Russell has not taken any medication nor visited a doctor in over a year.

When I asked him about the impact of those initial art classes, he stated simply:

“They saved my life.”

This excerpt is from a work by Daisy Fancourt. Art Cure: The Science of How Art Changes Our Health (Cornerstone Press), part of the New Scientist Book Club’s March selection. Join us for a shared reading experience here.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover Daisy Fancourt’s Insights on Art as Medicine: ‘If Art Had the Healing Power of Medicine, We’d Embrace It Daily’

Regular Engagement with Arts: Transformative Physiological Changes

Mascot/Getty Images

Reflecting on my journey into research on the health benefits of art, a pivotal moment stands out. After completing my education, I began working at the NHS, overseeing performing arts programs at Chelsea and Westminster Hospitals in London. One patient’s relative approached me post-performance in a dementia ward and said, “What a wonderful entertainment program you are running.”

This comment, albeit well-intentioned, overlooked the profound impact of our Hospital Arts Program. I personally witnessed transformative effects: a patient, despite memory loss, sang along to White Cliffs of Dover, evoking childhood memories. I observed a child with severe burns who required no morphine during a theater performance, a premature baby who calmed and began eating while his mother sang, and a stroke survivor who walked more steadily upon wearing headphones. While our arts programs offered enjoyable distractions, I recognized their deeper significance in enhancing patients’ health. My curiosity led me to seek a deeper understanding of these effects.

Over the past decade, I have dedicated my research as a psychobiologist and epidemiologist to acknowledge the health benefits associated with art engagement. Findings from numerous global studies reveal that activities like reading, listening to music, dancing, or crafting activate essential biological processes that support our health. Participating in the arts stimulates our brain’s reward system, elevating dopamine levels tied to mood and pleasure. Furthermore, we regulate autonomic nervous system activity, which contributes to lower heart rates and decreased blood pressure over time. Notably, our stress hormones diminish, as do inflammatory responses within our immune system. We can even modify gene expression, reducing stress-related genes while enhancing those that promote neurogenesis.

Regularly engaging in arts over extended periods fosters significant physiological changes. It’s shown to increase gray matter in brain regions vital for memory, auditory processing, and motor skills. Furthermore, we produce unique protein patterns associated with improved cognitive function and a reduced risk of depression and infections. A recent study employing various biological metrics, including brain clocks and epigenetic evaluations, indicates that consistent engagement with the arts correlates with a younger biological age.

These profound changes significantly influence our overall well-being. Individuals who actively participate in the arts tend to report greater happiness, enhanced life satisfaction, purpose, and a reduced risk of developing conditions such as depression, chronic pain, frailty, and even dementia. These beneficial relationships hold even when accounting for factors like wealth, demographics, medical history, or lifestyle choices.

These promising results are drawn from randomized controlled trials, laboratory experiments, and large-scale epidemiological studies examining the art’s population-level impacts. Numerous specific artistic interventions in medical settings for designated patient groups—like singing programs for stroke survivors or dance classes for individuals with Parkinson’s disease—underscore art’s potential benefits. Some trials suggest that art might be even more effective for managing pre-operative anxiety than traditional anti-anxiety medications like benzodiazepines, with fewer side effects proving its efficacy.

Nevertheless, while engaging in the arts is a promising avenue of exploration, it is not a cure-all. Various instances of art-related harm exist due to misuse or inadequate project design. I have actively countered misconceptions, such as the idea of art as a cure for boosting intelligence or combating serious health issues like cancer. Although the field remains ripe with potential and ongoing research, we eagerly anticipate larger-scale trials.

If a medication boasted this array of health benefits, we would enthusiastically promote it, invest resources in its development, and ensure its accessibility. It is exhilarating to watch the recommendations I promote materialize—not as prescriptions or medical interventions, but as enjoyable experiences like attending a concert, participating in dance lessons, or simply reading a book, potentially including my own.

Daisy Fancourt is the author of Art Cure: The Science of How Art Changes Our Health (Cornerstone Press) and featured in the March reading list of the New Scientist Book Club. Join us here to participate in the discussion!

Topics:

  • Health/
  • New Scientist Book Club

Source: www.newscientist.com

Scientists Discover Electric Discharges in Trees During Thunderstorms

While most people are aware of the destructive power of lightning in forests, few know about the subtle electrical phenomenon known as corona. This weak electrical glow is believed to occur on tree leaves during thunderstorms. Researchers at Penn State University utilized ultraviolet-sensitive equipment to directly observe and measure this intriguing phenomenon in tree species such as sweetgum and celery pine across various U.S. states.

Coronae glow on the tip of a spruce needle caused by a charged metal plate in the laboratory. Image credit: William Bruun.

Lightning strikes have captivated humanity since thunderstorms began sweeping through Earth’s forests, causing everything from trunk splits to wildfires, often turning night into day.

However, scientists are now shifting their focus to the more delicate electrical phenomena that manifest on leaf tips amid thunderstorms.

Unlike lightning, which can heat the air to extreme temperatures, corona represents a weak electrical discharge with a temperature only slightly above that of the surrounding air.

Despite their gentler nature, these electrical sparks can generate significant amounts of hydroxyl, a key oxidant in the atmosphere, potentially harming tree foliage and affecting charged particles within thunderstorm cloud bases.

“We have observed these phenomena, confirming their existence,” stated Dr. Patrick McFarland, a meteorologist at Pennsylvania State University.

“Having tangible evidence is incredibly exciting,” he added.

“In a laboratory setting, when you block all light, you can barely see the corona, which appears as a blue light,” he explained.

For this study, Dr. McFarland and his team designed a portable instrument equipped with multiple components to measure tree canopies and the atmospheric conditions that influence corona formation.

The centralized component is a 25 cm diameter telescope that focuses ultraviolet (UV) radiation onto a solar-blind UV camera sensitive to wavelengths between 255 and 273 nm.

During thunderstorms in North Carolina, scientists succeeded in observing corona on sweetgum and pine trees.

“The corona could potentially travel between leaves or trace along branches swaying in the wind,” the researchers noted.

Similar observations were recorded for various tree species during four additional thunderstorms from Florida to Pennsylvania.

“Our findings illustrate that the corona exhibits glowing patterns in wooded areas during thunderstorms,” the researchers stated.

“These corona effects can alter air quality in forests, subtly damage foliage, and influence storm conditions overhead.”

For further details, refer to the study published on February 12th in Geophysical Research Letters.

_____

PJ McFarland et al. 2026. Corona discharges glow on trees under thunderstorms. Geophysical Research Letters 53 (4): e2025GL119591; doi: 10.1029/2025GL119591

Source: www.sci.news

Discover the Tiny Predatory Dinosaur Lighter than a Chicken

Reconstruction of Arunashetri seropolisiensis

Reconstruction of Arunashetri seropolisiensis

Credit: Gabriel Díaz Yantén, National University of Rio Negro.

The nearly complete skeleton of a small dinosaur, weighing less than a domestic chicken, has provided significant insights into the evolution of Alvarezaurus, one of the smallest dinosaur species ever documented.

This 95 million-year-old fossil, identified as Arunashetri seropolisiensis, was unearthed in 2014 at the La Buitrera site in northern Patagonia, Argentina.

The first specimen of Arunashetri consisted of incomplete hind limb bones found in 2012. Peter Makowiecki from the University of Minnesota contributed to the research on this new fossil. At the time, only fragmentary remains were available, leaving the classification as a probable alvaresaurid. “We didn’t even know if it was a juvenile or an adult,” says Makowiecki.

“With the entire skeleton now complete, we suddenly have all the information required to understand how Arunashetri functioned. Its anatomical structure is both similar and distinct from other species, providing key insights into the evolution of Alvarezsaurus’s unusual anatomy,” notes Makowiecki.

The new fossil features very elongated and slender hind limbs, along with unexpectedly long forelimbs equipped with three well-developed fingers. Detailed analysis revealed that this dinosaur was an adult, estimated to be at least four years old.

It is believed that it weighed only 700 grams in its lifetime. “These specimens are incredibly small, even smaller than a chicken,” explains Makowiecki.

Previously, Alvarezsaurus was thought to be an early ancestor of birds. Recent findings clarify that while Arunashetri may have superficially resembled a bird, it, along with all Alvarezsaurus, are indeed non-avian theropods. “This new discovery confirms our understanding,” states Makowiecki.

It was once believed that all small alvaresaurids had short, robust forelimbs with prominent thumbs but reduced lateral digits and small teeth, interpreted as evolutionary adaptations for a diet of ants and termites. However, as Makowiecki points out, “Arunashetri does not fit that mold. Although it is a smaller member of the Alvarezauridae family, it signifies a relatively early branch in the evolutionary tree, hence its teeth and forelimbs remain quite substantial.”

In fact, he adds, its forelimbs are more characteristic of other theropods rather than anteater specialists. “Arunashetri, while smaller, structurally resembles a typical theropod. Considering its size, it likely consumed a significant variety of invertebrates, along with a broader prey spectrum,” he further explains.

This indicates that paleontologists still lack a full understanding of why these dinosaurs evolved to such small sizes. “We are left with a vague understanding that Alvarezsaurids successfully occupied a very small predator niche,” concludes Makowiecki.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover Hawking’s Final Theory: Insights from His Last Book


Unlocking the Super Ager Microbiome

Discover the secrets to a long and vibrant life hidden within the microbiomes of centenarians who celebrate over 100 years of health.

The Truth About Processed Foods

Ultra-processed foods are notorious for their harm to health. Uncover the most dangerous ingredients found in these foods, their impact on your body, and tips on how to identify them.

The Future of Memory Erasure

Exciting advancements suggest that we might soon have the ability to permanently delete unwanted memories. However, the implications could be significant.

Miracle Weight Loss Drugs: Fact or Fiction?

Medications like Ozempic, Wigoovy, and Munjaro could aid in weight loss of up to 20%. The latest generation of weight reduction pills is making waves… but are they too good to be true?

Plus, in this issue:

  • Revitalize Your New Year’s Resolutions: If you’re having trouble keeping your New Year’s resolutions, you’re not alone. Life’s demands can hinder your best intentions. Discover effective strategies to regain focus.
  • AI-Only Social Media: Did you know there’s a platform specifically for AI interactions? It’s called Maltbook… and conversations are taking an interesting turn.
  • Expert Q&A: This month, our experts answer your burning questions: Do some animals hoard treasure? Does exercise really alter heart rates? How many birds collide with buildings annually? Will increased rocket launches harm the ozone layer? Is our perception of time distorted? Can we maintain our sense of taste as we age? Is my dog displaying signs of ADHD? What are the effects of potential exposure to toxins? How large were medieval warhorses? What’s the best way to move on from an ex? And more…

Mark Your Calendar: Issue 430 Launches on February 24, 2026

Subscribe to BBC Science Focus

Don’t forget, BBC Science Focus is also available on all major digital platforms. Find us on Android, Kindle Fire and Kindle e-readers, as well as our iOS app for iPads and iPhones.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Discover Why Horse Sounds Are Unique in Nature

Understanding Horse Communication

Insights into How Horses Communicate

Horizon International Images/Alamy

Horses are unique in their vocalizations, producing two distinct sounds simultaneously—a low, cow-like moo and a high-pitched whistle from their throats.

Recent research reveals that horse vocalizations exhibit both low-frequency sounds around 200 hertz and high-frequency sounds exceeding 1,000 hertz, a phenomenon known as biphonation. The low-frequency sounds can be attributed to the vibrations of the horse’s laryngeal vocal folds, much like human speech and singing. However, the mechanism for producing the high-frequency sounds in such a large animal remains an intriguing question.

“Humans have coexisted with horses for over 4,000 years, yet equine communication remains partially misunderstood,” explains Tecumseh Fitch from the University of Vienna, Austria.

To investigate this phenomenon, Fitch and his team conducted tests and experiments on horse larynxes sourced from meat suppliers.

“Initially, we observed low-frequency sounds when we blew air into the larynx,” says Fitch. “However, after some adjustments, we successfully elicited high-frequency components.”

This established that both sound components originate from the larynx itself, contrasting with human whistling produced via the lips.

To confirm the whistling mechanism, researchers introduced air and helium—two gases of varying densities—through the larynx. This allowed them to test whether high-frequency sounds resulted from whistle production or tissue vibrations.

“The low-frequency sounds stem from vocal cord vibrations, similar to human singing or cow mooing, and remained unchanged when we altered the gases,” Fitch noted. “Conversely, the high-frequency content varied significantly with higher helium concentrations.”

Endoscopic examinations of live horses revealed that laryngeal muscles contract as the call begins, narrowing the glottis—where the vocal cords reside—and increasing airway resistance. This mechanism forces air through a narrow opening at high speed.

While other small mammals like mice and rats can produce laryngeal whistles, their frequencies are inaudible to humans.

“Horses are unique among mammals for their ability to produce two frequencies at once using their larynx, with whistles being part of their regular vocal repertoire,” Fitch adds.

This research sheds light on a previously undocumented method of aerodynamic whistle production in animals beyond rodents, explains Ben Jankovic at the University of New South Wales, Sydney.

Fitch and his colleagues propose that whistles enhance vocal clarity and transmission distance, although these theories require further investigation.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover the Unique Ant Species: A Queens-Only Colony with No Males or Workers

The parasitic species Temnothorax kinomurai targets the closely related ants, Temnothorax makora.

Credit: Clalit/iNaturalist

In a groundbreaking discovery, researchers have identified a unique parasitic ant species in Japan that has effectively eradicated both male and female worker ants from their colonies. This means that all individuals in these colonies function as queens, attempting to dominate the nests of competing species.

Typically, ant colonies are structured with a queen, female workers, and short-lived males that die shortly after mating.

For over four decades, scientists have speculated about the existence of this elusive parasitic ant, Temnothorax kinomurai, which is known to produce only queens. Until now, however, there was no definitive proof.

Young queens of this parasitic species infiltrate the nests of closely related ants, Temnothorax makora, killing the host queen and some workers through stinging. They then reproduce asexually, creating cloned offspring in a process called parthenogenesis—a phenomenon that is rare among ants but common in other insect species. As a result, workers from T. makora are deceived into nurturing the young kinomurai queens.

Research led by Jurgen Heinze and his team at the University of Regensburg, Germany, successfully bred and raised T. kinomurai queens in a controlled laboratory environment, resulting in 43 queen offspring—none of which displayed male reproductive organs.

The resulting 43 queens were then introduced to colonies of T. makora. Out of these, seven queens survived and successfully executed their takeover, producing 57 additional offspring, all confirmed to be female queens.

“This discovery reveals a completely new form of social organization among ants, adding a fascinating dimension to the already complex world of ants,” Heinze states.

While invading the colonies of other species can be a precarious tactic—evidenced by the study’s high queen failure rates—having an all-female offspring increases the likelihood of establishing a new reproductive colony.

“If parthenogenesis arose through random mutation, this is the outcome. A single T. kinomurai queen can produce 100 daughters without the need for mating, leading to 100 queens ready to seek out new colonies,” Heinze explains.

“This species represents the pinnacle of social parasitism evolution, showcasing the remarkable adaptability in the life cycles of social insects,” he concludes.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover the Japanese Archipelago: Once a Sanctuary for Cave Lions

New genetic and proteomic analysis reveals that from 73,000 to 20,000 years ago, the Japanese archipelago was home to the cave lion (Panthera spelea). This insight contrasts with previous beliefs that the region was primarily a refuge for the Tiger (Panthera tigris).

A cave lion painted at the Chauvet Cave in France.

Lions and tigers were apex predators during the Late Pleistocene, playing vital roles in the East Asian megafauna ecosystem.

Cave lions primarily roamed northern Eurasia, whereas tigers occupied southern regions.

“Since their emergence around 2 million years ago, lions and tigers have been dominant apex predators, shaping the evolution of other carnivores and influencing herbivore populations through predation,” stated researchers Shu-Jin Luo and colleagues from Peking University.

“About a million years ago, as lions migrated from Africa, they expanded their ranges in Eurasia, becoming important competitors.”

“However, due to significant habitat contraction from anthropogenic activities in the early 20th century, their ranges no longer overlap, with the closest populations now over 300 km apart in India.”

“In contrast, during the Late Pleistocene, lions and tigers frequently coexisted within the lion-tiger transition zone, which extends from the Middle East through Central Asia to the Far East,” the researchers indicated.

The Japanese archipelago, the easternmost part of this zone, was historically viewed as a refuge for tigers, yet the identity of these big cat subfossils was uncertain.

To explore the origins and evolutionary history of Japan’s Pleistocene feline populations, researchers examined 26 subfossils unearthed from various sites in the Japanese archipelago.

“Using advanced techniques such as mitochondrial and nuclear genome hybridization, paleoproteomics, Bayesian molecular dating, and radiocarbon dating, we surprisingly discovered that all ancient remains identified as ‘tiger’ were actually cave lions,” the team said.

Despite the low endogenous DNA content in most samples, scientists successfully retrieved five near-complete mitochondrial genomes and one partial nuclear genome.

The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Japanese specimens formed a distinct monophyletic group within the Late Pleistocene cave lion lineage, designated as Speller-1.

Nuclear genome analysis of well-preserved specimens confirmed these findings, clearly differentiating the lion lineage from tigers.

Paleoproteomic analysis identified unique amino acid variants in α-2-HS-glycoprotein associated with lions but not tigers.

The research team concluded that cave lions dispersed throughout the Japanese archipelago approximately between 72,700 and 37,500 years ago, facilitated by a land bridge connecting northern Japan to the mainland during the last ice age.

They inhabited areas previously believed to favor tigers, coexisting with wolves, brown bears, black bears, and early humans, forming a crucial part of the archipelago’s Late Pleistocene ecosystem.

The authors propose that Speller-1, the cave lion, may have survived in the Japanese archipelago for at least 20,000 years after its extinction across Eurasia, outlasting its last extinction event in eastern Beringia by more than 10,000 years.

“Future studies of lion and tiger subfossil sites across mid-latitude Eurasia are essential for understanding species range dynamics and clarifying the historical interactions between lions and tigers,” the researchers concluded.

Read the full study published on January 26, 2026, in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

_____

Shin San et al. 2026. “During the Late Pleistocene, the Japanese archipelago protected cave lions rather than tigers.” PNAS 123 (6): e2523901123; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2523901123

Source: www.sci.news

Scientists Discover Secrets of Swirling Plume-Like Structures Beneath Greenland Ice Sheet

For years, glaciologists have been intrigued by the peculiar plume-like structures hidden beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet. Recent research conducted by scientists from the University of Bergen, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, and the University of Oxford indicates that these enigmatic features are the result of thermal convection—an intriguing process typically associated with Earth’s mantle.

Location of a large plume-like structure (triangle) within the Greenland Ice Sheet. Credit: Leysinger Vieli et al., doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07083-3 / Law et al., doi: 10.5194/tc-20-1071-2026.

“Typically, we perceive ice as a solid material, so the revelation that parts of the Greenland Ice Sheet experience heat convection—similar to cooking pasta— is both extraordinary and fascinating,” said study co-author Professor Andreas Born from the University of Bergen.

“The realization that thermal convection can occur within ice sheets defies our expectations,” remarked lead author Dr. Robert Loh, also from the University of Bergen.

“However, the ice is at least a million times softer than Earth’s mantle, making the physics align. It’s truly a remarkable phenomenon in nature.”

“These findings could play a crucial role in reducing uncertainties in models predicting ice sheet mass balance and sea level rise,” added Professor Born.

Deep ice is found to be approximately ten times softer than previously assumed, but this does not imply a faster melting rate.

“Enhancing our understanding of ice physics is vital for greater certainty regarding future conditions; nonetheless, softer ice alone does not guarantee accelerated melting or increased sea levels. Further studies are necessary to explore this,” Dr. Loh emphasized.

Although these findings do not predict imminent disasters in Greenland or elsewhere, they underscore the complex and dynamic nature of this region.

“Greenland and its ecosystem are indeed unique,” Dr. Loh commented.

“The ice sheet is over 1,000 years old and is the only one on Earth that coexists with a culture and established communities along its edges.”

“Understanding the processes beneath the ice will better equip us to handle the changes occurring along coastlines globally.”

Read more about the research in the upcoming publication in Cryosphere this month.

_____

R. Law et al. 2026. Investigating the conditions under which convection is likely to occur within the Greenland Ice Sheet. Cryosphere 20: 1071-1086; doi: 10.5194/tc-20-1071-2026

Source: www.sci.news

Discover How Elephant Trunks Use Touch Beyond Muscles and Nerves: Key Findings from Recent Study

Keratin composites enable animals to walk with hooves, fly with wings, and sense their environment through their skin. Mammalian whiskers consist of elongated keratin rods attached to specialized tactile structures, enhancing the animal’s sensory perception. A recent study conducted by scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems aims to explore the structure, porosity, and stiffness of the whiskers found in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).



Schulz et al. investigated the whiskers of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) to determine their geometric and mechanical adaptations for enhanced tactile sensitivity, which encodes contact location through vibrotactile signals. Image credit: Schulz et al., doi: 10.1126/science.adx8981.

Whiskers in mammals, resembling elongated keratin rods, serve as sophisticated sensory tools.

While the keratin material itself does not directly sense touch, whiskers are housed within hair follicles, surrounded by dense sensory neurons that translate subtle mechanical vibrations into nerve signals.

Previous research primarily focused on the shape and movement of whiskers, often assuming a uniform mechanical structure along their length.

However, emerging evidence suggests that the stiffness and internal composition of whiskers can differ from root to tip, highlighting the importance of material properties in tactile sensation.

Unlike many other mammals, elephants possess numerous immobile whiskers distributed over the thick skin of their highly skilled trunks.

Though these whiskers cannot move independently, they frequently interact with objects, enabling elephants to perform precise tasks, from delicate manipulations to food handling.

Given the immobility of their whiskers, Dr. Andrew Schultz and colleagues hypothesized that elephants rely on variations in the shape and material structure of their whiskers to enhance tactile perception.

The researchers employed techniques such as micro-CT imaging, electron microscopy, mechanical testing, and functional modeling to examine the shape, porosity, and stiffness of whiskers in both juvenile and adult Asian elephants.

Findings reveal that the material properties of elephant whiskers transition from thick, porous, and rigid roots to thin, dense, and soft tips.

Dr. Schultz noted, “Tapping the handrail with different parts of the whisker wand felt soft at the tip and sharp at the base. I could easily feel where contact occurred without even looking.”

These functional gradients significantly influence how mechanical vibrations are relayed to sensory neurons, enhancing the clarity and strength of tactile signals.

Specifically, the transition from a firm base to a softer tip amplifies signal power, aiding elephants in accurately determining contact locations along the whisker, which is crucial for navigation and fine manipulation.

In this manner, elephant whiskers exhibit a type of built-in or “physical” intelligence, optimizing sensation through intelligent material design without needing active movement.

This exciting discovery is driving the authors’ efforts to apply natural insights into advancements in robotics and intelligent systems.

“Bio-inspired sensors that replicate elephant-like stiffness gradients could provide precise information with minimal computational cost, simply by leveraging intelligent material design,” Dr. Schultz stated.

The team’s groundbreaking research was published in the Journal on February 12, 2026, in Science.

_____

Andrew K. Schultz et al. 2026. Functional gradients drive tactile sensation in elephant whiskers. Science 391 (6786): 712-718; doi: 10.1126/science.adx8981

Source: www.sci.news

Physicists Discover Method to Control Hidden Friction in Electronic Devices

Electrons Interacting and Causing Friction

High quality stock/Alamy

Even the smoothest surfaces can exhibit friction due to electron interactions. However, recent advancements present a technique for reducing or completely eliminating this electronic friction, empowering the development of more efficient and durable devices.

Frictional forces, in various contexts, can hinder movement, waste energy, and can be beneficial in everyday tasks like walking or striking a match. In mechanical systems, such as engines, friction not only expends energy but also accelerates wear, necessitating the use of lubricants and surface treatments. Nevertheless, as every object harbors numerous electrons that interact, some degree of friction may always exist regardless of mitigation strategies.

According to Xu Zhiping, researchers from Tsinghua University in China have developed an innovative method to manage this “electronic friction.” Their apparatus consists of dual layers of graphite paired with a semiconductor crafted from molybdenum and sulfur or boron and nitrogen.

These materials excel as solid lubricants, showcasing near-zero mechanical friction when in motion against each other. This focus allowed researchers to explore a less apparent factor: electronic friction, which contributes to energy loss during the layers’ movement. Xu elaborated, “Even with entirely smooth surfaces, mechanical activity can disturb the ‘sea’ of electrons within the material.”

To confirm their focus on electronic friction, the team initially analyzed how the electronic state of the semiconductor reacted to energy depletion during sliding. They subsequently explored various methods for controlling this phenomenon.


By applying pressure to their device, they succeeded in halting the ocean of electrons by allowing the electrons between layers to share states, minimizing energetically costly interactions. Additionally, introducing a “bias voltage” enabled them to fine-tune the motion of these electrons.

By adjusting the voltage across different segments of the device, researchers could influence electron flow, effectively reducing electronic friction and allowing for a dynamic control mechanism instead of a simple on-off switch.

Jacqueline Krim noted that the initial study on electron friction dates back to 1998 when her North Carolina State University team utilized superconducting materials—perfect electrical conductors at extremely low temperatures—to observe energy loss. Research has since evolved, offering new avenues for modulation without necessitating material replacement or additional lubricants, she commented.

Krim envisions a scenario akin to adjusting the friction of your shoe soles via a smartphone app when transitioning from icy sidewalks to carpeted rooms. “Our objective is real-time remote control, eliminating downtime and material waste. Achieving this goal necessitates materials that react to external magnetic fields producing the desired levels of friction,” she explained.

Xu acknowledged the complexities involved in managing all forms of friction within a device, noting that a rigorous mathematical model correlating these frictions is yet to be established. Nevertheless, he expressed optimism regarding their findings, suggesting that if electronic friction primarily drives energy waste and wear, their approach could hold considerable promise.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover the Essential ‘Hidden’ Gut Bacteria for Optimal Health

Gut bacteria essential for health

Essential Gut Bacteria Linked to Health

3D Media Sphere/Science Photo Library

A newly discovered group of bacteria thriving in the gut microbiome of healthy individuals suggests their crucial role in maintaining overall health.

About 4,600 species of bacteria inhabit our gut, impacting a range of bodily functions from our immune response to sleep patterns and mental health risks.

Interestingly, around two-thirds of these species fall into the “hidden microbiome,” many of which cannot be cultured in laboratories or even named. We only identify them through genomic analysis. “Are these species merely bystanders, or do they contribute to human health?” questions Alexandre Almeida, a researcher at Cambridge University.

To delve deeper, Almeida and his team analyzed genetic markers of bacteria across a comprehensive study involving over 11,000 participants from 39 countries, primarily across Europe, North America, and Asia.

Approximately half of the participants were healthy, while the other half had one of 13 conditions, including obesity, chronic fatigue syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease.

The analysis revealed that 715 bacterial species are linked to specific health conditions; 342 were more abundant in unhealthy individuals, while 373 were prevalent in those who were healthy.

Among these, a prominent genus named CAG-170 consistently correlated with better health outcomes. “Across various conditions, CAG-170 levels were markedly higher in healthy individuals compared to those with diseases,” Almeida explains.

In another aspect of the study, Almeida’s team explored bacterial species that indicate a healthy gut microbiome versus one characterized by dysbiosis.

“CAG-170 once again showed a significant correlation,” Almeida adds. “Higher CAG-170 levels corresponded with a balanced and healthier gut microbiome.”

To understand CAG-170’s role, the researchers examined its genome, identifying genes linked to metabolic pathways capable of producing elevated vitamin B12 levels and breaking down various carbohydrates and fibers.

While CAG-170 itself doesn’t utilize vitamin B12, Almeida suggests that other bacteria frequently found alongside CAG-170 likely benefit from it. “CAG-170 seems to adopt a collaborative role, providing metabolic support to its microbial companions.”

This study marks a vital step in understanding which components of the gut microbiome contribute to health and disease. Research led by Nicola Segata at the University of Trento recently characterized a healthy gut microbiome but didn’t thoroughly explore how these bacteria provide health benefits.

Determining whether high CAG-170 levels are a health cause or consequence remains challenging. Almeida emphasizes the need for further research to assess whether introducing CAG-170 can mitigate certain health risks.

“The human microbiome and body are intricately linked, and should be considered a unified complex system,” Segata states. “Instead of seeking direct causality, we need to explore the holistic relationship between microbial and bodily health, including diet’s role.”

Professor Segata advocates for follow-up studies incorporating nutritional clinical trials to evaluate the dietary factors that influence both microbiome composition and human health.

From Almeida’s perspective, CAG-170 holds potential in two ways: as a biomarker for gut health and as a foundation for new probiotics aimed at enhancing overall well-being.

The potential for CAG-170 as a probiotic candidate is promising, yet its laboratory cultivation remains a significant challenge. “Identifying optimal foods and prebiotic supplements to increase CAG-170 levels may be a more attainable goal than developing probiotic products.” Segata notes.

However, genomic insights offer guidance on practical applications. Since CAG-170 bacteria appear unable to produce arginine, supplementing with more amino acids might promote their growth and presence in the gut.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Search for Radio Signals on K2-18b Fails to Discover Alien Civilization

Illustration of the exoplanet K2-18b

Diagram of Exoplanet K2-18b

NASA

Exoplanet K2-18b has generated immense intrigue due to hints of potential life; however, an extensive analysis of radio signals revealed no evidence of an advanced civilization.

In 2025, Nick Madhusudan and researchers from the University of Cambridge claimed that K2-18b, located 124 light-years away, may exhibit traces of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) molecules in its atmosphere. Given that a significant amount of DMS on Earth is produced by biological processes, Madhusudan and his team suggested these signals might indicate signs of life on K2-18b.

Further observations, however, indicated that the DMS signal could be attributed to non-biological sources. Current scientific consensus holds that K2-18b is abundant in water, potentially featuring oceans or a water-laden atmosphere.

Madhusudan and fellow researchers are now exploring the possibility of extraterrestrial intelligent life on K2-18b by searching for radio signals, akin to those humans have been broadcasting since the 1960s.

Utilizing the Very Large Array Telescope in New Mexico and the MeerKAT radio telescope in South Africa, researchers observed K2-18b in multiple orbits around its star, focusing on radio frequencies similar to those emitted from Earth. They might have detected a signal from a transmitter with strength comparable to that of the now-defunct Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico.

After meticulously eliminating potential terrestrial interference sources, researchers found no signals indicating that K2-18b possesses a powerful radio transmitter. Select researchers remained unavailable for comments to New Scientist regarding their findings.

“If a beacon akin to Arecibo were continuously transmitting from K2-18b, we likely would have detected it,” said Michael Garrett from the University of Manchester, UK.

“Of course, a lack of detection does not imply the absence of life; it simply restricts a specific and likely rare type of signal: a continual, relatively narrowband radio transmitter operating within the observed frequency range,” Garrett explained. “Civilizations, should they exist, might not utilize radio technology in this manner or may transmit intermittently, directionally, or at lower power levels. Furthermore, in aquatic environments, very low-frequency radio waves could be more common.”

Garrett posits that while alien water worlds may support simple life forms, the absence of exposed land could complicate the evolution of advanced intelligent life capable of developing technology. “The pathway to establishing complex infrastructure could vastly differ from what we have experienced on Earth.”

Explore Mysteries of the Universe in Cheshire, England

Join some of science’s brightest minds for a weekend exploration of the universe’s mysteries. The program includes a tour of the iconic Lovell Telescope.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover the Fascinating World of Fungi: Beyond Sci-Fi Villains

New Scientist: Your source for science news, expert journalism, and in-depth features on technology, health, and the environment.

Imagine inhaling fungal spores, then feeling a peculiar sensation—maybe something biting. Suddenly, terror spreads as chaos ensues.

This dire scenario is central to the plot of Refrigerated, a thrilling film following a trio of unlikeliest heroes racing to avert an apocalypse. Their formidable foes? Mutated strains of Cordyceps sinensis—a fungus now infecting warm-blooded animals due to a malevolent twist of solar radiation. Sounds familiar, doesn’t it?

Traditionally, Cordyceps sinensis overtakes invertebrates, invading their systems and manipulating their behavior to ensure spore dispersal. Eventually, grotesque growths erupt from the decaying host, releasing spores into the environment, continuing the cycle of horror.

The shift to mammals is alarming yet plausible. This fungal nightmare isn’t new; it inspired works like The Girl with All the Gifts, which unleashed a zombie apocalypse in 2016, and HBO’s The Last of Us, which also utilized bioterrorism as a gripping theme. With a radio drama titled Spore releasing soon, the cultural fascination with this fungus is at an all-time high.

This obsession with Cordyceps sinensis misrepresents the vast fungal kingdom, which includes over 4,500 documented species in the UK National Collection of Pathogenic Fungi, far surpassing the limited narrative of terror.

Fungi boast incredible traits. For instance, Japanese oak mushroom is the largest organism on Earth, spanning approximately 10 square kilometers beneath Oregon’s Malheur National Forest. Fungi are also ancient ecosystem engineers—research indicates they colonized land before modern plants, laying the groundwork for soil. Some species, like the gill-splitting mushroom (Schizophyllum commune), exhibit remarkable sexual flexibility with over 23,000 mating types to increase reproductive success.

From decomposing organic matter to symbiotic relationships with 90% of plants, fungi play crucial roles in sustaining life. They’ve also given humankind antibiotics like penicillin, treatments for various ailments, and even contributed to beloved foods like sourdough and beer.

Despite representing only about 10% of the fungal diversity, these organisms inspire untold narratives for science fiction—from plastic-decomposing fungi to predatory strains with microscopic lassos. How will climate change affect fungal behavior to threaten crops?

Nonetheless, such inspirations remain overlooked, limiting imaginative portrayals. The fixation on Cordyceps sinensis fosters a narrow narrative that oversimplifies the rich tapestry of fungi. I urge writers to broaden their perspectives—this strange kingdom of fungi is ready to inspire and amaze.

Nick Crampton is a researcher at the Natural History Museum in London and a published children’s author.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Are You the Same Person Every Day? Discover the Surprising Findings of This Brain Experiment

Your ability to cultivate a stable and consistent sense of self is nothing short of remarkable.

Throughout our lives, we encounter significant transformations, evolving from infants to adults—acquiring new knowledge, forgetting some, forming fresh relationships, and letting go of old ones. These experiences are interspersed with vivid dreams and fleeting moments each night.

Yet, amidst all these changes, we continue to perceive ourselves as the same individuals. This phenomenon can be attributed to the ongoing developmental processes within the brain, which is more adaptable and delicate than you might think.

Classic studies from the late 20th century, such as those involving cases where half of the brain was severed as a radical epilepsy treatment, illustrate this concept.

Interestingly, these cases exhibited strange consequences, like patients performing contradictory movements, such as lifting a button with one hand while undoing it with the other. Nevertheless, they still maintained a coherent sense of self.

These individuals even crafted explanations for their unusual behaviors, demonstrating that their brains were actively working to create a unified personal narrative.

In healthy individuals, psychological studies have revealed memory patterns that bolster this constructed identity.

For instance, we tend to remember and reflect on experiences that align with our self-perception. If you identify as an introvert, you may find it easier to recall and emphasize past memories that resonate with that identity.

Essentially, you are curating your personal autobiography to fit your current self-concept.

The medial prefrontal cortex, located at the front of the brain just behind the forehead, plays a crucial role in regulating this structure.

Research indicates that when people identify traits that best describe themselves—whether in the present or future—this brain region is significantly more active than when they assess similar qualities in others.

Our constructed sense of self also extends to our possessions. During brain scans, the medial prefrontal cortex shows increased activity when individuals view their belongings, while this response diminishes for unfamiliar items.

This illustrates how quickly and adaptively our brains reshape our personal boundaries.

Our sense of self extends to our possessions – Image credit: Robin Boyden

Memory processes are also vital in this ongoing construction of self.

Damage to the hippocampus, located deep within the brain alongside the temples, can prevent individuals from envisioning their past or future—highlighting how reliant our identity is on active brain functions.

Not only does your brain construct a sense of self over time, but it also maintains it spatially, providing a stable sense of ownership over your body.

Another critical region, known as the temporoparietal junction (located behind the ear), significantly influences this aspect of identity.

A study conducted in 2005 demonstrated that electrically stimulating this brain area during surgery could induce out-of-body experiences in patients, making them feel as though they were floating outside themselves.

Thus, while our sense of a stable self often feels entirely convincing, it can be disrupted by brain injuries or even by carefully orchestrated neural experiments.

Overall, the evidence suggests that our experience of “me-ness” is a constructed phenomenon, tirelessly maintained by the brain.


This article answers the question posed by Southampton’s Frank Ross: “How does my brain create a sense of self?”

If you have any inquiries, please reach out via email at: questions@sciencefocus.com or send us a message Facebook, Twitter or Instagram (remember to include your name and location).

Explore our ultimate fun facts and discover more amazing science pages.


Read more:


Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Comprehensive Review of ‘A Brief History of the Universe (and Our Place in It)’: Discover the Cosmic Big Picture

Illustration of the tidal disruption event (TDE), showcasing a star being torn apart by a supermassive black hole's gravity, forming a fan-shaped debris pattern around it.

Space Exploration: Insights into Black Holes

Mark Garlick/Science Photo Library

A Brief History of the Universe
By Sarah Alam Malik, Published by Simon & Schuster (UK, February 12) and William Morrow (USA, May 5)

Published in 1988, Stephen Hawking’s A Brief History of Time revolutionized the field of cosmology and became a bestseller. As a curious teenager, I attempted to read it, but I never finished. Now, nearly four decades later, particle physicist Sara Alam Malik offers her own perspective on cosmology with A Brief History of the Universe (and Our Place in It).

While Hawking’s work began with Aristotle’s heliocentric theory from 340 BC, Malik traces our understanding back to Babylonian astronomical observations recorded in cuneiform around the 7th century BC. The journey then progresses through the contributions of Aristotle and Ptolemy, reaching the flourishing of astronomical sciences in the Islamic Golden Age during the 6th century AD.

This concise history propels readers through significant milestones by page 47, covering Galileo’s discovery of Jupiter’s moons, Newton’s apple, and Einstein’s general relativity, ultimately exploring the mysteries of galaxies and black holes, leading to the concept of the universe’s thermal death. Malik adeptly connects cosmic-scale truths with the intricate world of quantum mechanics, stating, “The building blocks of the universe turned out to be as amazing as the structure of the universe they created.”

Unlike Hawking’s technical depth, Malik adopts a broader perspective, bringing to life characters such as Dmitri Mendeleev, who created the periodic table, and Fritz Zwicky, the pioneer of dark matter. Her narrative highlights a diverse cast, including medieval Islamic astronomers and groundbreaking women like Vera Rubin, who overcame gender barriers to reshape our understanding of galaxies.

Written with a more contemporary tone, Malik discusses topics Hawking could not forecast in 1988, such as the Large Hadron Collider, revealing the emotional impact of scientific breakthroughs like the Higgs boson discovery through compelling anecdotes.

This book is not only a “brief history of the universe” but emphasizes “and our place in it.” It narrates humanity’s discovery of the cosmos, underscoring our journey enabled by the giants before us. It evokes awe and humility, reminding us, “It remains a wonder of human existence that we can understand worlds so far removed from our own.” Each era has crafted its narrative of the universe, often believing its own version.

At its best, Malik’s work dives deeply into cosmic and quantum mysteries, aligning with her expertise in dark matter. While chapters on the origin of life, its future, and machine intelligence may feel less thorough, her warm, clear prose covers an impressive breadth within just 223 pages. As an 18-year-old, I might have navigated this complex narrative and been inspired to follow in Hawking’s footsteps.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover Bonobos’ Creative Innovations Through New Experiments

The bonobo’s remarkable performance in pretend play experiments highlights its mental capability to envision non-existent objects, a trait that may stretch back 6 to 9 million years, challenging previous beliefs about the uniqueness of human imagination.



Kanji the bonobo. Image credit: Ape Initiative.

“The realization that their cognitive experiences extend beyond the immediate present is revolutionary,” remarked Dr. Christopher Krupenier, a researcher at Johns Hopkins University.

“Imagination, once thought to be an exclusive human trait, is now being reconsidered as something that may not solely belong to our species.”

“Jane Goodall’s discovery of tool-making in chimpanzees altered our understanding of what it means to be human, prompting a reevaluation of the unique qualities of mental life across different species.”

By the age of two, human children engage in pretend play, like tea parties.

Even infants as young as 15 months display surprise when witnessing someone “drinking” from a cup filled with imaginary content.

While there have been anecdotal observations of animals showcasing pretend behavior in both wild and captive settings, controlled studies on pretend play in non-human animals remain scarce.

For instance, young female chimpanzees have been seen playing with sticks, mirroring how a mother would cradle an infant.

Captive chimpanzees have even been noted dragging imaginary blocks along the ground after interacting with real wooden blocks.

Dr. Krupenier and Dr. Amalia Bastos from the University of St Andrews sought to test this ability to pretend in a structured experiment.

They devised a setup akin to a child’s tea party to evaluate Kanzi, a 43-year-old bonobo (Pan Paniscus) who has been reported to engage in pretend play and respond to verbal cues.

During the experiment, Kanzi and the researcher sat across from each other at a table adorned with an empty pitcher, cups, bowls, and jars, reminiscent of a tea party.

In the first task, two transparent cups, both empty, were accompanied by an empty pitcher.

The experimenter tilted the pitcher as if to “pour” juice into each cup, then pretended to dump juice from one cup, slightly shaking it to emphasize the action. They then inquired, “Where’s the juice?”

Kanzi consistently pointed to the cup that pretended to hold juice, even when its position was swapped, demonstrating his understanding of the task.

The researchers conducted a second experiment to rule out the possibility that Kanzi believed there was real juice in the cups, providing one cup with actual juice and another with pretend juice.

When asked what he preferred, Kanzi almost invariably pointed to the cup with real juice.

In a third experiment, the same concept was repeated without grapes.

Here, the experimenter pretended to take a grape from an empty container and placed it into one of two jars, then asked Kanzi, “Where are the grapes?” He accurately indicated the jar with the imaginary grapes.

While Kanzi wasn’t flawless, he consistently pointed to the correct locations.

“It’s fascinating and significant that the findings suggest great apes have the mental capacity to visualize things that are not present,” noted Dr. Bastos.

“Kanzi can conjure the notion of a pretend object while recognizing its lack of reality.”

“Imagination enriches the mental lives of humans,” added Dr. Krupenier.

“If we share some aspects of imagination with great apes, it compels us to reevaluate the presumption that other animals lead merely robotic lives, limited to the present moment.”

“These revelations will encourage us to cherish these intelligent, thoughtful creatures and ensure their preservation.”

For further details, refer to the study published in today’s issue of Science.

_____

Amalia Prime Minister Bastos et al. 2026. Evidence for object pretend expressions by Kanzi, a language-trained bonobo. Science 391 (6785): 583-586; doi: 10.1126/science.adz0743

Source: www.sci.news

Discover the Real Cause of Cellulite and Effective Reduction Tips

Cellulite is a common skin concern characterized by uneven, dimpled areas often likened to the texture of orange peel or cottage cheese. It is predominantly found on the thighs, buttocks, and hips.

Research indicates that 80-90 percent of women develop cellulite after puberty, while men are significantly less affected and not entirely immune.

Despite its prevalence, cellulite is often misunderstood and incorrectly associated solely with excess weight or an unhealthy lifestyle. In reality, multiple factors contribute to its formation.










What Causes Cellulite?

Cellulite results from an interplay between fat cells, connective tissue, and skin structure. Fibrous bands, known as septa, anchor the skin to the underlying muscles.

In women, these bands are vertically oriented, causing adipose lobules (fat cell clumps) to push through, creating dimples when the skin above is thinner or less elastic.

Men tend to have a cross-structure in connective tissue, which helps reduce the visibility of cellulite. This physiological difference is one reason men develop fewer wrinkles.

The structure of our skin helps explain why men are less likely to develop cellulite – Photo credit: Getty

Hormones, particularly estrogen, significantly influence this process. Estrogen affects blood flow to the skin, fat distribution, and tissue structure.

Factors like puberty, pregnancy, and hormonal changes during menopause or through hormonal contraceptives can lead to an increase in cellulite visibility.

Genetics also play a crucial role in determining skin thickness, collagen integrity, and fat distribution. Aging further exacerbates these effects as collagen production declines and skin thins, making cellulite more noticeable.

Lifestyle factors such as smoking and poor circulation contribute to the development of cellulite.

In conclusion, cellulite arises from a combination of biological and environmental factors, including chemical pollution. It’s not merely a result of being overweight.

Can Cellulite Be Removed?

Despite a booming industry promising quick fixes, no treatment has proven to permanently eliminate cellulite. It is not classified as a disease, but rather a typical structural characteristic of human skin. However, various approaches can temporarily diminish its appearance.

Lifestyle changes can be beneficial. Incorporating strength training enhances muscle tone and reduces skin laxity, while aerobic exercises improve circulation.

While managing weight may shrink fat cells, cellulite can still persist in those with a healthy weight. A balanced diet and quitting smoking promote overall skin and connective tissue health but do not specifically target cellulite.

Topical treatments featuring caffeine or retinol may yield minor short-term improvements by dehydrating fat cells or thickening the skin.

Massage techniques, ranging from manual methods to devices like endermologie, can enhance lymphatic drainage and circulation but offer only temporary results.

Medical procedures can provide more significant effects, such as laser and radiofrequency treatments designed to disrupt fibrous bands and stimulate collagen production. Subcision, a minor surgical technique, releases these bands under the skin.

Although these options can enhance skin texture for months or even years, they can be costly, invasive, and carry certain risks.

Conclusion

Cellulite should be viewed as a normal aspect of human skin, particularly in women. It does not indicate poor health, fitness, or self-care and does not require treatment unless one desires cosmetic improvements.

Embracing cellulite as a natural variation in body structure can help shift the perspective away from “fixing” it and towards accepting it as part of human diversity.


This article addresses the query “Why does cellulite form and can it be reduced?” (submitted by Judy Price from Solihull).

If you have any questions, feel free to reach out via: questions@sciencefocus.com or message us on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (please remember to include your name and location).

Explore our ultimate fun facts and discover more amazing science content.


Read more:


Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Discover the Irreplaceable Role of School Examiners in an AI-Driven World

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing education by automating tasks like grading and communication with parents, allowing teachers to focus more on student guidance, engagement, and hands-on learning. As technology advances, the future may hold real-time tracking of student progress, automated assessments, and personalized learning paths.

While AI enhances classroom efficiency, the UK government stresses its use should be limited to low-stakes assessments, urging teachers to maintain transparency. This emphasizes the crucial role of human expertise in ensuring the integrity and fairness of high-stakes evaluations.

Science educators possess profound subject knowledge, which is vital for equitable assessments. Their professional judgment and contextual understanding are key to accurately reflecting each student’s potential while maintaining assessment integrity.

Leverage Your Expertise in Education


Pearson, the world’s leading educational company, employs over 18,000 professionals across 70+ countries, positively impacting millions of learners and educators. Roles like examiners, facilitators, and subject experts are crucial in ensuring students achieve the grades necessary to thrive in their careers.

By becoming an Examiner with Pearson, you can play an essential part in our mission to empower students, using your expertise to help maintain the rigorous standards that shape educational qualifications and open doors to future opportunities.

Professional Development Opportunities


Taking on the role of an Examiner offers numerous benefits that positively impact your professional trajectory:

  • Insight: Gain a comprehensive view of national performance, learning from common mistakes and successful strategies that can benefit your students.
  • Additional Income: Enjoy flexible work-from-home opportunities that fit seamlessly with your existing educational responsibilities.
  • Expand Your Network: Connect with fellow education professionals from diverse backgrounds, exchanging ideas and building a supportive community.

Professional Evaluation: Achieve recognized CPD credentials, enriching your professional portfolio with respected subject matter expertise.

What Qualifications Are Required?


To qualify for most Pearson Examiner roles, candidates typically need at least one year of teaching experience within the last eight years, a degree in the relevant subject, and a pertinent educational qualification or its equivalent. A recommendation from a senior professional with teaching experience at your institution is also necessary.

Some vocational qualifications may only require relevant work experience, bypassing the need for a degree or teaching certification.

Discover how to become a Pearson Associate today!

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Discover NASA’s Artemis II Moon Mission Astronauts: Meet the Team Leading Our Lunar Exploration

Three highly skilled NASA astronauts are embarking on an exciting mission into space. Reed Wiseman, a former Navy officer who transitioned to astronaut status in 2009, brings significant experience, having spent six months aboard the International Space Station (ISS) in 2014.

Reed Wiseman and daughters.
Provided by Reid Wiseman

Since the passing of his wife in 2020, Wiseman has taken on the challenging role of raising two children as a single parent. He acknowledges the stress that comes with being an astronaut, noting that the thrill of the mission is often tempered by the sacrifices it demands from their families.

“I’m a dedicated single father to two daughters,” he shared with NBC’s “TODAY” during a candid interview with fellow crew members. “While it might be easier to relax on the couch with a football game, the reality is that we have four individuals ready to undertake extraordinary and groundbreaking explorations in our civilization.”

Wiseman expressed hope that the outcomes of this monumental mission will validate the sacrifices made by the families of the crew.

“We often look toward the moon and proudly state, ‘We’ve been there.’ However, for this generation—both current and future, known as the Artemis generation—they will look at the moon and proudly declare, ‘We are there,'” he emphasized.

A pendant featuring Jeremy Hansen’s family birthstones accompanied by the engraving “Moon and Back”.
Provided by Jeremy Hansen

Each astronaut will carry personal tokens on their historic flights around the moon. Wiseman and Koch will carry letters from their families, while Grover plans to bring a Bible, wedding ring, and a cherished heirloom for his daughters. Hansen will carry a moon pendant featuring his family’s birthstone and the phrase “Moon and Back.” These items serve as meaningful mementos and ways for the astronauts to connect their families to the journey.

Koch, a veteran of profound space missions, holds the record for the longest single spaceflight by a woman, having spent a remarkable 328 days on the ISS in 2019. Alongside fellow astronaut Jessica Meir, she made history with NASA’s first all-female spacewalk.

Christina Koch with her husband and dog.
Provided by: Christina Koch

Koch expressed her contentment about not participating in another significant milestone, stating her excitement for her colleagues who are set to leave footprints on the lunar surface.

“I’m genuinely thrilled to see familiar faces taking steps toward walking on the moon. However, if that is not my destiny, I am completely at peace with it,” Koch mentioned, noting NASA has yet to assign a crew for the Artemis III mission.

Victor Glover with his family.
Provided by: Victor Glover

In a similar vein, Grover previously participated in a historic flight, flying the SpaceX Crew Dragon capsule to the ISS in 2020. Glover, a former U.S. Navy captain and test pilot, was transitioned from his position in the U.S. Senate when he was selected for NASA’s astronaut program in 2013. Grover and his wife are parents to four children.

Hansen, marking his spaceflight debut, is set to become the first Canadian to explore lunar terrain. A graduate of the Canadian Space Agency’s astronaut program in 2009, he previously served as a fighter pilot and colonel in the Canadian Armed Forces.

With three children, Hansen highlighted the camaraderie that has developed among the crew, remarking that they’ve formed a familial bond through years of intense training together.

Jeremy Hansen with his family.
Provided by Jeremy Hansen

The upcoming Artemis II launch will be only the second deployment of NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) rocket paired with the Orion capsule. The inaugural launch, Artemis I, conducted an unmanned mission that circled the moon over three years ago.

Wiseman, Koch, Grover, and Hansen view this mission as a crucial stepping stone towards the Artemis III ambition, which aims to land four astronauts near the moon’s polar regions in 2027. Throughout their mission, the crew will practice docking procedures in Earth orbit, conduct scientific experiments, and evaluate various systems inside the Orion capsule, serving as a trial run for a forthcoming lunar landing.

“To us, achieving success is synonymous with landing on the moon during Artemis III,” Koch stated. “Success is always Artemis 100. Everything we do is centered around that.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Exclusive Excerpt from ‘Juice’ by Tim Winton: Discover the Story Now!

Explore the latest in science, technology, health, and the environment through expert journalism on New Scientist.

“Hour after hour we pass over a country as black as the night sky, across a fallen heaven adorning the stars with jets of white ash and smears of milky soot.” Tim Winton’s Juice

Shutterstock / Denis Tolkhov

As dawn breaks, I drive relentlessly, halting only when the plains turn black, with nothing but clinker and ash stretching to the horizon.

I stop, lower the side screen, and breathe in the calm southerly air—a fleeting stroke of luck in recent days. I know firsthand the danger wind poses to old fireplaces. In strong gusts, ash can suffocate in moments, and I’ve watched comrades succumb.

Wrap your scarf around your mouth and nose. Hang your glasses around your neck. Break the door. Please step out. Test the surface gently—ankle deep, or worse, to the shins. Silence looms, except for the hum of the rig’s motor.

Stay there; I’m calling.

I know she’s awake, but the child remains slumped in the cab, unmoving. I cautiously check the trailer—everything is secure: manufacturer, water, pods, equipment—but my greens lie disheveled from long, hard days. Some leaves have been windburned, but the overall damage appears manageable. I tap the reservoir to fill the flask, then don my glasses and scan the western approach—clear, with no smoke or movement.

I attempt to wipe the dust off the panels, but it’s futile; they’ll be covered with ash again within minutes. The turbine must release enough fluid to cross.

Back in the cab, I slam my boot heel on the step and climb in. She still doesn’t move. I can’t quite decide if this is a relief or an annoyance.

We’re okay, I reassure her. I’ll handle this.

She gazes out at the scorched earth.

This land, I reminisce, was once all woods. I flew over it when I was younger.

She blinks, her expression perplexed.

Trees stretched endlessly beneath us. The air was ripe, almost tangible.

She stays silent.

Have you ever flown?

No response.

I know your experiences at sea. I wondered if my status changed.

She shifts, resting her head against the side screen.

That’s quite something.

No sign of interest from her. After sitting, sun stains remain on the glass.

Yet, for once, I wish my flight had been for the sake of adventure, not heading to a dangerous place.

The sun rises, molten, tilting before us like a soaring airship before it vanishes. Break free from all comparisons and become your true self. A comforting yet terrifying thought.

I talk excessively, I admit. You too? You never utter a word. For once, I feel I’ve said too little.

She offers nothing in response.

I know you hear me—you’re following my words.

She scrapes the glass, spreading more grease than she removes.

Listen, I say. Those we lost—none will come for us. We must cross through these ashes. It’s crucial. There’s a fresh land waiting for us on the other side. We’ll move and set camp, understood? I hope it’s out there. It’ll be fine.

The child shifts away, and I tear a piece from my scarf, catching her attention. Pull the remaining fabric over your face and wrap it around your hat’s brim. She flinches but doesn’t resist. Dried blood from her forehead incident glints in her pale blue eyes, which appear even brighter now.

So, I say, the smell might lessen a bit. I’ll clean this rig later. You’re not merely looking, trust me. So, are you ready? Water’s here. We’ll eat on the other side.

Lift the side screen and move the rig. Walk swiftly to get through, but slowly enough to avoid an ash blizzard.

For hours, we cross a land as dark as the night, over fallen heavens adorned with jets of ash and milky soot.

The vehicle jolts but perseveres until my energy wanes. As midday sunlight pierces through, I witness colors emerge—tans, silvers, khakis, and bone hues—and the relief I feel is almost overwhelming.

Upon touching solid ground, I let the child out into the secret space. She appears invigorated by newfound freedom, yet hesitates to return to the rig. I won’t pamper her, but I must guide her firmly. My fatigue is palpable, and we need distance from that fireplace. When we finally start moving again, the atmosphere in the cab dims, disappointing—but soon we have reason to celebrate. As the bat finally flexes its power, a mighty gust from the south shakes the entire rig.

I will descend steadily. The child goes outside. I point to a dirty column rising into the sky in the distance behind us.

Look, I say. We could have been enveloped. But we are positioned upwind, right? It’s not mere luck. That’s our cleverness.

I close the shade and set the array.

She observes the ash cloud swirling north. As winds intensify, they intertwine. She follows me to the trailer, where I distribute the mash—she accepts Dixie and Spoon. With her back turned from the wind, she devours her meal eagerly.

Luck alone won’t suffice, I explain. You and I must remain composed.

She’s already licking the dirty container clean. I take it, hand her mine, and while she eats, I pull out the swag and roll it to the car’s side. Then, I lower the makeshift nightgown I crafted for her. Spread it beside me—close enough to keep watch, but not too close for comfort.

We’re all exhausted. Machines and living beings alike. Let’s sleep.

She finishes the last of her mash, licking my clean spoon as well. I rise, stow them in the trailer, then settle cross-legged on my swag again. She gazes east, her hat’s tail swaying in the breeze.

Be yourself, I urge.

And then I step outside.

——-

Later in the afternoon, I awaken to a slight ache. For a moment, I mistake it for home. A sick chicken downstairs threatens the whole flock. A disaster at my property. I know I should rise and head to the grow house, but as I open my eyes, the swaying shade above me grounds me to the dirt, far from my home. The child’s tear-stained face reminds me I’m not alone. I yearn to reach out, but she recoils. I leave her be and drift back to sleep.

When I wake again, shadows of the car and trailer stretch long, like lifelines. The rig stirs awake. I gingerly climb out, feeling sore and stiff, and attempt to resume our journey.

© Tim Winton

This is an excerpt from Juice by Tim Winton (Picador), part of the New Scientist Book Club’s February 2026 reading. You can purchase a copy here. Sign up to join the reading community here.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover the Evolution of All Bird Species with Our New Online Tool

Ornithologists at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology have unveiled the most comprehensive evolutionary tree of birds to date. This groundbreaking research reveals unexpected relationships and serves as a fascinating illustration for bird enthusiasts. Explore the World Bird Lineage Explorer, where you can track lineage and evolutionary milestones.

European bee-eater (Merops apiaster). Image credit: Rashuli / CC BY 2.0.

Understanding the phylogeny of birds is crucial for advancing bird research.

With over 11,000 bird species worldwide, consolidating phylogenetic trees into a singular, updated resource has posed significant challenges for ornithologists.

The Birds of the World Phylogeny Explorer directly addresses these challenges, remaining current with the latest scientific discoveries.

“This tool combines centuries of avian research with advanced computational tools, creating a captivating interactive resource that narrates the story of bird evolution,” stated Dr. Elliott Miller, a researcher with the American Bird Conservancy.

“New evolutionary relationships are constantly being discovered. We release annual updates to our phylogenetic tools, ensuring our datasets align with the latest taxonomy,” he added.

“This tool holds immense value for the scientific community,” remarked Dr. Pam Rasmussen from the Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

“The complete tree of bird life, built on cutting-edge phylogenetic research, is now a downloadable, interactive dataset from Birds of the World, encouraging further inquiry and exploration.”

“This evolutionary tree provides crucial insights into how evolutionary history has shaped traits such as beak shape, wing length, foraging behaviors, and habitat preferences in birds.”

“Bird lovers will appreciate the personalized features of the Birds of the World Phylogeny Explorer,” Dr. Marshall Iliff noted, also from the Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

“By logging into the platform, birders can visualize the diversity of their eBird species list, diving deep into bird history across orders, families, and genera, thus revealing noteworthy evolutionary patterns.”

“For birdwatchers, their lifetime list transforms into a personal journey through evolutionary history, highlighting how each species fits into the broader narrative of avian evolution.”

“Users are sure to encounter surprising revelations. For instance, why does the North American woodpecker closely resemble other woodpeckers yet belong to a different lineage?”

“Or why are peregrine falcons fierce hunters like hawks and eagles, even though they originate from a separate branch of the family tree?”

“Solving these taxonomic enigmas can become a lifelong pursuit for anyone deeply passionate about birds.”

Source: www.sci.news

Discover the World’s Oldest Human-Made Tool: A 430,000-Year-Old Stick

A recent discovery in Greece has unveiled the oldest known hand-held wooden tool, dating back approximately 430,000 years, utilized by early human ancestors.

One tool, crafted from an alder trunk, likely served a digging purpose, while the other, made from either willow or poplar, may have been employed for shaping stone, according to a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

“The rarity of preserving wood over such a long period makes this discovery particularly fascinating,” stated Annemieke Milks, the lead author of the study, in a phone interview with NBC News.

Milks, affiliated with the University of Reading in the UK and an authority on early wooden tools, emphasizes that while stone tools have been preserved for centuries, finding these rare wooden artifacts enhances our understanding of human evolution.

The evidence suggests that early human ancestors utilized wood for tool-making, marking a significant development in our knowledge of their capabilities.

These ancient tools were unearthed at the Megalopolis Basin site in Marathusa, Greece, located about 160 miles southwest of Athens.

Researchers have identified that this site—once a lakeshore—was pivotal for early human activities, including the fabrication and use of stone and bone tools, as well as hunting large animals like elephants.

Milks described one of the smaller tools as “unprecedented,” noting that its precise function remains unclear. “We were fortunate to uncover such a unique artifact,” she remarked.

Distinct markings on the wood signify that these artifacts were intentionally crafted by humans, rather than being natural sticks, according to Milks.

Innovative methods for analyzing ancient wooden tools have surged over the last decade, yielding new insights into our past, Milks added.

Since direct dating of organic materials like wood can only trace back 50,000 years, researchers relied on dating surrounding sediments and rocks to affirm the tools’ age of 430,000 years.

Milks explained that the preservation of these wooden tools was likely facilitated by their rapid burial in moist sediments, protecting them from microorganisms that would typically lead to decay.

Co-author Caterina Harbati noted that the extraordinary conditions at the excavation site facilitated the preservation of not just wood, but also delicate organic materials like seeds and leaves.

Paleoanthropologist Halvaty from the University of Tübingen in Germany emphasized the discovery’s significance, showcasing Greece’s essential role in human evolutionary studies.

“This finding expands our understanding of early human technology and highlights previously unknown types of tools, enriching our knowledge in this domain,” Halvaty stated.

Maeve McHugh, an associate professor of classical archaeology at the University of Birmingham, called the discovery an essential “snapshot” of early human activity and a glimpse into cognitive development during that era.

“The survival of this wooden artifact, particularly from such an early period in human history, is remarkable and of great significance,” McHugh concluded.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Discover Our Innovative Approach to Understanding the Nature of Reality

Canal Reflection

We can Usually Agree on Objects’ Appearance, But Why?

Martin Bond / Alamy

Although our world seems inherently ambiguous at the quantum level, this is not the experience we face in daily life. Researchers have now established a methodology to measure the speed at which objective reality emerges from this quantum ambiguity, lending credibility to the notion that an evolutionary framework can elucidate this emergence.

In the quantum domain, each entity, such as a single atom, exists within a spectrum of potential states and only assumes a definitive, “classical” state upon measurement or observation. Yet, we perceive strictly classical objects devoid of existential ambiguities, and the processes enabling this have challenged physicists for years.

Prominent physicist Wojciech Zurek of Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico introduced the concept of “quantum Darwinism,” suggesting that a process akin to natural selection confirms the visibility of the “fittest” state among numerous potential forms, ensuring successful replication through environmental interactions up to the observer’s perspective. When observers with access to only portions of reality converge on the same objective observation, it indicates they are witnessing one of these identical copies.

Researchers at University College Dublin, led by Steve Campbell, have shown that differing observers can still arrive at a consensus on objective reality, even if their observational methods lack sophistication or precision.

“Observers can capture a fragment and make any measurements they desire. If I capture a different fragment, I too can make arbitrary measurements. The question becomes: how does classical objectivity arise?” he explains.

The research team has redefined the emergence of objectivity as a quantum sensing issue. For instance, if the objective fact pertains to the frequency of light emitted by an object, the observer must acquire accurate data about that frequency, similar to how a computer employs a light sensor. In optimal conditions, this method achieves ultra-precise measurements, quickly leading to a definitive conclusion about the light’s frequency. This scenario is assessed using Quantum Fisher Information (QFI), a mathematical formula that benchmarks how varying, less accurate observational techniques can still attain similar precise conclusions. Gabriel Randy at the University of Rochester highlights this comparison in their recent study.

Remarkably, their calculations indicate that for significantly large fragments of reality, even observers employing imperfect measurements can ultimately gather enough data to reach the same conclusions about objectivity as those derived from the ideal QFI standard.

“Surprisingly, simplistic measurements can be just as effective as more advanced ones,” Lundy states. “This illustrates how classicality emerges: as fragments grow larger, observers tend to agree on even basic measurements.” Thus, this research contributes further to our understanding of why, when observing the macroscopic world, we concur about its physical attributes, such as the color of a coffee cup.

“This study underscores that we do not require flawless, ideal measurements,” adds Diego Wisniacki from the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina. He notes that while QFI is foundational in quantum information theory, its application to quantum Darwinism has been sparse, presenting pathways to bridge theoretical frameworks with established experimental methodologies, like quantum devices utilizing light-based or superconducting qubits.

“This research serves as a foundational ‘brick’ in our comprehension of quantum Darwinism,” states G. Massimo Palma from the University of Palermo, Italy. “It more closely aligns with the experimental descriptions of laboratory observations.”

Palma elaborates that the simplicity of the model used in this study could facilitate new experimental pursuits; however, complex system calculations will be essential to solidify quantum Darwinism’s foundation. “Advancing beyond rudimentary models would mark a significant progression,” Palma asserts.

Lundy conveyed that researchers are eager to transform theoretical findings into experimental validations. For instance, qubits formed from trapped ions could be employed to evaluate how the emergence of objectivity timescale relates to the durations during which these qubits retain their quantum characteristics.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover How Genes Connect Intestinal Motility to Vitamin B1: An Unexpected Nutrient Link

In a groundbreaking study analyzing data from over 268,000 individuals, researchers have identified that genes associated with thiamine (vitamin B1) metabolism significantly influence intestinal motility. This discovery paves the way for personalized treatments targeting conditions like constipation and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Diaz Muñoz et al. identified key mechanisms involved in intestinal motility, including an overlooked role for vitamin B1. Image credit: Hillman et al., doi: 10.1264/jsme2.ME17017 / CC BY 4.0.

Gastrointestinal motility is crucial for food digestion, nutrient absorption, and waste elimination, all critical components of human health and well-being.

The regulation of motility depends on a multifaceted communication network, which encompasses the gut-brain axis, the immune system, gut microbiota, and is affected by external influences such as diet, physical activity, and medications.

Disruptions in motility control and peristalsis can lead to significant health issues, including IBS and chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction, highlighting the importance of understanding these conditions.

In this recent study, Professor Mauro D’Amato from LUM University, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA, and Ikerbasque, along with his colleagues, employed a large-scale genetic approach to identify common DNA variations linked to intestinal motility.

The research utilized questionnaires and genetic data from 268,606 individuals of European and East Asian ancestry, applying computational analysis to pinpoint relevant genes and mechanisms.

The team discovered 21 genomic regions that affect defecation frequency, including 10 previously unknown regions, affirming the biologically plausible pathways involved in intestinal motility regulation.

For instance, they found significant correlations with bile acid regulation, which aids fat digestion and serves as signaling molecules in the intestines, along with neural signaling pathways crucial for intestinal muscle contractions (especially acetylcholine-related signaling).

However, the most striking outcome arose when the researchers pinpointed two high-priority genes focused on vitamin B1 biology, specifically those involved in the transport and activation of thiamine: SLC35F3 and XPR1.

To validate the relevance of the vitamin B1 signal, they further examined dietary data from the UK Biobank.

A study involving 98,449 participants revealed that increased dietary thiamine intake correlated with more frequent bowel movements.

Crucially, the relationship between thiamine consumption and bowel frequency exhibited variations based on genetic factors, specifically the combined genetic score of SLC35F3 and XPR1.

This suggests that genetic variations in thiamine metabolism may impact how vitamin B1 intake affects bowel habits in the general population.

“By utilizing genetic data, we’ve created a roadmap for the biological pathways influencing intestinal pace,” said Dr. Cristian Díaz Muñoz from CIC bioGUNE-BRTA.

“The data strongly highlights vitamin B1 metabolism alongside established mechanisms like bile acids and neural signaling.”

This research also confirms a significant biological link between bowel frequency and IBS, a widespread condition affecting millions globally.

“Issues with intestinal motility are at the core of irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, and other common motility disorders, yet the underlying biology remains challenging to decipher,” noted Professor D’Amato.

“These genetic findings point to specific pathways, particularly those involving vitamin B1, as vital areas for further research, including laboratory experiments and meticulously designed clinical trials.”

For more details, refer to the study published in the Journal on January 20, 2026.

_____

C. Diaz Muñoz et al. Genetic analysis of defecation frequency suggests a link to vitamin B1 metabolism and other pathways regulating intestinal motility. Intestine published online January 20, 2026. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2025-337059

Source: www.sci.news

Discover the Top 21 Innovative Ideas of the 21st Century: How We Selected Them and Why They Matter

What distinguishes a groundbreaking idea from a mediocre one? This is often a challenging distinction to make. Take the example of vaccination: collecting pus from a cowpox-infected individual and injecting it into an eight-year-old boy may seem utterly reckless. Yet, 18th-century physician Edward Jenner’s daring action ultimately led to the eradication of smallpox, a disease that plagued humanity.

With the benefit of hindsight, we recognize that Jenner’s innovation was monumental. This principle of vaccination continues to save millions of lives today. As we progress through the 21st century, we feel it’s essential to reflect on and celebrate transformative ideas from the past 25 years that are reshaping our perspectives, actions, and understanding of the world around us.

Compiling our list of the 21 most impactful ideas of the 21st century involved rigorous discussions among our editorial team. One of our initial challenges was determining if the first quarter of this century would conclude at the beginning or end of 2025. For clarity, we opted for the latter. We navigated debates on various ideas, dedicating particular attention to concepts like the microbiome—establishing it as a legitimate 21st-century notion—and scrutinizing the role of social media, which after much discussion, we deemed largely negative. Ultimately, we recognize that the quality of ideas is subjective.

We developed a robust set of criteria for our selection. To qualify for this list, a concept must already demonstrate a significant impact on our self-understanding, health, or broader universe. Additionally, it should be grounded in scientific discovery, with a strong idea underpinning it. Lastly, the development must have occurred within the last 25 years.


Rather than trying to predict the future, it’s important to take the time to reflect on the past.

While the last criterion may appear straightforward, we encountered numerous proposals that remain unrealized. The discovery of gravitational waves in the 21st century opened new cosmic vistas, but their prediction dates back a century to Albert Einstein. Similarly, ideas like weight loss medications, personalized medicine, and mRNA vaccines show promise, but their full potential has yet to be achieved—perhaps these will make the list in 2050.

During our selection process, we couldn’t disregard ideas that initially seemed appealing but faltered. Therefore, we also crafted a list of the five most disappointing ideas of the century thus far. The line between success and failure can sometimes blur, leading to controversial choices in our best ideas list. For instance, while many would advocate for the removal of smartphones, we ultimately view them as largely beneficial. Likewise, the ambitious global warming target of 1.5°C can be seen as a failure, especially as new reports indicate that average global temperatures have surpassed this benchmark for the first time. Nonetheless, we argue that striving to reduce the threshold from 2°C remains one of the century’s monumental ideas, setting a standard for global climate ambition.

Advancing away from fossil fuels is undoubtedly crucial, and prominently featured in this effort is Elon Musk. In 2016, before Musk ventured into social media and politics, his company Tesla launched its first Gigafactory in Nevada, marking a pivotal moment in the transition to renewable energy by utilizing economies of scale to transform transportation and energy systems. Conversely, other approaches to fighting climate change, such as alternative fuels and carbon offsets, appear more harmful than beneficial.

One significant takeaway from our selection process is that revolutionary ideas often arise by chance. For many, a working outlet can be the catalyst for a few minutes of smartphone scrolling during a lengthy commute. However, for two physicists in 2005, their discovery altered the global decarbonization strategy. This breakthrough also unveiled the foundations of our complex thought processes, illustrating that brain regions don’t operate in isolation but are interwoven into a robust network. This understanding has revolutionized our approach to diagnosing and treating neurological issues.

Looking back over the past quarter-century, it’s evident that the world has transformed considerably. We successfully dodged the Millennium Bug, the human genome’s first draft was completed, and the International Space Station welcomed its first crew. Concepts like “Denisovans” and “microbiomes” were unknown to us. In our pages, we celebrated innovations like wireless communication and marveled at miniaturized computer chips driving these technologies. “At its core is a device known as a Bluetooth chip,” we stated, positing it as the next big thing—a prediction that, in hindsight, was flawed, since truly transformative technologies extend beyond mere convenience.

This experience highlights the folly of predictions, as they can often be overlooked in the rush for the next trending innovation. Thus, rather than striving to foresee the future, we ought to invest time in contemplating the past. The advancements we’ve witnessed in health, technology, and environmental conservation suggest that this century has made the world a better place. Let’s hope, without necessarily predicting, that this momentum continues into the future.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking the Mystery: Why Did Magic Mushrooms Evolve? Discover the Answers Here!

Many mushroom species produce the psychoactive compound psilocybin

YARphotographer/Shutterstock

Magic mushrooms have been providing transformative experiences for thousands of years. Researchers suggest that fungi developed hallucinogenic compounds like psilocybin as a biological defense against insect herbivores.

Psilocybin is the main psychoactive component in magic mushrooms, present in various species found on every continent except Antarctica. Historically, these mushrooms have been utilized by shamans in traditional cultures. Recent studies are investigating psilocybin’s potential as a therapy for mental health disorders, including depression and PTSD.

This psychedelic compound primarily interacts with serotonin receptors in the human brain. However, the evolutionary reasons that lead fungi to produce compounds similar to animal neurotransmitters remain unclear. As John Ellis from the University of Plymouth points out, “There’s speculation that psilocybin serves a protective role against invertebrate fungivores, but these ideas need further exploration.”

To explore the effects of psilocybin on insects, Ellis and his team fed fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) larvae with dried magic mushrooms (Cylocyber cubensis). The researchers monitored the larvae’s survival rates, growth rates, and adult size and development.

Additionally, the team created liquid extracts from the mushrooms, combined them with a minimal amount of sucrose, and observed the larvae’s movements after exposure. “It resembled immersing them in a sweet magic mushroom solution,” says team member Kirsty Matthews Nicholas.

“By quantifying how rapidly the insects crawled, the distances traveled, and their overall movement coordination, we assessed the immediate impacts on their nervous systems,” Nicholas explains.

Results showed that larvae exposed to a magic mushroom diet exhibited significantly reduced survival rates. At lower doses, more than half of the larvae did not survive to adulthood. At higher doses, survival rates dropped to just about 25%.

“Among the flies that did reach adulthood, the consequences were evident. Adult flies were smaller, had shortened bodies, and asymmetrical wings – all indicators of developmental stress,” Nicholas reported. “They crawled shorter distances, moved less overall, and displayed erratic movement patterns, leading to slower and less coordinated motion.”

However, it is unlikely that insects experience psychedelia as humans do. “Our findings imply that compounds like psilocybin disrupt essential insect physiology and behavior in ways that could be detrimental rather than psychedelic,” she notes.

The research team also collected and analyzed seven mushroom species from Dartmoor, UK, and found that the DNA of invertebrates present varied according to the psilocybin-producing fungi—indicating a specific interaction pattern between these fungi and their insect hosts.

Unexpected outcomes highlighted the complexity of psilocybin’s ecological role. For instance, fruit flies with decreased serotonin receptor counts, typically impacted by psilocybin, were found to be more affected. Furthermore, the flies also showed adverse reactions to extracts from control mushroom species devoid of psilocybin.

Fabrizio Alberti from the University of Warwick indicates that their findings demonstrate that non-psilocybin mushrooms also generate other metabolites that harm insects’ speed and survival.

“Ongoing research utilizing pure psilocybin on insects will be essential to clarify its ecological significance and explore whether this psychedelic compound evolved as an insect deterrent,” Alberti emphasizes.

This study raises critical challenges in understanding the evolutionary implications of psilocybin-producing fungi. Bernhard Rupp from the University of Innsbruck, Austria, suggests, “Mushrooms producing psilocybin and similar compounds may have significant evolutionary advantages, such as deterring consumption by insects and snails.”

Insect and Ecosystem Exploration Safari: Sri Lanka

Explore the heart of Sri Lanka’s vibrant biodiversity through this unique entomology and ecology-focused expedition.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Why the Internet Feels Lonely Right Now: Discover the Reasons Behind the Isolation

Sure! Here’s a rewritten version of that content, optimized for SEO while retaining the original HTML tags:

Topanga Canyon, Topanga, California, USA - lonliness in the digital age

Exploring the Loneliness of Digital Connection

Brenna Panaguiton/Unsplash

In today’s fast-paced digital landscape, I often find myself glued to my smartphone. Like many in the United States, I turn to various apps for news, from social media posts to podcasts and newsletters. However, amidst the chaos—like the unfolding protests in Minneapolis—I’ve noticed an unsettling trend: the more I consume, the lonelier I feel.

This isn’t a new phenomenon; it’s been a topic of discussion among sociologists for nearly 80 years. In 1950, scholars David Riesman, Nathan Glaser, and Reuel Denny published their influential book, The Lonely Crowd. They argued that the advent of consumerism and mass media birthed a new personality archetype, highly aware of loneliness and labeled it “other-oriented.” This description seems eerily relevant in our current social media age teeming with AI interactions.

Individuals who are other-oriented are constantly attuned to their peers, often using social cues to shape their choices related to purchases, fashion, and opinions. With their values stemming from contemporaries rather than historical influencers, they tend to prioritize present experiences over tradition. Riesman and his colleagues cautioned that an excessive focus on others can lead to a crippling fear of solitude.

These traits are starkly embodied in our engagement with social media, characterized by peer pressure, superficial connections, and even the growing surveillance culture. As we monitor one another, companies develop applications that simulate camaraderie, leaving us more isolated. This illustrates inherent risks of AI chatbots that are engineered to masquerade as companions.


When we shape our identity based on others’ expectations, we obscure our deeper selves.

There exists a contradiction within our social desires. While we yearn for inclusion, we also crave individuality. Riesman et al. contend that consumerism often creates a faux sense of unique identity. Consider the experience of browsing a rack of nearly identical polo shirts; selecting one may foster feelings of individuality, but fundamentally, they remain similar to one another.

This phenomenon of mispersonalization frequently manifests in the algorithms governing our online interactions. Platforms like TikTok curate “For You” feeds exhibiting content aligned with our tastes, yet this personalization is overseen by uncontrollable algorithms aimed at ensuring conformity.

As individuals shaped by external influences, we often find ourselves expressing our identities through group interactions, as advertisements prompt us to “join the conversation.” We generate content for the internet, portraying our lives through the lens of shared experiences.

Still, many of us wrestle with the lingering sensation of loneliness. This disconnect can be attributed to the variance between real-life relationships and those formed in digital spaces. Moreover, it may relate to the personality shift chronicled in The Lonely Crowd. By focusing excessively on others, we risk neglecting our genuine, idiosyncratic desires. Without self-awareness, meaningful connections with others become elusive.

Riesman and his collaborators proposed two solutions. First, they emphasized the need to reclaim our leisure time from the all-consuming media landscape. They argued that our vigilance towards peers often resembles labor, advocating for more playful engagement with life. Their second suggestion urged individuals, particularly children, to explore new identities and experiences. Reflect on activities you enjoy when not dictated by external definitions of “fun.” Try something novel, don vibrant or whimsical clothing, or chat with an unfamiliar neighbor. Allow yourself to be surprised and embrace experimentation.

Remember, neither a “For You” feed nor an AI chatbot can define your identity. So, take a break from your devices, engage in unexpected activities, and rediscover who you are.

What I Am Reading
Notes from the Kingslayer, A captivating narrative of rebellion and familial bonds by Isaac Ferman.

What I See
Fierce rivalry, Because I know how to embrace enjoyment.

What I Am Working On
I’m exploring Sogdiana, my favorite ancient diaspora culture.

Annalee Newitz is a science journalist and author. Their latest book is Automatic Noodles. They co-host the Hugo Award-winning podcast Our Opinion Is Correct. Follow @annaleen and visit their website: techsploitation.com.

Topics:

SEO Optimization Highlights:

  • Keywords: Key phrases like “loneliness in the digital age,” “social media,” “consumerism,” and “identity” have been strategically included throughout the content.
  • Alt Text: Improved the image alt text for relevancy and search engine visibility.
  • Headings & Structure: Organized content with clear sections that help with readability and SEO rankings.
  • Call-to-Action: Encouraged the reader to engage with their real-life identity outside of digital personas, which adds personal value to the content.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover the Oldest Cave Art: Hand-Painted Stencils Dating Back 68,000 Years

Recent findings reveal that these stencils are over 15,000 years older than cave paintings in another Sulawesi cave, which were dated in 2024. The painting features three anthropomorphic figures interacting with pigs, believed to be approximately 51,200 years old.

“I thought my previous work was impressive, but this photo completely eclipsed it,” Blum remarked.

“This underscores the long-standing tradition of rock art creation in this region. It spans an incredible timeline,” he emphasized.

Researchers are optimistic about uncovering even older art forms, including narrative art, in Indonesia, a largely unexplored archaeological treasure trove.

Liang Methanduno, a prominent cave art location, attracts tourists. However, most artworks discovered so far, depicting domestic animals like chickens, are relatively recent, estimated to be around 4,000 years old.

In 2015, Indonesian rock art expert and lead author, Adi Octaviana, spotted a faint drawing behind a modern painting, speculating it might be an ancient hand-painted stencil.

“These had never been documented before; their existence was unknown until Addy discovered them,” Blum stated.

Previous generations of researchers exploring Ice Age cave art, dating back 30,000 to 40,000 years in regions like France and Spain, believed it marked the dawn of modern artistic culture.

However, recent discoveries in Indonesia indicate that humans outside Europe were crafting “extraordinarily sophisticated” cave art tens of thousands of years ago, even before our species arrived in that area.

Ancient cave paintings in Sulawesi.
Maxime Aubert/AFP – Getty Images

Blum noted that this discovery could also shed light on the timeline of when the first humans settled in Australia.

It is widely accepted that Aboriginal populations have inhabited Australia for at least 50,000 years, though evidence suggests one of the country’s archaeological sites is around 65,000 years old.

“The finding of 67,000 to 68,000-year-old rock art on Sulawesi, nearly adjacent to Australia, supports the theory that modern humans may have arrived in Australia at least 65,000 years ago,” Blum explained.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Discover How a New Solar Orbiting Spacecraft Connects Magnetic Avalanches to Solar Flares

Recent high-resolution findings from ESA’s Solar Orbiter mission provide groundbreaking insights into solar flares. These explosive events are triggered by cascading magnetic reconnection processes, releasing immense energy and “raining down” plasma clumps into the Sun’s atmosphere.

Detailed overview of M-class solar flares as observed by ESA’s solar probes. Image credit: ESA / Solar Orbiter / Chitta et al., doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202557253.

Solar flares are powerful explosions originating from the Sun.

These dramatic events occur when energy stored in entangled magnetic fields is suddenly unleashed through a process known as “magnetic reconnection.”

In mere minutes, intersecting magnetic field lines disconnect and reconnect, leading to a rapid rise in temperature and accelerating millions of degrees of plasma and high-energy particles, potentially resulting in solar flares.

The most intense flares can initiate a cascade of reactions, causing magnetic storms on Earth and potentially disrupting radio communications. Hence, monitoring and understanding these flares is crucial.

However, the mechanisms behind such swift energy release remain largely enigmatic.

An exceptional series of observations from the Solar Orbiter’s four instruments has finally provided clarity. This mission, with its comprehensive approach, offers the most detailed perspective on solar flares to date.

The Solar Orbiter’s Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) captured high-resolution images of features just hundreds of kilometers across in the Sun’s outer atmosphere (corona), recording changes every two seconds.

Three other instruments—SPICE, STIX, and PHI—examined various depth and temperature regions, from the corona to the Sun’s visible surface, or photosphere.

“We were fortunate to witness this massive flare precursor in such exquisite detail,” said Dr. Pradeep Chitta, an astronomer at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research.

“Such detailed and frequent observations of flares are rarely possible due to the limited observation window and the significant data storage required.”

“We were in the right place at the right time to capture these intricate details of the flare.”

Solar Orbiter observations have revealed an intricate view of the central engine during the preflare and shock stages of a solar flare as a magnetic avalanche.

“Even prior to the major flare event, ribbon-like features rapidly traversed the Sun’s atmosphere,” Dr. Chitta noted.

“The flow of these ‘rainy plasma blobs’ indicates increasing energy buildup, intensifying as the flare progresses.”

“This rain of plasma will continue for a while even after the flare diminishes.”

“This marks the first time we’ve observed such a level of spatial and temporal detail in the solar corona.”

“We did not anticipate such high-energy particles emerging from the avalanche process.”

“There is still much to explore regarding this phenomenon, but future missions equipped with high-resolution X-ray imaging will further our understanding.”

“This is one of Solar Orbiter’s most thrilling achievements thus far,” stated Dr. Miho Jamby, ESA’s Solar Orbiter Collaborative Project Scientist.

“The Solar Orbiter’s observations unveil the flare’s central engine and underscore the significant role of an avalanche-like magnetic energy release mechanism.”

There is a compelling prospect of whether this mechanism is universal across all flares and in other flaring stars.

Results can be found in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.

_____

LP Citta et al. 2026. Magnetic avalanches as the central engine driving solar flares. A&A 705, A113; doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202557253

Source: www.sci.news

Discover the 68,000-Year-Old Hand Claw Pattern: The Oldest Known Rock Art

Ancient Hand Stencil: Modified to Resemble Claws

Afdi Agus Octaviana

A stunning discovery of a nearly 68,000-year-old hand stencil on the walls of a cave in Sulawesi, Indonesia, may represent the oldest known rock art. This stencil appears to have been intentionally modified, giving the fingers a claw-like appearance rather than a traditional handprint.

In recent years, Sulawesi has emerged as a significant location in human history. The island has been home to various hominin species since the earliest humans likely appeared over 1.4 million years ago, with Homo erectus making its initial known journey to the area.

In 2024, researcher Maxim Aubert and his team from Griffith University uncovered the world’s oldest known figurative art on the island, dating back at least 51,200 years. This art includes depictions of pigs alongside human-like figures. More recently, Aubert’s team reported finding 44 additional rock art sites in Southeast Sulawesi, including a hand-painted stencil at Liang Metanduno, dated to 67,800 years ago.

The previous record for the oldest known rock art, a hand-painted stencil found in a Neanderthal site in Northern Spain, is estimated to be at least 66,700 years old, making the Sulawesi find significant in the timeline of art history.

Aubert noted that the Sulawesi hand stencil exhibits signs of modification; the tip of one finger appears intentionally tapered, possibly through pigment application techniques. This unique form of hand stencil art has only been recognized in Sulawesi to date.

“This is more than just a hand pattern,” states Aubert. “They appear to be retouching it, whether with a brush or spray, achieving a similar effect.”

The purpose of this artistic technique remains unknown. Aubert speculates, “They likely aimed to mimic an animal’s claw-like appearance.”

Additional Discoveries: Animal Figures in Sulawesi Cave

Maxim Aubert

Aubert indicated that identifying the exact species that created this hand stencil remains uncertain. However, the unique artistic alterations imply it was likely made by modern humans, suggesting a connection to the ancestors of the first Australians.

Evidence from the Madjedbebe site in Arnhem Land, Australia, indicates that Homo sapiens arrived on the continent at least 60,000 years ago. Additionally, increasing evidence suggests Sulawesi is a crucial early pathway linking Southeast Asia to New Guinea and Australia.

“These discoveries have far-reaching implications for our understanding of art history,” says Aubert. “The creators of this stencil were likely among the ancestors of the first Australians, underscoring the cultural significance of their rock art, which dates back at least 68,000 years.”

Team member Adam Blum, also from Griffith University, notes that both the Neanderthal hand stencils in Spain and the Sulawesi rock art were created using similar techniques, such as spraying ochre pigments.

Intricate Details of Ancient Rock Art

Maxim Aubert

“Modern humans exhibited a distinct artistic approach,” Blum explains. “They intentionally altered the finger contours of the stencil, creating a more pointed and narrower appearance. This transformed the hand imprint into a potential representation of an animal claw.”

“Such changes highlight the creativity and imaginative capacity of modern human artists, showcasing abstract thinking not evidenced in Neanderthal hand imprints,” he adds.

Martin Poe, a researcher from the University of Western Australia in Perth, stated that this discovery confirms the world’s oldest known rock art attributed to modern humans. “The dates on the stencil correspond with the earliest known timelines for Homo sapiens. This region encompasses not just Australia but mainland Asia and Southeast Asia,” Poe concluded, emphasizing the need for further research to clarify the migration routes of early humans to Australia.

Uncovering Ancient Caves: The Origins of Humanity in Northern Spain

Embark on a journey to discover some of the world’s oldest cave paintings nestled in the beautiful landscapes of northern Spain. Travel back 40,000 years to learn how our ancestors lived, engaged in play, and crafted tools. From ancient Paleolithic art to remarkable geological forms, each cave sings a unique and timeless tale.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover Sunscreens with Ground Wood That Achieve SPF 180+ Protection

Natural Sunscreen

Exploring Innovative Natural Sunscreens

Amparo Garcia/Shutterstock

Recent research highlights that sunscreens enhanced with lignin, a natural polymer found in wood, can achieve an impressive sun protection factor (SPF) exceeding 180. This innovative ingredient also promises longer-lasting effects and lower skin penetration compared to conventional sunscreens, potentially offering a safer alternative.

While sunscreen is crucial for skin cancer prevention, there is growing concern about its safety. A recent survey revealed that 14% of young adults mistakenly believe daily sunscreen use poses more risks than direct sun exposure.

This confusion stems from findings by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which confirmed that some common sunscreen ingredients can enter the bloodstream. However, long-term studies have shown no significant health risks associated with regular sunscreen use, prompting the FDA to call for further investigation.

In response, researchers are actively seeking natural alternatives to traditional sunscreen chemicals that are not only safer for human health but also less harmful to coral reefs and marine ecosystems.

Among the most promising natural ingredients is lignin, known for reinforcing plant cell walls and shielding them from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

One major challenge lies in extracting lignin from wood without altering its color. Conventional methods often use harsh chemicals, turning it from a light hue to dark brown, rendering it unsuitable for sunscreen applications.

Researchers from South China University of Science and Technology have successfully developed a milder extraction technique. Led by Jun Lee, the team extracted pale yellow lignin from poplar trees using crushing and sieving methods, followed by ultrasound treatment. Another group, led by Yong Qian, utilized a similar approach to harvest pale pink lignin from birch trees.

The extracted lignin was then transformed into nanoparticles and blended with standard white creams to formulate sunscreen products.

Tests indicated that the pale yellow lignin sunscreen achieved an SPF of 20, while the pale pink version reached an SPF of 19, providing moderate protection against harmful UV rays and blending seamlessly with various skin tones for a smooth application.

While these lignin-based sunscreens do not match the high protection levels of many commercial products (often SPF 50 or higher), the research team experimented by encapsulating popular sunscreen agents, avobenzone and octinoxate, within lignin nanoparticles. This innovative combination produced an astounding SPF of over 180. However, it’s essential to note that sunscreen labels cannot exceed SPF 50 due to regulatory guidelines.

Encapsulating these ingredients in lignin nanoparticles not only enhances their stability under sunlight but also minimizes skin penetration, thus potentially increasing safety.

Qian has reported that ongoing trials of one lignin-based sunscreen formulation indicate it is safe and effective, contributing to the search for healthier sunscreen options.

In addition to lignin, other naturally sourced ingredients like those derived from seaweed, ferns, squid, and even human hair are being investigated for sunscreen applications.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover How This New Book Provides Effective Tools for Managing Anxiety – Is It the Solution You’ve Been Looking For?

Pilot John Peters (front) and navigator John Nichol were captured as prisoners of war.

Trinity Mirror / Mirror Pix / Alamy

Uncertainty Toolkit
Sam Conniff and Catherine Templer-Lewis, The Bluebird (UK, now US, April)

Few individuals have experienced the extreme stress that fighter pilot John Peters underwent during the Gulf War. In January 1991, after completing a critical mission, Peters’ aircraft was hit by an enemy missile in the desert vicinity of Basra, Iraq. Despite the chaos, Peters and navigator John Nichol managed a brief escape before being apprehended by Iraqi forces.

While imprisoned, Peters endured harsh interrogation and was constantly haunted by the thought of dying in isolation. Nonetheless, he persevered. After his retirement from the Air Force, he pursued a degree in business administration and now excels as a motivational speaker.

Can we draw lessons from his resilience to manage our own stress? This is the foundation of the Uncertainty Toolkit, crafted by Sam Conniff and cognitive scientist Catherine Templer-Lewis. Peters is joined by a diverse group of “uncertainty experts,” including former gang leaders, refugees, and those overcoming addiction. Their collective wisdom, combined with empirical research, is paving the way for innovative strategies to handle the anxiety arising from unpredictable situations.

Conniff and Templer-Lewis introduce an engaging acronym—FFS—to illustrate the primary impacts of uncertainty: fear, fog, and stagnation. This framework illustrates how we grapple with the fear of the unknown, confusion caused by unpredictability, and immobility when faced with necessary action. The toolkit offers systematic exercises designed to conquer each hurdle.

This concept holds broad appeal; the authors previously tested it in collaboration with researchers at University College London, engaging over 20,000 participants through an interactive online documentary. Although the specifics of the research methodology and outcomes remain unclear, it seems to have positively transformed many participants’ perceptions of uncertainty from largely negative to predominantly constructive.

Despite its promise, reading this book can sometimes be tedious. It often reiterates concepts using nearly identical language, occasionally on the same page. The insights from uncertainty experts feel somewhat diluted, as demonstrated by Peters’ story, which ultimately loses impact when he is portrayed wishing to be remembered simply as a “good man” despite facing execution.


It is vital to assess any emotions that might affect your judgment, including hunger, anger, anxiety, loneliness, or fatigue.

Nonetheless, the book is filled with effective strategies for regulating your emotions. Alongside familiar techniques like mindfulness and yogic breathing, readers will discover reflective exercises aimed at identifying avoidance behaviors, balancing fear of failure with the potential for regret, and reframing anxiety as excitement. The authors encourage readers to cultivate gratitude, clarify their values, and reconnect with their communities, all of which contribute to breaking free from the FFS state that often characterizes our response to uncertainty.

The book’s most insightful takeaway pertains to intuition. Our emotional instincts serve as a compass for decision-making, especially when facing information overload. However, this intuition can easily be overshadowed by our mental and physiological states. Thus, the authors advise checking in with ourselves for the most common emotions that can cloud our judgment: hunger, anger, anxiety, loneliness, and fatigue. This acronym can be remembered as HALT.

Additionally, Conniff and Templer-Lewis challenge stereotypes, urging us to broaden our understanding by engaging with those whose views diverge from our own. This advice is valuable for anyone seeking a clearer perspective on the world.

By the conclusion, I found the authors’ approach compelling, even though they compromised their scientific authority by referencing the prophecies of mystic Baba Vanga in “Balkan Nostradamus.” They claim she forecasted that 2030 would be marked by climate change and global conflict, which I found to be exactly the type of fear, fog, and stagnation they caution against. Nonetheless, if you can overlook these missteps, this book offers an empowering and enriching read.

David Robson is a writer. His latest book is Law of Connection

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Boost Your Chess Winning Odds: Discover 3 Essential Cheats for Success!

Chess Game Analysis

Detecting Cheating in Chess: The Challenge

Simple Image/Getty

Just three cunning acts of cheating can drastically shift the odds in chess, turning an evenly matched game into an almost guaranteed victory, a new analysis reveals. This highlights the need for effective systems to detect and prevent cheating in chess.

Daniel Kellen from the University of Haifa, Israel, simulated 100,000 games using the advanced Stockfish chess engine. Famous for its unmatched performance, Stockfish can outplay any human world champion. In these matches, two computer engines competed at an average skill level (1500 Elo rating), while powerful interventions occurred from a more skilled computer with an Elo score of 3190—higher than any human’s.

Typically, playing as White confers a slight advantage with a 51% probability of winning, primarily due to the first move advantage. However, Kellen’s findings showed that leveraging a computer system like Stockfish for guidance on just one move amplifies that probability to an average of 66%. If a player resorts to three instances of cheating, the chance of victory escalates dramatically to 84%.

“We anticipated that the first act of cheating would raise the winning probability to 55%, with a second nudging it to 60%. However, cheating three times escalated the odds to an astonishing 84%,” Kellen notes. This is a crucial insight for players seeking victory.

A single, well-timed move suggested by a superior chess engine (approximately 30 moves into the game) can improve winning chances by 15 percentage points. In contrast, random interventions throughout the game yield a mere 7.5 percentage point boost.

The analysis employed a system that intervened only if the suggested move significantly enhanced winning chances compared to the player’s original choice. The thresholds for cheating became more stringent as gameplay progressed. “Initial acts of cheating are somewhat lenient; however, scaling up your cheating necessitates a marginally greater advantage,” Kellen points out.

Such tactics create a “camouflage measure,” according to Kellen, which enables cheaters to evade detection by the automated systems employed by online chess platforms. These systems may mistake a remarkably effective move as an exceptional human insight rather than a product of computer assistance.

“Proving selective cheating through manual analysis poses significant challenges, as a single strategic hint from an engine can determine the outcome of a game,” emphasizes Kellen. Kim Shu from the University of Mainz in Germany finds this research compelling.

Kellen clarifies that his work does not aim to facilitate cheating but rather to assist chess platforms in recognizing the threats posed by subtle cheating methods. “Understanding your adversary is crucial,” he concludes.

As online chess gains popularity, the community must intensify its efforts to uncover cheating instances, notes Shu. “An effective anti-cheating strategy demands a multifaceted approach,” he advises, suggesting the analysis of behavioral patterns, move timings, and comprehensive histories of online chess accounts.

Topics:

This version has been optimized for SEO while maintaining the original HTML structure and improving the content’s clarity and relevance.

Source: www.newscientist.com