Space, the vast emptiness that captivates our imagination, has inspired an enduring fascination. In his compelling book, Space Journal: Art, Science, and Space Exploration, presenter Dallas Campbell curates iconic imagery that highlights the wonders of space exploration alongside intriguing details.
Among the most captivating visuals featured in Space Journal are recreations from a time when humanity’s understanding of the universe was limited, filled instead with imaginative guesses. A striking example includes a Belgian cover from H.G. Wells’ Space War from 1906, depicted below with a plundering tripod.
From H.G. Wells, La guerre des mondes (Brussels: L. Vandamme & Co., 1906)
However, astronomers began to expand their knowledge base shortly after. Around 1897, a pioneering telescope financed by industrialist Percival Lowell marked a significant breakthrough in observational astronomy, depicted below.
Percival Lowell Observing Through the Clark Telescope, Circa 1897
Courtesy of Lowell Observatory Archives, Flagstaff, Arizona.
Recently, the remarkable James Webb Space Telescope made headlines for its innovative design, which features intricate origami-style folding necessary for its launch—a prototype is displayed in the opening image.
Born just after NASA’s Apollo missions reshaped our understanding of the moon and space, Campbell embodying the impact of those journeys and the indelible marks astronauts left on the lunar surface.
View of the Moon
JSC/NASA
“On Earth, footprints may fossilize in rock or wash away quickly. However, on the Moon, they remain for eternity,” Campbell reflects. “The Sea of Tranquility harbors no current to erase them — these are the remnants of humanity’s first migration from Earth to another celestial body.”
Astronomy and Culture Along the Silk Road: Uzbekistan
Embark on an enthralling journey through Uzbekistan’s astronomical heritage, where rich scientific contributions and breathtaking landscapes intersect. Discover how astronomy influenced cultural exchanges along the Silk Road, linking Eurasia and beyond.
Award-Winning Image: Fractal Forest by Ross Gudgeon
Photo Credits: Ross Gudgeon/CUPOTY
Discover the beauty of nature through unique perspectives captured by top photographers. Check out the Close-up Photographer of the Year contest, showcasing stunning images revealing nature’s hidden wonders.
In the main image above, explore the delicate pink branches of Cauliflower Soft Coral. This stunning underwater photograph by Ross Gudgeon won the underwater category of the contest. Captured in Indonesia’s Lembeh Strait, Gudgeon positioned a small camera within a structure to create this enchanting shot. He carefully threaded through the branches of soft coral to avoid causing any damage.
Artur Tomaszek’s Award-Winning Photograph: “Dinner”
Photo Credits: Artur Tomaszek/CUPOTY
In this thrilling capture, a lynx spider is poised to attack unsuspecting termites. Taken by Artur Tomaszek, winner of the arachnid category, this dramatic image was shot during a downpour at a Hong Kong hot spring, where swarming termites provided an opportune moment for this shot. Tomaszek mentioned the challenge of photographing as thousands of termites were drawn to his camera flash.
Valeria Zvereva’s Winning Photograph: “Mushrooms in Nude Style”
Photo Credits: Valeria Zvereva/CUPOTY
The mesmerizing image captures light filtering through the intricate underside of a layered mushroom cap in Moscow, Russia, taken by Valeria Zvereva, the winner in the fungi and slime mold category.
Below, find a tranquil scene where decaying lotus leaves rest atop dark water, forming a delicate lace-like pattern interwoven with vibrant green ferns. Minghui Yuan, who won the top spot in the plant category for this photo, expressed that discovering the fern amongst the skeleton leaves felt like a representation of rebirth and hope.
Minghui Yuan’s Award-Winning Photograph: “Rebirth from Destruction”
Photo Credits: Minghui Yuan/CUPOTY
In this captivating portrait, Laurent Hessemans captured the big eyes of a charming scale moth in Tinamaste, Costa Rica. He received accolades in the invertebrate portrait category. Hessemans mentioned, “These exceptionally photogenic moths, especially the males with their large eyes and pronounced antennae, give a melancholic essence to their portraits.”
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Observe a young yellow baboon (above) surveying Tanzania’s Udzungwa Mountains National Park. Despite being shrouded in lush rainforests, this remote area has only recently been explored by biologists, revealing its unique biodiversity.
The park is a sanctuary for six primate species, including the Udzungwa red colobus and the Sanje crested mangabey, marking it as their last refuge. The Kipunji monkey, recognized as a new species in 2003, represents the first new monkey species discovery in Africa since the 1980s with the Sanje crested mangabey.
“It felt magical,” reflects photographer Frédéric Noy, who has documented the wildlife and landscapes of this rich area. “The ongoing discoveries of new fish in the deep sea and tiny insects on land aren’t surprising. But mammals are truly remarkable!”
In 2021, the Kipunji was assigned a new genus, Rungwesevas, marking the first significant monkey genus discovery since 1923. Current estimates suggest that only about 2,000 Kipunji monkeys survive, with a population residing in Udzungwa and sparse groups scattered across Tanzania.
Other fascinating findings in Uzungwa include the giant tree species, Tesmania Princeps, capable of reaching heights of 40 meters. This species was described as new just last year.
A local initiative, the Uzungwa Corridor, is actively restoring deforested areas by planting native trees, effectively connecting Udzungwa Mountains National Park with adjacent protected zones.
Cultivating seedlings for reforestation efforts at the Udzungwa Corridor Project.
Photo by Frederic Noy/Panos
This project utilizes carbon credits to provide local residents with financial incentives for planting trees on their land. The photo above depicts a nursery where trees and other vegetation are cultivated for these essential environmental initiatives.
Many community members in the Uzungwa region also maintain beehives (see below), primarily as an additional source of income. This beekeeping practice is promoted to offset the reduced access to resources in Udzungwa Mountains National Park. Moreover, beehives are believed to discourage elephants from entering the area, as elephants sometimes migrate from nearby regions, even though they do not inhabit the park itself.
Beehives strategically placed along a fence to deter elephants.
Photo by Frederic Noy/Panos
Sugarcane stands as a primary agricultural crop in this vibrant region. The image below showcases a truck transporting freshly harvested sugarcane amidst the picturesque backdrop of the Uzungwa Mountains, with part of Mitsui Falls visible as well.
Trucks transporting sugarcane against the backdrop of the Uzungwa Mountains.
Photo by Frederic Noy/Panos
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Explore the stunning new image captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, showcasing a section of the N159 star-forming complex located in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a dwarf galaxy approximately 160,000 light-years away from Earth.
This breathtaking Hubble image portrays N159, a vibrant star-forming complex in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Image credit: NASA / ESA / Hubble / R. Indebetouw.
N159 stands as one of the most colossal molecular clouds within the Large Magellanic Cloud, making it a noteworthy member of our cosmic neighborhood – the Milky Way galaxy.
Positioned at the southwestern edge of the renowned Tarantula Nebula, N159 spans over 150 light-years across.
The newly released Hubble image captures only a fraction of the expansive N159 complex.
“A dense cloud of cold hydrogen gas predominates the scene, creating a complex array of ridges, cavities, and luminescent filaments,” stated Hubble astronomers.
“Within these thick clouds, newly formed stars begin to blaze, their intense radiation illuminating the surrounding hydrogen in a striking crimson hue.”
“The brightest zones signify the presence of hot, massive young stars whose vigorous stellar winds and energetic light reshape the surrounding space.”
“These powerful forces carve out bubble-like formations and hollow cavities within the gas, clearly illustrating the effects of stellar feedback.”
“Dark clouds in the foreground glow thanks to a new star shining from behind.”
“The illuminated clouds and intricate bubbles reveal the dynamic interplay between star formation and the primordial matter from which stars arise, capturing the perpetual cycles of creation and transformation within this neighboring galaxy.”
On November 26, 2025, astronomers utilized the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS) on the Gemini North Telescope located on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, to capture images of the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS. Recent observations demonstrate how this comet has evolved since its closest approach to the Sun.
This image, taken with GMOS on the Gemini North Telescope, depicts 3I/ATLAS traveling among stars and galaxies. Operating as part of the International Gemini Observatory, it is funded in part by NSF and managed by NSF’s NOIRLab. Image credit: International Gemini Observatory / NOIRLab / NSF / AURA / B. Bolin / J. Miller & M. Rodriguez, International Gemini Observatory & NSF’s NOIRLab / TA Rector, University of Alaska Anchorage & NSF’s NOIRLab / M. Zamani, NSF’s NOIRLab.
3I/ATLAS reached its closest approach to the Sun, termed perihelion, on October 30, 2025.
Having emerged from behind the Sun, this interstellar body was observed near Zania, a triple star system situated in the Virgo constellation.
On November 26, 2025, researcher Bryce Bolin from Eureka Scientific, along with colleagues, obtained new images of the comet as part of a public outreach initiative by NSF NOIRLab in partnership with Shadow the Scientist.
“Providing the public with a viewing experience under optimal conditions allows for a genuine front-row glimpse of interstellar visitors,” Dr. Bolin stated.
“Offering the public insight into our work as astronomers and our methodologies also serves to demystify science and the data collection process, enhancing transparency in the study of this captivating astronomical entity.”
The 3I/ATLAS image, captured using GMOS, highlights the comet’s coma—a cloud of gas and dust that forms around its icy center when approaching the Sun. Image credit: International Gemini Observatory / NOIRLab / NSF / AURA / B. Bolin / J. Miller & M. Rodriguez, International Gemini Observatory & NSF’s NOIRLab / TA Rector, University of Alaska Anchorage & NSF’s NOIRLab / M. Zamani, NSF’s NOIRLab.
The recent GMOS image comprises exposures taken through four different filters: blue, green, orange, and red.
“During the exposure, the comet remains stationary in the center of the telescope’s field of view,” the astronomers explained.
“However, the background stars shift in relation to the comet, creating colorful streaks in the final image.”
“Initial images of the comet from the Shadow the Scientist session at Gemini South, Chile, exhibited a red hue.”
“In contrast, the new images released today display a subtle greenish glow.”
“This phenomenon results from light emitted by gases in the comet’s coma containing diatomic carbon, a reactive molecule made of two carbon atoms that emits light at green wavelengths. This gas evaporates as the comet heats up.”
“What remains uncertain is how comets behave as they move away from the Sun and cool down.”
“Many comets respond slowly to the Sun’s heat, as it takes time for the warmth to penetrate the comet’s interior.”
“Such delays could accelerate the evaporation of new compounds or potentially lead to the comet’s disintegration.”
Astronomers utilizing ESA’s XMM-Newton Observatory have captured X-ray images of 3I/ATLAS, the third confirmed interstellar object to traverse our solar system, following 1I/Oumuamua and 2I/Borisov.
This XMM-Newton image displays an X-ray visualization of the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS. The center features a bright red dot against a dark backdrop, resembling a burning lighthouse. Surrounding this core is a soft gradient of purple and blue, forming a slightly rotated rectangular frame divided by a thin horizontal line, indicating the detector gap. Red represents low-energy X-rays, while blue signifies regions with minimal X-rays. Image credit: ESA / XMM-Newton / C. Lisse / S. Cabot / XMM ISO Team.
On December 3, 2025, XMM-Newton tracked the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS for approximately 20 hours.
During this observation, the interstellar object was about 282-285 million kilometers away from the spacecraft.
XMM-Newton utilized the European Photon Imaging Camera (EPIC)-PN, its most sensitive X-ray camera, to observe the comet.
“This XMM-Newton image highlights the comet radiating in low-energy X-rays. The blue regions indicate voids with nearly no X-rays, while the red areas showcase the comet’s X-ray emissions,” stated members of the XMM-Newton team.
Astronomers anticipated this glow, as gas molecules emitted from comets generate X-rays upon colliding with the solar wind.
“These X-rays can originate from the interaction of the solar wind with gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide, and have previously been detected by telescopes like NASA/ESA/CSA’s James Webb Space Telescope and NASA’s SPHEREx,” added the researchers.
“However, these telescopes possess distinct sensitivities to gases like hydrogen and nitrogen.”
“They are almost undetectable by optical and ultraviolet instruments, such as the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and ESA’s JUICE camera.”
“This makes X-ray observation an exceptional resource,” they emphasized.
“Researchers will be able to identify and examine gases that are difficult to detect with alternative instruments.”
“Multiple scientific groups suggest that the first observed interstellar object, 1I/’Oumuamua, may have been composed of unusual ices like nitrogen and hydrogen.”
“Although 1I/Oumuamua is currently too distant to study, 3I/ATLAS provides fresh opportunities to investigate interstellar bodies. X-ray observations will supplement other data and assist scientists in understanding the composition of these objects.”
These stunning and enigmatic images were captured by scientists and photographers, like Felice Frankel, during her everyday life. Take a moment to see if you can guess what they depict before reading further. We will unveil the details beneath each photo.
The primary image is featured in Frankel’s latest publication, Amazing Moments: Uncovering the Hidden Science Around Us. Each close-up shot, many taken with her smartphone, is paired with an explanation of the scientific process highlighted. “It’s akin to a guessing game,” she notes.
So, what’s the answer? The primary image at the beginning of this article features an opal. The blue lines present are mineral veins. When light passes through the stone, it diffracts, and the size of the silica spheres along with their spacing determine the colors observed.
The above image was taken while Frankel sautéed peppers, where condensation formed on the pot lid. These small droplets acted as lenses, transmitting the colors of the peppers through the lid to the camera.
The above photo captures a high-resolution image of a 5 cm mineral agate sample. Its intricate pattern showcases a layer of silica.
Frankel was captivated by the glowing copper pot depicted above. When copper is heated and exposed to air, it oxidizes, resulting in vivid copper compounds that create beautiful colors.
In the concluding image above, oil leaking from the car forms a thin layer atop the puddle. Light reflects off the top and bottom of this oil layer, which varies in thickness, creating a spectrum of colors due to these reflections.
Inside a drawstring bag, you’ll find equipment like bug nets, tweezers, and small plastic vials. This may seem unusual for a photographer, but for Michael Benson, it’s just part of his routine. He dedicated over six years to gathering specimens for his latest publication, Nanocosmos: A Journey Through Electronic Space, a collection showcasing the microscopic realm in exquisite detail.
“I’m fascinated by the boundary between known and unknown territories—an area often linked to science,” he shares. “However, I approach it as an artist, not a scientist.”
That didn’t deter Benson from utilizing tools typically reserved for physicists and biologists. He produced all images for Nanocosmos using a formidable scanning electron microscope (SEM). This advanced technique employs a highly focused electron beam to intricately map surface contours. The resulting images portray submillimeter objects with such clarity that they appear almost extraterrestrial.
Take, for instance, the Acilidae musbifolia (as seen in the main image) alongside a flowering plant in Alberta, Canada. Even together, they span only slightly more than 1 cm. But with SEM technology, we can observe nearly every hair on the fly’s body, each claw on its legs, and even some of the countless individual receptors forming its bulging eyes.
Benson first utilized SEM in 2013 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Media Lab. “Learning to master SEM was challenging, requiring several years of practice,” he notes. Every specimen must be coated with “a molecularly thin layer of platinum to prevent charging by the electron beam,” and meticulously dried to maintain surface details.
Wing of the Erythemis simplicicollis dragonfly, approximately 3 mm wide, seen from the tip.
The image above showcases the wing feathers of the eastern pontaka dragonfly (Erythemis simplicicollis), captured from beneath at the wing tip. This species is found across the eastern two-thirds of the United States, as well as in southern Ontario and Quebec, Canada. The wings are about 3 mm wide.
Below are images of single-celled marine organisms, specifically Hexalonche philosophica, collected from the equatorial region of the Pacific Ocean, measuring just 0.2 millimeters from tip to tip.
Marine organism Hexalonche philosophica, about 0.2 mm in length
Another marine specimen, Ornithocercus magnificus (featured below), is a type of plankton discovered in the Gulf Stream off Florida’s coast, measuring approximately 0.1 mm in width.
Ornithocercus magnificus, with a width of about 0.1 mm.
In November 2025, ESA’s Jupiter Ice Satellite Probe (Juice) utilized five scientific instruments to study 3I/ATLAS, marking the second interstellar comet ever identified in our neighboring universe. The spacecraft also captured fresh images of this interstellar traveler using its navigation camera (NavCam).
This image from ESA’s Juice spacecraft captures the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS. Image credit: ESA / Juice / NavCam / CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO.
“Though the data from the scientific instruments won’t reach Earth until February 2026, our team was eager to see what we could find,” stated members of the Juice team.
“We opted to download just a quarter of a single NavCam image to test the waters.”
“To our astonishment, we clearly observed a comet, notably surrounded by signs of activity.”
“You can distinctly see the glowing gas surrounding the comet, referred to as the coma, along with indications of its two tails.”
“The comet’s ‘plasma tail,’ composed of electrically charged gas, stretches toward the top of the image.”
“A fainter ‘dust tail,’ made of tiny solid particles, can also be seen extending to the bottom left.”
Annotated version of the Juice image depicting interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS. Image credit: ESA / Juice / NavCam / CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO.
The image of 3I/ATLAS was captured on November 2, during the initial observation window of Comet Juice.
This observation took place on November 4, just two days before Juice’s closest approach to the comet, approximately 66 million kilometers (41 million miles) away.
“On February 18 and 20, 2026, we will receive data from the five scientific instruments (JANUS, MAJIS, UVS, SWI, PEP) activated during the observation,” the researchers mentioned.
“This delay results from Juice currently using its main high-gain antenna as a heat shield against the sun, while a smaller medium-gain antenna transmits data to Earth at a slower rate.”
Even though Juice was situated farther from 3I/ATLAS than ESA’s Mars rover—which returned in October—it observed 3I/ATLAS shortly after the comet’s closest proximity to the Sun, suggesting a more active state.
“We anticipate clearer indications of this activity with data from our scientific instruments,” the scientists elaborated.
“This will encompass not only visuals from JANUS (Juice’s high-resolution optical camera), but also spectrometry data from MAJIS and UVS, compositional insights from SWI, and particle data from PEP.”
Simulated representation of satellite trails contaminating images from future space telescopes
NASA/Boruff, Markham, Howell
Should space companies proceed with plans to deploy hundreds of thousands of satellites, up to a third of the images captured by the Hubble Space Telescope may be compromised.
In the last five years alone, over 75% of the approximate 14,000 satellites now orbiting Earth have been launched, many as part of megaconstellations, notably Elon Musk’s Starlink. Proposals indicate that we could see the deployment of as many as 500,000 satellites by the end of the 2030s, according to submissions to the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
Astronomers have long raised concerns regarding the potential impact of these satellites on ground-based telescopes. However, research by Alejandro Borlaf and his team at NASA’s Ames Research Center indicates that space telescopes are at risk as well.
“A telescope in space benefits from an unblemished environment; there’s no atmosphere or city lights,” Borlaf explains. “For the first time, we’re facing the issue of a man-made object contaminating our observations. This discovery was startling.”
By analyzing filings from the FCC and the International Telecommunication Union, Borlaf’s team estimated the anticipated number of satellites and their orbits over the next decade. They simulated the effect of these satellites blocking observations from four space observatories, including Hubble and China’s Shuntian telescope, as well as the Arrakis dark matter telescope set to launch in 2030, and the already launched SPHEREx galaxy telescope.
The researchers found that if 560,000 satellites are launched as projected, Hubble photos may capture an average of two satellite orbits, while Xuntian images could have approximately 90 satellite orbits due to a broader field of view and orbital altitude.
They validated their simulations by demonstrating that with the existing number of satellites, 4% of Hubble’s images would be influenced by the trajectories of these satellites, consistent with analyses of actual images.
These predictions could materialize if satellite launches proceed as planned. According to John Valentine from Dark Sky Consulting, a Tucson-based firm, it’s uncertain how many satellites will ultimately launch. “Many experts believe that over the next 15 years, the number of operational satellites could stabilize between 50,000 and 100,000.”
If the final number turns out to be only a fraction of the proposed figures, Valentine suggests, the impact on space telescopes would be notably reduced. “The number of trajectories per image would increase only slightly for ARRACHIS and Xuntian, while remaining relatively unchanged for SPHEREx and HST.”
Recent ultraviolet (UV) images from the imaging ultraviolet spectrometer (IUVS) on NASA’s MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution) orbiter have provided unique insights into the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS, offering details about its chemical composition and the amount of water vapor released as it warms under the Sun. These findings will aid scientists in understanding the past, present, and future of 3I/ATLAS.
This ultraviolet image displays the coma of 3I/ATLAS as observed on October 9, 2025, by NASA’s MAVEN spacecraft utilizing its IUVS camera. The brightest pixel in the center marks the comet’s location, while the surrounding bright pixels show the presence of hydrogen atoms emanating from the comet. Image credit: NASA/Goddard/LASP/CU Boulder.
MAVEN captured images of 3I/ATLAS over a span of 10 days starting September 27, 2025, using IUVS cameras in two distinctive methods.
Initially, IUVS generated multiple images of the comet across several wavelengths, akin to using various filters on a single camera.
Subsequently, high-resolution UV images were obtained to identify the hydrogen emitted by 3I/ATLAS.
Analyzing these images together allows researchers to pinpoint various molecules and gain a deeper understanding of the comet’s makeup.
“The images gathered by MAVEN are truly astounding,” remarked Dr. Shannon Currie, MAVEN’s principal investigator.
“The detections we observe are significant, and we have merely begun our analysis journey.”
This annotated composite image highlights hydrogen atoms from three origins, including 3I/ATLAS (left), captured by NASA’s MAVEN orbiter on September 28, 2025, using an IUVS camera. The bright stripe on the right corresponds to hydrogen released from Mars, while the dark stripe in the center represents interplanetary hydrogen present in the solar system. Image credit: NASA/Goddard/LASP/CU Boulder.
The IUVS data also provides an estimated upper limit on the ratio of deuterium to normal hydrogen in comets, which is crucial for tracking their origin and evolution.
During the comet’s closest approach to Mars, Curry and his team utilized IUVS’s more sensitive channel to map various atoms and molecules, such as hydrogen and hydroxyls, within the comet’s coma.
Further examination of the comet’s chemical makeup could shed light on its origins and evolutionary journey.
“I experienced a rush of adrenaline when I saw what we had documented,” stated Dr. Justin Dahan, co-principal investigator of MAVEN and a member of the Atmospheric and Space Physics Laboratory at the University of Colorado Boulder.
“Every observation we make about this comet will enhance our understanding of interstellar objects.”
NASA unveiled new images of an interstellar comet on Wednesday, marking it as the third confirmed visitor from elsewhere in the galaxy. The visuals depict the comet as a luminous point encircled by a halo of gas and dust.
In the eagerly awaited photograph, the comet, designated 3I/ATLAS, mainly appears as an illuminated spot, though its tail can be seen as a faint elongated streak in some frames.
Interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS (highlighted in the center) as captured by NASA’s Lucy spacecraft. This image was formed by combining multiple photos taken on September 16, as the comet approached Mars. NASA / Goddard / SwRI / JHU-APL
First identified in July, comet 3I/ATLAS has generated significant excitement among scientists and astronomy enthusiasts. The fascination arises from the unique chance to observe interstellar objects at such proximity.
The latest images were captured by an array of NASA spacecraft while the enigmatic comet circled through the inner solar system from late September to mid-October. The release was delayed due to a government shutdown that interrupted operations at NASA and other federal institutions.
The NASA missions responsible for these new images include the PUNCH satellite, which observes the Sun, the Solar Heliosphere Observatory, the MAVEN mission studying Mars’ atmosphere, and the Perseverance rover, currently on Mars’ surface.
Traveling at 130,000 miles per hour, the comet 3I/ATLAS was depicted in a series of colorized stacked visuals from September 11 to 25 using the STEREO-A (Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory) visible-light camera. NASA / Lowell Observatory / Zhang Qicheng
Prior to 3I/ATLAS, the only confirmed interstellar objects to have entered our solar system were the cigar-shaped ‘Oumuamua in 2017 and comet 2I/Borisov in 2019.
The arrival of 3I/ATLAS in our cosmic vicinity has sparked wild speculations about the possibility of it being extraterrestrial technology or an alien spacecraft, although no scientific backing supports these ideas. NASA officials stated in a press conference on Wednesday that all current observations align with known comet characteristics.
“We certainly haven’t detected any technosignatures or anything that would suggest it is anything but a comet,” remarked Nicki Fox, associate administrator for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate.
Nonetheless, the comet’s interstellar roots indicate it possesses intriguing attributes that could yield new insights regarding star systems beyond our own, according to Fox.
“That difference is particularly fascinating to us,” she stated. “It may have existed before our solar system was formed. That’s pretty exciting.”
In the forthcoming weeks, scientists will have enhanced opportunities to study 3I/ATLAS and further analyze its appearance, speed, chemical makeup, and potential origins.
“This is a new scientific chance and an opportunity to delve into the composition and history of other solar systems,” expressed Tom Statler, NASA’s lead scientist for small solar system bodies. “We’re just beginning to understand these types of objects and determining the right questions to pose about them.”
Comet 3I/ATLAS was documented by the PUNCH satellite in low Earth orbit from September 28 to October 10, when it was between 231 to 235 million miles away. NASA/Southwest Research Institute
However, tracing the comet’s origin remains challenging, Statler noted.
3I/ATLAS came closest to the Sun at the end of October and is currently continuing its path through the inner solar system. It has been so near to the Sun that it has not been visible to terrestrial telescopes recently, but NASA anticipates it will become visible again post-December.
On December 19, 3I/ATLAS is expected to make a close pass by Earth. Although it poses no threat, NASA states that the comet will remain about 170 million miles away during this encounter.
Statler indicated that the James Webb Space Telescope will observe the comet in December, while ground-based telescopes like the W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii are also scheduled to capture images of the comet in the future.
An image depicting interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS as it approached Mars, captured by the European Space Agency’s ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. European Space Agency
The photos released by NASA on Wednesday join a growing collection acquired by various spacecraft across the solar system. In early October, the European Space Agency shared 3I/ATLAS images taken by the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, which showed a bright point moving through the vastness of space.
This spacecraft, co-managed by the ESA and the Russian Federal Space Agency, detected a comet approaching near Mars at that time, about 18.6 million miles away according to ESA.
NASA continues to analyze additional data gathered by the fleet of spacecraft since early October.
“There’s much more to come,” Statler remarked. “Not all data has been transmitted through NASA’s Deep Space Network yet, and there are numerous observations still planned.”
Under a new UK law, tech companies and child protection agencies will be granted the authority to test if artificial intelligence tools can create images of child abuse.
This announcement follows reports from a safety watchdog highlighting instances of child sexual abuse generated by AI. The number of cases surged from 199 in 2024 to 426 in 2025.
With these changes, the government will empower selected AI firms and child safety organizations to analyze AI models, including the tech behind chatbots like ChatGPT and image-generating devices such as Google’s Veo 3, to ensure measures are in place to prevent the creation of child sexual abuse images.
Kanishka Narayan, the Minister of State for AI and Online Safety, emphasized that this initiative is “ultimately to deter abuse before it happens,” stating, “Experts can now identify risks in AI models sooner, under stringent conditions.”
This alteration was made due to the illegality of creating and possessing CSAM. Consequently, AI developers and others will be prevented from producing such images during testing. Previously, authorities could only respond after AI-generated CSAM was uploaded online, but this law seeks to eliminate that issue by stopping the images from being generated at all.
The amendments are part of the Crime and Policing Bill, which also establishes a prohibition on the possession, creation, and distribution of AI models intended to generate child sexual abuse material.
During a recent visit to Childline’s London headquarters, Narayan listened to a simulated call featuring an AI-generated report of abuse, depicting a teenager seeking assistance after being blackmailed with a sexual deepfake of herself created with AI.
“Hearing about children receiving online threats provokes intense anger in me, and parents feel justified in their outrage,” he remarked.
The Internet Watch Foundation, which oversees CSAM online, reported that incidents of AI-generated abusive content have more than doubled this year. Reports of Category A material, the most severe type of abuse, increased from 2,621 images or videos to 3,086.
Girls are predominantly targeted, making up 94% of illegal AI images by 2025, with the portrayal of newborns to two-year-olds rising significantly from five in 2024 to 92 in 2025.
Kelly Smith, CEO of the Internet Watch Foundation, stated that these legal modifications could be “a crucial step in ensuring the safety of AI products before their launch.”
“AI tools enable survivors to be victimized again with just a few clicks, allowing criminals to create an unlimited supply of sophisticated, photorealistic child sexual abuse material,” she noted. “Such material commodifies the suffering of victims and increases risks for children, particularly girls, both online and offline.”
Childline also revealed insights from counseling sessions where AI was referenced. The concerns discussed included using AI to evaluate weight, body image, and appearance; chatbots discouraging children from confiding in safe adults about abuse; online harassment with AI-generated content; and blackmail involving AI-created images.
From April to September this year, Childline reported 367 counseling sessions where AI, chatbots, and related topics were mentioned, a fourfold increase compared to the same period last year. Half of these references in the 2025 sessions pertained to mental health and wellness, including the use of chatbots for support and AI therapy applications.
Recent observations of 3I/ATLAS, the third interstellar object confirmed to traverse the solar system following 1I/Oumuamua and 2I/Borisov, reveal a sophisticated multi-jet configuration.
The image of 3I/ATLAS was captured by Lowell Observatory astronomer Qicheng Zhang on October 31, 2025. Image credit: Qicheng Zhang / Lowell Observatory.
Discovered on July 1, 2025, by the NASA-funded ATLAS (Asteroid Terrestrial Impact Last Alert System) survey telescope in Rio Hurtado, Chile, 3I/ATLAS is also referred to as C/2025 N1 (ATLAS) and A11pl3Z.
Originating from the direction of the Sagittarius constellation, this comet holds the designation of being the most dynamically extreme object recorded, characterized by its hyperbolic orbit with high eccentricity and extreme hyperbolic velocity.
3I/ATLAS came closest to the Sun, reaching perihelion, on October 30, 2025.
This interstellar visitor approached within 1.4 AU (astronomical units), or approximately 210 million km, of the Sun, which is just inside Mars’ orbit.
At perihelion, the comet traveled at a remarkable speed of about 68 km/s, and its proximity to the Sun temporarily rendered it invisible to Earth’s telescopes.
Following perihelion, it will once again be observable through telescopes until December as it gradually distances itself from both the Sun and Earth, returning to interstellar space.
The initial post-perihelion optical image of 3I/ATLAS (as shown above) was captured. This was announced on October 31 by astronomer Zhang Qicheng of Lowell Observatory using the Discovery Telescope.
This image of 3I/ATLAS was taken on November 8, 2025 by astronomers from the ICQ Comet Observation Group. Image credit: M. Jaeger / G. Lehmann / E. Prosperi.
On November 8th, three astronomers from the ICQ Comet Observation Group observed the comet situated 29 degrees from the Sun in the sky.
The images they captured depict a complex jet structure with at least seven jets, including several anti-tail planes.
“Given the multitude of jets emerging in various directions, the noted non-gravitational acceleration of 3I/ATLAS implies that more than 10 to 20 percent of its initial mass would need to be ejected near perihelion,” remarked Professor Avi Loeb of Harvard University discussing the ICQ images. He stated,
“Only a small fraction of this mass carries the necessary momentum in the favored direction.”
“Consequently, the debris cloud enveloping 3I/ATLAS likely constitutes a considerable portion of the comet’s original mass.”
This 3I/ATLAS image was taken on November 9, 2025, by astronomers from the British Astronomical Society. Image credit: Michael Buechner / Frank Niebling.
On November 9th, two astronomers from the British Astronomical Association (BAA) studied the comet using two telescopes.
Their combined image displayed a long “smoking” tail along with two anti-tail jets.
“3I/ATLAS is expected to make its closest approach to Earth on December 19, 2025, making the multijet structure an intriguing target for future observations with the Hubble and Webb telescopes,” Professor Loeb mentioned discussing the BAA images. He noted.
The minimum distance to Earth will be 269 million km, roughly 100 times the extent of the jet structure illustrated in the image.
Utilizing the Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam) aboard the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope, astronomers have obtained fresh images of the Red Spider Nebula, a prominent planetary nebula located in the constellation Sagittarius.
This web image showcases the Red Spider Nebula. Image credit: NASA/ESA/CSA/Webb/JH Kastner, Rochester Institute of Technology.
The Red Spider Nebula was identified by American astronomer and physicist Edward Charles Pickering on July 15, 1882.
This astronomical object is located roughly 12,420 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Sagittarius.
Commonly referred to as NGC 6537, ESO 590-1, and IRAS 18021-1950, it has an approximate radius of 3.6 light-years.
“Planetary nebulae, like the Red Spider Nebula, form when average stars, such as our Sun, reach the conclusion of their life cycles,” Webb astronomers noted in a statement.
“As these stars expand into cool red giants, they shed their outer layers, propelling them into space and revealing their hot white cores.”
“Ultraviolet radiation from the central star ionizes the ejected material, causing it to emit light.”
“The planetary nebula stage of a star’s lifecycle is both spectacular and brief, lasting only tens of thousands of years.”
“This Webb image displays the central star of the Red Spider Nebula, which shines slightly brighter than the dusty gas web surrounding it.”
In optical images from telescopes such as Hubble, the stars appear faintly blue.
However, in the NIRCam image, it appears red. Webb’s sensitive near-infrared capabilities have unveiled the hot dust enveloping the central star.
“This hot dust likely orbits the central star in a disk-like formation,” the astronomers explained.
“Even though only one star is visible at the nebula’s center, a concealed companion star may exist there.”
“Such a stellar companion could account for the nebula’s shape, including its distinctive narrow waist and broad jets.”
“This hourglass configuration is also observed in other planetary nebulae, like the Butterfly Nebula, which Webb has also recently studied.”
“Webb’s fresh perspective on the Red Spider Nebula reveals, for the first time, the complete extent of the nebula’s extended lobes that resemble the spider’s ‘legs,'” researchers stated.
“These lobes, depicted in blue, are traced by light emitted from H.2, a molecule consisting of two hydrogen atoms bonded together.”
“These lobes, which are visible across NIRCam’s field of view, are shown to be closed, bubble-like structures, each stretching about three light-years.”
“Gas streaming from the core of the nebula has inflated these massive bubbles over countless years.”
“New observations from Webb indicate that gas is also actively being ejected from the nebula’s center.”
“A protracted purple ‘S’ shape at the nebula’s center follows light from ionized iron atoms.”
“This feature illustrates where a fast-moving jet has emerged near the nebula’s central star, colliding with previously ejected material and shaping the nebula’s undulating structure that we observe today.”
Astronomers utilized the Subaru Telescope, W.M. Keck Observatory, and ESA’s Gaia mission to capture images of the brown dwarf companion orbiting the M dwarf star LSPM J1446+4633.
NIRC2 image of J1446 taken in August 2023. The white arrow indicates the location of the new companion J1446B. Image provided by: Uyama et al., doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ae08b6.
LSPM J1446+4633 (J1446) is a nearby mid-M dwarf, situated 17 parsecs (55 light-years) away.
The newly identified brown dwarf orbits its parent star at a distance approximately 4.3 times that of the Earth from the sun, completing an orbit every 20 years.
This object, designated J1446B, has a mass ranging from 20 to 60 times that of Jupiter.
“The success of this discovery was due to the combination of three complementary observational methods: (i) radial velocity (RV) measurements via long-term infrared spectroscopic monitoring by Subaru’s IRD instrument, (ii) high-resolution near-infrared imaging with advanced adaptive optics at the W.M. Keck Observatory, and (iii) precise astronomical acceleration measurements from ESA’s Gaia mission,” stated California State University astronomer Taichi Uyama and his team.
“By integrating these datasets and applying Kepler’s laws, we were able to determine the dynamic mass and orbital parameters of J1446B with unprecedented precision.”
“Radial velocity data by itself cannot differentiate between mass and orbital inclination, but the addition of direct imaging and Gaia data resolves this ambiguity.”
“The Subaru IRD-SSP program provided crucial RV data, while Keck’s cutting-edge adaptive optics allowed for the direct detection of the companion star at very close distances from the host star.”
“Previous studies have shown that astronomical acceleration from Hipparcos and Gaia can be combined with direct imaging to detect and analyze companion objects.”
“However, Hipparcos was unable to measure faint red dwarf stars like J1446.”
“Our study is the first to apply Gaia-only acceleration data to such a system, successfully constraining the orbit and dynamical mass of a brown dwarf companion.”
Near-infrared observations of J1446B indicated a brightness variation of about 30%, hinting at dynamic atmospheric phenomena such as clouds or storms.
“This finding serves as a significant benchmark for testing brown dwarf formation theories and atmospheric models,” the astronomers noted.
“Future spectroscopic studies may enable researchers to map the weather patterns on this intriguing object.”
“This achievement highlights the efficacy of combining ground-based and space-based observatories in discovering hidden worlds beyond our solar system.”
The team’s paper was published in Astronomy Magazine.
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Taichi Uyama et al. 2025. Direct Image Exploration for Companions with Subaru/IRD Strategic Program II. A brown dwarf companion star was discovered around the nearby medium-M dwarf LSPM J1446+4633. A.J. 170, 272; doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ae08b6
Images generated by AI depicting extreme poverty, children, and survivors of sexual violence are increasingly populating stock photo platforms and are being utilized by prominent health NGOs, according to global health specialists who raise alarms over a shift towards what they term “poverty porn.”
“They are widespread,” shares Noah Arnold from Fair Picture, a Switzerland-based organization dedicated to fostering ethical imagery in global development. “Some organizations are actively employing AI visuals, while others are experimenting cautiously.”
Arseni Alenichev, researcher states, “The images replicate the visual lexicon of poverty: children with empty plates, cracked earth, and other typical visuals,” as noted by researchers at the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Antwerp specializing in global health imagery.
Alenichev has amassed over 100 AI-generated images depicting extreme poverty intended for individuals and NGOs to use in social media initiatives against hunger and sexual violence. The visuals he provided to the Guardian reflect scenes that perpetuate exaggerated stereotypes, such as an African girl dressed in a wedding gown with tears on her cheeks. In a comment article published Thursday, he argues that these images represent “poverty porn 2.0”.
While quantifying the prevalence of AI-generated images is challenging, Alenichev and his team believe their usage is rising, driven by concerns regarding consent and financial constraints. Arnold mentioned that budget cuts to NGO funding in the U.S. exacerbate the situation.
“It’s evident organizations are beginning to consider synthetic images in place of real photographs because they are more affordable and eliminate the need for consent or other complications,” Alenichev explained.
AI-generated visuals depicting extreme poverty are now appearing abundantly on popular stock photo websites, including Adobe Stock Photography and Freepik when searching for terms like “poverty.” Many of these images carry captions such as “Realistic child in refugee camp,” and “Children in Asia swim in garbage-filled rivers.” Adobe’s licensing fees for such images are approximately £60.
“They are deeply racist. They should never have been published as they reflect the worst stereotypes about Africa, India, and more,” Alenichev asserted.
Freepik’s CEO Joaquín Abela stated that the accountability for usage of these extreme images falls upon media consumers rather than platforms like his. He pointed out that the AI-generated stock photos come from the platform’s global user base, and if an image is purchased by a Freepik customer, that user community earns a licensing fee.
He added that Freepik is attempting to mitigate bias present elsewhere in its photo library by “introducing diversity” and striving for gender balance in images of professionals like lawyers and CEOs featured on the site.
However, he acknowledged limitations in what can be achieved on his platform. “It’s akin to drying the ocean. We make efforts, but the reality is that if consumers worldwide demand images in a specific manner, there’s little anyone can do.”
A screen capture of an AI-generated image of “poverty” on a stock photo site, raising concerns about biased depictions and stereotypes.
Illustration: Freepik
Historically, prominent charities have integrated AI-generated images into their global health communication strategies. In 2023, the Dutch branch of the British charity Plan International will launch a video campaign against child marriage featuring AI-generated images including that of a girl with black eyes, an elderly man, and a pregnant teenager.
Last year, the United Nations released a video that showcased the AI-generated testimony of a Burundian woman who was raped and left for dead in 1993 amidst the civil war. This video was removed after The Guardian reached out to the UN for a statement.
“The video in question was produced over a year ago utilizing rapidly advancing tools and was taken down because we perceived it to demonstrate inappropriate use of AI, potentially jeopardizing the integrity of the information by blending real footage with nearly authentic, artificially generated content,” remarked a UN peacekeeping spokesperson.
“The United Nations remains dedicated to supporting survivors of conflict-related sexual violence, including through innovative and creative advocacy.”
Arnold commented that the rising reliance on these AI images is rooted in a long-standing discussion concerning ethical imagery and respectful storytelling concerning poverty and violence. “It’s likely simpler to procure an off-the-shelf AI visual, as it’s not tied to any real individual.”
Kate Kaldle, a communications consultant for NGOs, expressed her disgust at the images, recalling previous conversations about the concept of “poverty porn” in the sector.
“It’s unfortunate that the struggle for more ethical representation of those experiencing poverty has become unrealistic,” she lamented.
Generative AI tools have long been known to reproduce—and at times exaggerate—widely-held societal biases. Alenichev mentioned that this issue could be intensified by the presence of biased images in global health communications, as such images can circulate across the internet and ultimately be used to train the next wave of AI models, which has been shown to exacerbate prejudice.
A spokesperson for Plan International noted that as of this year, the NGO has “adopted guidance advising against the use of AI to portray individual children,” and that their 2023 campaign employed AI-generated images to maintain “the privacy and dignity of real girls.”
In a project that emphasizes the environmental consequences of technological consumption, artists have created pieces that illustrate the effects of the climate crisis on some of the world’s most renowned landscapes.
Locations such as Venice in Italy, the Giant’s Causeway in Northern Ireland, Iguazu Falls at the border of Argentina and Brazil, and the River Seine in Paris serve as study points for potential impacts from the climate crisis anticipated by the end of the century. An exhibition in London will showcase the findings.
Current status and visualization of the Giant’s Causeway. Written by Alex Griffiths
Mark Maslin, a professor of earth system science at University College London, employed climate modeling to evaluate the minimum and maximum damage at each site. A group of artists interpreted his findings for a display at Back Market’s Last Shot Gallery. The aim of the artwork is not to forecast exact conditions in these locations, but to elevate consciousness regarding the threats posed by climate change.
Maslin addressed the environmental repercussions of technological consumption. Estimations suggest that human actions account for 6% of the climate crisis, which is double that of the airline sector.
“There is an unawareness regarding how much the devices people constantly use and replace are contributing to overconsumption, vast pollution, and climate change,” he states. “We aim to raise that awareness. Many who utilize their phones daily are oblivious to the impact on the planet.”
Current status and visualization of Moraine Lake in Canada. Written by Hugh Jardine
The environmental damage from rapid technological advancement stems from the extraction of materials such as tantalum, cobalt, and tin—a process notoriously damaging socially and environmentally—and the disposal of e-waste, which emits harmful greenhouse gases like methane and carbon dioxide when burned or pollutes soil and water with toxins when irresponsibly discarded in landfills.
He mentioned that the EU is implementing legislation aimed at curbing built-in obsolescence, which includes regulations on universal chargers to reduce the chaos of myriad wires and plugs piling up in homes.
Tech companies are resisting accusations from Bullock and other lawmakers of disrupting the free market. In June 2024, the EU passed a directive that requires a broader selection of product repairs, extends legal guarantees, and forbids manufacturers from obstructing third-party components.
Iguazu Falls, present day and visualization by Osman G.
In the UK, regulations have been active since 2021 concerning certain household appliances. However, there are ongoing concerns about their overall effectiveness.
“Our studies indicate that while individuals are aware of the shifts occurring around them, many still lack an understanding of how their daily choices, particularly regarding technology, relate to the broader context,” stated Luke Forshaw, head of brand and marketing at Back Market, a global marketplace focusing on regenerative technology, which collaborated with Maslin to organize the exhibition.
Venice – present and visualization. Written by Archie McGrath and Josiah Naggar
A record was set in 2022 with 62 million tons of e-waste produced, marking it as one of the world’s fastest-growing waste streams. Forshaw points out that it’s crucial now more than ever to reevaluate our relationship with technology, opting for sustainability over contributing to landfills. “Making sustainable choices more affordable, accessible, and transparent is essential to bridging that gap,” he remarked.
5 Ways to Reduce Your Carbon Footprint
Your phone contains valuable materials that can be reused. Photo: Maxim Emelyanov/Alamy
Choose the technology that suits you and stick with it.
Remember that mobile phones hold valuable materials that should be reused, not discarded.
Sell your old device either to a reputable reuse shop or privately.
Maintain your phone’s battery between 20% and 80% for optimal longevity.
Keep your device clean, removing dust from charging ports.
The exhibition is at the Last Shot Gallery on October 17th in Fitzrovia, central London.
Astronomers leveraged data from the Radio Astron satellite to generate radio images of two supermassive black holes located at the core of a distant quasar, OJ287. The secondary black hole follows a 12-year orbit around the primary black hole.
The RadioAstron will map two supermassive black holes at the center of galaxy OJ 287, located about 5 billion light-years away in the constellation Cancer. The middle component corresponds to a primary black hole, while the next higher component indicates a secondary black hole, and the highest component represents the knot of its jet. The apparent elongation of the individual components is not real but rather reflects the beam’s shape. Image credit: Valtonen et al., doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae057e.
Quasars are exceptionally luminous galactic nuclei whose brightness arises when a supermassive black hole at the galaxy’s center consumes surrounding cosmic gas and dust.
Previously, astronomers have successfully captured images of a black hole at the center of the Milky Way and another in the nearby galaxy known as Messier 87.
“Quasar OJ 287 is so luminous that even amateur astronomers using commercial telescopes can observe it,” remarked Dr. Mauri Valtonen, an astronomer from the University of Turku.
“What sets OJ 287 apart is that it is believed to have two black holes that orbit each other every 12 years, creating a distinct pattern of light fluctuations over the same interval.”
“The earliest observations of OJ 287 date back to the 19th century, captured through old photographs.”
“At that time, the concept of black holes, not to mention quasars, was unimaginable.”
“OJ 287 was inadvertently captured in photographs while astronomers were focused on other celestial objects.”
In 1982, Dr. Valtonen observed that the brightness of the object varied regularly over a 12-year cycle.
He continued his research as a university scholar and proposed that these brightness variations could be due to two black holes orbiting one another.
Numerous astronomers have been closely monitoring quasars to validate this theory and to gain a comprehensive understanding of the orbital motion of the black holes.
The mystery regarding this orbit was finally clarified four years ago by astronomer Lankeswar Dey from the University of Turku.
The only remaining question was whether both black holes could be detected simultaneously.
The solution came from NASA’s TESS satellite, which identified light emission from both black holes.
However, the images captured under normal light lacked the resolution to distinguish the black holes as separate entities, so they were still represented merely as single points.
What was necessary were images with a resolution 100,000 times greater than that attainable by standard radio telescopes.
In this research, Valtonen and his collaborators compared initial theoretical models with radio images.
The two black holes were precisely positioned in the images where they were anticipated to be.
This finding successfully addressed a question that had lingered for four decades: the existence of black hole pairs.
“For the first time, we were able to create images revealing two black holes in orbit around each other,” noted Dr. Valtonen.
“In the image, the black hole is marked by the powerful jets of particles it emits.”
“While the black hole itself is entirely black, it can be identified by the jets of particles and the luminous gas surrounding it.”
Researchers also discovered a completely new type of jet emanating from black holes.
The jet from the secondary black hole of OJ 287 is twisted, resembling the jet from a spinning garden hose.
“This is due to the smaller black hole moving more swiftly around the primary black hole, causing its jet to be deflected according to its current trajectory,” the authors explained.
Their paper was published in the Astrophysical Journal.
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Mauri J. Valtonen et al. 2025. Secondary jet identified in RadioAstron images of OJ 287. APJ 992, 110; doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae057e
“It had an unusual expression, reminiscent of an alien, but it wasn’t hostile. It remained motionless on the branch throughout,” said Kim Hui Yu, the photographer of the long-eared longhorn beetle during a family visit to Gunung Jerai on Malaysia’s west coast.
A light bulb inside the mosquito net drew invertebrates during the night. In the morning, she selected the most vibrant ones for photographs. “I want to raise awareness that every creature, even the tiniest, has its place. So we must protect our forests.”
The image titled alien is one of eight featured in the Natural History Museum’s 2025 Biodiversity Exhibit. Visit the Wildlife Photographer of the Year exhibition, opening in London on October 17th. The collection includes images from past contests.
The exhibit also showcases a large map illustrating biodiversity levels based on the Biodiversity Intact Index developed by museum researchers.
4 month old black rhino calf
Hilary O’Leary
Hannah McCartney, who oversees the contest, emphasizes the significant influence of images. The aim is to motivate viewers to notice and act. A prime example includes Innocent Betrayed by Hilary O’Leary, showcasing a four-month-old black rhino calf interacting with an anti-poaching scout, captured while the calf was lost in the brush.
Berchtesgaden National Park in the German Alps
marc graff
high and wild, captured by Mark Graf, presents a different perspective on the potential losses of nature. This shot shows trees and rocks emerging from sunlit clouds within Berchtesgaden’s national park.
Intimate moments between harlequin toads
Jaime Culeblas
Jaime Culebras’ happy couple captures mating harlequin toads in Colombia’s Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta National Natural Park, home to numerous endangered species.
Caitlin Woods, marine ranger off Lord Howe Island
Justin Gilligan
rich reflections by Justin Gilligan captures marine ranger Caitlin Woods snorkeling among the vibrant seaweed off Lord Howe Island, located between Australia and New Zealand.
Interspecies showdown
Morgan Heim
A close encounter between a pygmy rabbit and a stink bug, both found in rabbit burrows, was captured in burrow mate by Morgan Heim in the Columbia Basin, Washington.
Red kite takes off in the UK
owen hearn
flight path: Owen Hearn’s image juxtaposes the close-up of a red kite with a distant airplane silhouette. This pivotal photo was taken at a Bedfordshire site once selected as London’s third major airport, a project halted due to public opposition. Currently, this location offers a unique vantage point for wildlife photography. While the red kite population has dramatically recovered following its near extinction due to historical persecution, Britain remains one of the most depleted nations in terms of wildlife.
Life beneath the ice off the coast of Antarctica
Laurent Ballesta
Laurent Ballesta’s pyramid of life illustrates the biodiversity thriving beneath East Antarctica’s ice, featuring giant ribbon worms and starfish.
The Wildlife Photographer of the Year competition is celebrating its 61st year, with judges evaluating a record 60,000 entries, compared to just 341 in 1965. Winners will be revealed on October 14th.
During its closest encounter with Mars on October 3, 2025, comet 3I/ATLAS was situated 30 million km from the ESA’s ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO).
The image of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS was taken on October 3, 2025, by the CaSSIS instrument aboard the ESA’s Trace Gas Orbiter. Image credit: ESA/TGO/CaSSIS.
TGO acquired new images of 3I/ATLAS utilizing the Color and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS).
“This observation posed significant challenges for this instrument,” noted Dr. Nick Thomas, Principal Investigator of ESA’s CaSSIS instrument.
“3I/ATLAS appears as a slightly blurred white dot that descends toward the center of the image.”
“This point represents the nucleus of the comet, which comprises an icy, rocky core surrounded by a coma.”
“Due to the distance, CaSSIS couldn’t differentiate between a nuclear and a coma state.”
“The CaSSIS camera has an angular resolution of 11.36 microradians (equivalent to 2.34 arc seconds) per pixel,” explained Professor Avi Loeb from Harvard University.
“At a minimum distance of approximately 30 million km from 3I/ATLAS, this resolution translates to 340 km.”
“This pixel size is one to two orders of magnitude larger than the anticipated core diameters of 3I/ATLAS, which range from a minimum of 5 km to a maximum of 46 km.”
“Some of the expansion can be observed in CaSSIS images,” he mentioned.
“The passage of 3I/ATLAS across the Martian sky will be viewed by the Mars rover from an angle nearly perpendicular to the 3I/ATLAS-Sun axis, allowing for a side view of the glow surrounding 3I/ATLAS.”
“The width of the luminous glow around 3I/ATLAS in the CaSSIS image is approximately twice that of a bright star appearing as a background point source in the same image.”
“This span corresponds to a scale of 680 km, which is an order of magnitude smaller than the width seen in Hubble images.”
“Thus, it’s evident that CaSSIS only captures the brightest regions surrounding the core of 3I/ATLAS and cannot detect the low surface brightness envelope visible in Hubble images.”
From November 2 to 25, 2025, ESA’s Jupiter Icy Satellites probe will observe 3I/ATLAS with a range of instruments. Image credit: ESA.
“Our Mars rovers continue to contribute significantly to Mars science, and it’s always thrilling to see them respond to unforeseen scenarios like this,” remarked Dr. Colin Wilson, ESA’s Mars Express and ExoMars project scientist.
“We eagerly await the insights the data will reveal following further analysis.”
Next month, ESA researchers are set to observe 3I/ATLAS with the Jupiter Icy Satellite Orbiter (JUICE).
While JUICE will be located further from 3I/ATLAS than last week’s Mars rover, the rover will detect the comet shortly after its closest approach to the Sun, indicating heightened activity.
“Observation data for JUICE is anticipated to be received by February 2026,” they noted.
The bright area represents the comet’s core, which consists of a dense mixture of ice, rock, and dust. Typically, the nucleus is enveloped in a cloud of gas and dust known as a coma.
Since being discovered in July, Comet 3i/Atlas has captivated both astronomers and space enthusiasts. There have been intriguing theories suggesting it could be alien technology or a spacecraft, though no scientific backing exists for these ideas.
The comet is not stationary.
Researchers tracking its trajectory project that the comet will make its closest approach to the sun around October 30, as its orbit navigates through the inner solar system in the following weeks.
NASA has stated that 3i/Atlas poses no risk to Earth, maintaining a distance of about 170 million miles during its pass.
However, its near pass of Mars provided a unique observational opportunity.
The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, jointly run by the ESA and Russia’s Federal Space Agency, directed its cameras at the comet for approximately a week starting October 1, officials from ESA noted. At that point, 3i/Atlas was roughly 18.6 million miles from the spacecraft.
Despite this, the orbiter’s instruments are primarily designed for imaging the Martian surface rather than distant objects, as explained by Nick Thomas, principal investigator for the imaging system.
“This posed a significant challenge for our instruments,” he stated in a statement. “Comets are approximately 10,000 to 100,000 times less dense than typical targets.”
Other interstellar visitors to our solar system include Oumuamua in 2017 and 2i/Borisov in 2019.
ESA emphasized, “All celestial bodies in our solar system share a common origin, but interstellar comets are unique outsiders, providing insights into the formation of distant worlds.”
As 3i/Atlas travels through our solar system, astronomers are eager to analyze its size and physical characteristics. Earlier this year, it was visible through ground-based telescopes, but it’s currently too close to the sun for observation. It is expected to reappear on the opposite side of the sun by early December, according to NASA.
NASA is tracking 3i/Atlas with the Hubble Space Telescope and plans additional observations in the upcoming months. The James Webb Space Telescope, Spherex Space Observatory, Parker Solar Probe, and the Exoplanet Survey Satellite are among the instruments hoping to catch a glimpse of the comet.
A photo taken recently by the Saturday camera captured streaks of light, leading to speculation online that it could be Comet 3i/Atlas. However, NASA has not confirmed this, and their public information office is currently closed due to the government shutdown.
ESA’s Mars Express spacecraft did focus its camera on the comet as it passed, although further analysis will be required to distinguish interstellar objects from the gathered data.
Nasa has unveiled a stunning close-up image of NGC 6951, the Barred Spiral Galaxy, taken by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.
This Hubble image portrays NGC 6951, a barred spiral galaxy situated around 70 million light years away in the constellation of Cepheus. The color images were derived from separate exposures in the visible and near-infrared spectrum using Hubble’s Advanced Camera (ACS). Two different filters were utilized to capture various wavelengths. Colors were assigned by applying distinct hues to each monochromatic image linked to an individual filter. Image credits: NASA/ESA/Hubble/LC HO/G. Brammer/A. Filippenko/C. Kilpatrick.
NGC 6951 is located approximately 70 million light years from Earth in the constellation of Cepheus.
Also cataloged as NGC 6952, LEDA 65086, IRAS 20366+6555, and UGC 11604, the galaxy spans about 75,000 light years.
This remarkable galaxy was first discovered independently in 1877 by French astronomer Jerome Kogier and later in 1878 by American astronomer Louis Swift.
Astronomers categorize it as a barred spiral galaxy, classified as a type II Seyfert galaxy and a low ionization nuclear emission line region (LINER) galaxy.
“As this Hubble image reveals, NGC 6951 is a spiral galaxy filled with fascinating structures,” noted a Hubble astronomer.
“The most striking features are the spiral arms adorned with shimmering red nebulae, bright blue stars, and wispy dust clouds.”
“The spiral arm encircling the center of the galaxy emits a golden glow, a hallmark of the older star population.”
“The central region of the galaxy appears extended, indicating the presence of a slowly rotating bar of stars.”
At the core of NGC 6951 lies an ultra-massive black hole surrounded by what is termed an annular nuclear ring.
“The bar structure in NGC 6951 may be responsible for another notable characteristic: a blue-white ring encircling the center of the galaxy,” the astronomer stated.
“This is known as the nuclear starburst ring, which acts as a strengthened circle for star formation around the galaxy’s nucleus.”
“The bars funnel gas toward the center, gathering into a ring that spans about 3,800 light years.”
“Two dark dust trails parallel to the bar signify the entry points where gas from the bar transitions into the ring.”
“The dense gas within the nuclear starburst ring creates an ideal environment for initiating a substantial number of stars.”
Utilizing Hubble data, astronomers have identified over 80 potential star clusters within the NGC 6951 ring.
“Many of these stars formed within the last 100 million years, yet the ring itself has an extended lifespan, potentially persisting for 1 to 1.5 billion years,” the researchers elaborated.
IThe T image is among the most chilling representations of the Holocaust. A Nazi soldier with glasses points a gun at the head of a resigned man in a suit, kneeling before a pit filled with corpses, surrounded by German troops.
Photos from present-day Ukraine have long been incorrectly associated with the last Jew of Vinica, remaining cloaked in mystery for decades.
Jürgen Matthäus, a German historian based in the U.S., has meticulously pieced together this puzzle for years. With the aid of artificial intelligence, he believes he has successfully identified the perpetrator.
His findings are now published in the esteemed Zeitschrift für geschichtswissenschaft (Journal of Historical Studies), detailing a massacre conducted by the SS on July 28, 1941, likely in the afternoon, at the Berdychiv fortress.
For centuries, Berdychiv has been a vibrant center of Jewish life, located 150 km southwest of Kyiv and about 90 km north of what is now Vinnizzia in English.
One of several mobile units deployed in the newly occupied Soviet Union, the Einsatzgruppe C Commando, was tasked with eliminating “Jews and Partisans” just days before Adolf Hitler’s visit.
Among those involved was Jacobs Onnen, a teacher of French and English, born in the village of Tichelwarf, Germany, near the Dutch border in 1906.
Matthäus described the “incremental process” involving traditional excavations of dusty archives, fortuitous discoveries, peer consultations, and the innovative contributions of volunteers from the open-source journalism group BellingCat.
“This match has a remarkably high confidence level based on the algorithm’s outputs, according to experts,” Matthäus stated.
A preliminary investigation released last year uncovered critical details about the dates, locations, and units involved in the mass shooting, leading to media coverage in Germany.
“The rise of digital tools in the humanities is remarkable, yet most are focused on processing mass data rather than qualitative analysis,” Matthäus commented, reflecting on the potential for AI in his field. Photo: Metropole
Readers have stepped forward, suggesting that communications from Onnen’s family era indicate the shooter could be Jacobs Onnen, his wife’s uncle.
Letters from Onnen from the Eastern Front were destroyed by relatives in the 1990s, but they retained his photographs, which BellingCat volunteers can utilize for AI image analysis.
“Experts explain that achieving a match of 98 or 99.9% in historic photographs is challenging,” said Matthäus. “This often results in forensic discussions.”
Nevertheless, his strong likeness combined with circumstantial evidence provides sufficient credibility for public consideration.
“The growth of digital tools in the humanities is substantial, typically for mass data handling rather than in-depth analysis,” he remarked regarding AI’s application in research.
“It’s clearly not a magic solution; it’s just one of many tools, and human elements remain critical.”
Onnen, who aligned with the Nazi Party prior to Hitler’s ascension in 1933, was raised in an educated family and was fond of “travel and study” in his youth, Matthäus noted.
“Then his trajectory moves eastward, and here he stands,” he added. “Understanding his motivation is one of the toughest questions, as it raises emotional considerations about his posing and self-representation in that context.”
Onnen never advanced beyond a lower rank and was killed in action in August 1943.
“Being involved in such murders is undeniable, and it doesn’t earn you any merits when assigned to these execution units,” Matthäus remarked.
He expressed regret that a letter possibly revealing Onnen’s ideological stance was lost from the front. Relatives who recalled reading the letters described them as “mediocre.”
Until this spring, Matthäus served as the director of research at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, DC, where he has been active since 1994.
His latest work, *Gerahmte Gewalt* (Framed Violence), explores photo albums curated by Germans on the Eastern Front during World War II.
He noted that it is “highly likely” that the photograph depicting the Berdychiv genocide was taken by fellow soldiers, who often viewed such snapshots as “trophies” of civilian carnage.
Of the estimated 20,000 Jews in Berdychiv at the time of the German invasion in 1941, only 15 remained by early 1944, as reported by Del Spiegel in relation to the new study.
“These extensive executions persisted until the final day of German dominance in the East,” Matthäus observed.
“I believe this image should hold as much significance as the image of Auschwitz’s Gate, as it illustrates the tangible confrontation between the executioner and the victim.”
Jacobs Onnen, who enrolled in the Nazi Party prior to Hitler’s rise in 1933, hailed from a well-educated background. Photo: Metropole
He emphasized that comprehensive visual and written accounts circulated by German soldiers dismantle the myth of the civilian populace being unaware of the genocide perpetuated in their name.
Matthäus’s project also involves uncovering the identity of the victim in the photograph of Berdychiv. He collaborates with his Ukrainian colleague Andrii Mahaletskyi, utilizing Soviet-era records from the local community.
AI may also assist in this investigative endeavor, especially if equivalent images of men in suits can be identified.
He recognized the complexity of the mission, pointing out that while names of deported individuals from Western Europe were meticulously documented, the identities of most victims exterminated in the east remained unknown for over 80 years.
“The occupied Soviet Union witnessed over a million casualties,” he stated. “The majority remain anonymous, as intended by the perpetrators.”
The above image displays untreated E. coli bacteria, with the lower image showing the effects of polymyxin B after 90 minutes.
Carolina Borrelli, Edward Douglas et al./Nature Microbiology
High-resolution microscopy unveils how polymyxins, a class of antibiotics, penetrate bacterial defenses, offering insights for developing treatments against drug-resistant infections.
Polymyxins serve as a last-resort option for treating Gram-negative bacteria responsible for serious infections like pneumonia, meningitis, and typhoid fever. “The priority pathogens identified by the top three health agencies globally are predominantly Gram-negative bacteria, highlighting their complex cell envelopes,” states Andrew Edwards from Imperial College London.
These bacteria possess an outer layer of lipopolysaccharides that functions as armor. While it was known that polymyxins target this layer, the mechanisms of their action and the reasons for inconsistent effectiveness remained unclear.
In a pivotal study, Edwards and his team employed biochemical experiments combined with nuclear power microscopy, capturing details at the nanoscale. They discovered that polymyxin B, amongst other treatments, actively targets E. coli cells.
Shortly after treatment commenced, the bacteria rapidly began releasing lipopolysaccharides.
Researchers observed that the presence of antibiotics prompted bacteria to attempt to assimilate more lipopolysaccharide “bricks” into their protective walls. However, this effort resulted in gaps, allowing antibiotics to penetrate and destroy the bacteria.
“Antibiotics are likened to tools that aid in the removal of these ‘bricks’,” Edwards explains. “While the outer membrane doesn’t entirely collapse, gaps appear, providing an entryway for antibiotics to access the internal membrane.”
The findings also elucidate why antibiotics occasionally fail: they predominantly affect active, growing bacteria. When in a dormant state, polymyxin B becomes ineffective as these bacteria do not produce armor strong enough to withstand environmental pressures.
E. coli images exposed to polymyxin B illustrate changes to the outer membrane over time: untreated, 15 mins, 30 mins, 60 mins, and 90 mins.
Carolina Borrelli, Edward Douglas et al./Nature Microbiology
Interestingly, researchers found that introducing sugar to E. coli could awaken dormant cells, prompting armor production to resume within 15 minutes, leading to cell destruction. This phenomenon is thought to be applicable to other polymyxins, such as polymyxin E, used therapeutically.
Edwards proposes that targeting dormant bacteria with sugar might be feasible, though it poses the risk of hastening their growth. “We don’t want bacteria at infection sites rapidly proliferating due to this stimulation,” he cautions. Instead, he advocates for the potential to combine various drugs to bypass dormancy without reactivating the bacteria.
Javanese slow loris reacts while receiving snacks at Ujung Kulon National Park
Garry Rothulung
These images depict the release of Javan Slow Lorises into Ujung Kulon National Park in Java, Indonesia, last month.
Photojournalist Garry Rothulung has joined the Indonesia International Animal Rescue Agency team. The nonprofit Initiatives for Environmental Rehabilitation in Indonesia (Yiari) released a Javan Slow Loris and transported the animals back to their habitat (as shown below).
Volunteers transporting Javan slow loris
Garry Rothulung
The Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) is critically endangered due to rainforest habitat loss and being captured for the pet trade or for traditional medicine. These animals often have their teeth removed, which prevents them from eating in the wild. However, rescued individuals can be rehabilitated, and Yiari works to release them back into their natural environment.
Javan slow loris can be seen during the habituation process
Garry Rothulung
While the slow loris appears adorable, it is one of the few poisonous primates in the world. When threatened, they raise their arms to mix secretions from their elbow glands with their saliva, creating a toxic substance.
Volunteers observe slow loris in Java
Garry Rothulung
This dual-action defense mechanism is characteristic of the slow loris. While the biology of their venom is not fully understood, their bites can cause severe pain, slow healing, and may provoke allergic reactions. The venom also serves to protect their fur from parasites such as mites and fleas.
These animals received vitamins (as shown in the main image) and were placed in a monitoring enclosure (see above). “They will be observed for several days to two weeks to help them acclimate to the wild before their permanent release,” Rothulung explains.
For millennia, individuals have harnessed the transformative power of plants and fungi, using substances like ayahuasca, cannabis, psilocybin mushrooms, and tobacco in spiritual ceremonies to reshape their perceptions of reality.
Justiceia Pecteris
Jill Pflugheber and Steven F. White
Recently, a new book sheds light on these psychoactive and medicinal plants and fungi, revealing their intricacies through advanced microscopy techniques.
Virola theiodora
Jill Pflugheber and Steven F. White
Utilizing confocal microscopy, which employs laser scans at varying depths to produce sharply focused images of intricate specimens, this advanced technique is primarily used in academic research.
Neltuma pallida
Jill Pflugheber and Steven F. White
Jill Pfluber from the University of Kentucky applied confocal microscopy to explore 50 revered plants and fungi across the United States. Her findings contribute to Microcosm: Sacred Plants of the Americas, a publication co-authored with independent historian Stephen F. White.
Cannabis
Jill Pflugheber and Steven F. White
The outcome is a captivating exploration into the hidden complexities of some of the world’s most esteemed plant species, as explained by White. He emphasizes their goal of creating “plant art” that challenges and enriches people’s understandings of sacred plants. “We aspire for those who encounter Microcosm to develop a newfound respect for these plants,” he states.
Theobroma cacao
Jill Pflugheber and Steven F. White
From their primary photography, the images present some results of their exploration: Brugmansia Suaveolens; Justicia Pecteris; Virola theiodora; Neltuma pallida; Cannabis; and Theobroma cacao.
The prominent, yellowish bulge at the core of NGC 2775 is populated with older stars, encircled by tightly wound spiral arms adorned with areas of dark dust and young blue stars.
This Hubble image captures NGC 2775, a galaxy located approximately 67 million light years away in the Cancer constellation. Image credits: NASA/ESA/Hubble/F. Belfiore/J. Lee/Phangs-HST team.
NGC 2775 is situated about 67 million light years from the northern constellation of Cancer.
This galaxy was discovered on December 19, 1783, by British astronomer William Herschel, who was originally from Germany.
NGC 2775 is a principal member of the Galaxy’s Anti-Rahydra Cloud and part of a small group of galaxies known as the NGC 2775 group.
Also referred to as Caldwell 48, Leda 25861, or UGC 4820, NGC 2775 has a diameter of approximately 80,000 light years.
“NGC 2775 has an unusually smooth center that is devoid of gases, resembling an elliptical galaxy,” noted Hubble astronomers in a statement.
“It contains dusty rings with clusters of patchy stars, similar to spiral galaxies.
“Observing NGC 2775 from a single perspective makes it challenging to ascertain its true nature.”
“While some researchers classify NGC 2775 as a spiral galaxy due to its star and dust patterns resembling feathered rings, others categorize it as a lenticular galaxy.”
“Lenticular galaxies exhibit characteristics of both spiral and elliptical types.”
“The exact appearance of a lenticular galaxy remains uncertain, as they can form in various ways.”
“Some lenticular galaxies may have originated as spiral galaxies that fused with one another or may have lost their star-forming gas and prominent spiral arms.”
“They might also have accumulated gas in their surrounding discs, leading them to appear more oval-shaped.”
Astronomers suggest that NGC 2775 may have merged with other galaxies in the past.
“In the Hubble image, NGC 2775 features a hydrogen gas tail extending nearly 100,000 light years around the galaxy,” the researchers indicated.
“This faint tail could represent the remnants of one or more galaxies that ventured too close to NGC 2775 before being absorbed.”
“If NGC 2775 has indeed merged with other galaxies previously, it could help to explain the unusual appearance of the galaxy as we observe it today.”
“Hubble’s images of NGC 2775 were released earlier in 2020,” they added.
“The updated version includes observations of specific wavelengths of red light emitted by hydrogen gas clouds surrounding the young giant star.”
NASA has unveiled a stunning new image captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, showcasing the nearby Spiral Galaxy NGC 2835.
This Hubble image depicts NGC 2835, a spiral galaxy approximately 35 million light years away in the Hydra constellation. Image credit: NASA/ESA/Hubble/R. Chandar/J. Lee/Phangs-HST team.
NGC 2835 is a mid-spiral galaxy located about 35 million light years from Earth, situated in the southern Hydra constellation.
Commonly referred to as ESO 564-35, Leda 26259, and UGCA 157, this galaxy spans roughly 65,000 light years, which is just over half the size of our Milky Way.
Wilhelm Tempel, a German astronomer, discovered NGC 2835 on April 13, 1884.
This galaxy holds significance as the most prominent member of the NGC 2835 group, a small cluster that includes ESO 497-035 and ESO 565-001.
Notably, NGC 2835 harbors a supermassive black hole, estimated to have a mass between 3 to 10 million solar masses.
“The last Hubble image of this galaxy was published in 2020,” remarked Hubble astronomers in a statement.
“Is there any difference between today’s image of NGC 2835 and the earlier version?”
“Overall, NGC 2835 appears quite similar in both images, with the spiral arm showcasing young blue stars surrounding the oval core populated by older stars.”
“The new image stands out because it incorporates fresh data from Hubble, capturing red light at a specific wavelength known as H-Alpha.”
“The bright regions highlighted by H-alpha are visible along the spiral arm of NGC 2835, where a vibrant pink nebula gives an impression of blooming flowers.”
“H-Alpha light indicates the presence of various types of nebulae, each occurring at different phases of stellar evolution.”
“While massive, young stars create nebulae known as H II regions, a significant source of H-alpha light, dying stars can leave behind supernova remnants or planetary nebulae that can also be identified by H-alpha emissions.”
“Our goal is to identify over 50,000 nebulae using Hubble’s advanced equipment to explore 19 nearby galaxies.”
“These observations aid in understanding how stars influence their birth environments through intense starlight and stellar winds.”
First identified in 1997 and officially classified as a distinct species in 1999, the Indonesian coelacanth (Latimeria menadoensis) is one of only two extant species of coelacanths. This deep-sea fish closely resembles its ancient Cretaceous ancestors.
A deep diver approximately 1 meter behind the Indonesian coelacanth (Latimeria menadoensis) was found at a depth of 144 m in Northern Mark, Indonesia. Image credit: Alexis Chappuis.
Coelacanths belong to the group of fish known as Sarcopterygians and are characterized by their distinctive coastal dwelling.
Long believed extinct for 65 million years, coelacanths were serendipitously rediscovered in 1938 off the coast of South Africa by museum curators and local fishermen.
These fascinating fish possess unique features, including paired fins and lobed fins that resemble highly modified swim bladders.
Together with lungfish, they are among the closest living relatives to tetrapods, exhibiting several morphological traits not present in more distantly related vertebrates, like ray-finned fish.
The coelacanth first appeared in the early Devonian period, gradually diversifying during the Devonian and Carboniferous periods, with peak diversity observed in the early Triassic.
During the Cretaceous, they were classified into two families: the Latimeridae, which has survived as two species in the genus Latimeria, and the now-extinct Mawsoniidae.
Upon the discovery of the first living specimen, its resemblance to many fossilized forms from the Cretaceous period led to it being labeled a “living fossil,” indicating minimal evolutionary change over millions of years.
The two extant species are the coelacanth of the West Indian Ocean (Latimeria chalumnae) found near the Comoros Islands, and the coelacanth in the waters around Sulawesi, Indonesia.
The latter species is far better documented than its African counterpart, making its deep-reef habitat challenging to access for scientific observation, which has primarily relied on submersibles or remotely operated vehicles (ROVs).
Left profile of the Indonesian coelacanth (Latimeria menadoensis), showcasing a unique pattern of white dots. Image credit: Alexis Chappuis.
The Indonesian coelacanth is a rarely documented medium-deep sea fish (non-tetrapod sarcopterygian), originally endemic to the Sulawesi region, primarily identified through bycatch in eastern Indonesia.
“Very few observations of this species have been made in situ, primarily using submersibles and ROVs.”
“The first direct in situ observations were reported following recent reconnaissance dives that explored the suspected habitat of the Indonesian coelacanth at depths exceeding 150 meters.”
Researchers encountered the Indonesian coelacanth in October 2024 during a deep dive in the Marc Archipelago, situated between Sulawesi and Western New Guinea.
“It is premature to assess the population of this newly identified Malukan coelacanth,” they stated.
“Since the Marc Archipelago connects Sulawesi and Western New Guinea, it suggests that the species is not confined to a single location.”
“Our recent findings, along with studies conducted in the mesophotic coral ecosystems of the Marc Archipelago since 2022, not only confirm the existence of Latimeria but also indicate a broader, more suitable habitat for coelacanths.”
“We hope this discovery will motivate local and national authorities to enhance conservation efforts in this biodiversity-rich region.
The research team’s paper was published online on April 23, 2025, in the journal Scientific Reports.
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A. Chapuis et al. 2025. The first record of a living coelacanth from Northern Mark, Indonesia. Sci Rep 15, 14074; doi:10.1038/s41598-025-90287-7
The planetary candidate, Alpha Centauri AB, may be a gas giant orbiting at a distance of one to two times that of the Earth from the Sun, as indicated in two research papers. Astrophysics Journal Letter. If verified, this planet would be the closest known to Earth within the habitable zone of a Sun-like star. Nonetheless, since it is a gas giant, astronomers do not believe it could support life as we understand it.
Artist’s rendering of the gas giant Alpha Centauri A. Image credits: NASA/ESA/CSA/STSCI/Robert L. Hurt, Caltech & IPAC.
Alpha Centauri resides in the Centaurus constellation and represents the nearest star system to Earth.
Also referred to as Rigil Centaurus, Rigil Kent, and Griese 559, this system includes a bright binary star pair, Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B, alongside a fainter red star known as Alpha Centauri C.
The two prominent stars are approximately 4.35 light-years away, while Alpha Centauri C, commonly called Proxima Centauri, is slightly nearer at about 4.23 light-years.
In comparison to the Sun, Alpha Centauri A is a G2-type star similar in nature, but slightly larger (1.1 times the size of the Sun and around 1.5 times its luminosity).
Alpha Centauri B, classified as a K1-type star, is slightly smaller and less luminous (approximately 0.9 times the mass of the Sun, with about 45% of its visual brightness).
These two stars orbit around a common center of gravity approximately every 80 years, maintaining a minimum distance of about 11 times that of the Earth-Sun distance.
Astronomers study these stars closely along with our nearest interstellar neighbor, Proxima Centauri, making them prime targets in the search for potentially habitable planets.
“This proximity offers the best chance to gather data on planetary systems beyond our own,” stated Dr. Charles Beichman from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Exoplanet Science Institute at IPAC Astronomy Center in California.
“However, the brightness and swift motion of these stars present significant challenges in observation, even for the world’s most advanced space telescopes.”
The Alpha Centauri star system captured by different terrestrial and space-based observatories: DSS, Hubble Space Telescope, and James Webb Space Telescope. While the DSS shows the triple system as one light source, Hubble distinguishes between Alpha Centauri A and B. Webb’s Milimask image mitigates glare from Alpha Centauri A via a coronagraphic mask. Image credits: NASA/ESA/CSA/ANIKET SANGHI, CALTECH/CHAS BEICHMAN, NEXSCI, NASA & JPL-CALTECH/DIMITRI MAWET, CALTECH/JOSEPH DEPASQUALE, STSCI.
The first observations of this system occurred in August 2024, employing a Coronagraphic Mask with Webb’s Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) to reduce the brightness of Alpha Centauri A.
The presence of nearby companion star Alpha Centauri B added complexity to the analysis, but astronomers successfully subtracted the light from both stars, uncovering objects that were more than 10,000 times dimmer than Alpha Centauri A.
On the other hand, an initial detection was promising, but further data was required for a definitive conclusion.
However, subsequent observations in February and April of 2025 did not unveil any objects akin to those detected in August 2024.
“We are facing a case of disappearing planets,” remarked Dr. Aniket Sangi from Caltech.
“To unravel this mystery, we employed computer models simulating millions of potential orbits, taking into account the insights gained from observing planets and their absence.”
In the simulations, the team incorporated the 2019 sightings of potential exoplanet candidates reported by the ESO’s Very Large Telescope, alongside new data from Webb, considering the gravitational stability of orbits influenced by Alpha Centauri B.
“The non-detections in the second and third rounds with Webb were not unexpected,” stated Sangi.
“In many simulated orbits, the planet was positioned too close to the star, rendering it invisible to Webb during both February and April 2025.”
“Based on mid-infrared observations of planetary brightness and orbital simulations, this gas giant could have a mass similar to Saturn, orbiting Alpha Centauri A at a distance one to two times greater than that between the Sun and Earth.”
“If confirmed, the potential planets identified in Webb’s Alpha Centauri images will represent a significant milestone in exoplanet imaging efforts,” Sangi added.
“Of all directly imaged planets, this would be the closest star we have ever observed.”
“Moreover, it would be the nearest to our home, with gas giants in our solar system that are similar in temperature and age to Earth.”
“The mere existence of two closely separated star systems poses intriguing challenges to our understanding of planetary formation, survival, and evolution within chaotic environments.”
If substantiated by further observations, these findings could reshape the field of exoplanet science.
“This will become a pivotal object in exoplanet research, offering multiple opportunities for detailed characterization by Webb and other observatories,” Dr. Beichman concluded.
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Charles Beichman et al. 2025. The Neighbor World: Imaging a giant planet candidate, orbital and physical properties of CEN A, and habitable zones at the exozodiacal upper limit. ApJL in press; Arxiv: 2508.03814
Aniket Sangi et al. 2025. The Neighbor World: Imaging a giant planet candidate in the habitable zone of Cen A. II. Binary Star Modeling, Planetary and Exozodiacal Search, and Sensitivity Analysis. ApJL in press; Arxiv: 2508.03812
On Friday, a federal appeals court reinstated some lawsuits against Elon Musk’s X, alleging that the platform has become a haven for child exploitation. However, the court affirmed that X is largely protected from liability for harmful content.
While rejecting multiple claims, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco mandated that X (formerly Twitter) must promptly report a video featuring explicit images of two minor boys, asserting that it was negligent for not reporting it immediately to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC).
This incident occurred prior to Musk’s acquisition of Twitter in 2022. A judge dismissed the case in December 2023, and X’s legal counsel has yet to provide a comment. Musk was not named as a defendant.
One plaintiff, John Do 1, recounted that at the age of 13, he and his friend, John Do 2, were lured on Snapchat into sharing nude photos, believing they were communicating with a 16-year-old girl.
In reality, Snapchat users were trafficking in child exploitation images, threatening the plaintiff, and soliciting more photos from him. These images were ultimately compiled into a video that was disseminated on Twitter.
Court documents revealed that Twitter took nine days to report the content to NCMEC after becoming aware of it, during which time the video amassed over 167,000 views.
Circuit Judge Daniel Forest stated that Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, which typically shields online platforms from liability for user-generated content, does not protect X from negligence claims once it became aware of the images.
“The facts presented here, along with the statutory ‘actual knowledge’ requirement, establish that the responsibility to report child pornography is distinct from its role as a publisher to NCMEC,” she wrote on behalf of the three-judge panel.
X should further argue that its infrastructure posed challenges in reporting child abuse images.
It claimed immunity from allegations of intentionally facilitating sex trafficking and developed a search function that “amplifies” images of child exploitation.
Dani Pinter, representing the plaintiffs and speaking for the National Center on Sexual Exploitation, provided a statement:
The Hubble team has unveiled a breathtaking new image captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, showcasing the Facon Spiral Galaxy NGC 1309.
Hubble’s image reveals NGC 1309, a spiral galaxy situated about 100 million light years away in the Eridanus constellation. This color representation is a result of observations from Hubble’s Advanced Camera (ACS) and Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), utilizing multiple filters to explore ultraviolet, infrared, and optical wavelengths. Each color corresponds to a specific filter’s monochromatic image. Image credits: NASA/ESA/Hubble/L. Galbany/S. Jha/K. Noll/A. Riess.
NGC 1309 is located about 100 million light years away in the constellation Eridanus.
Commonly referred to as IRAS03197-1534, LEDA 12626, or TC 470, this galaxy has a diameter of 75,000 light years.
NGC 1309 was first discovered on October 3, 1785, by the German-British astronomer William Herschel.
The galaxy is the brightest member of the NGC 1309 group, which also includes MCG -03-09-027 and UGCA 71.
“The mesmerizing Hubble images capture the bluish tones of NGC 1309, alongside dark brown gas clouds and shimmering white centers, interspersed with hundreds of remote background galaxies,” remarked Hubble astronomers.
“Almost every dot, stripe, and cluster of light in this image represents an individual galaxy.”
“The sole exception in this vast extragalactic scenery is a star, identifiable near the top of the frame due to its distinctive diffraction spikes.”
“This star is relatively nearby, merely thousands of light years away within our Milky Way galaxy.”
Significant scientific interest in NGC 1309 arises from two supernovae. SN 2002fk and SN 2012Z, which occurred in 2002 and 2012, respectively.
“The SN 2002fk exemplified the type Ia supernova, occurring when a white dwarf’s core explodes,” the astronomer explained.
“Conversely, SN 2012Z displayed a more unique behavior, classified as a type IAX supernova. Its spectrum resembled that of a type Ia supernova, yet its brightness was unexpectedly dim.”
“Hubble’s observations revealed that the explosion did not fully annihilate the white dwarf, resulting in a ‘zombie star’ that shone even more brightly than before the supernova event.”
“Hubble’s extensive observations of NGC 1309 over several years enabled the identification of supernova progenitor cells within images taken prior to the explosion.”
Astronomers utilizing the Gemini North telescope at NSF’s International Gemini Observatory have observed the interstellar comet 3i/Atlas as it passes through our cosmic neighborhood.
This image from the Gemini North Telescope Multi-Object Spectrometer (GMOS-N) showcases the interstellar comet 3i/Atlas. Image credits: International Gemini Observatory/Noirlab/NSF/Aura/K. Meech, Ifa&U. Hawaii / Jen Miller & Mahdi Zamani, Noirlab.
Interstellar objects are those that emerge from and traverse beyond our solar system.
Ranging from several meters to a few kilometers in size, these cosmic fragments are remnants from the formation of the host star’s planetary system.
As they orbit their stars, interactions with the gravitational pull of nearby planets and stars can eject them into interstellar space, allowing them to traverse other solar systems.
Studying interstellar visitors provides critical insights into distant star systems.
They carry valuable information about chemical elements, including their formation timelines and locations, offering scientists glimpses into the formation of planetary systems throughout the history of the Milky Way galaxy.
3i/Atlas marks the third interstellar object discovered, following 1i/Oumuamua in 2017 and 2i/Borisov in 2019.
Astronomers suspect that numerous interstellar objects might regularly pass through our solar system, but capturing them is challenging as they are only visible when telescopes are oriented correctly at the right time.
Multiple teams worldwide utilize various telescopes to monitor 3i/Atlas during its brief visitation, enabling them to collectively assess its key properties.
While many aspects remain unknown, 3i/Atlas is already recognized as distinct in comparison to 1i/Oumuamua and 2i/Borisov.
Previous observations suggest that 3i/Atlas could have a diameter of up to 20 km (12 miles).
New comets typically exhibit highly eccentric orbits, which define how much the object’s path deviates from a perfect circle.
An eccentricity of 0 indicates a circular orbit, while 0.999 signifies a highly elongated ellipse.
Objects with an eccentricity greater than 1 follow paths that do not loop around the Sun and come from, then return to, interstellar space.
The eccentricity of 3i/Atlas is recorded at 6.2, classifying it as a highly hyperbolic interstellar object.
In contrast, “Oumuamua’s” eccentricity was around 1.2, and Borisov’s was about 3.6.
As of now, 3i/Atlas resides in Jupiter’s orbit, approximately 465 million km (290 million miles) from Earth and 600 million km (370 million miles) from the Sun.
On December 19, 2025, it will come within roughly 270 million km (170 million miles) of Earth, posing no threat to our planet.
The closest approach to the Sun will occur around October 30, 2025, at a distance of 210 million km (130 million miles).
During this close approach, it is expected to travel at about 25,000 km (15,500 miles) per hour.
The latest image of 3i/Atlas was obtained using the Gemini North Telescope Multi-Object Spectrometer (GMOS-N).
“The sensitivity and scheduling precision of the International Gemini Observatory played a critical role in observing this interstellar wanderer,” remarked Martin Still, NSF Program Director at the International Gemini Observatory.
“We eagerly anticipate the wealth of new data and insights as this object warms in sunlight before continuing its cold, dark journey through interstellar space.”
Recent images from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope highlight NGC 1786, a spherical cluster located in the constellation of Dorado.
This Hubble image depicts NGC 1786, a spherical cluster approximately 163,000 light-years away in the Dorado constellation. The color images were created from various exposures captured in visible and near-infrared regions of the spectrum using Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3). Three filters sampled different wavelengths. Colors were assigned by applying distinct hues to each monochromatic image related to individual filters. Image credits: NASA/ESA/Hubble/M. Monelli/M Hözsaraç.
Spherical clusters are ancient star systems, bound together by gravity, typically spanning around 100-200 light-years.
These clusters host hundreds of thousands, or even millions, of stars. The significant masses at the cluster’s core attract stars inward, forming a spherical configuration.
Considered among the universe’s oldest known objects, spherical clusters are remnants from the early Galactic era. It’s believed that all galaxies harbor a population of these structures.
The Large Magellanic Cloud, a neighboring dwarf galaxy located about 163,000 light-years away, possesses roughly 60 spherical clusters, including NGC 1786.
This spherical cluster, also referred to as ESO 56-39, was discovered on December 20, 1835, by the British astronomer John Herschel.
“Data from the new image is derived from spherical clusters within Milky Way galaxies, including the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, as well as Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxies,” stated Hubble astronomers.
“Our galaxy contains over 150 of these extensively studied ancient spherical formations.
“Due to its stability and longevity, it acts as a galactic time capsule, preserving stars from the galaxy’s formative stages.”
“While it was once believed that all stars in spherical clusters formed nearly simultaneously, our research on ancient clusters within our galaxy has revealed multiple populations of stars of varying ages,” they further explained.
“To utilize spherical clusters as historical markers, it’s essential to comprehend their formation and the origins of stars from different ages.”
“This observational program analyzed older spherical clusters like NGC 1786 in external galaxies to determine whether they contained multiple star populations.”
“Such studies can provide insights into the original formation mechanisms of the Large Magellanic Cloud as well as the Milky Way galaxy.”
The astronomer utilizing ESO’s Extremely Large Telescope (VLT) has unveiled a new image of 3i/Atlas, marking it as the third interstellar object documented.
This VLT/FORS2 image, captured on July 3, 2025, depicts interstellar comet 3i/Atlas. Image credit: ESO/O. Hainaut.
3i/Atlas was identified a week ago by the NASA-supported Atlas Survey Telescope in Riojartad, Chile.
Commonly referred to as C/2025 N1 (ATLAS) and A11PL3Z, this comet is approaching from the direction of Sagittarius.
“In contrast to objects within the solar system, its highly eccentric hyperbolic orbit indicates its interstellar origin,” ESO astronomers stated.
Currently, 3i/Atlas is approximately 4.5 AU (670 million km, or 416 million miles) away from the Sun.
Interstellar objects pose no danger to Earth, maintaining a distance of at least 1.6 AU (240 million km, or 150 million miles).
Around October 30, 2025, it will make its closest approach to the Sun at a distance of 1.4 AU (210 million km, or 130 million miles).
“In the VLT time-lapse, you can observe 3i/Atlas moving to the right over approximately 13 minutes,” the astronomer remarked.
“These observations were gathered using FORS2 equipment at the VLT on the night of July 3, 2025, just two days post-discovery of the comet.”
“At the conclusion of the video, all frames are compiled into a single image.
“However, this record will not endure as the comet approaches Earth and becomes less visible.”
“As it currently traverses more than 600 million km from the Sun, 3i/Atlas is heading towards the inner solar system, expected to reach its closest approach to Earth in October 2025,” they noted.
“During that time, 3i/Atlas will be obscured by the Sun, but observations should resume in December 2025.
“Telescopes globally, including the VLT, will persist in monitoring this extraordinary celestial visitor to gather more insights into its structure, composition, and origin.”
Astronomers utilizing ESO’s Extremely Large Telescope (VLT) have captured images of SNR 0509-67.5.
This image, obtained with the multi-unit spectroscopic explorer (Muse) located on ESO’s Extremely Large Telescope (VLT), displays the supernova remnant SNR 0509-67.5. The Calcium shown in blue is arranged in two concentric shells, indicating a double explosion of the star. Image credits: ESO/DAS et al. / Noll et al.
“White dwarfs—small, inert cores resulting from the demise of sun-like stars—are capable of producing what astronomers classify as type Ia supernovae,” states a PhD student from the University of New South Wales University of Canberra.
“Our understanding of the universe’s expansion hinges on these supernovae, which also serve as the primary source of iron on Earth, including in blood.”
“Yet, despite their significance, the mechanisms driving their explosions are still not fully understood.”
All theories surrounding Type Ia supernovae begin with pairs of white dwarf stars.
When one of the stars’ orbits is sufficiently close to its counterpart, it can siphon material from its companion.
According to the most prevalent theory regarding Type Ia supernovae, the white dwarf accumulates matter until it hits a critical mass and then experiences a singular explosion.
However, new research indicates that at least some Type Ia supernovae could be better explained by a series of double explosions occurring before the stars reach this critical mass.
The recent VLT images of SNR 0509-67.5 confirm these predictions.
In this alternative model, the white dwarf forms a helium layer through theft, which becomes unstable and can ignite.
This initial explosion generates a shockwave that moves inward, resulting in another explosion at the core of the star, ultimately leading to the supernova.
Until now, there had been no clear visual proof supporting the occurrence of a double explosion in white dwarfs.
Recent studies have suggested that this process creates identifiable patterns or “fingerprints” on the still-glowing debris from the supernova, surfacing long after the primary explosion.
Research proposes that the remains of such supernovae contain two distinct calcium signatures.
Das and his colleagues have found these fingerprints on the supernova remnants.
“The findings clearly indicate that white dwarfs can explode well before reaching the famous Chandrasekhar limit, demonstrating that the ‘double explosion’ mechanism naturally occurs,” remarks Dr. Ibo Seitenzar, an astronomer at the Heidelberg Institute.
Astronomers were able to identify these calcium layers in SNR 0509-67.5 by employing VLT’s multi-unit spectroscopic explorer (Muse).
This provides compelling evidence that Type Ia supernovae can occur prior to their progenitor white dwarfs reaching critical mass.
“This tangible evidence of double explosions not only aids in resolving historical mysteries but also offers a visual interpretation,” explains Das.
“It’s incredibly satisfying to reveal the intricate workings behind such colossal cosmic explosions.”
The team’s results are published today in the journal Nature Astronomy.
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P. Das et al. Calcium in the remnants of the supernova as fingerprints of the sub-Chandrasekhar explosion. Nature Astronomy Published online on July 2, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41550-025-02589-5
Illustration of NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft navigating the outer solar system.
Joe Olmsted/STScI
After departing from our solar system, NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft finds itself considerably distant from Earth, causing the stars of the Milky Way to appear in notably different positions compared to our terrestrial views. Astronomers are harnessing this altered perspective to determine the location of galaxy probes, marking the first instance of intergalactic navigation.
Launched in 2006, New Horizons initially observed Pluto before continuing beyond, traversing the Kuiper Belt—an immensely expansive region of rocky debris and dust billions of miles from the Sun. Currently, the spacecraft is hurtling through space at tens of thousands of kilometers per hour.
When gazing at the night sky from Earth, stars seem widely spread apart, so unless equipped with a strong telescope, their positions appear constant from various locations. In contrast, the New Horizons perspective reveals a significant shift in star positions due to the parallax effect. This phenomenon was demonstrated in 2020 when the probe captured images of two nearby stars, Proxima Centauri and Wolf 359.
Now, Todd Lauer from the U.S. National Institute of Light Change Astronomy in Arizona and his team have utilized this effect to gain a new perspective. They accomplished this by comparing images of Proxima Centauri and Wolf 359 taken by the probe with measurements from the Gaia Space Telescope.
“There’s a three-dimensional map of the galaxies around us, allowing you to see your position,” says Lauer. “Using your own camera on a spacecraft offers incredible accuracy.”
To determine the spacecraft’s location, Lauer and his team analyzed the star positions detected by the New Horizons camera, tracing their lines back to the closest intersection point. They then referenced the precise locations of both stars from the Gaia star map to ascertain this point’s relation to the solar system.
This two-frame animation illustrates the changing position of Proxima Centauri as observed from Earth and New Horizons.
Nearly every spacecraft utilizes NASA’s Deep Space Network (DSN) to determine its position within a margin of tens of meters through a network of radio transmitters on Earth. In contrast, the parallax method provides a less precise estimation, determining New Horizons’ location within a 6,000-kilometer sphere, roughly half the distance from Earth to the Sun.
“We don’t aim to replace the Deep Space Network; this is merely a proof-of-concept demonstration,” Lauer notes. Yet, advancements in cameras and equipment could enhance accuracy by up to 100 times.
Employing this technique for interstellar navigation could yield superior location accuracy compared to the DSN. This not only facilitates the spacecraft’s journey further from Earth but also provides more reliable location tracking, enabling autonomous operations without relying on radio signals from the solar system. Massimiliano Vasile from Strathclyde University in the UK emphasizes this potential.
“When we venture to real stars, we’re talking about light-years,” Vasile explains. “The signal from the Deep Space Network must traverse all the way there, moving at light speed, taking years to reach its destination.”
However, Vasile points out that no agency currently has a mission aimed at deeper exploration of interstellar space, limiting the immediate utility of this technique.
The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope captured this image of UGC 11397, the Barred Spiral Galaxy, which houses a rapidly growing, supermassive black hole.
The Hubble image depicts UGC 11397, a barred spiral galaxy, located about 250 million light years away in the constellation Lyra. Image credits: NASA/ESA/Hubble/MJ Koss/AJ Barth.
Also referred to as IRAS 19019+3346, Leda 62725, or TC 872, UGC 11397 is situated in the constellation Lyra and is approximately 250 million light years distant.
The first documented mention of this spiral galaxy appeared in a galaxy catalogue compiled by Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky in 1966.
“At first glance, UGC 11397 seems like a typical spiral galaxy,” stated Hubble astronomers.
“It showcases two graceful spiral arms illuminated by stars, framed by dark, dense dust clouds.”
“What sets UGC 11397 apart from a standard spiral is the ultra-massive black hole at its core, which has a mass 174 million times that of the sun,” they noted.
“As the black hole ejects gas, dust, and even entire stars from its vicinity, this material heats up, creating a spectacular cosmic display.”
“Materials engulfed by black holes emit radiation ranging from gamma rays to radio waves, leading them to brighten and dim unexpectedly.”
“Nonetheless, in some galaxies like UGC 11397, thin dust clouds obscure much of this energetic activity from optical light observation.”
“Still, the rapidly growing black hole in UGC 11397 has been identified through its intense X-ray emissions.”
This discovery led astronomers to categorize it as a Type 2 Seyfert Galaxy, a classification for active galaxies whose central cores are obscured by dust and gas formations.
“Utilizing Hubble, we will examine hundreds of galaxies that host ultra-massive black holes similar to UGC 11397,” the researchers stated.
“Hubble’s observations aid us in measuring nearby supermassive black holes, understand their growth early in the universe’s history, and explore star formation in extreme conditions at the galaxy’s center.”
The finest science is not just intelligent—it’s extraordinary. Don’t take our word for it! For 28 years, Wellcome has hosted its annual photography competition, showcasing impactful images that highlight health, science, and medicine.
The Wellcome Photography Prize delves into various topics, including mental health care and the everyday experiences of living with disabilities. This year, we’re thrilled to reintroduce the biomedical imaging category, offering a chance to appreciate the beauty of science alongside intricate medical visuals. Additional categories include “Solo Photography” and “Storytelling Series.”
Among the highlights is the first non-invasive image of microplastics buried within human skin and a poignant journey to the Peruvian Andes, where Indigenous farmers combine traditional wisdom with innovative science to combat water pollution.
The winners will be unveiled on July 16th, 2025, followed by a free public exhibition at the Francis Crick Institute in London from July 17th to October 18th.
A total of 25 images have secured the prestigious top prize this year. And here’s our favorite.
Blooming Barrier by Lucy Holland
Tissue samples taken from infants affected by Hirschsprung’s disease, a condition impacting goblet cell development and leading to long-term digestive issues. – Photo Credit: Lucy Holland/Wellcome Photography Prize 2025
From Butterflies to Humans by Amaia Alcalde Anton
This image captures the brain of a metamorphosing butterfly, where new neurons are generated through neurogenesis—a process observed in various species during growth and maturity. – Photo Credit: Amaia Alcalde Anton/Wellcome Photography Prize 2025
I Have You Under My Skin: Microplastics in Mammalian Tissues by P Stephen Patrick and Olumide Ogunlade
This groundbreaking non-invasive image reveals the presence of turquoise plastic particles deep within a living mouse. Biomedical researchers Patrick and Ogunlade have pioneered photoacoustic imaging techniques that utilize laser interactions with samples to visualize microplastics. – Photo Credit: P. Stephen Patrick and Olumide Ogunlade/Wellcome Photography Prize 2025
Liver Cholesterol by Steve Gschmeissner
This depiction by Steve Gschmeissner illustrates blue cholesterol crystals in a human liver, with lipid cell structures. The lipid droplet measures approximately 12 micrometers wide. – Photo Credit: Steve Gschmeissner/Wellcome Photography Prize 2025
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Submarine Heat by Jander Matos and Joaquim Nascimento
Captured by researchers Jander Matos and Joaquim Nascimento at the Bioimaging Lab in Brazil, this image reveals the egg (0.56 mm wide) of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, a known carrier of diseases such as dengue and Zika. The yellow details in the egg indicate nodules that provide nutrients for survival in water. – Photo Credit: Jander Matos and Joaquim Nascimento/Wellcome Photography Prize 2025
Organoids by Oliver Mex and Nicole Ottawa
Photographed by Oliver Mex alongside biologist Nicole Ottawa, this organoid mimics the uterine lining and is colored for realistic representation. The organoid measures 0.2 mm in width. – Photo Credit: Oliver Mex and Nicole Ottawa/Welcome Photography Award 2025
Brixton Road, Lambeth in Southern London by Marina Vitaglione
Created by Marina Vitaglione in collaboration with Joseph Levermore and scientists from the Imperial College Environmental Research Group, this image visualizes contaminating particles (less than 0.01 mm) magnified from Brixton Road, London. It highlights these “invisible killers.” – Photo Credit: Marina Vitaglione/Wellcome Photography Prize 2025
Ice and Fire Record by Ingrid Augusto, Kildare Rocha de Miranda, and Vania Da Silva Vieira
This image illustrates the internal structure of *Trypanosoma cruzi*, the parasite responsible for Chagas disease, which is transmitted through contaminated food or bites from certain insects. Untreated, it can lead to serious cardiac and digestive conditions. – Photo Credit: Ingrid Augusto, Kildare Rocha de Miranda, Vania Da Silva Vieira/Wellcome Photography Prize 2025
Nemo’s Garden by Giacomo D’Orlando
Nemo’s Garden is the pioneering underwater greenhouse system located in Liguria, Italy, designed to explore agricultural solutions for regions facing challenges in plant cultivation. The findings showcase how submerged plants possess higher antioxidant levels than their land-grown counterparts, aiding in drug development. – Photo Credit: Giacomo D’Orlando/Wellcome Photography Prize 2025
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Ciril Jazbec’s Dream of Curing Water
This series by Slovenian documentary photographer Ciril Jazbec investigates the health impacts of rapidly melting glaciers in the Cordillera Blanca Mountain Range, threatening water supplies with heavy metals accumulated over centuries. Peru houses most of the world’s tropical glaciers, vital for mountain farming communities. Climate change has led to a 40% reduction in glacier surface area since the 1970s. – Photo Credit: Ciril Jazbec / Wellcome Photography Prize 2025
Stereo EEG Self-Portrait by Muir Vidler
This self-portrait by UK photographer Muir Vidler captures his experience after electrode implantation into the brain for epilepsy treatment—a procedure used when medication fails. He documented this photo on the first day following electrode insertion, which he had to keep for a week. – Photo Credit: Muir Vidler / Wellcome Photography Prize 2025
Find a Life by Sandipani Chattopadhyay
This poignant image shows locals gathering water from the riverbed in Purulia, West Bengal, India. Climate change has disrupted the monsoon patterns, leading to dry rivers and forcing many communities to search for drinkable water. – Photo Credit: Sandipani Chattopadhyay / Wellcome Photography Prize 2025
This Is Endometriosis – 2014 – 2022: Five Years by Georgie Wilman
This self-portrait by UK photographer Georgie Wilman notes the dates of her scars resulting from endometriosis surgery. Affecting one in ten women and females assigned at birth, endometriosis is often downplayed as “painful periods,” a phrase that fails to encapsulate its severity, which causes internal bleeding and damage to organs. Wilman’s imagery powerfully conveys the struggles and impacts of living with endometriosis. – Photo Credit: Georgie Wileman / Wellcome Photography Prize 2025
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Beautiful Disasters by Alexandru Popescu
This aerial view depicts a former village in the Loopa area, Transylvania, Romania. In 1977, Nicolae Ceaușescu forcibly relocated its 1,000 residents to create a toxic waste lake linked to Roșia Poieni copper mine. The lake grows approximately 100 cm annually, jeopardizing local groundwater quality. – Photo Credit: Alexandru Popescu / Wellcome Photography Prize 2025
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