In a departure from conventional solid glass cores, the innovative optical fibers now incorporate an air core encased in precisely crafted glass microstructures to guide light. This advancement boosts transmission speeds by 45%, enabling greater data transfer over longer distances before amplification is required.
Petrovich et al. We report microstructured optical waveguides with unprecedented transmission bandwidth and attenuation. Image credit: Gemini AI.
Optical fibers in telecommunications have typically relied on solid silica glass constructs, and despite extensive refinements, their signal loss remains a critical challenge.
This results in about half of the light traveling through the fiber being lost after approximately 20 km, necessitating the use of optical amplifiers for extended distance communication, such as intercontinental terrestrial and undersea connections.
Minimizing signal loss can be achieved within a limited spectrum of wavelengths. This has constrained the data capacity in optical communications over recent decades.
Francesco Poletti and his team from the University of Southampton developed a new type of fiber optic featuring a hollow air core surrounded by intricately designed thin silica rings to effectively guide light.
Laboratory tests revealed that these fibers exhibit an optical loss of 0.091 decibels per kilometer at the commonly utilized optical wavelengths in communications.
Consequently, optical signals with appropriate wavelengths can travel approximately 50% farther before needing amplification.
This configuration offers a broader transmission window (the range of wavelengths where light propagates with minimal signal loss and distortion) than previous fiber optic technologies.
While this novel optical fiber may demonstrate lower losses due to the use of larger air cores, further investigation is necessary to validate these findings.
“We anticipate that advancements in manufacturing, geometric consistency, and reduced levels of absorbent gases in the core will solidify these new fibers as essential wave guiding technologies,” Reservers remarked.
“This breakthrough could pave the way for the next major advancement in data communication.”
Their study will be published in the journal Nature Photonics.
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M. Petrovich et al. Broadband optical fiber with attenuation of less than 0.1 decibels per kilometer. Nature Photonics Published online on September 1, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41566-025-01747-5
Researchers from CA ‘Foscari University have discovered Indigotin, a blue secondary compound also known as indigo, on a non-nanoparticle ground stone tool unearthed from the Zuziana Cave at the foot of the Caucasus in Georgia. Indigotin forms through reactions with atmospheric oxygen and natural glycoside precursors from leaves of the Isatis Tinctoria. This indicates that the plant was deliberately processed as far back as 34,000 years ago, despite its non-educational applications.
Five pebbles from Zugiana Cave, Georgia. Image credit: Longo et al., doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0321262.
Modern humans first appeared in archaeological records approximately 300,000 years ago in Africa.
Much of the evidence regarding their cognitive and technical skills is derived from the limited existence of stone artifacts and the remains of animals, as these endure far longer in the archaeological record compared to plant materials.
As a result, Paleolithic narratives predominantly emphasize animal hunting and the production of stone tools.
The so-called “majority,” particularly plants that lack significant mentions, especially those increasingly shown to be utilized for food, cordage, weaving, and medicine, create incomplete accounts.
This underscores the need to identify and illustrate the roles of plants in an array of activities, many of which may still be undiscovered.
“It’s not solely about viewing plants as food resources; that’s common. We emphasize their involvement in complex processes. It possibly involves transforming perishable materials for use at various stages of Homo sapiens 34,000 years ago.”
“While the identification of elusive plant residues not typically highlighted in traditional research continually improves, our multi-analytical approach unveils fresh perspectives on the technical and cultural sophistication of Upper Paleolithic tools, designed to skillfully exploit the vast resources of plants and fully acknowledge their significance.”
In their investigation, researchers examined stone tools dating back 34,000 years, discovered in Zugiana Cave, Georgia.
They identified signs of mechanical processing of soft, wet materials consistent with plant matter such as leaves.
Employing an array of microscopic techniques (both optical and confocal), blue residues (occasionally fibrous) alongside starch grains were unexpectedly revealed.
These residues were particularly prevalent in the areas of the tools that displayed significant wear.
To ascertain the blue residues’ nature, scientists used advanced microscopy techniques, specifically Raman and FTIR spectroscopy.
These analyses confirmed the existence of indigotin chromophores in several samples.
“Once the molecules responsible for the blue coloration were identified, new questions arose. How and why were these residues associated with the tool’s working surface?” the author remarked.
They subsequently investigated the porosity of the stone, a crucial factor for trapping and retaining biological residues.
Both microscopic fragments of the archaeological tool and larger samples of experimental replicas underwent analysis using Micro-CT tomography.
This analysis confirmed the presence of pores capable of holding trace biological remnants.
Consequently, the team devised a series of replication experiments.
Initially, raw rock materials resembling those used by prehistoric inhabitants of Zuziana were sourced.
The pebbles were collected by Nino Jakeli from the Nikrisi River, located just beneath the cave.
Following this, controlled experiments were conducted, mechanically treating a range of plants, including fiber sources (such as bast fiber) and potentially indigotin-yielding species.
“We employed a rigorous approach to pollution control and biomolecular analysis to provide insights into contemporary human behaviors and the technical and ecological knowledge likely prioritized during the Upper Paleolithic era,” the researchers stated.
“Whether this plant remains serve medicinal purposes or have other uses presents a new perspective on the intriguing potential for diverse plant utilization.”
Survey results have been published online in the journal PLOS 1.
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L. Longo et al. 2025. Direct evidence of treatment of Isatis Tinctoria L., non-nutritional factories, 32-34,000 years ago. PLOS 1 20(5): E0321262; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0321262
Appendages of arthropods serve various functions, including feeding, locomotion, and reproduction. Fossils dating back to the Cambrian period (539-487 million years ago) provide remarkable details of extinct arthropod appendages, enhancing our understanding of their anatomy and ecological roles. However, due to the limited number of fossils and often incomplete preservation, studies on appendage functions typically depend on idealized reconstructions. This new research focuses on the paleontological species Olenoides serratus, a prolific trilobite from the Cambrian Burgess Shale, noteworthy for its numerous well-preserved specimens featuring soft tissue that allow for a detailed analysis of appendage functionality.
Olenoides serratus from Burgess Shale. Image credit: Losso et al., doi: 10.1186/s12915-025-02335-3.
Situated in British Columbia, Canada, the Burgess Shale is renowned for its exceptional fossil preservation, including soft tissues such as limbs and internal organs.
While trilobites are common in fossil records, their soft limbs are seldom preserved due to their hard exoskeleton, leading to a limited understanding of these structures.
The trilobite species Olenoides serratus offers a unique chance to investigate these appendages further.
Harvard paleontologist Sarah Ross and her team examined 156 limbs from 28 fossil specimens of Olenoides serratus to reconstruct the precise movements and functions of these ancient arthropod appendages, shedding light on one of the earliest successful aquatic animals.
“Understanding the behavior and movement of fossils poses challenges, as we cannot observe their activities like we do with living organisms,” stated Dr. Ross.
“Instead, we meticulously analyzed the morphology of numerous specimens while also utilizing modern analogues to infer how these ancient creatures lived.”
The researchers also assessed the range of motion of the legs of living horseshoe crab species Limulus polyphemus.
“Arthropods possess articulated legs composed of multiple segments that can flex upwards or downwards,” they noted.
“The range of motion is influenced by the specific directional capabilities of each joint.”
“This range, combined with the limbs’ shape and segment configuration, determines how the animal utilizes its appendages for walking, grasping, and burrowing.”
Horseshoe crabs, commonly found along the eastern coast of North America, are compared with trilobites due to their analogous behaviors.
“Despite their close relation to spiders and scorpions, horseshoe crabs are part of a different branch of the arthropod tree, whereas trilobite relationships remain ambiguous.”
The comparison arises from both animals’ adaptation of articulated limbs for navigating the seafloor.
However, the findings revealed that their similarities were minimal.
In contrast to horseshoe crabs, characterized by specialized limb joints for bending and expanding—facilitating feeding and protection—Olenoides serratus exhibited a simpler yet highly functional limb structure.
“We found that the limbs of Olenoides serratus had minimal extension, primarily far from the body,” Dr. Ross explained.
“Their limbs functioned differently than those of horseshoe crabs. Olenoides serratus could walk, dig, bring food to their mouths, and even elevate their bodies above the seafloor.”
To realize these findings, the scientists constructed advanced 3D digital models based on hundreds of fossil images captured from various angles.
Since trilobite limbs are often crushed and flattened, reconstructing them in three dimensions presents a significant challenge.
“We depend on exceptionally well-preserved specimens, comparing limb structures from multiple angles while leveraging related fossils to fill in any missing details,” said Professor Javier Ortega-Hernandez of Harvard University.
The team correlated the morphology of trace fossils to the movements of the limbs.
“The different movements of Olenoides serratus could create trace fossils with varying depths,” Dr. Ross elaborated.
“They were capable of raising their bodies on deposits, allowing them to traverse obstacles and navigate efficiently through swift currents.”
Remarkably, the researchers found that males possessed specialized appendages for mating, and each leg featured gills for respiration.
The findings were published in the journal BMC Biology on August 4th, 2025.
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Loss et al., 2025. Quantification of leg mobility in Burgess Shale Olenoides serratus reveals the functional differences between trilobite and Xiphosuran appendages. BMC Biol 23, 238; doi:10.1186/s12915-025-02335-3
Archaeologists from the Israeli Ancient Bureau (IAA) have discovered historical agricultural archaeological sites at the KH site, located in Kahru Chatta of central Israel.
Mosaic floors in the building of KH’s archaeological site. Israeli Kahufrata. Image credit: Israeli Ancient Bureau.
“The grandeur of the discovered structures, the exquisite quality of the mosaic floors, and the remarkable agricultural facilities indicate the significant wealth and prosperity of the local Samaritan community over time.”
“The Kh. KafrHatta site is noted as the birthplace of Menander, the Samaritan magician, a precursor to the Gnostics and a successor to Simon Magus, regarded as one of the first converts to Christianity.”
In one of the structures, archaeologists uncovered a stunning mosaic floor adorned with intricate geometric patterns and representations of plants.
“Alongside the central medallion, the acanthus leaves are interwoven with distinctive motifs of fruits and vegetables, including grapes, dates, watermelons, artichokes, and asparagus,” they noted.
“At the doorway of this room, a partially preserved Greek inscription wishes good fortune to the building’s owner!”
“The name of the owner was prevalent in the Samaritan community.”
In the northern area of the estate, researchers discovered olive presses, large storage buildings, and Mikube (public bathing facilities).
“The close proximity of the oil press to Mikube likely facilitated the production of high-quality olive oil,” they mentioned.
“The olive press was meticulously designed, comprising two wings.”
“The Northern Wing featured a major production area, while the Southern Wing included auxiliary facilities.”
“Within the production area, two screw presses and a large basin for crushed olives were found.”
“This type of olive press is more characteristic of the Jerusalem region and the Jewish Shephela, making it less common in Samaria,” explained Dr. Nagorsky.
“Over the years, the estate has experienced significant transformations.”
“The opulence and grandeur of the structures have been supplanted by oil production and agricultural infrastructure.”
“New walls damaged the mosaic floors, incorporating grand capitals and pillars into the updated structures.”
The team suggests these changes are connected to the Samaritan uprisings during Byzantine rule, which occurred in the 5th and 6th centuries, against Byzantine emperors who enforced restrictive laws on non-Christian communities.
“What makes this site particularly fascinating is that, unlike other Samaritan locations that were destroyed during these rebellions, the Kahru Kasim estate has continued to be used, preserving the Samaritan identity.
“It is a captivating site that illustrates the historical contrast between the era of prosperity and the decline of the Samaritan community,” remarked Dr. Nagorsky.
“Its longevity and remarkable findings enable us to reconstruct its history across centuries, enhancing our understanding of this ancient population.”
Illustration of rapamycin (red), a drug that inhibits proteins known as MTOR (blue)
Science Photo Library/Alamy
The anti-aging benefits of rapamycin may be related, at least in part, to its ability to prevent DNA damage in immune cells.
Initially created as an immunosuppressant for organ transplant patients, rapamycin blocks the function of the MTOR protein, which is crucial for cell growth and division. Studies suggest that low doses can extend the lifespan of various organisms, including the mouse, potentially by disrupting processes associated with aging, such as inflammation, intracellular breakdown, and decline in mitochondrial function.
Recent research by Lynn Cox and colleagues at Oxford University has demonstrated that rapamycin also appears to prevent DNA damage in certain types of immune cells. DNA damage is one of the key factors contributing to aging in our immune system, accelerating the aging process throughout the body.
The researchers conducted experiments with human T cells, a type of white blood cell responsible for fighting infections. When T cells were exposed to an antibiotic named zeocin alongside rapamycin, significant DNA damage occurred.
Results showed that rapamycin lowered DNA damage and tripled cell survival rates compared to T cells exposed to zeocin alone.
The researchers found no indication that the observed effects were due to other actions of rapamycin, such as preventing cell failure. “We consistently observe this effect regardless of whether rapamycin is administered prior to, during, or post-injury,” noted team member Ghada Arsare at Oxford University.
The rapid response suggests a direct impact. “The effect is very swift, indicating it influences the DNA damage response and accumulation. The lesions observed last about four hours, so it’s unlikely that there are downstream effects impacting other processes,” explained Cox.
According to Matt Kaeberlein from Washington University in Seattle, the findings support the notion that rapamycin can directly protect DNA, but “this is not the critical mechanism.” Researchers aim to explore rapamycin-induced alterations in RNA and proteins produced in immune cells.
In a separate part of the study, nine men aged 50 to 80 were assigned to receive either 1 milligram of rapamycin or a placebo daily. Blood tests conducted eight weeks later revealed that T cells from men taking rapamycin exhibited less DNA damage. Furthermore, neither group experienced a decrease in overall white blood cell counts, indicating that rapamycin does not negatively impact immune functionality. “Our findings confirm that low doses are safe, which is crucial,” stated Cox.
Mitigating DNA damage in the immune system may provide a pathway for reducing overall aging, according to Cox. Arsare highlighted the potential for rapamycin to be used preventively, such as for astronauts exposed to cosmic radiation.
“Rapamycin is particularly promising in addressing aging-related issues where DNA damage is a significant factor, such as skin aging,” noted Kaeberlein. Referring to a study, he added that local use of rapamycin reduces aging markers in human skin. However, he cautioned against generalizing results to other types of damage, such as radiation, given that Cox’s team used antibiotics to create DNA damage.
Zahida Sultanova from the University of East Anglia emphasized the necessity for trials involving women and individuals across various age groups, as the placebo-controlled experiments were limited to older men. Evidence from non-human animal studies indicates that rapamycin may have sex-specific and age-specific effects.
Nasal sprays available over-the-counter, historically noted for their safety and efficacy in treating seasonal allergies, could be perceived in a new light following clinical trial results released on Tuesday.
The antihistamine azelastine has been observed to have antiviral properties against various respiratory infections, including Influenza, RSV, and viruses responsible for COVID, according to a growing body of research.
Researchers from Saarland University Hospital in Germany conducted a study involving 450 adults, predominantly in their early 30s. One group of 227 participants used a nasal spray three times daily, while the other 223 received a placebo spray under the same regimen.
Throughout nearly two months, all participants underwent COVID rapid testing twice weekly. The results indicated that the incidence of symptomatic infections was 2.2% in the azelastine group, markedly lower than the 6.7% infection rate in the placebo group.
Furthermore, azelastine seemed to diminish the incidence of other symptomatic respiratory infections, as highlighted in a study published in JAMA Internal Medicine.
While researchers remain uncertain about the exact mechanism by which azelastine limits infections, they hypothesize that it may bind to the virus in the nasal mucosa.
Another possibility is that azelastine interacts with the ACE2 receptor, the primary entry point for COVID viruses into human cells, thereby preventing their attachment.
“Our findings imply that azelastine could serve as a scalable and commercially viable preventive measure against COVID, especially in high-risk scenarios such as crowded indoor events and travel,” the researchers noted.
However, the study had limitations, including that all participants were relatively young and healthy, according to the researchers.
Valz emphasized that azelastine should not replace vaccination and further research is essential before considering it as a standard precautionary measure for the public, particularly for vulnerable groups.
Dr. William Messer, associate professor at Oregon Health & Science University, found the results “rationally convincing” in terms of risk reduction, but pointed out the intensive regimen of daily sprays in the trial.
He questioned whether wearing a mask might be a simpler approach to preventing COVID infection.
“Masks can be inconvenient and bothersome, yet may be easier to adhere to than remembering to use three nasal sprays daily,” Messer remarked.
Nevertheless, he added, “I do not discourage anyone who wishes to try it.”
Other researchers are seeking more data to ascertain the effectiveness of nasal sprays in high-risk populations, such as the elderly and immunocompromised individuals who require additional preventive measures.
Dr. Peter Chin-Hong, a professor at UCSF Health specializing in Infectious Diseases, speculated that azelastine could serve as an additional COVID-blocking tool for individuals already using nasal sprays for seasonal allergies, although he believes the evidence is insufficient for broader recommendations.
“While the potential is promising, I believe now is not the appropriate time to recommend it as a COVID preventative,” he stated in an email. “For those over 65, I continue to advocate for vaccination as the primary defense against COVID.”
Nonetheless, Chin-Hong highlighted that the trial results underscore the importance of targeting the nasal mucosa in developing future vaccines against COVID and other respiratory viruses as a more effective means of infection prevention.
“Current COVID vaccines have not proven to be highly effective in preventing infection,” he remarked. “There is a need for more mucosal vaccines for respiratory viruses. While flu vaccines are widely used, ongoing efforts are being made to create mucosal vaccines for coronaviruses, necessitating continued advocacy for federal support and prioritization for these initiatives.”
Scrap vehicles are composed of various metal alloys, posing recycling challenges.
Mark Hill/Alamy
Innovative recycling methods for metals extracted from scrap cars can potentially eliminate millions of tons of waste annually while decreasing carbon emissions associated with the production of new aluminum.
Historically, a significant portion of scrap aluminum from cars has been repurposed into lower-grade cast alloys for engine blocks in traditional combustion engines. Yet, as the auto industry shifts towards electric vehicles, this low-grade metal no longer has utility.
Without effective strategies, there is a risk of generating millions of additional tons of carbon dioxide by accumulating “mountains” of unusable scrap and increasing the production of virgin aluminum for new vehicle manufacturing, warns Stephen Pogatcher from Leven University in Austria.
“As engine blocks become obsolete with electrification, we lack current paths for scrap utilization,” he cautions. “This constrains our recycling capabilities.”
Pogatscher and his team have developed a novel approach for recycling metals from scrap vehicles, which could convert approximately 7-9 million tons of waste annually into high-quality aluminum alloys suitable for various components of new cars.
The key lies in generating new products by harnessing a variety of alloy materials sourced from scrap vehicles, he elaborates.
Typically, when a car is discarded, its materials—plastic, fabric, steel, and aluminum—are processed separately. Moreover, as many as 40 different aluminum alloys are extracted from each vehicle across various recycling streams. Any non-separable components tend to blend into the engine block, associated with combustion engines.
The innovative recycling method pioneered by Pogatscher’s team involves melting all the scrap aluminum from the car simultaneously.
This results in a block of highly brittle material that resembles a metal ceramic, according to Pogatscher. Interestingly, the team found that reheating this block at approximately 500°C for 24 hours can restructure the metal, enhancing its strength and toughness. “Ultimately, it offers improved mechanical properties compared to conventional alloys,” he notes.
The team asserts that this new material rivals traditional automotive alloys, featuring “impressive” strength and versatility for fabricating various car components, including chassis and frames. Pogatscher emphasizes that it can be produced using standard industrial practices and has the potential for rapid scalability. While he recognizes the challenges in mainstream adoption of new alloys within the conservative manufacturing sector, discussions with industry partners regarding process development are already underway.
Jeffrey Scamans at Brunel University in London finds the concept “very intriguing,” but he stresses that further validation is essential, particularly to ensure the new alloy meets the stringent testing requirements for automotive applications.
He also cautions that achieving consistent high-quality alloys may be difficult since vehicles are discarded in a varied manner, not according to specific types. “It’s challenging to envision how to collect individual alloy compositions practically,” he remarks. “Scaling from laboratory experiments to full-scale metal production is notoriously complex.”
Mark Schlesinger at the Missouri University of Science and Technology states that commercial production must delineate and manage the composition of the new alloy. “Randomly mixing scrap in the furnace won’t yield acceptable results,” he says. “This necessitates precise scrap chemistry assessments, which subsequently raises handling costs.”
If you’ve recently browsed fitness content on platforms like Instagram, Facebook, or TikTok, you might have encountered influencers who have used steroids. A recent global meta-analysis suggests that steroid usage among gym-goers varies from 6% to a shocking 29% across different countries.
This statistic might come as a shock. According to Timothy Piatkovski from Griffith University, the landscape of steroid use has evolved over the last decade. Many fitness influencers now present themselves as knowledgeable figures, openly discussing their drug use and advising followers on steroid usage.
“Regrettably, the level of medical knowledge and judgment varies significantly among these influencers,” states Piatkowski.
Influencers’ perceptions of health risks differ greatly, he observes. While some acknowledge the dangers of steroid use, asserting that risks can be managed sensibly, others are more reckless, promoting drugs like trenbolone, which is typically used to prevent muscle wastage in livestock, branding themselves as “Trenfluencers.”
Millions may question whether these substances are actually safe, or if influencers are leading them into perilous situations. What is the truth regarding the dangers associated with steroids? Is there a safer way to use them?
Piatkowski notes that research on the long-term health consequences of steroids is sparse. This is largely due to the mismatch between doses and usage patterns studied by researchers and those employed by actual users. He and his colleagues seek to bridge this gap by collaborating closely with steroid users to create more relevant and realistic studies.
However, this mismatch has already led to some influencers losing faith in mainstream scientific and medical perspectives, prompting users to seek advice from fitness and bodybuilding forums instead. These social media channels have become a major contributor to both the support network and the marketplace in the surge of steroid usage.
Users now have quick access to a range of substances that can be obtained illicitly. This includes oral anabolic steroids known as SARMs (selective androgen receptor modulators) and synthetic human growth hormone, naturally produced by the pituitary gland during adolescence. Collectively, they improve physique and performance, but their mechanisms can vary significantly.
One of the most prevalent substances is anabolic steroids, potent synthetic derivatives of testosterone. A 2022 study estimated that around half a million men and boys in the UK used them for non-medical purposes in the previous year.
Understanding Steroids
To determine whether steroids are safe, one must first grasp their effects on the body. Anabolic androgen steroids work by interacting with hormonal receptors that promote male sexual traits, particularly in muscle and bone tissues. “They aid in muscle growth and are vital for bone development; they guide boys through puberty and literally transform them into men,” explains Channa Jayasena from Imperial College London.
The desired result is evident: a bigger, stronger physique in a shorter timeframe. Medically, some of these substances are prescribed to treat conditions like muscle wasting associated with HIV. At lower doses, investigations suggest that steroids can be well tolerated. However, this is not a strategy commonly employed outside clinical settings.
Non-medical steroid use rarely mimics regulated clinical trials. Many users resort to “stacking” various drugs and alternate between cycles to allow bodily recovery, adopting practices like the “blast and cruise” regimen. Although these methods lack comprehensive scientific scrutiny, influencers often tout them as ways to minimize health risks or achieve effective muscle growth. This could explain why many users turn to influencers and online forums instead of healthcare professionals for advice.
The Risks of Unregulated Use
The temptation to test various drug combinations or follow cycling protocols stems from the belief that such strategies mitigate the adverse effects of anabolic steroids. The best-documented side effect is cardiovascular complications. Anabolic steroids are known to lower levels of high-density lipoproteins, or “good” cholesterol, while raising blood pressure and increasing low-density lipoproteins, known as “bad” cholesterol. This can thicken the heart muscle, potentially leading to cardiomyopathy—severe heart dysfunction and a lethal condition, as noted by Jayasena.
A Danish population study revealed that anabolic steroid users were three times more likely to die than other males during the study’s duration. “It’s akin to cocaine,” asserts Jayasena. Cardiovascular disease and cancer emerged as the most prevalent natural causes of death among these individuals.
Increased risk of heart disease and stroke is a well-known consequence of prolonged anabolic steroid use
3dmedisphere/shutterstock
Beyond cardiovascular matters, Jayasena highlights that the psychosocial implications of steroid use are significant and well-documented. The term “Roid Rage” encompasses various mental issues including aggression, mania, and mental illness—particularly among individuals consuming high doses. “When observing why steroid users have fatal outcomes, one notes three primary causes: cardiomyopathy, suicide, and aggression,” he notes, suggesting a possible correlation between steroid use and heightened tendencies toward criminal behavior.
This relationship remains contentious, as it’s challenging to differentiate the effects of steroid use from other contributing factors like recreational drug usage or pre-existing mental health issues. Nonetheless, it indicates that discontinuing steroid use may precipitate depression and suicidal thoughts. “The mind becomes lethargic,” explains Jayasena. “The recovery period can extend over months, sometimes even years.”
Research led by Jayasena revealed that nearly 30% of men who ceased steroid use experienced suicidal thoughts and major depression, possibly due to lingering steroid residues in brain areas responsible for emotional regulation. Additional studies indicate that steroids can impair kidney function and elevate cancer risks, although the data is less conclusive and heavily reliant on isolated medical case reports.
Several investigations have demonstrated that some of these health concerns might be reversible. For instance, the liver appears adept at self-repair and can manage lower clinical doses of certain steroids. Conversely, effects like high cholesterol and hypertension can be reversible post-steroid cessation; in contrast, others may require long-term or costly interventions to address, such as mood disorders and infertility.
The most severe repercussions of steroid use tend to be the hardest to treat. Structural alterations in the heart, along with research indicating lasting blood flow impairments to vital organs, is a concern that may linger long after users cease taking steroids.
Seeking “Safer” Steroids
Given the extensive and complex list of potential harms, many users experiment with steroid protocols aimed at risk reduction. This includes altering doses, timing, or combining them with other substances. However, there is a dearth of research examining the safety of these “protocols,” asserts Piatkowski.
One of Jayasena’s studies indicated that post-cycle therapy, where users take medications to restore natural testosterone production following steroid cycles, significantly lowered the risk of suicidal thoughts. Piatkowski’s research compares high-dose cycles and gradual tapering, identifying that those following a Blast Cruise approach reported fewer adverse health effects once they stopped using.
High-quality, controlled studies evaluating the effects of recreational steroid use are sparse, often characterized by small sample sizes or case reports that complicate the establishment of causal relationships. The evidence supporting specific protocols is also thin, particularly as patterns of steroid use evolve more rapidly than researchers can track.
Anabolic steroids are commonly injected into the subcutaneous fat layer located between the skin and muscle.
ole_cnx/istockphoto/getty images
“Further longitudinal and cohort studies are essential,” Piatkowski asserts. Such studies track individuals’ health and wellbeing over time, ultimately clarifying real risks and potentially providing strategies for risk mitigation. Nevertheless, in the absence of robust evidence, healthcare providers often struggle to offer guidance to steroid users.
Greg James, a clinician at Kratos Medical in Cardiff, UK, mentions that he provides private health and blood testing services. Some patients even inquire about combining steroids with GLP-1 drugs that suppress appetite, as well as other peptides that regulate hunger. “They ask me if these peptides are safe,” James notes. “And I respond that I cannot confirm their safety due to the lack of long-term data.”
Researchers like Piatkowski are beginning to directly engage with users in realistic settings, navigating the challenges posed by inadequate clinical data and rapidly changing user behaviors. Rather than viewing users as patients or outliers, this method considers them as valuable sources of real-life experience, contributing to the development of more relevant and realistic research.
A recent study conducted by Piatkowski and collaborators examined steroid samples from users, revealing that over 20% were contaminated with toxic substances such as lead, arsenic, and mercury. More than half were incorrectly administered, meaning users may have been taking far more potent agents intended for livestock use.
Another study involving interviews with diverse steroid users identified trenbolone as having the most negative consequences, particularly for psychological and social health. This suggests that focusing on trenbolone as a distinct harmful substance, along with targeted screening and intervention strategies, could be more effective for harm reduction compared to broad-ranging methods.
Fitness influencers are frequently regarded as authorities who provide guidance on anabolic steroid use to their followers.
Kritchanut Onmang/Alamy
This open and collaborative methodology in drug research mirrors approaches seen in other recreational drug strategies, like psychedelic research. By engaging with real users, insight can be gained not only into harm reduction techniques but also previously unrecognized medicinal applications.
They may also collaborate with influencers and users to promote safer behaviors, rather than outright condemning drug usage, Piatkowski emphasizes. “Enhancing knowledge within these communities and legalizing information is crucial. It’s an ongoing experimental endeavor. The more we stimulate this discussion, the more we can advance the field.”
At 18 years old, the newest generation is on a quest for discovery. Starting university presents a whirlwind of minor mishaps and significant challenges. Between sleepless nights and missed classes, forgetting where your research group meets, or misplacing your books, a considerable amount of time is spent searching for lost items.
These small enigmas often translate into nearly problems, forming charming little detective games that Mary, the protagonist, navigates as she embraces her new student life each day. Designed by Indonesian creator Melisa, who chose to be known by her first name, the inspiration was drawn from her passion for detective narratives and a wish to steer clear of violence in the genre.
“Since childhood, I’ve devoted myself to reading detective comic books, novels, and manga, alongside playing detective games. I have a fondness for horror as well. Initially, I thought blending detective games with horror aesthetics would create something intriguing—a delightful sense of warmth from unraveling the mysteries of everyday life.”
It’s relevant…it’s hardly a problem. Photo: Posh Cat Studio
In essence, there are no serious crimes. Often, Mary is simply on the lookout for a favorite earring, a familiar face in a crowd, or her playful cat. Each scene plays out like a hidden object puzzle where players search for clues—photos, notes, schedules, and more—before piecing together the story. Who shattered your cherished mug? Investigate its contents and consider what your housemate enjoys drinking along with whether you were present at the right moment to identify the culprit. This is undoubtedly the most relatable crime ever tackled in a video game.
The light-hearted, low-stakes atmosphere is accentuated through gentle cartoons and artistic styles inspired by anime such as Doramon, Marco-chan, and Kobo-chan. Much like certain domestic games like Unpacking, with elements of local storytelling, it emphasizes friendships and family through straightforward narratives. Melisa initiated this project as a quick prototype for the Twitch Game Jam, but it ultimately evolved over two years with the establishment of her studio, Posh Cat, alongside two additional team members. It became a labor of love. “I created it because I longed for a more comforting detective game,” she shares. “Expect something even cozier after 2025!”
In 1964, a San Diego high school student named Randy Gardner participated in a Science Fair Project by staying awake for an astounding 11 days.
By the second day of the experiment, Gardner began to experience memory lapses. By the seventh day, he suffered from intense hallucinations, and by the 11th day, he exhibited inconsistencies, paranoia, and muscular tremors.
Fortunately, the 17-year-old fully recovered without any lasting effects. No one has surpassed this record since then, as noted in the Guinness Record Book. Due to health concerns, sleep deprivation records were discontinued in 1997.
However, cognitive decline can occur without an 11-day deprivation; even a few nights of poor sleep can lead to diminished functioning, memory recall, and emotional regulation.
Now, let’s explore the science behind sleep and its impact on brain performance.
What happens to your brain while you’re sleeping?
Photo credit: Getty
During sleep, our brains engage in essential repairs and various tasks, including removing waste and detoxifying itself.
Short-term memories are organized, long-term memories in the neocortex are solidified, and REM sleep plays a crucial role in problem-solving and emotional regulation.
But it’s not just all activity; there are restorative phases during non-REM sleep stages 1, 2, and 3, which slow the heartbeat, relax the muscles, and reduce brain wave activity—with brief bursts during stage 2.
In REM sleep, brain activity intensifies, resembling the state of wakefulness. The amygdala and hippocampus are highly active, aiding in memory processing and emotion regulation. This dream phase supports creative thinking when you wake up.
Brain impacts of poor sleep
Lack of sleep or poor sleep quality can impact your brain’s performance in several ways.
The prefrontal cortex, responsible for decision-making and problem-solving, becomes less effective. This leads to reduced attention, cognitive flexibility, and working memory.
An overactive amygdala can hinder the emotional contextualization of information, and difficulties in storing information in the cortex weaken memory integration.
Other short-term effects of inadequate sleep include: • Impaired judgment • Slowed reaction times • Declined risk assessment
When sleep deprivation becomes normal
For individuals with chronic sleep disorders, these short-term consequences are part of their everyday reality.
Moreover, chronic sleep deprivation has serious ramifications. Research conducted by the National Medical Library reveals a link between chronic sleep deprivation and Alzheimer’s disease.
“Studies indicate that sleep performs essential housekeeping, such as clearing potentially harmful beta-amyloid proteins,” states the Sleep Foundation.
“In Alzheimer’s disease, the aggregation of beta-amyloid leads to cognitive decline. Even one night of sleep deprivation can increase the accumulation of beta-amyloid in the brain.”
According to one study, individuals with sleep disorders have a significantly elevated risk of developing Alzheimer’s, with an estimated 15% of cases linked to lack of sleep.
Maintaining brain health and cognitive function heavily relies on regular, quality sleep, making it essential to optimize your sleep environment.
Optimizing sleep quality
Hästens, a bed maker based in Sweden, recognizes the vital importance of quality sleep. Since 1852, Hästens has crafted handmade beds in the Swedish town of Kaepi, taking up to 600 hours and using only natural materials.
“A good night’s sleep will enhance your performance,” notes Hästens. “In today’s fast-paced world, sleep may feel like a luxury, but from a medical standpoint, it’s crucial for a strong immune system and overall health.”
Explore the full range of Hästens beds and accessories, and learn more about the benefits of quality sleep here.
Local Hästens Sleep Spa bed tests can be booked online www.hastens.com or at your nearest certified retailer.
When you mention buying a used car to most people, they tend to shy away. Some roll their eyes, claiming they want to avoid risks.
However, there are others who argue that it was the best decision they ever made. I count myself among them.
Having driven electric vehicles (EVs) daily for 15 years, owning seven different models, and covering 170,000 miles with just one set of batteries, I’ve gained valuable insights. Remarkably, I’ve faced no issues during those miles.
My only repair bill came recently. For my Tesla Model 3, the cost to replace the front control arm bushes was £375. I’ve owned it for five years and clocked 50,000 miles.
Driving Made Easier
Purchasing a used EV carries far less risk compared to a pre-owned combustion engine vehicle. An EV drivetrain consists of roughly 20 moving parts, unlike the endless list of potential issues in gasoline or diesel vehicles—think clutches, gearboxes, fuel pumps, and exhaust systems.
Numerous studies confirm that EVs degrade less quickly than their combustion counterparts.
For routine maintenance on your EV, you’ll primarily need to replace the cabin filter, change the brake fluid every three years, and rotate the tires. This is due to the limited number of friction-based components.
Understanding the mechanical simplicity of EVs helps identify key maintenance areas to watch for.
The most significant concern for used EV buyers is the battery. Luckily, extensive data shows that lithium-ion batteries have low failure rates.
Most EVs come with an 8-year, 100,000-mile battery warranty. If the capacity dips below 70%, the manufacturer will replace it at no cost. I drove one EV 250,000 miles with its original battery pack before it exited warranty.
Some EVs even show original battery packs functioning well beyond 300,000 miles.
Today, experts agree that EV batteries may even outlast the car chassis.
According to Consumer Reports, average battery packs have a lifespan of approximately 200,000 miles, while Geotab Research showed only a 10% loss in capacity among 10,000 EVs over ten years.
In contrast, combustion engines tend to lose efficiency due to wear and tear after just ten years.
read more:
What to Look For
Dealers now offer State of Health (SOH) certificates for batteries, and many EVs come with software allowing owners to check the SOH themselves. For instance, I checked my Tesla at 50,000 miles and found it still had 93% capacity.
When buying from a dealer, request a SOH certificate, or verify battery capacity in private sales. A capacity around 90% suggests minimal cell degradation, indicating plenty of useful life left.
However, some models have had issues. Early Nissan Leafs had battery cooling problems, resulting in a faster loss of range and capacity than other EVs.
Initial Renault Zoes faced battery management issues, while older electric smart vehicles can be challenging to maintain. Similarly, the earliest BMW i3 models showed reliability glitches, as noted by What Car. The concerns also extend to the MG4 and Vauxhall Corsa E.
The consensus is to be cautious with earlier EV models.
Though there’s no official count of private charging points in the UK, the charging point mapping app ZAPMAP estimates over 1 million locations. Photo credit: Alamy
Battery technology has evolved, providing better software, extended ranges, and faster charging times.
Some EVs feature Chademo plugs, which are being phased out in many regions. Adapters are available to convert these to the universally used CCS charging system.
Choosing EVs from 2017 onward generally means accessing more advanced technology.
Hybrid batteries tend to wear out faster due to frequent charging cycles, leading to premature failures.
Hybrids are also less reliable compared to purely electric EVs. This is compounded by the dual powertrains of gasoline engines and batteries.
Additionally, maintaining hybrids can be costlier. Their electric ranges typically fall between 20-40 miles for plug-in hybrids, while mild and full hybrids rely primarily on gasoline engines and aren’t true EVs.
Some EVs have encountered problems with charging port flaps, ports, and cables, although these issues are relatively rare.
Make sure to test the charging port and flap functionality prior to finalizing a purchase. Monitor the central screen for charging alerts and connection failures.
Before you arrive, ensure the seller has charged the battery to 100% and check the displayed range against the manufacturer’s estimate. If it’s significantly lower, reconsider the purchase.
While most EVs experience range reductions in cold weather, a warm ambient temperature should yield a range close to official numbers. EVs equipped with heat pumps show improved low-temperature performance.
Although 12-volt batteries in some EVs (similar to combustion vehicles) may lose charge over time, it’s advisable to replace the auxiliary battery every three years. This can impact how effectively the main battery charges, potentially triggering software issues.
Beyond electrical concerns, inspect for suspension wear in the front control arms and bushes. If you notice any rattling or creaking, inquire about it; the EV should operate smoothly and quietly.
Currently, a robust global dataset confirms that EVs are generally more reliable than gasoline or diesel vehicles.
Lastly, before buying, consider investing in a home charging unit (if space permits) to facilitate convenient charging at home.
This allows for an average full charge cost of under £15, translating to about 3p per mile. Even with a second-hand EV, this is significantly more economical than traditional filling stations for petrol and diesel vehicles.
Using the Widefield Camera 3 (WFC3) mounted on the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, astronomers have captured a breathtaking new image of the Spiral Galaxy NGC 7456.
This Hubble image showcases NGC 7456, a spiral galaxy located 51 million light-years away in the constellation of Grus. Image credits: NASA/ESA/Hubble/D. Thilker.
NGC 7456 was discovered by British astronomer John Herschel on September 4, 1834.
This galaxy is approximately 51 million light-years from Earth, in the constellation Grus.
Also referred to as ESO 346-26, IRAS 22594-3950, or LEDA 70304, it spans a diameter of 117,100 light-years.
The NGC 7456 belongs to the LDC 1547 Galaxy Group, which includes 16 large galaxies.
“In Hubble’s image, one can observe the intricate, swirling arms of this galaxy in exquisite detail, complemented by a dark, diffuse mass of dust,” remarked an astronomer from Webb.
“The bright pink regions signify gas-rich areas where new stars are emerging, illuminating the surrounding clouds, as this gas emits transmitted red light.”
“The Hubble program has been gathering these data to study stellar activity, tracking new star-forming clouds, hydrogen, star clusters, and gaining insights into galaxy evolution over time,” they further explained.
“With its capability to capture visible ultraviolet and some infrared light, Hubble isn’t the only observatory focused on NGC 7456.”
“ESA’s XMM-Newton satellite has imaged X-rays from galaxies multiple times and discovered what is known as a hyper-luminous X-ray source.”
“These compact objects emit significantly more powerful X-rays than one would expect for their size.”
“We are still investigating what drives these extreme objects. NGC 7456 contributes several examples to this research.”
“Additionally, the area surrounding the galaxy’s supermassive black hole is incredibly bright and energetic, making NGC 7456 an active galaxy.”
“Whether viewed in visible light or X-rays, there’s always something intriguing about this galaxy, whether focusing on its core or its outer regions.”
Based on data gathered by the sensors aboard the US Department of Defense Space Test Program Satellite 6 (STP-SAT6), we discovered a direct correlation between the frequency of electrical discharges on a spacecraft and the electron density in its environment.
STP-SAT6. Image credit: Northrop Grumman.
Spacecraft environmental discharges (SEDs) are short-lived electrical failures that may harm sensitive onboard electronics and communication systems.
While researchers have acknowledged the presence of SEDs for some time, the relationship between spatial environments and their electrons remains unclear.
“To explore this, we required two sensors on the same spacecraft: one to monitor electron quantity and activity, and another to detect radio frequency signals,” explained Dr. Amitabh Nag, a researcher at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
SEDs arise from variations in surface charging, typically due to the accumulation of electrons on the surfaces of orbiting spacecraft.
This process differs from static electricity on Earth. For instance, when someone walks across a carpet and discharges static after touching a door handle, a buildup of energy occurs. Likewise, when a spacecraft’s energy storage reaches a critical voltage, it results in an electrical discharge in space.
The STP-SAT6 is fitted with both sensors, allowing a unique opportunity for researchers to analyze both radio frequency and electronic activity simultaneously.
“We managed to assess the speed of SEDs as reported by the radio frequency sensors and compare it with the electronic particle activity within specific voltage ranges,” Dr. Nag noted.
“Our findings indicated that the peak of SEDs coincides with the peak of electronic activity.”
The authors analyzed data from two sensors over a year-long period, identifying heightened electronic activity during 270 high-speed SED occurrences and numerous episodes.
In roughly three-quarters of instances, the peak in electronic activity occurred 24-45 minutes before the SED event.
This delay implies that the buildup of charge from low-energy electrons plays a crucial role in preparing the spacecraft for electrostatic discharge.
“We noted that as electronic activity increases, the spacecraft begins to gather charges, especially in the 7.9-12.2 keV range,” Dr. Nag added.
“This process continues until a tipping point is reached, resulting in an SED.”
“Such lead time presents an opportunity for potential forecasting tools to reduce risks.”
“Future missions could include real-time monitoring of low-energy electrons to predict and react to charging events before they disrupt operations.”
The results will be published in the journal Advances in Space Research.
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Amitabag et al. 2025. Radio frequency transients correlated with electronic flux installed in STP-SAT6. Advances in Space Research 76 (6): 3692-3699; doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2025.07.026
Named Huashanosaurus Qini, this new dinosaur species is estimated to be about 12 m (39 feet) in length.
It existed in the Cantonese Autonomous Region of present-day China approximately 200 to 162 million years ago.
“The Jurassic sauropods are notably abundant in China, particularly in regions like Yunnan, Sichuan, and Xinjiang, with fewer known areas such as Ganshu, Ningxia, Anhui, Tibet, and Gitsou.”
“In Guangzhou, the record of Jurassic dinosaur fossils is limited compared to those from the Cretaceous period.”
Two specimens of Huashanosaurus Qini, including partial skeletons, were collected from Huqiu Quarry, part of The King’s Formation, located east of Guangzhou in southern China.
The site also yielded some bone fish scales, teeth (likely from Scalpidotes sp.), incomplete plesiosaur teeth, and fragmentary dinosaur bones.
“There is an ongoing debate regarding the geological age of the Prince Formation,” remarked the paleontologists.
“Initially thought to be early Jurassic, the formation has limited paleontological evidence.”
“Scientists are considering it to date from early to mid-Jurassic due to the presence of larger species from this era.”
The team indicates that Huashanosaurus Qini is a member of eusauropoda, a derived group of sauropod dinosaurs.
“This marks Guangzhou’s second eusauropod discovery,” the researcher noted.
“The first eusauropod described, Jingia dongxingensis, was excavated from the late Jurassic Dung Xing Formation.”
The discovery of Huashanosaurus Qini adds valuable information to the understanding of the evolutionary diversification of eusauropod dinosaurs.
“Huashanosaurus Qini is positioned more basally than early Jurassic forms like Balcanodon, Tazoudasaurus, and Goncyanosaurus, as well as early to mid-Jurassic representatives such as Barapasaurus,” stated the scientist.
“It is generally accepted that the main radiation of eusauropods occurred towards the end of the early Jurassic and the early Jurassic intervals.”
“From this perspective, the discovery of Huashanosaurus Qini provides further evidence for early to mid-King’s age.”
Survey results have been published in the journal Acta Geologica Sinica.
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Jinyou Mo et al. 2025. A new eusauropod dinosaur from the Jurassic Prince Formation in lower and central Nieming County in Guangzhou, southern China. Acta Geologica Sinica 99(4): 909-924; doi: 10.1111/1755-6724.15331
Consider the idea of sustainable cuisine. While humble lentils may come to mind, is it feasible to indulge in luxurious options while remaining eco-conscious? Bivalves like oysters, mussels, scallops, and clams possess inherent green credentials thanks to their ability to purify polluted waters. Recent research indicates they might also help sequester carbon. Could agricultural bivalves emerge as the pinnacle of sustainable food?
Food production contributes to around a third of global greenhouse gas emissions, making it crucial to identify options that mitigate this damage. In seafood, aquaculture is generally more sustainable than wild fishing; however, farmed fish rely on wild fish for part of their diet. Recent studies reveal that the reliance on wild fish for aquaculture feed is often underestimated. Additionally, fish farms can create significant waste issues from fish excrement and uneaten feed.
A notable advantage of bivalves is their minimal need for supplemental feed. As filter feeders, they consume tiny nutrient particles suspended in seawater and plankton. With most coastal waters currently suffering from nutrient overload due to nitrogen and phosphorus runoff, harvesting cultivated bivalves can help alleviate this excess and purify the waters as a byproduct of their production.
Conversely, harvesting wild bivalves poses ecological threats. For instance, overfishing of wild scallops can damage delicate marine ecosystems like seafans, corals, and sponges. However, comparison shows that farmed bivalves come with significantly fewer drawbacks, especially when compared to rainforest destruction for beef production.
But there’s more to explore. In recent years, various studies have suggested that agricultural bivalves can sequester carbon, potentially allowing farms to earn carbon credits as an additional revenue stream.
Yet, Fabrice Pernett from Brest University in France remains skeptical. A review of over 50 studies has left him unconvinced. Many of these studies are based on theoretical models that assume the formation of calcium carbonate shells absorbs CO.2 from the sea.
However, this phenomenon holds true only over geological timescales. Over shorter periods—critical when addressing climate change—the carbon cycle shows carbonate formation often releases CO.2.
Moreover, the common practice of incinerating waste shells frequently leads to even more CO.2 being released into the atmosphere instead of returning carbon to the ocean to mitigate CO.2 emissions. Similarly, carbon from the flesh of seafood also gets released as CO.2 following consumption.
Some researchers are now claiming that organic matter deposited under bivalves represents a significant carbon sink.
This latest assertion builds upon oyster research conducted within five large enclosures. However, Pernett cautions that similar studies feature shortcomings, such as CO.2 measurements being conducted only during the day and summer months when photosynthesis peaks.
The research team argues this limitation does not influence the findings. “The budget suggests that carbon accumulation and sequestration exceed carbon extracted in shells,” asserts Shuang-lin Dong from China Maritime University. Nevertheless, Pernett is still unconvinced. “Current evidence indicates that bivalve farming releases CO.2 overall,” he remarks.
However, don’t cancel your reservation at your favorite oyster bar just yet. Although bivalve farming may be a carbon emitter, the emissions are relatively low—around 1.4 kilograms of CO.2 per kilogram of edible weight based on 2021 research. This figures significantly lower than that of wheat or corn, all while requiring less land and freshwater.
“Indeed, agricultural bivalves rank among the greenest food sources,” states Pernett. A culinary delight.
Exercise doesn’t need to be lengthy to yield substantial rewards
Sol Stock Ltd
If you’re skipping exercise due to time constraints, integrating just a few short bursts of activity—like 5 to 6 active sessions of 10 seconds each—can greatly impact your health. A US study revealed that individuals engaging in over a minute of intense activity daily had a significantly lower mortality risk over the next six years compared to those who were inactive.
Currently, only about 15% of adults participate in regular exercise, according to Emmanuel Stamatakis from the University of Sydney, Australia. “The majority of the adult population struggles with including regular exercise into their routine, whether due to a lack of interest or difficulty.”
To further investigate, Stamatakis and his team studied the health benefits associated with incidental exercise, which can occur through activities like walking downhill, playfully engaging with children, and carrying heavy objects. They monitored participants for one week as part of a larger health study, assessing their activity levels and examining mortality risks in the following year.
In 2023, findings from the UK Biobank study involving tens of thousands of participants indicated that those with approximately 4.4 minutes of daily active time were 38% less likely to die from any cause in the next seven to eight years compared to non-exercisers.
Additionally, the research included results from 3,300 individuals in the US NHANES study. “This group, on average, is significantly overweight and less active,” remarks Stamatakis.
This group only required 1.1 minutes of intense activity daily to lower their overall mortality risk by 38% over the subsequent six years.
This demonstrates that this less active US group experienced similar relative benefits with just 1.1 and 4.4 minutes of activity found in the fitter UK group; however, it doesn’t imply they reached the same health status. Participants in the US study generally had lower fitness levels to start with and were at a higher baseline risk of mortality.
“This observation may indicate a more sedentary, higher-risk demographic that benefits considerably from minor increases in activity, and I concur,” states Carlos Celis Morales from the University of Glasgow, UK. “This phenomenon is known as the ceiling effect; those with high fitness levels have diminished potential for further improvement, while individuals with lower fitness levels have significant room for enhancement.”
The findings further support the notion that even small amounts of intense, unintentional movement can yield substantial health benefits. However, Stamatakis cautions that causation hasn’t been firmly established yet. “While it seems logical that health benefits might exist,” he notes. “This type of study cannot definitively prove causality.”
His research team is planning future studies to provide stronger evidence that observed health improvements stem from increased incidental exercise. “Our long-term objective is to discover methods to incorporate more activity into people’s everyday lives without requiring trips to the gym,” Stamatakis expresses.
Sheet Web Spider Psechrus Clavis is known to utilize the coloration and web of its own body as visual cues to effectively capture and consume insects. Interestingly, it doesn’t immediately eat the male fireflies, referred to as Daifan Lampaloid; instead, these spiders retain them on the web, allowing the fireflies to continue emitting bioluminescent signals for up to an hour. This observation has raised intriguing questions among a research team from Tunghai University, the University of New South Wales, the Sydney Institute of Technology, and the National Museum of Natural Sciences in Taiwan.
Sheet web spider with fireflies caught in the web. Image credit: Tunghai University Spider.
Researcher I-Min TSO and colleagues at Tunghai University documented Psechrus Clavis retaining fireflies on the web while these insects continued to emit bioluminescent light for up to an hour.
They noted that the spiders periodically check for the captured fireflies.
Fascinated by this peculiar behavior, the researchers designed an experiment to see if it serves as a hunting strategy.
The experiment involved placing firefly-like LEDs on the actual sheet spider web, using other webs as controls.
The results indicated that the web with LEDs attracted three times as many prey compared to the control web.
This figure increased to ten times more prey when actual fireflies were visible.
The findings affirm that the presence of captured fireflies enhances the spider’s hunting success.
Researchers also discovered that the majority of captured fireflies are male and likely mistaken for potential mates.
“Our findings underscore the previously unrecognized interaction where Firefly Signals, intended for sexual communication, also benefit spiders,” remarked Dr. TSO.
“This study provides new insights into how sit-and-wait predators can adapt to attract prey, revealing the intricate complexities of predator-prey interactions.”
“This behavior may have evolved in sheet web spiders as a way to avoid the energy costs associated with producing their own bioluminescence, similar to anglerfish.”
“Instead, spiders can leverage the allure of their prey’s glow to attract their own targets.”
Video recordings taken during the experiments show sheet web spiders employing various tactics when interacting with different prey species.
The spider swiftly consumes a moth caught in the web but takes its time with the trapped fireflies.
“The varying treatment of prey suggests that spiders may use specific cues to differentiate between prey species and adjust their responses accordingly,” explained Dr. TSO.
“We hypothesize that the bioluminescent signals of fireflies help spiders to fine-tune their handling behavior towards different types of prey.”
This study was published in Journal of Animal Ecology.
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Ho Yin Yip et al. Visual seduction through bioluminescence of prey seduces waiting predators. Journal of Animal Ecology Published online on August 27th, 2025. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.70102
A recent study discovered that engaging in high-ventilation breathing exercises while listening to music is linked to experiencing blissful states and diminishing negative emotions. This practice is also associated with increased blood flow to brain areas responsible for processing emotions.
Kartar et al. We propose that circuits supporting the integration of mutual acceptoral expressions and the processing of emotional memory are potential neurobiological substrates for HVB-induced ASCs. Image credit: Ram Jain.
The use of breathing exercises as a method for alleviating psychological distress is rapidly gaining traction. Breathing techniques that enhance ventilation rate or depth in conjunction with music can lead to altered states of consciousness (ASC) akin to those induced by psychedelic substances.
High ventilation breathing (HVB) may present fewer legal and ethical challenges for widespread use in clinical settings, offering a non-pharmaceutical alternative.
Nevertheless, the neurobiological mechanisms and subjective experiences linked to ASCs resulting from HVB have not been thoroughly explored.
To address this knowledge deficiency, Dr. Amy Amra Kartal from the University of Sussex and her team characterized ASCs triggered by HVB conducted by experienced practitioners, analyzing self-reported data from 15 participants online, and 8 to 19 individuals in a lab setting.
Their study included 20-30 minute sessions of uninterrupted circular breathing paired with music, followed by various surveys within 30 minutes post-session.
Findings indicated that the intensity of ASCs from HVB correlates with cardiovascular sympathetic activation and shows signs of a potential stress response, evidenced by decreased heart rate variability.
Moreover, HVB-induced ASCs were related to a significant reduction in blood flow to specific brain areas, including the left surgery and posterior island, which are involved in representing the body’s internal state, including respiration.
Interestingly, despite an overall reduction in cerebral blood flow during HVB, there were increases noted in the right amygdala and anterior hippocampus—regions pertinent to emotional memory processing.
These alterations in blood flow bear a resemblance to psychedelic experiences, suggesting that such changes may underlie the beneficial effects of this breathing technique.
Throughout all experimental conditions, participants reported a decrease in fear and negative emotions without experiencing side effects.
In various participant settings, HVB indeed reinforced the marine infinity (OBN)-controlled ASC, a concept introduced by Freud in 1920, encapsulating a range of experiences such as spiritual insights, feelings of bliss, positive emotional shifts, and a sense of unity.
OBN is regarded as a fundamental element of ASCs generated by psychedelic substances like psilocybin.
The researchers emphasize that their findings are pioneering and exploratory, advocating for future studies with larger sample sizes and control groups to discern the effects of music on brain activity.
Despite certain limitations, these results offer valuable insights into HVB and its potential therapeutic applications.
“Our research represents the first use of neuroimaging to map the neurophysiological changes occurring during respiratory work,” the team stated.
“Key findings indicate that breathing exercises elicit profound psychedelic states.”
“We believe these conditions are tied to shifts in function in specific brain areas involved in self-awareness, fear, and emotional memory processing.”
“We discovered that deeper alterations in blood flow in certain brain regions correspond to stronger sensations of unity, bliss, and emotional release referred to as ‘marine boundaries.’ ”
Survey results published online in the journal on August 27, 2025 PLOS 1.
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Kartar et al. 2025. Neurobiological substrates of altered states of consciousness induced by high ventilator respiratory practices with music. PLOS 1 20(8): E0329411; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0329411
Presence: Everywhere, particularly on social media.
That seems somewhat derogatory. Indeed, it’s considered a slur.
What type of slur? A slur targeting robots.
Is it because they are made of metal? Yes, it’s often used to insult actual robots like delivery bots and autonomous vehicles, but it increasingly targets platforms like AI chatbots and ChatGPT.
I’m not familiar with this – why would I want to belittle AI? For information creation, they either promote utterly false narratives and generate “slops” (meaning glitter or clearly unfounded content), or simply lack human qualities.
Does AI care about being insulted? It’s a complex philosophical issue, and the consensus is “no.”
So why does it matter? People feel frustrated with technology that can become widespread and potentially disrupt job markets.
Come here and let Crancous take over our responsibilities! That’s the notion.
Where did this slur originate? It was first used in the 2005 Star Wars game to describe PE Jor’s fight against Androids, but Clanker gained popularity through the Clone Wars TV series. It then spread to platforms like Reddit, memes, and TikTok.
Is that truly the best we can do? Popular culture has birthed other anti-robot slurs. There’s “Toaster” from Battlestar Galactica and “Skin Job” from Blade Runner, but “Clanker” seems to have taken the lead for now.
It seems like a frivolous waste of time, but I suppose it’s largely harmless. You might think so, yet it implies that using “clankers” could normalize real bias.
Oh, come on. Popular memes and parody videos often equate “clankers” to racial slurs.
So what? They’re just clankers. “This inclination to use such terms reveals more about our insecurities than about the technology itself,” says linguist Adam Alexick.
I haven’t. Anti-robot; I wouldn’t want to marry my daughter. Can you hear how that sounds?
I feel like I’ll be quite embarrassed about all this in ten years. Probably. Some argue that by mocking AI, we risk elevating it to a human level that isn’t guaranteed.
That’s definitely my view. However, “Roko’s Basilisk” suggests that future AI could punish those who didn’t help them thrive initially.
I believe it’s vital to label it a Clanker. We might find ourselves apologizing to robot overlords for past injustices.
Will they find humor in this? Perhaps one day Clanker will have a sense of humor about it.
Say: “This desire to create a slur reflects more on our insecurities than the technology itself.”
Don’t say: “Some of my best friends are Clankers.”
Cancer arises from the proliferation of abnormal, uncontrolled cells that create dense masses, known as Solid Tumors. These cancer cells possess unique surface markers called antigens that can be identified by immune cells. A crucial component of our immune system, T cells, carry a protective protein known as FASL, which aids in destroying cancer cells. When T cells encounter cancer antigens, they become activated and initiate an attack on the tumor.
One form of immunotherapy, referred to as chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy or CAR-T therapy, involves reprogramming a patient’s T cells to recognize cancer cell antigens. However, CAR-T therapy often struggles with solid tumors due to the dense, hostile environment within these tumors, which obstructs immune cells from infiltrating and functioning effectively.
Another significant hurdle that clinicians encounter when treating solid tumors is their heterogeneous composition of various cancer cell types. Some of these cells exhibit antigens recognizable by CAR-T cells, while others do not, complicating the design of CAR-T therapies that can target all tumor cells without harming healthy cells. Solid tumors also produce the protein Plasmin, which further impairs the immune system’s ability to break down FASL and eliminate cancer cells.
Researchers from the University of California, Davis investigated whether shielding FASL from plasmin could preserve its cancer-killing capabilities and enhance the efficacy of CAR-T therapy. They found that the human FASL protein contains a unique amino acid compared to other primates, making it more susceptible to degradation by plasmin. Their observations suggested that when FASL was cleaved, it lost its ability to kill tumor cells. However, after injecting an antibody that prevents plasmin from cleaving FASL, it remained intact and preserved its cancer-killing function.
Since directly studying cell behavior in the human body poses challenges, scientists culture tumor cells and cell lines in Petri dishes under controlled laboratory environments. To gain insights into plasmin’s role, the team examined ovarian cancer cell lines obtained from patients, discovering that CAR-T resistant cancer cells exhibited high plasmin activity.
They noted that combining ovarian cancer cells with elevated plasmin levels with normal cells displaying surface FASL diminished FASL levels in the normal cells. When they added FASL-protecting antibodies, CAR-T cells effectively eliminated not only the targeted cancer cells but also nearby cancer cells lacking the specific target antigen. These findings indicated that plasmin can cleave FASL in T cells and undermine CAR-T therapy, suggesting that safeguarding FASL may enhance CAR-T treatment’s effectiveness.
To assess whether tumor-generated plasmin can deactivate human FASL in more natural settings, researchers examined its function in live tumors within an active immune system. They implanted ovarian, mammary, and colorectal tumor cell lines from mice into genetically matched mice to elicit a natural immune response. When human FASL protein was directly injected into mouse tumors, the cancer cells remained intact. In contrast, injecting a drug that inhibits plasmin resulted in cancer cell death. Additionally, administering FASL-protecting antibodies also led to the elimination of cancer cells.
As a final experiment, the team aimed to determine whether activated T cells from the mice’s immune systems could penetrate the tumors and kill cancer cells. They implanted mice with both plasmin-positive and plasmin-negative tumors, treating both with drugs to enhance immune cell activity and boost FASL production.
They discovered that in tumors with low plasmin levels, mouse immune cells expressed high amounts of FASL on their surfaces, while in tumors with elevated plasmin levels, FASL was significantly reduced. Once again, injecting FASL-protected antibodies into these tumors increased FASL levels. The researchers concluded that plasmin can diminish the immune system’s ability to eliminate cancer cells by depleting FASL from immune cells.
In summary, the team found that tumors exploit plasmin to break down the protective protein FASL, evading immune system attacks. Based on their findings, they proposed that plasmin inhibitors or FASL-protected antibodies could augment the effectiveness of immunotherapy in treating cancer.
As capitalist forces largely steer advancements in artificial intelligence, Alex Proyas perceives the integration of AI in filmmaking as a pathway to artistic freedom.
While numerous individuals in the film industry view the rise of AI as a threat to their jobs, incomes, and likenesses, Australian filmmakers, including Proyas, embrace the technology as a means to simplify and reduce costs associated with projects.
“The model for filmmakers, the only person I truly care about at the end of the day, is broken… and it’s not AI that’s causing it,” Proyas states to the Guardian.
“It’s the industry, it’s streaming.”
He mentions that the filmmakers he once depended on are dwindling in the streaming era, with the remaining ones working on tighter budgets for projects.
“We need to reconstruct it from the ground up. We believe that AI will assist us in doing that because as it continually lowers production costs, we can retain more ownership of our projects,” he remarks.
Proyas’s upcoming film, Rur, narrates the tale of a woman attempting to liberate her robots from capitalist oppression within an island factory. Based on a satirical play from 1920, the film features Samantha Orle, Lindsay Faris, and Anthony Laparia, having begun filming in October of the previous year.
The Heresy Foundation, one of Proyas’s ventures, was established in 2020 in Alexandria, Sydney. I detailed that at the time as a comprehensive production house for films. He claims that Rur can be produced for a fraction of the US$100 million budget typical of traditional studios.
This cost-effectiveness is due to the capability of carrying out much of the work directly in the studio via virtual production in collaboration with Technology Giant Dell, which supplies workstations to facilitate real-time generation of AI assets during film creation.
Proyas’ 2004 film I, Robot, was created when AI was more firmly entrenched in the sci-fi genre. Photo: 20th Century Fox/Sports Photo/All Star
Proyas asserts that production durations for environmental designs can be shortened from six months to eight weeks.
His 2004 film, I, Robot, was produced during a time when AI was reasonably established in science fiction, yet depicted a world in 2035. When questioned about his concerns regarding AI’s implications in film production, especially in visual effects, Proyas responds, “The workforce is streamlined,” yet believes retraining is possible.
“I believe there’s a role for everyone who embraces technology and pushes it forward, just as we’ve done throughout the film industry,” he comments.
The Guardian interviewed Proyas during the same week when the Australian Productivity Committee was discharged from the creative sector to spark discussions on whether AI companies should have unrestricted access to everyone’s creative works for model training.
Proyas argues that in the “analog world,” there is no need for AI to plagiarize.
“I think of AI as ‘enhancing intelligence’ rather than artificial intelligence. It aids in streamlining processes, promoting efficiency, and enhancing productivity,” he explains.
“A human team will always be necessary. We view AI as one of our collaborative partners.”
Amidst a plethora of AI-generated content online, Proyas reveals that he has spent years honing his skills to achieve the desired outcomes from AI, striving to refine its output until he is content with it.
“My role as a director, creator, and visual artist hasn’t changed at all. I’m now collaborating with a smaller team of humans, with AI as my co-collaborator to realize my vision. And I am clear about what that vision is,” he states.
“I don’t just sit at my computer asking for ‘Funny cat videos, please.’ I am very precise.”
The narrative of Earth is one of transformation. Over 4.5 billion years, our planet has evolved from a scorching mass of molten rock and poisonous gases into a temperate and vibrant habitat teeming with diverse life forms. This evolution was punctuated by pauses, restarts, and cataclysmic events, as the intricate biogeochemical processes shaped the most extraordinary phases in Earth’s history.
Our understanding of this vast tale is largely thanks to rocks. They preserve the chronology of events that contributed to the surface’s stratification through various deposits. This intricate ordering is understood through hierarchies, and the scientific discipline dedicated to interpreting them is known as stratigraphy.
In Strata: A Story from Deep Time, journalist Laura Poppick delves into this nuanced science of rock interpretation, offering insights on how planets respond to and recover from periods of upheaval. “Through these layers, we glimpse ancient versions of our planet, gaining contextual awareness as we traverse through the present,” she observes.
Poppick highlights several transformative periods in Earth’s history, selecting four key episodes. The first examines the development of oxygen-rich atmospheres, tracking the evolution of photosynthesizing microorganisms and significant oxidative events that led to mass extinctions around 2.4 billion years ago.
The second segment discusses “Snowball Earth,” a period approximately 720 million years ago when many regions are believed to have frozen over. Following this, she explores the advent of mud and the subsequent rise of vegetation. Finally, the Mesozoic era, dominated by dinosaurs, records atmospheric carbon dioxide levels much higher than today’s due to volcanic activity, offering a framework to understand planetary responses to climate shifts.
“
Sedimentary rocks maintain a distinct layer system that clearly records the events that have shaped our planet’s surface. “
Throughout each episode, Poppick introduces geologists working to unravel the numerous unanswered questions regarding the timing and causes of these changes. She visits significant geological sites, from Newfoundland to the Australian Outback, where one can observe the strata that articulate these narratives.
The recurring theme emphasizes the importance of paying attention to rocks. To an untrained observer, they may appear ordinary; however, Poppick reminds us that “a trained eye discerns physical and chemical indicators—proxies—that reveal the characteristics of our planet during the formation of these rocks.” She underscores the value of geologists’ expertise.
This book is a remarkable attempt to make stratigraphy engaging. At times, it falters, and Poppick’s fragmented writing style led me to lose the thread of the narrative.
Her comparisons of geological transformations to human-centric changes sometimes felt uneasy. For instance, she likens the Mesozoic greenhouse climate to modern carbon emissions, though the historical era’s temperatures were so extreme that such analogies may be misleading, even at optimistic emission projections.
Another limitation lies in the currently incomplete nature of geoscience. Some of the pivotal questions raised by Poppick—including the true cause of Snowball Earth—remain unresolved or are subject to debate among different factions. By the end, I was left with a sense of uncertainty about what can be definitively stated. Yet, that unpredictability might be intrinsic to geology itself. “Nothing is immutable in stone as our understanding of geology continues to evolve, just like the rocks,” Poppick states.
Nevertheless, the book effectively captures the grandeur of the story embedded in rocks. It does so particularly well by showing how seemingly mundane observations about rocks can lead directly to profound insights into Earth’s history. Such revelations illuminate the stratigraphic process as Poppick examines overlooked outcrops, encouraging us to perceive the rocks in our surroundings with renewed appreciation.
“Hierarchies are, in many ways, love letters from a maturing Earth,” she argues. This book abundantly reveals the reasons to uncover the secrets they hold.
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Following the successful testing of techniques using solar group spacecraft, it may soon be possible to forecast significant solar storms capable of disrupting Earth’s electronics by more than half a day in advance.
The Sun periodically emits powerful plasma bursts known as coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which create strong magnetic fields that can harm electronics on our planet. While satellites and telescopes do monitor CME indicators, their predictions depend on the magnetic field within each CME, making it challenging to identify which emissions will be hazardous.
One of the most reliable instruments for assessing these magnetic fields is found in satellites positioned in gravity-stable orbits around the Earth, known as Lagrange Points. Though these satellites are positioned hundreds of thousands of kilometers away, they exist at only about 1% of the distance to the Sun, which contributes to their ability to provide warnings about the intensity of a CME within an hour of its impact.
Now, Emma Davis from Glaz and her colleagues at Austria’s Space Meteorological Office have discovered a method utilizing the European Space Agency’s solar orbiter to issue earlier alerts. “Solar Orbiters are primarily a scientific mission and not specifically designed for this purpose,” Davis explains. “This is an added benefit from unforeseen alignments during a CME event.”
On March 17th and 23rd of this year, two sets of CMEs were heading toward Earth while the solar orbiter was positioned between our planet and the Sun. Davis and her team leveraged the spacecraft’s magnetic field and solar wind speed measurements to model the internal magnetic architecture of each CME and anticipate the severity of the geomagnetic storms they would induce. Remarkably, the entire forecasting process required less than five minutes, allowing predictions 7 and 15 hours before the events reached Earth.
Davis noted that their predictions closely aligned with the actual geomagnetic strengths observed, which she found remarkable considering the dynamic changes the CME’s magnetic fields undergo as they approach Earth. “The fortunate aspect was that not many unexpected events occurred, and these CMEs behaved rather predictably,” she adds.
She cautions that upcoming storms may not follow the same predictable patterns and that determining the exact arrival time of these storms remains challenging, with uncertainties lasting several hours.
Nevertheless, she underscores the importance of real-time measurements once a CME departs from the Sun. Chris Scott from the University of Reading, UK, who was not part of this research, noted, “It provides an early indication of the potential configuration of the magnetic fields within each eruption.”
However, data from these two events alone are insufficient for fine-tuning predictive models, and further observations are essential before establishing reliable, specialized solar storm monitoring missions near the Sun, Scott concludes.
Astronomy’s Global Capital: Chile
Explore Chile’s astronomical wonders. Visit some of the world’s leading observatories and gaze upon a star-studded sky that boasts some of the clearest views on the planet.
Public sector employees are voicing “significant concerns” following Coventry City Council’s agreement with the US data technology firm Palantir, valued at £500,000 annually.
This contract marks the first collaboration between a UK local authority and a Denver-based organization, which also provides technology to the Israeli Defence Force (IDF) and aids Donald Trump’s initiatives against U.S. immigration policies.
The agreement emerges after the Council’s Children’s Services Division initiated a pilot program utilizing AI for transcribing case notes and summarizing records of social workers. The Council intends to broaden the Palantir system to assist children with special educational needs.
Julie Nugent, the Council’s chief executive, stated the objective is to “enhance internal data integration and service delivery” while “exploring transformative opportunities in artificial intelligence.”
Palantir has secured numerous public sector contracts in the UK, including the deployment of AI to combat organized crime in Leicestershire and assisting in developing a new NHS federated data platform. Keir Starmer visited the company’s Washington office in February, accompanied by CEO and co-founder Alex Karp. Palantir was co-founded by PayPal billionaire Peter Thiel, who supported Trump’s 2016 election campaign.
Keir Starmer touring Palantir in Washington, DC in February. Photo: Curl Coat/PA
Unions that represent teachers and other council staff have voiced that this deal raises “serious ethical questions,” with Independent Councillor Grace Lewis urging the council to terminate the contract immediately to “ensure that £500,000 benefits our community.”
“We cannot justify the Council signing a contract with a company that has a well-documented history in supplying arms and surveillance to the IDF and its involvement in NHS privatization while the Council reduces funding for public and voluntary sectors,” Lewis commented.
Coventry has recently started evaluating applications for household support funds through Palantir’s AI. During a councillor’s meeting, a senior official remarked, “To me, it sounds like my brother.”
In correspondence to Nugent, Nicky Downes, co-secretary of the Coventry branch of the National Education Union, pointed out the troubling implications of AI in Palantir’s surveillance and military systems, highlighting concerns about data collection and storage on citizens, especially related to predictive policing.
“There are considerable ethical concerns surrounding Palantir Foundry’s business practices, which is a subsidiary of Palantir,” Downes stated. “Questions also arise regarding the acquisition and utilization of personal data, particularly in relation to ethical considerations in the procurement process and the accompanying risk assessment.
Nugent responded, “We have engaged Palantir for a year to investigate potential transformative solutions in artificial intelligence by applying concepts across numerous essential areas. This aims to establish a business case for further investments and a comprehensive strategy for AI. We acknowledge that the ethical implications of AI procurement hold paramount importance.
A representative from Palantir remarked, “We are enthusiastic about assisting Coventry City Council in enhancing the public services offered by AI. Technology opens up significant opportunities, such as decreasing the time social workers and experts in special education spend on administrative tasks, allowing them to focus on directly aiding vulnerable children.”
They also stated that Palantir is nonpartisan and has worked with various US governmental administrations since its collaboration with the Department of Homeland Security in 2010.
A council spokesperson confirmed that they are exploring ways AI can enhance and streamline services. “In this initiative, we are assessing a variety of AI solutions and technology partners, including Palantir, to support our AI objectives. Our top priority remains to evaluate AI’s value for future investments while maintaining rigorous data protection and governance standards.”
The contract was awarded following standard procurement protocols and met all “strict security and compliance requirements.”
“Ultimately, this case will culminate in Sam Altman testifying before the judge,” he stated.
The Guardian reached out to OpenAI for comments but did not receive a response at the time of publication.
A doctor has successfully created an AI-powered stethoscope that can identify three cardiac conditions in just 15 seconds.
The classic stethoscope, which was invented in 1816, has been crucial for listening to internal body sounds and has remained a vital tool in medical practice for over two hundred years.
The research team is now working on a sophisticated AI-enhanced version that can diagnose heart failure, heart valve issues, and irregular heartbeats.
Developed by researchers at Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, this innovative stethoscope can detect minute variations in heartbeat and blood flow that are beyond the capacity of human ears, while simultaneously performing quick ECG readings.
The details of this groundbreaking advancement that could enhance the early diagnosis of these conditions were shared with thousands of doctors during the European Heart Association Annual Meeting in Madrid, the largest cardiac conference globally.
Timely diagnosis is crucial for heart failure, heart valve disease, and irregular heart rhythms, enabling patients to access life-saving medications before their condition worsens.
A study involving around 12,000 patients from a UK GP practice tested individuals exhibiting symptoms like shortness of breath and fatigue.
Those who were evaluated using the new technology were twice as likely to receive a diagnosis of heart failure compared to similar patients who were not subjected to this method.
Patients were three times more likely to be diagnosed with atrial fibrillation—an irregular heart rhythm that heightens the stroke risk—and nearly twice as likely to be identified with heart valve disease, characterized by malfunctioning heart valves.
The AI-led stethoscope identifies subtle differences in heartbeat and blood flow that are imperceptible to the human ear while recording ECG. Photo: Eko Health
Dr. Patrick Bectiger from Imperial College London remarked:
“It’s amazing to utilize a smart stethoscope for a quick 15-second assessment, allowing AI to promptly provide results indicating whether a patient has heart failure, atrial fibrillation, or heart valve disease.”
Manufactured by Eko Health in California, the device resembles a credit card in size. It is placed on a patient’s chest to record electrical signals from the heart while a microphone picks up the sound of blood circulation.
This data is transmitted to the cloud—an encrypted online storage space—where AI algorithms analyze the information to uncover subtle heart issues that may be overlooked by humans.
Results indicating whether a patient should be flagged for any of the three conditions will be sent back to a smartphone.
While breakthroughs like these can carry risks of misdiagnosis, researchers stress that AI stethoscopes should only be employed for patients presenting heart-related symptoms, not for routine screening in healthy individuals.
However, accelerating the diagnosis process can ultimately save lives and reduce healthcare costs.
Dr. Mikhilkelsiker, also from Imperial College, stated:
“This test demonstrates that AI-enabled stethoscopes can make a significant difference, providing GPs with a rapid and straightforward method to detect issues early, ensuring patients receive timely treatment.”
“Early diagnosis allows individuals to access the necessary treatment to enhance their longevity,” emphasized Dr. Sonya Babu Narayan, clinical director of the British Heart Foundation, which sponsored the research alongside the National Institute of Health and Therapy (NIHR).
Professor Mike Lewis, Director of the Innovation Science Department at NIHR, remarked, “This tool represents a transformative advance for patients, delivering innovation right into the hands of GPs. AI stethoscopes empower local practitioners to identify problems sooner, diagnose patients within their communities, and address leading health threats.”
A Key Review involving over 62,500 adults indicates that adhering to a specific diet may lower the risk of cognitive decline in older age by 40%.
Researchers from Shandong University in China examined 15 studies involving individuals aged over 60 and discovered that those who followed a Mediterranean or mind-focused diet were notably less likely to experience memory and cognitive issues compared to those without a healthy diet.
The Mediterranean diet and the Mind diet share many similarities, both emphasizing vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and moderate amounts of fish, chicken, and dairy products. Conversely, they limit processed foods, lean meats, and sugar.
However, while the Mediterranean diet draws inspiration from specific regions, the Mind diet is designed explicitly to safeguard the brain against age-related decline.
The Mediterranean diet highlights certain culturally significant ingredients, such as olive oil, while the Mind diet focuses on nutrient-rich foods like berries and leafy greens.
Researchers have long speculated about the impact of diet on brain aging, although evidence has been mixed. To clarify this issue, the Shandong University team aggregated data from 15 studies to gain a better understanding of the correlation between diet and aging in the brain, as well as extended risks of related diseases like dementia.
The studies included presented varied results. However, their combined findings indicated that elderly individuals who maintained healthy eating habits were significantly less likely (by 40%) to experience cognitive decline compared to those following unhealthy diets.
Consequently, researchers concluded that older adults should be encouraged to incorporate vegetables, fruits, fish, and legumes into their meals.
The Mediterranean diet emphasizes plant-based foods like vegetables, fruits, grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, and healthy fats, while limiting processed foods and sugars.
Experts not involved in the study cautioned in BBC Science Focus that the interplay between diet and cognitive health is complex and the findings should be interpreted cautiously.
Professor Keith Frain, Professor Emeritus of Human Metabolism at Oxford University, remarked, “This study convincingly demonstrates that healthier diets correlate with enhanced cognitive function in older adults.”
However, Frain cautioned that the study does not imply that a better diet causes improved brain health. He explained that the studies involved in this analysis were observational, which means other factors like wealth, privilege, or non-dietary healthy habits could contribute to the observed link.
“While striving for a healthy diet as we age for various reasons is important, it is misleading to suggest that diet alone can alter our cognitive function,” Frain added.
Meanwhile, Dr. Oliver Shannon, a Lecturer in Nutrition and Aging at Newcastle University, noted in BBC Science Focus that the findings of this study, consistent with previous research and recent clinical trials, suggest that consuming healthier diets in later life could positively influence the brain. Thus, there might be a causal relationship present.
“Making small dietary adjustments towards healthier options, such as increasing the intake of vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and fish, can help older individuals maintain their memory and cognitive skills as they age,” he stated.
Read more:
About Our Experts
Professor Keith Frain is a professor of human metabolism at Oxford University in the UK and an honorary fellow at Green Templeton College in Oxford. His research focuses on metabolism and nutrition, and he has authored numerous books, including the textbook Human Metabolism: A Regulatory Perspective.
Dr. Oliver Shannon is a lecturer in nutrition and aging at the Center for Human Nutrition Research at Newcastle University, UK. His research primarily investigates the impacts of nutrition, including dietary patterns like the Mediterranean diet, on cognitive and cardiovascular aging. Shannon has published over 80 peer-reviewed articles in leading nutrition journals.
As we grow older, our cognitive learning and memory capabilities decline—recent studies have identified the proteins responsible for this phenomenon.
Researchers at UC San Francisco have pinpointed the culprit: an iron-associated protein called FTL1. Its detrimental effects hinder cognitive awareness throughout the aging process, and understanding this may allow us to target it in treating neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s.
“It’s essentially a reversal of the challenges,” said Saul Vilda, PhD, Associate Director and Senior Author of the Papers at UCSF Bakar Aging Research Institute; Natural aging. “It’s about more than just slowing or preventing symptoms.”
The hippocampus, a brain region essential for learning and memory, is particularly susceptible to the effects of aging. Researchers observed an increase in neuronal FTL1 in the hippocampus of older mice, correlating with cognitive decline and reduced intercellular connections.
The hippocampus, shown here, is vital for the formation of new memories (credit: Getty Images)
In an experiment, scientists artificially increased FTL1 levels in young mice, leading to brain and behavior changes reminiscent of older mice. Elevated FTL1 levels hinder synaptic connections, ultimately resulting in poorer memory performance.
Interestingly, their motor skills and anxiety levels remained stable, indicating that the cognitive impairments were specifically linked to memory and synaptic functions.
When researchers reduced FTL1 levels in the hippocampus of older mice, they noted improved neuronal connections and enhanced performance in memory tests, effectively reversing some signs of aging.
The FTL1 protein is involved in iron storage and metabolism, regulating long-term levels in the brain. As we age, alterations in iron metabolism lead to increased FTL1 in neurons.
By reversing aspects of cognitive aging in mice, this discovery could pave the way for treatments that counteract the effects of FTL1 in the brain, potentially restoring cognitive function in older adults.
“Identifying elements that seem to promote aging while keeping your brain youthful is crucial for overall health and activity as you age. FTL1 appears to be an anti-aging champion,” stated Andrew Steel in BBC Science Focus.
“This is an intriguing preliminary study, but as this research was conducted on mice, we must observe whether the same effects occur in humans.”
The most effective inventions address everyday challenges with a hint of flair and efficiency. However, that’s not always the case. Some inventions appear bizarre as they tackle nonexistent problems or approach solutions in unconventional ways.
Featured Case: From brain-powered cat ears to dazzling car tires, here are ten truly peculiar items, including several strange hats. Let’s kick things off…
1. Cat Mimi
Journalists wearing headsets with cat ears called “Cat Mimi.” The ears respond to a brain wave analysis interface, moving as a form of nonverbal communication. Photo by Yoshikazu Tsuno/AFP/Getty Images
In 2011, the inventor merged Japanese technology with a playful animal-themed accessory, resulting in Nekomimi—cat ears that move based on the user’s brain waves. Concentration powers the ears, while a relaxed state causes them to drop.
Despite its oddity, this gadget is a hit among cosplayers and can be found in Japan for around £90.
2. Mono-Wheel Bike
The Dynasphere, a mono-wheeled vehicle, was tested in Breen Sands, Weston Supermare, England, in February 1932. Photo: Fox Photos/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Cars and motorcycles are iconic inventions, but had the Dynasphere gained popularity, the landscape of vehicles might have been very different.
This mono-wheeled vehicle could reach speeds of up to 48 km/h and was available with either a gasoline engine or an experimental electric motor.
However, safety concerns were paramount. Standing 3 meters tall, it was difficult to steer and prone to “gerbilling,” where the driver could be spun around like a rodent in a wheel.
3. Tomatan
Kagome employee Suzukijima prepares to eat tomatoes served by the Tomatan, a promotional tomato dispenser for marathon runners. Photo by Yoshikazu Tsuno/AFP/Getty Images
Who hasn’t dreamed of being fed by a robot? Well, maybe not many of us.
Nonetheless, Japanese juice maker Kagome envisioned this concept, allowing marathon runners to eat tomatoes on the go. Unfortunately, it was just a prototype and not for sale—how unfortunate!
4. Glowing Tires
In this 1961 archive image, a woman adjusts her stockings with light from a Goodyear lighted tire. Photo: Douglas Miller/Getty Images
In the ’60s, Goodyear had a fascinating idea: illuminating tires! These were crafted from synthetic rubber and featured bulbs within the wheels, making them glow.
While they offered a range of colors and looked stunning in the dark, their performance in wet conditions was lacking. They also tended to melt under heavy braking, leading to abandonment of the concept.
5. Hayfever Hat
Kawasaki Ken, founder of the International Chindog Association, showcases his creation, the “Hayfever Hat,” in Tokyo on June 3, 2009.
Kawasaki Ken is renowned for quirky inventions, coining the term “Chindogu,” meaning “strange tool,” and has created hundreds of unusual items, including mini shoe umbrellas and eye-drop funnels.
Next on the list is the “Hayfever Hat,” designed to dispense paper continuously to combat sneezing caused by allergies. While it seems odd, it offers a unique solution to a persistent problem.
6. Bed Glasses
A woman demonstrates Hamblin glasses, designed for comfortable reading in bed, captured in 1936.
Hamblin’s reading glasses enable users to read while lying down. Featuring a mirror system like a periscope, they allow reading at a 45-degree angle. They also double as a tool for checking your feet while walking.
7. Cat Meow Machine
The mechanical cat meowed 10 times per minute while lighting up. Photos by Keystone/Getty Images
Craving all the perks of cat ownership without the actual commitment? This bizarre invention from the 1960s Japan wasn’t even available for purchase.
Marketed to scare off mice, it ultimately failed as the rodents were not fooled, ensuring that pet owners could avoid cleaning up after a real cat.
8. Nap Pillow
A man demonstrates his nap pillow. Photo by Ostricpillow
The original nap pillow, Ostricpillow, is delightfully peculiar. It allows you to nap at your desk while blocking light and sound, and you can breathe through your nose or mouth.
The only downside? Your coworkers might not appreciate your snoring during crucial meetings, though you might be too cozy to care.
9. Submarine Car
Rinspeed’s Squba, the world’s first functional submarine car, was showcased at the Geneva Car Show in March 2008.
In the 1977 film The Spy Who Loved Me, James Bond took his Lotus Esprit for a swim. Although the Esprit wasn’t actively marketed as a submersible vehicle, Rinspeed—a German car company—decided to create its own version.
The result was the Squba, a zero-emission electric sports car that could dive to depths of 10m at a speed of 3 km/h, powered by rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Despite the buzz, it never moved beyond the prototype phase.
10. Mustache Shield
The mustache shield was designed to prevent interference from food and liquids while eating. Photo: Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Mustaches have been a prominent form of facial hair for centuries, with handlebar varieties becoming popular during the latter part of the 19th century. In 1876, Virgil Gates patented a protective shield to keep them clean while eating and drinking.
Composed of rubber and metal, the guard was secured by elastic cords that looped over the ears. Unsurprisingly, it didn’t gain widespread acceptance.
11. Fliz Bike
Conceptual illustration of the Fliz Bike, photographed in 2012. Photo: Fliz
The Fliz resembles a bicycle but functions similarly to a scooter. It harks back to the Laufmaschine Bike (or hobby horse) invented by Baron Karl Drais over 200 years ago. Like the Fliz, this early model had no chains and required riders to provide their own propulsion.
The key difference? Instead of sitting on a seat, riders dangle from the frame atop the bike. Constructed with a carbon fiber frame, the Fliz is lightweight and modern—but its practicality remains questionable.
12. Pet Rock
Gary Dahl, creator of “Pet Rock,” is seen packing the one-millionth toy for sale in 1975. Photos by GettyImages
Long before Tamagotchis and virtual pet simulations, there was the pet rock—a pet that required no upkeep. This quirky toy came with “bedding” and a ventilated carrier to mimic the experience of real pet ownership.
For a fleeting moment, it topped the charts as America’s best-selling toy. However, after just six months, interest waned, leading to the Pet Rock’s quick discontinuation in February 1976.
13. V-Shaped Bed
Evelyn Myers tests the V-shaped spring-free bed, created by Joseph Pilates. Photo: George Rinhart/Corbis/Getty Images
Joseph Pilates was not only known for popularizing fitness techniques but also for his unique creations, including a V-shaped bed designed after he moved to America. He filed a patent in 1930, believing traditional beds were uncomfortable and that his design would provide better support for the back and limbs. Unfortunately, public reception was lukewarm.
14. Crane Head Cereal Serving Device
Artist and inventor Dominique Wilcox showcases the Crane Head Cereal Serving Device in Kellogg’s wearable breakfast collection at the Serial Killer Cafe in Camden, England. Photography by photo
Artist and inventor Dominic Wilcox is known for his bevy of unconventional designs, such as a nose stylus for smartphone use in the bath.
The Crane Head Cereal Serving Device consists of a milk-powered hydraulic crane attachment worn on the head. Users can operate its arms to transfer cereal from a box to a bowl and pour milk on top. For some reason, this peculiar contraption hasn’t hit the market yet.
15. Baby Cage
An example of a baby cage proposed by the London Council in January 1934, intended to be mounted outside apartment windows. Photo: Fox Photos/Getty Images
Baby cages are a chilling concept that thankfully never took off. Designed for apartment dwellers with limited access to outdoor space, these cages were seen as a feasible solution for getting babies fresh air.
They were trialed in various locations around the globe, including New York and London, but fortunately, parents weren’t enthusiastic about the idea of their infants dangling outside a window.
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