How Birdwatching Can Enhance Your Cognitive Reserve
Steve Young/Alamy
Recent research suggests that birdwatchers exhibit distinct brain differences that could explain their remarkable skill in identifying unfamiliar birds. This indicates that engaging in birdwatching may alter brain structure, akin to the effects of learning a new language or musical instrument. Such activities are believed to enhance cognitive reserve—the brain’s capacity to combat aging and adapt to damage.
As individuals learn or practice new skills, neural pathways in the brain reorganize, strengthening relevant connections. This phenomenon, known as neuroplasticity, facilitates the acquisition of specialized knowledge. For example, professional musicians display structural changes in brain regions associated with auditory processing, while athletes experience similar adaptations in their motor cortex.
To explore the effects of birdwatching on brain structure, Eric Wing and his team from York University, Canada, examined the brain function and structure of 48 recreational birdwatchers, with participants categorized into experts and beginners. The age range of participants was between 22 and 79 years, ensuring balanced variables like gender, age, and education.
During brain scans, participants viewed bird images for less than four seconds. Following this, they attempted to identify the same bird from four options, each depicting a different species. “We purposefully selected bird species that were quite similar,” states Wing.
This identification task was done 72 times, utilizing images from 18 distinct bird species—six being local and twelve non-native.
As anticipated, expert birders outperformed novices, with an average correct identification rate of 83% for native bird species and 61% for non-native; novices, on the other hand, correctly identified only 44% of the birds.
Notably, while identifying non-local birds, activity increased in three key brain regions for expert birders, including the bilateral prefrontal cortex, bilateral intraparietal sulcus, and right occipitotemporal cortex—regions pivotal for object recognition, visual processing, attention, and working memory. “This illustrates the diverse cognitive processes involved in bird watching,” Wing explains.
Moreover, these areas exhibited greater structural complexity and organization in expert bird watchers compared to novices, indicating that developing expertise in birdwatching may reshape the brain.
As we grow older, the complexity and organization of brain structures typically diminish, a trend observed in both novice and expert birdwatchers. Nonetheless, the decline appeared less significant in birdwatchers, suggesting that engaging in birdwatching contributes to building cognitive reserve, enhancing the brain’s resilience against aging.
“This implies that staying mentally active in specialized areas may help mitigate the effects of aging,” asserts Robert Zatorre at McGill University in Canada. “While this has been a controversial topic, this paper provides new evidence that supports this concept.”
Broadly participating in other hobbies that demand similar skills—like attention, memory, and sensory integration—may drive comparable brain changes. Wing notes, “Birdwatching taps into numerous cognitive domains, potentially benefiting various cognitive abilities. However, the cognitive enhancement might not be exclusive to birds; if other activities engage similar processes, we could expect similar brain changes there.”
Nevertheless, this study reflects merely a snapshot in time. It’s possible that structural changes occurred prior to participants taking up birdwatching, or that other lifestyle factors leading to brain changes are more prevalent among birdwatchers. To determine if brain changes are directly linked to birdwatching, longitudinal studies involving multiple scans over several months or years are necessary, Wing asserts.
Image Credit: Christopher Michel/Contour RA by Getty Images
Civilizations often define their eras by significant materials. We speak of the Stone Age and the Bronze Age, and currently, we reside in the Silicon Age—marked by the prevalence of computers and mobile devices. What might the next defining era be? Omar Yagi from the University of California, Berkeley, posits that the innovative material he pioneered in the 1990s has promising potential: Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs). His groundbreaking work in this area made him a co-recipient of the 2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
MOFs, along with their covalent organic frameworks (COFs) counterparts, are crystalline in structure and notable for their exceptional porosity. In 1999, Yagi and his team achieved a milestone by synthesizing a zinc-based structure known as MOF-5. This material is characterized by its numerous pores, boasting an internal surface area equivalent to that of a football field within merely a few grams (refer to the image below). Internally, the structure offers vastly more space than externally.
Over the years, Yagi has been a pioneer in the development of new MOFs and COFs, a field called reticular chemistry. Understanding how these materials can be utilized is a focal point of his research. Their porous nature allows them to absorb other molecules, making them invaluable for applications such as moisture extraction from arid desert air and atmospheric carbon dioxide capture. In an interview with New Scientist, Yagi expressed optimism about this research, discussing the past, present, and future of reticular chemistry and the impending era of these materials.
Karmela Padavic-Callaghan: What inspired your interest in reticular chemistry?
Omar Yagi: Initially, when we began our work with MOFs, we had no concept that we were addressing social issues; it was purely an intellectual pursuit. We aimed to construct materials molecule by molecule, akin to building a structure or programming using Legos. It was a formidable challenge in chemistry. Many doubted its feasibility and considered our efforts futile.
What made the design of materials seem unfeasible?
The primary hurdle in rationalizing material construction lies in the nature of component mixing, which typically results in disordered, complex arrangements. This aligns with physical laws, as nature tends to favor high entropy or disorder. Therefore, our goal was to engineer a crystal—an ordered entity with a recurring pattern.
It’s akin to instructing your children to form a perfect circle in their room—it demands significant effort. Even upon achieving that circle, if you release your hold, it may take too long to re-establish it. We were essentially attempting to crystallize materials in a day—what nature takes billions of years to accomplish. Nonetheless, I believed that with the right knowledge, anything could be crystallized.
In 1999, your intuition was validated with the publication:Synthesis of MOF-5. Did you foresee its potential utility?
We identified a valuable solvent for synthesizing stable MOFs and understanding its mechanism. This critical insight allows us to minimize disorder, effectively tuning the outcome. Subsequently, thousands of researchers have adopted this method.
Initially, I was just elated to create beautiful crystals. Observing their remarkable properties prompted thoughts of potential applications, particularly in trapping gases. Given their internal compartments, these substances can accommodate water, carbon dioxide, or other molecules.
What’s your perspective on creating these materials today?
I usually avoid elaborate cooking and prefer simple, healthy ingredients. This mindset parallels my approach to chemistry: striving for simplicity while utilizing only necessary chemicals. The first step involves selecting the backbone of material; the second, defining pore sizes; the third, administering chemistry on the backbone to incorporate trapping molecules. This process, while appearing simple, is intricately complex.
What pioneering technologies does this process enable?
By mastering molecular-level design, we foresee significant geological transformations. My vision, along with my company founded in 2020, Atco, encompasses progressing from molecules to practical societal applications—addressing material deficiencies in various tasks or enhancing poorly performed tasks with rational designs. Our advancements in material synthesis will elevate societal standards.
Recently, we unveiled COF-999, the most efficient material for capturing carbon dioxide. Undertaking extensive capture tests, we demonstrated its efficacy in collecting CO2 from the atmosphere for over 100 cycles here in Berkeley. Atoco aims to implement reticulated materials like COF-999 in carbon capture modules suitable for both industrial settings and residential buildings.
Additionally, we’ve devised a novel material capable of extracting thousands of liters of water daily from the atmosphere. This technology relies on our device which can pull moisture even in humidities below 20%, such as in desert locations like Nevada. I foresee that within the next decade, water harvesting will emerge as an everyday technology.
MOFs exhibit a crystalline structure filled with numerous small internal pores.
Image Credit: Eyes of Science/Science Photo Library
How do MOFs and COFs compare with other water and CO2 capture technologies?
We maintain a significant degree of control over the chemistry involved, allowing for sustainable device manufacturing. These devices are long-lasting, and when the MOF component eventually degrades, it can dissolve in water, thus preventing environmental contamination. Consequently, as MOFs scale to multi-ton applications, we should not anticipate a “MOF waste issue.”
For instance, we’ve developed a method to harness ambient sunlight for water release from harvesting devices, thereby enhancing energy efficiency. Similarly, carbon capture technologies can utilize waste heat from industrial processes, rendering them more economical and sustainable compared to competing systems.
However, challenges in scalability and precise molecular release control persist. While producing MOFs in large quantities is feasible, COFs production has not reached such scales yet. I am optimistic that improvements will come swiftly. Optimizing water retention is essential; we must strike the right balance between excessive and insufficient retention.
We are now leveraging artificial intelligence to streamline MOF and COF optimization, making the design process more efficient. Generally, while generating a basic MOF or COF is straightforward, achieving one with finely-tuned properties can be time-consuming, often taking a year. The integration of AI could significantly accelerate this timeline; our lab has successfully doubled the speed of MOF creation by employing large-scale language models.
What promising applications of reticular chemistry should capture public interest?
Reticular chemistry is a thriving field, with millions of new MOFs yet to be synthesized. One intriguing concept involves utilizing MOFs to replicate the catalytic functions of enzymes, enhancing the efficiency of chemical reactions important in drug development and other fields. Some MOFs have demonstrated capabilities comparable to enzymes but with improved longevity and performance, making them ripe for medical and therapeutic applications over the next decade.
An exciting future application lies in “multivariate materials.” This research, largely conducted in my lab, aspires to create MOFs with varied internal environments. By employing different modules paired with varying compounds, we can develop materials that selectively and efficiently absorb gases. This approach encourages chemists to expand their thinking beyond creating uniform structures toward designing heterogeneous frameworks that incorporate diverse elements.
What gives you confidence in the future of MOF and COF innovations?
We’ve merely scratched the surface, with no shortage of concepts for exploration. Since the 1990s, this field has flourished, and while interest in many areas declines over time, that hasn’t occurred here. An exponential rise in patents related to MOFs and COFs reflects ongoing curiosity and the pursuit of novel applications. I appreciate how this research links organic and inorganic chemistry, as well as engineering and AI, evolving beyond traditional chemistry into true scientific frontiers.
I genuinely believe we are at the cusp of a revolution. While it may not always feel that way, something extraordinary is transpiring. We can now design materials in unprecedented ways, connecting them to innovative applications that were once unimaginable.
Researchers exploring solutions for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) have drawn surprising inspiration from barnacles.
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, typically arise when the immune system mistakenly attacks the intestines, leading to inflammation. Common symptoms encompass diarrhea, significant abdominal pain, weight loss, and gastrointestinal bleeding.
While anti-inflammatory medications like steroids can alleviate symptoms, persistent bleeding may necessitate the use of small metallic clips inserted into the intestine to address the inflammation-induced wounds. However, this procedure carries potential infection risks and may exacerbate the injury.
In pursuit of gentler alternatives, researchers have previously engineered bacteria to generate proteins beneficial for wound healing. Unfortunately, these microorganisms are generally eliminated from the intestines within days and require manual activation with pharmaceuticals, according to Bolin Anne from the Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology in China.
Recently, Ahn and colleagues have genetically modified a benign strain of Escherichia coli that produces protein fragments promoting wound healing upon detecting blood. They also engineered these bacteria to create a type of “cement protein” used by barnacles to adhere to submerged surfaces, envisioned as a “living glue” to fabricate an anti-inflammatory seal over open wounds.
To validate this novel approach, researchers induced intestinal inflammation and scarring in mice. Each subject received either a non-genetically engineered strain, the engineered Escherichia coli, or saline via an anal tube.
After ten days, mice treated with the engineered bacteria exhibited significant weight restoration, and their intestines mirrored the health of uninjured mice. No adverse side effects were recorded in any group.
Similar outcomes were noted when bacteria were administered in tablet form, suggesting potential for oral delivery in human treatment. “This presents a promising, innovative strategy,” states Shaji Sebastian at Hull University in the UK. He indicates that wound healing and inflammation in the mouse intestine is analogous to processes in humans, underscoring the necessity for human trials.
Plans are underway to test this approach in larger animals, including pigs, to assess how long the genetically modified bacteria remain viable in the gut, Ang mentioned. However, due to the necessity for extensive testing to confirm efficacy and safety compared to existing treatments, it may take up to ten years before these solutions could become available in clinics, according to Sebastian.
It’s that time of year again to set New Year’s resolutions. Last year, my mission was to complete a half marathon, a target I had attempted unsuccessfully multiple times before. I am thrilled to share that I achieved this in 2025, gaining valuable insights into the world of New Year’s fitness goals.
The most significant lesson I’ve learned is that establishing specific, measurable targets is incredibly effective. A year ago, I couldn’t claim to be a runner; in fact, running was something I dreaded. I could have easily set a vague goal like “start running” or “keep running,” but I realized that wouldn’t propel me forward.
Why is specificity key? Because enhancing fitness is challenging, especially at the outset. Each run in my early training felt equally daunting. Without a target like completing the race, it’s likely I would have settled for minimal effort.
That’s why the half marathon goal was essential for me. It kept my focus sharp during tough times and necessitated incorporating running into my regular workout schedule, regardless of my initial resistance. Today, I genuinely enjoy running and do it daily. This transformation has reinforced my belief in the efficacy of New Year’s fitness resolutions. While they may seem like annual goals, they can foster long-term habits. Notably, a 2020 study indicated that 55% of over 1,000 participants felt successful in maintaining their New Year resolutions a year later.
With that in mind, I am creatively approaching my 2026 fitness resolutions by focusing on a fundamental yet often neglected aspect of fitness: mobility. This refers to the body’s capability to move through its full range of motion—an essential element for preventing injuries. According to a 2019 analysis encompassing 20 studies, individuals exhibiting low mobility were approximately 50% more likely to sustain injuries compared to their more agile counterparts.
Further research appears to support this. One study conducted on more than 3,100 individuals found that enhanced flexibility considerably reduced mortality risk over 13 years. Similarly, a 2020 study demonstrated that consistent stretching decreases arterial stiffness, lowers heart rate, and contributes to better blood pressure.
In pursuit of this goal, I’ve made it my 2026 New Year’s resolution to master the splits. While this may appear comical, aiming for such a tangible and measurable achievement can significantly bolster your commitment to mobility practices.
Of course, mastering the splits isn’t suitable for everyone. The important takeaway is to select a goal that aligns with your fitness aspirations while being specific enough to recognize when you’ve achieved it. I encourage you to think innovatively. If your aim is to build strength, strive for unassisted pull-ups. Alternatively, for a longevity boost, focus on extending your capacity to balance on one leg. Ultimately, the key lies in setting clear goals with definite endpoints that provide a sense of accomplishment when attained.
Agriculture has long been a skilled and high-pressure profession, but modern farmers encounter challenges that even our grandparents could not have imagined.
In the UK, extreme weather is severely impacting agricultural lands. A recent survey revealed that 84% of farmers have witnessed a drop in crop yields or livestock production. This decline stems from a mix of heavy rain, drought, and extreme heat. Coupled with labor shortages, escalating machinery costs, and the demand to produce more food with fewer resources, the outlook for British agriculture appears increasingly uncertain.
As these issues escalate, innovations have surged. One of the most surprising solutions isn’t a cutting-edge tractor, miracle fertilizer, or genetically enhanced supercrops. Instead, it’s virtual reality (VR). This immersive technology, typically associated with gaming, is gradually becoming essential for the agricultural sector.
Here are five ways VR can pave the way for resilient farms and safeguard the food supply for an expanding population.
Life-saving VR Simulator
Operating a tractor is a daily task on the farm, but it can be daunting for new drivers. Tractors may be slow, but they can pose serious risks.
Rural roadways are infamous for narrow lanes, mud, hidden ditches, overgrown hedges, and blind turns, all of which can lead to serious accidents. Statistics indicate higher accident risks.
In trials with over 100 drivers, many, particularly those with past accidents, struggled to recognize hazards in time. It’s evident that traditional training doesn’t suffice, as tractors have distinct turning radii, slower speeds, and unique blind spots compared to cars.
There’s hope that this VR training could become a standard educational tool in universities and young farmers’ clubs, ensuring safer driving practices before they venture onto the roads.
Hone Your Skills in VR
VR is also training the next generation of vineyard workers safely, minimizing the risk of harming the vines. The Maara Tech project in New Zealand has created a system enabling trainees to practice vine cutting indoors, even on rainy days. Pruning in wet conditions carries significant risks, exposing fresh cuts to moisture, which can lead to fungal diseases.
Researchers at Eurecat, a European R&D center collaborating with several universities on agricultural innovations, have advanced this concept further. They’ve developed VR pruning shears equipped with sensors that guide users on the correct pressure, angle, and technique. It’s not just about speed; precision is crucial.
Accurate cuts result in healthier grapes, leading to superior quality and fewer errors. Since this training is virtual, new workers can build their confidence and help alleviate seasonal labor shortages.
Mindfulness with VR Headsets
Agriculture is not just physically demanding; it’s also mentally taxing. When adverse weather ruins planting schedules, drought devastates fields, and costs soar, even the most resilient farmers can reach their breaking point.
In response, researchers at the University of East Anglia have initiated the Rural Mind Project, employing a 360-degree VR experience to immerse healthcare professionals, policymakers, and support workers in real farming scenarios—addressing issues like isolation, anxiety due to weather, and financial pressures.
This initiative goes beyond fostering empathy; it aims to facilitate tangible change. VR training is equipping practitioners to recognize rural-specific stressors, find effective support strategies, and dismantle the stigma associated with seeking help.
Unlike conventional therapy, where the presence of a psychiatrist may induce anxiety, farmers can practice coping methods in a tranquil virtual setting designed for rural challenges. Initial feedback suggests VR may reach individuals who would typically avoid seeking assistance.
While it’s not a complete solution, it’s a promising step towards making mental health care as accessible as checking the weather forecast.
Learn the Ropes Without the Mess
Not only does VR help in understanding farm life, but it also provides the younger generation a head start without the mess, fertilizers, or early wake-ups.
Through the DIVE4Ag project at Oregon State University, schoolchildren can embark on virtual field trips via their gadgets, exploring dairy farms, urban gardens, and aquaculture facilities.
Meanwhile, at Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science in India, the AR/VR Experience Center offers agricultural students interactive lessons on crop cultivation, animal care, and modern production methods.
As immersive VR education gains traction, it sparks excitement and confidence, motivating the upcoming generation to consider agricultural careers long before stepping onto a physical farm.
Stepping into the Metaverse
If VR can train farmers effectively, support their mental well-being, and educate them about agriculture, why not extend these benefits to animals? In Turkey, one adventurous dairy farmer has started using VR goggles on his cows while they are comfortably housed in a barn, allowing them to view lush pastures accompanied by soft classical music.
The goal was to create a serene atmosphere to reduce stress and potentially enhance milk output. Early results have been remarkable, as average production climbed from 22 to 27 liters per cow per day.
This approach might seem quirky, but managing cows indoors during extreme climates allows for better control over their feeding, milking, and overall health, suggesting that the future of farming may indeed lie where livestock engage with the metaverse.
From safer tractor operations to calming cows using VR, this technology is demonstrating its value beyond mere gaming. It offers a glimpse into the future of agriculture. EIT Food showcases these innovations, merging visionary concepts with practical solutions to illustrate how immersive technology can make agriculture smarter, safer, and more sustainable for all.
Facebook creator Mark Zuckerberg asserts that businesses require greater “masculine energy.” Former President Donald Trump claims that “humanity is under attack.” The US Secretary of Defense, Pete Hegseth, contends that the Boy Scouts have deviated from their mission of “cultivating masculine values,” and their “boy-friendly space” is at risk.
These voices are not isolated. They are influential figures articulating sentiments that resonate with many men, particularly younger generations, in recent times.
A 2025 study indicates that Gen Z men and women are the most divided generation regarding gender equality, as reported by Ipsos UK and King’s College London’s Global Women’s Leadership Institute.
The survey discovered that 60% of Gen Z men feel pressured to exceed expectations in supporting equality, while 57% believe that society discriminates against men by overemphasizing women’s equality.
What’s driving this divide? Notable statistics suggest a significant crisis might be emerging for men.
For example, men in the United States have, on average, a life expectancy of five years less than women; this gap is more pronounced in recent years. They are now three times more likely to die from drug overdoses and have a fourfold higher risk of suicide.
Beyond these grim statistics, there’s other evidence indicating that men face emerging challenges, particularly in education.
Research from Pew Research Center, a nonpartisan think tank, found that in 1995, young men and women were equally likely to obtain a bachelor’s degree, with approximately one in four completing it. By 2024, however, 47% of women aged 25 to 34 will have earned a degree, compared to only 37% of men, with women’s degree attainment increasing at a much higher rate.
Gender disparities are also visible in schooling. A 2018 study of eighth graders nationwide revealed that while math achievement was comparable, girls consistently outperformed boys in English.
This influence continues post-education. Over the five decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic, men’s participation in the U.S. workforce declined by about 10%; furthermore, there were additional decreases in the following years.
Yet, these alarming figures represent only part of the narrative. Although men encounter distinct challenges, the data does not suggest that current efforts toward gender equality have exceeded reasonable bounds, despite claims from some in positions of authority. Four frequently cited statistics illustrate the nuanced reality of the situation.
1. Men Report Higher Happiness Levels.
Despite men’s struggles with well-being, surveys indicate that men are generally happier and more satisfied with their lives than women. A 2024 cross-country study found strong evidence that men currently experience higher levels of happiness and life satisfaction than women.
Using data from the U.S. General Social Survey, researchers noted that average happiness levels for men and women were quite similar from 1973 to 2021. However, during the pandemic, happiness levels plummeted for both genders, with women’s satisfaction experiencing a sharper decline.
Moreover, European survey data indicated that men reported higher happiness than women across various dimensions, including calmness, sleep quality, cheerfulness, loneliness, and anxiety.
Men face a higher suicide risk than women but generally report being happier – Photo credit: Getty
2. Men Earn 20% More Than Women.
In terms of earnings, men consistently earn more than women worldwide. According to the United Nations, women’s salaries are approximately 20% lower, a gap that is less favorable than men’s earnings.
This implies that, on average, women earn about 80 cents for every dollar earned by men globally. In the U.S., although the gap has narrowed over the years, women working full-time earn 83% of their male counterparts’ income in 2023.
3. 90% of the Most Powerful Positions Are Held by Men.
Men substantially dominate leadership roles in both government and business.
Worldwide, women are represented in only about 27% of parliamentary seats, meaning that men hold approximately three-quarters of these positions.
Additionally, as of October 2024, only one-tenth of countries globally have a woman in a top government role.
Similarly, a pattern persists in business, where despite a record number of women leading major corporations in the U.S., 55 out of the Fortune 500 have female CEOs.
4. Men Enjoy More Leisure Time.
Another frequently overlooked aspect is that men typically have more leisure time compared to women.
According to recent data shows that American men spend roughly 45 minutes more daily on leisure activities, while women dedicate an extra hour and 20 minutes to unpaid tasks such as housework, shopping, and caregiving.
This disparity is evident to varying degrees in nearly all surveyed countries. In Norway, the difference is minimal, at 4 minutes per day in 2020, while in Portugal, it reaches nearly an hour and a half (89 minutes).
On average, American men enjoy an extra 46 minutes of leisure time daily – Photo credit: Getty
The Real Gender Story
When considered together, these statistics reveal a far more intricate picture than the “male crisis” narrative suggests.
While there are undeniable concerns about men’s health, education, and economic participation, men still hold a disproportionate amount of power, earn higher wages, and enjoy more leisure time.
There isn’t a singular narrative on either side that captures these complexities.
As Professor Jeon Hee-jung, director of King’s Global Women’s Leadership Institute, posits, framing this moment as a crisis of masculinity is misguided. The actual issue is one of opportunity crisis, particularly for the youth.
“We haven’t equipped our boys to understand that the current patriarchal system is detrimental to them as well,” she remarks.
Chung describes the past few decades as a “revolutionary stagnation.” While society has indeed made strides in “masculinizing” women by integrating more women into the workforce and promoting roles in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math), societal expectations surrounding caregiving, primary breadwinning, and domestic responsibilities have largely remained unchanged.
Consequently, Chung asserts, the system has been partially rewired, leading to a disconnect and increased friction for all.
“Gender tensions divert attention from real issues, which are the structural changes occurring in society and the various disparities among income groups,” she adds.
In essence, we find ourselves in an unsettling transition between outdated models that are no longer viable and new frameworks that have yet to fully materialize.
This turmoil may evoke a sense of discomfort, but as we progress, the gender gap could begin to lessen, allowing us to tackle the deeper issues influencing people’s lives, as Chung envisions.
While historical accounts claim that Ingólfr Arnarson was the first Norse settler to reach Iceland in the 870s, this assertion might not hold true.
Public domain
Norsemen may have arrived in Iceland as much as 70 years earlier than previously believed, and their arrival might not have been the environmental catastrophe often depicted.
Traditionally, it’s stated that Iceland saw its first settlement in the 870s. This early migration is frequently viewed as an ecological calamity brought on by Viking raiders and Norse settlers who cleared the forests for fuel, construction materials, and arable land. Today, less than 2 percent of the country is still forested.
Finding concrete evidence regarding the arrival of these early settlers has been challenging. Archaeologists have discovered an ancient wooden longhouse, estimated to be from around 874 AD, located near Stódvarfjordur in eastern Iceland. This old longhouse is thought to have been a summer dwelling established in the 800s, though this finding has yet to be documented in scientific journals.
Currently, Eske Willerslev, a professor at the University of Copenhagen, and his team examined environmental DNA (eDNA) gathered from sediment cores drilled in Lake Tjörnin, an area in central Reykjavík, one of Iceland’s earliest and continuously inhabited locations, to identify which species existed and their timestamps. They analyzed volcanic ash layers, alongside radiocarbon dating and plutonium isotope assessments, to develop a timeline from about 200 AD up to contemporary times, integrating known historical events.
A significant marker in their research is the Randonham tephra layer, formed from volcanic ash deposited during eruptions around 877 AD. The bulk of evidence indicating human habitation in Iceland is found above this layer, indicating subsequent settlement.
“The signs beneath the tephra provide compelling evidence for earlier human activity,” Comments Chris Callow from the University of Birmingham, UK, who did not participate in the research.
Willerslev and his colleagues postulate that humans may have arrived as early as 810 AD. This inference is based on an observed rise in levoglucosan, a compound linked to biomass burning, and a subsequent increase in sewage-related viruses.
“If it were 850, I wouldn’t have been so surprised, but 810 represents rapid Viking expansion in the North Atlantic,” Callow remarks. “Overall, this aligns with our suspicions, but a date as early as 810 remains contentious.”
While piecing together a thorough environmental history of the region is noteworthy, the evidence supporting such an early arrival remains questionable. Kathryn Catlin from Jacksonville State University in Alabama stated, “The sewage biomarkers only show a slight increase around 800, nothing until 1900. Where are the indicators of sewage and human activity in between?” She also pointed out that while biomass burning could imply human presence, natural occurrences like lightning could also ignite fires.
Willerslev and his colleagues opted not to conduct interviews. New Scientist also noted that the settlers’ arrival corresponded with an uptick in local biodiversity. Genetic data imply they brought grazing animals, cultivated hay, and grew barley on a small scale for brewing purposes.
In contrast to the widespread narrative of swift deforestation, eDNA from pollen samples revealed that birch and willow trees expanded during the settlement era. Notably, birch pollen grains rose fivefold between 900 and 1200 AD, a shift researchers believe may have been influenced by settlers managing the area to protect timber and fuel sources.
“This significantly contradicts earlier claims that Vikings arrived in Iceland and immediately caused environmental destruction,” Katrin stated.
Although sheep, cattle, pigs, and horses do not appear in considerable numbers until decades after the initial settlement, Willerslev and his colleagues propose this lag may stem from the 20-year period required to build up detectable herds in eDNA records.
Callow posits another explanation: the first inhabitants may have only visited during the summer months for walrus ivory, possibly arriving without many animals. “They could have intended to hunt a few walruses and return home,” he suggested.
eDNA indicators imply the significant loss of biodiversity, including birch and willow trees, didn’t transpire until after 1200. Willerslev and his team associate this decline with the cooler climate associated with the Little Ice Age, rather than direct effects from settlers. This marked a period of colder temperatures from approximately 1250 to around 1860, compounded by volcanic eruptions and storm surges.
Here at BBC Science Focus, we have a deep appreciation for inventive creations – particularly those that are bizarre, imaginative, and exceptionally cool (extra credit if they’re genuinely practical).
During our time at GITEX Global and Expand North Star, two of the largest conferences focusing on technology and artificial intelligence (AI) in Dubai, we set out to uncover the most astonishing innovations poised to enter the market soon.
From tangible holograms to intelligent contact lenses and airborne taxis, here is a glimpse into some of the most groundbreaking technologies showcased.
1. The Fusion of Flying Taxis and Autonomous Vehicles
Since the days of Blade Runner and Futurama, the concept of flying cars has occupied our imagination. With advancements in drone technology, we may finally be approaching the reality of soaring over urban landscapes in our own aerial pods.
However, the idea of a flying car that interacts with standard vehicles is unprecedented. Yet, this is exactly what the Guangzhou Automobile Group is unveiling with its new GOVY AirCab concept.
Indeed, GOVY is capable of taking off and landing vertically from an autonomous ground chassis, thus functioning both as a conventional taxi and an aerial transport.
GAC GOVY exhibited at GITEX Global – Credit: Tom Howarth/BBC Science Focus
What does this unusual combination signify? According to Hanxuan Liu, a product specialist involved with GOVY, it embodies the “ultimate vision of the future of mobility.” The blend of drone technology and vehicle chassis enables “one-click journeys” without the hassle of vehicle transitions. Essentially, you can call it, board it, fly where feasible, and drive where necessary.
The company has conducted test flights and is in pursuit of safety certification. Liu anticipates public demonstrations by next year and a rollout across China in two years. As for the U.S. and Europe? Liu believes we might see GOVY operational both on the roads and in the skies within five years.
2. Sports Enhanced by Augmented Reality
Participants in HADO evade and defend using mixed reality that merges physical movement with digital gameplay – Credit: Hado
Imagine if dodgeball and Pokemon GO had a child; it would likely be something akin to HADO. This augmented reality sport is gaining traction globally.
Players wear headsets and wrist sensors to launch virtual energy balls, create shimmering shields, and avoid incoming attacks, all while standing on a real-world court. The experience feels part video game, part high-energy exercise.
Devised in Japan in 2014, HADO has matured into a legitimate technosport with professional leagues, educational programs, and even a World Cup. Its creators champion it as “a means to encourage physical activity through technology, and a powerful way to engage younger audiences.”
3. Healing Hearts with Spider Silk
PrintyMed’s biomimetic spider silk could revolutionize healthcare, from artificial organs to advanced wound dressings – Credit: PrintyMed
Spider silk, when weighed against steel, exhibits superior strength. Its production is also sustainable and adaptable. So, why not harness these extraordinary natural materials for our use?
Latvian biotech firm PrintyMed has manufactured synthetic spider silk that imitates the natural spinning process, yielding fibers that are remarkably strong, flexible, and compatible with living tissue.
The research team partnered with the Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis to devise a protein that can be spun into silk using a biomimetic approach similar to that utilized by spiders to craft webs. The outcome is a sustainable material that can be produced at scale and applied in innovative ways.
The company plans to utilize its lab-created silk to transform healthcare, from creating hyper-realistic “organs on chips” for drug trials to developing long-lasting, clot-resistant heart valves and advanced wound dressings that enhance healing.
But that’s just the beginning. PrintyWeb is also exploring the use of silk to fabricate artificial organs and tissue scaffolds, which might one day alleviate the global shortage of transplantable organs.
4. Revolutionary Smart Lenses Aiming to Replace All Screens
XPANCEO’s experimental contact lenses aspire to replace mobile phones and wearables with invisible, AI-powered interfaces – Credit: XPANCEO
Resembling something from a spy thriller, XPANCEO aims to develop the world’s first truly smart contact lenses, a cutting-edge gadget that could eventually replace mobile phones, smartwatches, and glasses.
“Today’s computers are bulky and disposable. They’re detrimental to your health, harmful to the environment, and inefficient. We require the ultimate interface,” stated Roman Axelrod, co-founder of XPANCEO to BBC Science Focus.
“Everyone can agree that the next frontier of computing is AI. Then comes augmented reality (XR) computing powered by AI. AI serves as the brain; XR as the interface, whether through glasses, helmets, or contact lenses. We believe contact lenses could become the ultimate interface.”
It’s an ambitious vision: an invisible lens in zero gravity, unifying all your devices into one, featuring capabilities like real-time liveness detection, health tracking, night vision, and zoom.
However, it’s still in the nascent phase. Co-founder Dr. Valentin S. Volkov indicates that XPANCEO intends to have a fully integrated prototype ready by the end of next year, a simple monochrome display capable of yielding basic data and gathering biosignals from the eye.
Smart lenses, categorized as medical devices, will advance gradually under strict regulation. However, if XPANCEO succeeds, smart glasses may soon become obsolete.
5. Actual Holograms
Voxon VX2 operates by projecting volumetric holograms visible from 360 degrees without the need for headgear – Credit: Voxon/Gavin Smith
Participating in a morning meeting styled like the Jedi Council may no longer belong solely to a galaxy far, far away. Australian firm Voxon is pioneering science fiction with its VLED technology, producing live, three-dimensional images that appear to float in mid-air.
Differing from standard flat 3D projections, Voxon’s volumetric displays consist of millions of floating points of light, creating 360-degree visuals that can be navigated and viewed from any angle.
For instance, the Voxon VX2 is a tabletop apparatus that employs a rapidly spinning LED array to generate a hologram within a cylinder measuring around 25 cm in diameter and height.
Within its illuminated columns, you can observe everything from medical scans and molecular structures to game avatars and architectural models in full three dimensions.
6. High-Tech Doghouse for Safe Shopping
Leaving your dog unattended outside a store or in your vehicle might soon become outdated. Serbian startup Smartsy has designed an innovative dog kennel that offers pets a secure, climate-controlled environment while their owners shop at supermarkets or dine in cafes.
Smartsy’s sleek pods include automatic safety locks, real-time video monitoring (perfect for dogs with separation anxiety), and soundproof, insulated walls to ensure your furry friend stays calm and cozy.
A silent airflow system guarantees ventilation, and an integrated heater maintains optimal temperatures whatever the weather. Each cabin is disinfected with a UV lamp after every use, preparing it for the next furry visitor.
Can solar energy dominate the global power landscape? Recently, the rate of solar power installation has increased dramatically, with capacity doubling between 2022 and 2024, now providing 7% of global electricity. What are the future projections?
In the first half of 2025, solar and wind energy reached historic milestones by surpassing coal in electricity generation for the first time, making renewables the leading electricity source worldwide. According to the UK-based think tank Ember, solar power has been the primary contributor to this pivotal shift in the energy landscape, accounting for 83% of the surge in global electricity demand this year. Ember’s analysis shows that solar has been the largest new power source for three consecutive years.
What’s the advantage of solar? Its affordability! Installation costs for solar systems have plummeted by 90% over the past 15 years, making solar energy the most economical electricity source globally. “Currently, silicon panels are on par with the cost of plywood,” remarks Sam Stranks, from Cambridge University.
This translates to abundant, cost-effective energy solutions that can be implemented almost anywhere. Is it unrealistic to envision a future where solar energy powers everything?
On a fundamental level, Earth receives almost limitless solar energy. Even with current panel efficiencies, roughly 450,000 square kilometers would be needed to meet the entire world’s energy demands using solar power, as estimated by a 2021 report from the British think tank “Carbon Tracker.” This represents just 0.3% of global land area.
Kingsmill Bond, one of the report’s authors now working with Ember, noted that while land usage trade-offs exist—like competition with agriculture—”there’s ample space for most nations to adopt these technologies.”
Next-Gen Solar Panels
The question is, what hinders solar energy from fully dominating the global electricity market? Efficiency is the foremost challenge. Photovoltaic panels primarily made of silicon convert about 20% of solar energy into electricity. In contrast, hydroelectric power plants convert 90%, wind turbines around 50%, and fossil fuel plants 30-40%.
This disparity necessitates more solar panels to equate to the output of other energy sources. Therefore, companies and researchers are eager to enhance solar panel efficiency, hoping the improvements will concurrently reduce costs and land requirements.
However, crystalline silicon panels are approaching efficiency limits, with top-tier cells currently achieving around 25% efficiency. “The practical ceiling for crystalline silicon is likely around 28%,” explains Jenny Nelson from Imperial College London.
Further efficiency improvements may require a transition to tandem solar cells, which utilize an additional semiconductor to better harness the solar spectrum. Tandem silicon perovskite cells are considered the most promising, with a theoretical efficiency limit near 50%. Although real-world tandem panels haven’t reached that potential, Stranks anticipates efficiencies between 35% and 37%.
The first tandem silicon perovskite solar panels have commenced commercial production. They are now undergoing industry tests to assess their real-world operational longevity. Stranks is optimistic, projecting they will become the market’s leading technology in a decade. “On the surface, they appear similar to current panels, but they generate 50% more power,” he states. “That’s a significant advancement.”
Efficiency enhancements could not only cut costs further but also foster new application opportunities, such as solar roofs on electric vehicles that can charge batteries during the day. This stored energy could then be utilized for transportation or domestic use after sunset, he adds.
Solving Storage Issues
Innovations like these could mitigate one of solar power’s primary challenges: variability. The sun isn’t always shining, which poses less of an issue in Sunbelt countries like India, Mexico, and parts of Africa, where sunlight is almost year-round, enabling surplus energy during the day to be stored for nighttime use. This solar and storage model is becoming more affordable, with lithium-ion battery costs declining 40% in the past two years, according to BloombergNEF.
“Ultimately, fossil fuels’ only edge over solar is their storage capabilities,” Bond points out. “However, this issue is mostly resolved through advancements in battery technology.”
In northern regions, where winter days are short and overcast, the scenario is different. “[Solar] serves as an incredibly effective energy source, producing zero pollution with a rapid energy investment return. It ticks all the right boxes,” comments Andrew Blakers from the Australian National University. “Unless you reside in northern Europe, northeast Asia, or the northeastern United States—where you have abundant summer sun but limited winter light—[solar] is distinctly superior.”
For areas experiencing long winter nights, wind energy can bridge the gap, but we must also develop energy storage solutions capable of holding power for extended periods. Such “seasonal storage” technology is still emerging, with only a few solutions at commercial scales. However, methods like pumped water, hydrogen, and compressed air storage show promise. “In the short term, batteries will suffice for now, while pumped hydro storage will take over in the long run,” predicts Blakers.
Political Challenges
If anything, enhancing efficiency and storage represents low-hanging fruit. “The bottlenecks are likely political, with inconsistencies in policy, regulatory challenges, and vested interests from other industries,” says Nelson.
The Trump administration in the U.S., known for its climate change skepticism, epitomizes this issue. Recently, federal authorities halted a massive solar project in Nevada that was set to be the world’s largest, continuing a trend of reducing solar funding and obstructing initiatives.
Yet, Bond is confident the shift to renewable energy is nearly inevitable, given its economic advantages over conventional power sources. “While certain companies may slow the solar tide in specific countries or projects, the current U.S. government is inadvertently jeopardizing the nation’s position in the global race for advanced technology deployment,” he asserts.
Blakers concurs, emphasizing that solar energy might be the solution to the rapidly increasing energy demands from AI data centers. “Even in the U.S., with a determined federal approach, it’s hard to envision solar moving backward since many states favor solar, and it’s by far the most expedient method to procure substantial energy,” he notes.
Another significant obstacle for clean energy is logistics. Existing power grids will need rewiring to accommodate large and varying energy supplies from new regions. A more adaptable grid that manages generation spikes and fine-tunes electricity demand will optimize green electricity usage. However, achieving these advanced power grids will incur substantial costs. In the UK alone, energy firms plan to invest £77 billion over the next five years to upgrade the electricity grid for wind and solar integration.
In low-income countries with less developed electricity grids, there’s an opportunity to expediently establish renewable-friendly infrastructures from scratch, facilitating deeper penetration of renewables into their grid supply. Currently, the BRICS nations (Brazil, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Russia, South Africa, and the United Arab Emirates) together produce more than half of the world’s solar power generation, according to Ember.
The broader challenge for many nations is to electrify a larger share of their energy needs—covering heating, transportation, and more—which is crucial for decreasing fossil fuel reliance throughout the global economy. “To decarbonize our planet, electrification is a priority,” Nelson emphasizes. Low-income countries are currently leading the charge against wealthier ones, with China’s portion of electricity in final energy consumption set to hit 32% in 2023, far eclipsing the 24% electrification rate of the United States and affluent European nations, as noted by Ember.
What Lies Ahead for Solar?
Despite the year’s achievements, the technical, logistical, and political hurdles mentioned could hinder solar PV adoption in some regions in the short term. The International Energy Agency announced that renewable electricity is set to more than double by the end of 2030, yet it might not meet the target of tripling capacity by that time. The agency identified changes in U.S. policy and challenges related to grid integration as resisting factors against expanding renewable capacity.
However, energy market analysts remain optimistic that solar power will lead the global energy supply by mid-century. “By century’s end, it’s clear that all our electricity will derive from renewable sources, primarily solar,” asserts Bond, who forecasts that solar energy could account for up to 80% of the world’s electricity supply by 2100. Additionally, he expects that a minimum of 80% of the total global energy needs will be electrified.
All political, storage, and infrastructure barriers will eventually fade, paving the way for a green power revolution. “Human ingenuity drives us to convert energy into resources,” Bond concludes. “Now that we have discovered this affordable and universal energy source, it’s only a matter of time before we harness it.”
TTake a look at Sam Altman. Seriously, check Google Images, and you’ll notice an abundance of photos featuring the endearing Lost Puppy from Silicon Valley, showcasing the OpenAI chief sporting a clever grin. Yet, I suggest hiding the lower half of his face in these images. Suddenly, Sam’s expression takes on the haunting gaze of the boyfriend of a missing woman, pleading for her return: “Please come home, Sheila. We’re worried about you, and we just want you back.”
Don’t be alarmed if the humor feels misplaced, crude, or somewhat manipulative. I rely on OpenAI’s guiding principle: reciprocity. Content creators must formalize and painstakingly select subjects for use in generated content. outside to be utilized in any manner users see fit. I haven’t received any word from Sam, leading me to believe I know precisely where he is because I placed Sheila there. After all, he seems to fit the archetype that often accompanies the term “visibly.”
For Sam, the past fortnight has revolved around the debut of the AI video generator Sora 2 (a remarkable enhancement from the Sora of just ten months prior) and his entanglement in issues surrounding copyrighted content. Additionally, there were announcements about further interconnected transactions involving OpenAI and chip manufacturers like: Nvidia and AMD. This has led to the OpenAI frenzy, with total transaction volume surpassing $1 trillion just this year. While you can enjoy videos showcasing meticulously designed characters manipulated into digital puppets by uncreative, bigoted individuals, it also means that with OpenAI, you could lose your home in a disastrous financial collapse if the bubble bursts.
I don’t wish to offend the creators of Sora. I’ve strolled through art galleries and realized that if I were to deface an artwork with a ridiculous doodle, it would surprisingly add value; hence, if I didn’t want it, I wouldn’t have exposed it to the public. Moreover, none of the tech giants seem to lead a civilized life, so they probably cannot fathom any creative value worth preserving from being tarnished for profit. If you’ve followed Sam’s frequent reading lists, you’ll see it’s akin to the “Business Philosophy” section of a mediocre airport bookstore. This week, they mainly wanted to convey that Sora 2 is about being cool and fun. “Seeing your feed filled with memes about yourself isn’t as bizarre as you might think,” Sam assured us. So all is well! Though, I think it’s beneficial to note that while you’re inundated with simulated revenge content in a modern-day version of Byzantium, you’re also one of the most influential individuals globally profiting immensely from it. confuse “guardrail.”
I’ve heard people propose that OpenAI’s motto should be “It’s better to ask for forgiveness than permission,” but that misplaces the priority. Its real motto appears to be, “We do what we wish, and you simply deal with it.” Consider Altman’s recent political trajectory. “For those familiar with German history in the 1930s” Sam forewarned back in 2016, reflecting on Trump’s actions. It seems he has reconciled this concern in time to join. Donald Trump’s second inauguration. Perhaps, to extend his well-crafted analogy, it’s due to him being among the entrepreneurs welcomed into the Prime Minister’s office to claim their portion of the gains. “Thank you for being such a pro-business, pro-innovation president,” Sam effused to Trump at a recent White House dinner for tech executives. “It’s a refreshing change.” Unsurprisingly, the Trump administration has chosen to evade AI regulation entirely.
On the flip side, recall what Sam and his skeptical comrades stated earlier this year when it was suggested that the Chinese AI chatbot DeepSeek might have leveraged some of OpenAI’s work. His organization issued a concerned statement, asserting, “We are aware of and investigating indications that DeepSeek may have improperly extracted our models. We will provide further details as we learn more.” “We are taking proactive and assertive measures to safeguard our technology.” Interestingly, OpenAI appears to be the only entity on earth with the ability to combat AI theft.
This week, Hollywood talent agencies took the initiative to coax some form of temporary silence from Altman. I posted flannel—if not in riches, then certainly in striving to establish a “new kind of engagement” with those he has openly referred to as “rights holders.” Many of us remember just a short while ago, when rights holders held all the power. Those who possess rights. In other words, the hint lies within the terminology. However, Sam embodies the post-light era. The question arises: if he is bestowing creative rights, can we genuinely believe he’s not also conferring other types of rights?
OpenAI desires what all nurturing platforms ultimately aim for: users to remain within their realm indefinitely. It is clearly poised to become the new default homepage of the internet, much like Meta once was. Are childhood privacy catastrophes, election manipulation controversies, and child exploitation crises not far off?
Because, incredibly, we have already traversed this life cycle. But I suppose we must revisit it, right? Or more accurately, since Sam’s company is advancing at an unprecedented pace, we have already done it again. Initially, we admire the enigmatic engineer Pied Piper as a brilliant and unconventional altruist, only to later uncover that he is not as he appears and that his technology poses greater risks than we comprehended, leading to our failure to regulate it, rendering us the victims. In many ways, this mirrors a poor AI reinterpretation of a film we’ve already witnessed. If Altman’s model can learn, why can’t we?
Marina Hyde is a columnist for the Guardian
A year at Westminster: John Crace, Marina Hyde, and Pippa Crellard On Tuesday, December 2nd, Crace, Hyde, and Crellard will reflect on this remarkable year alongside special guests. It will be streamed live from the Barbican in London and available worldwide. Reserve your ticket here or on guardian live
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Kitchen gadgets have evolved from air fryers to Spyra Lizards. The latest multipurpose countertop cookers are vying for attention, offering more than just the current essential consumer items.
With their versatility, they aim to become a practical substitute for traditional stove and oven setups.
If you’ve ever wondered why restaurant dishes are so succulent, the answer is steam cooking. Steam ovens are prevalent in professional kitchens due to their ability to cook food quickly without drying it out.
Steam transfers more thermal energy than dry air and condenses on the food, delivering that energy directly for faster, more even cooking.
Smeg has ingeniously incorporated the steam rice cooker into the Combi oven, designed compactly to fit on your countertop. Within, the water tank connects to a boiler system.
Selecting the steam function heats the water in the boiler, releasing steam into a spacious 30-liter chamber.
You can also combine steam with roasting for crispy meats, potatoes, or bread, or choose from 10 other functionalities, such as air frying, baking, grilling, and defrosting.
Although its 33 automatic programs may seem daunting, intuitive controls and a steam cleaning feature enhance user-friendliness. Compared to standard ovens, SMEG’s small cavities heat up more quickly and consume less energy.
Daewoo Halogen Air Fryer Oven boasts a maximum capacity of 17 liters, capable of roasting a whole chicken at once – Credit: Daewoo
Several features set Daewoo apart in the competitive Air Fryer landscape.
First, its transparent glass galley provides a 360° view of your food as it cooks, eliminating the need to open the drawer and lose heat while checking.
Second, its standard 12-liter galley can be expanded to 17 liters with extender rings.
While larger countertop ovens like Smeg and Gastroback offer increased capacity, it’s uncommon to find this volume in a dedicated air fryer. Most traditional models max out around 10 liters. This ample space, combined with an adjustable rack, enables you to roast an entire chicken or prepare a full meal at once.
Lastly, unlike conventional air fryers that utilize fans with metal heating coils, Daewoo employs a halogen bulb in conjunction with the fan for faster heating.
The intense heat produced allows for a crispy exterior while maintaining moisture inside. However, caution is advised as overcooking can occur easily. Additionally, halogen air fryers may not be as energy-efficient as regular basket models.
Ninja Multi-Cooker features nine modes, including air frying, pressure cooking, steaming, grilling, sautéing, dehydrating, yogurt making, and more – Credit: Ninja
The air fryer has long been known for its efficiency and versatility. Nevertheless, manufacturers have extensively enhanced their functionality, integrating features that rival traditional stoves and ovens.
Take, for instance, the Ninja Foodi 9-in-1, which offers not just air frying but also eight additional cooking modes, including pressure cooking, steaming, grilling, sautéing, dehydrating, and yogurt making.
Two distinct lids manage the various functions: a pressure lid for high-pressure cooking and a crisp lid for air frying—which can also be used with the steam feature when the vents are open.
The heating elements and fan within the lid circulate hot air to brown the food effectively.
The bottom heating element provides gentle heat suitable for yogurt or direct heat for baking and sautéing.
It’s a robust appliance that occupies considerable counter space, and the central lid can be quite imposing. However, its energy savings become significant, particularly when preparing family-sized meals.
Gastroback oven functions as a pizza oven, rotisserie oven, air fryer, and more – Credit: Gastroback
Wood-fired pizza ovens have undergone style and structural upgrades in recent years, leading to their increased presence even in smaller outdoor spaces.
For those without gardens—or who prefer convenience—an all-in-one countertop oven brings the quick cooking and delicately crisp results you desire.
The Gastroback Design Oven Air Fry & Pizza is equipped with six heating elements—four on top and two bottom—that allow for individual control, providing precise heat management for various functions.
Air frying, baking, roasting, dehydrating, and thawing utilize all elements in combination with a built-in convection fan.
The upper elements are ideal for browning and grilling, while the lower elements are suited for reheating pastries and toast.
By removing the rack and adding skewers, the Gastroback can transform into a rotisserie oven. Alternatively, you can employ a ceramic pizza stone with the upper heating elements for pizza.
In its 22-liter chamber, the Gastroback warms up more rapidly than a larger traditional oven.
Energy savings are most apparent with small dishes or quick meals; however, using it solely for toasting or reheating may compromise efficiency as smaller appliances might perform just as well.
One trade-off with the Gastroback’s size is the reduced capacity for larger dishes compared to a conventional 60-liter oven. With numerous features and accessories, the learning curve may seem daunting at first.
The heaviest atoms that form the molecule were observed
David Dixon, Sarah Sprouse/University of Alabama; Jennifer Pore/Berkeley Lab
Scientists have observed the heaviest atoms participating in chemical reactions and forming molecules. This groundbreaking discovery could potentially reshape the periodic table, advancing “super heavy” chemistry, which encompasses large-scale radioactive elements.
Some rare chemical elements are challenging to study, complicating their placement in the periodic table. For instance, the radioactive element copernicium is situated among transition metals but behaves like elements from various groups.
This challenge also affects the lower elements of the table. Heavy radioactive atoms known as actinides can be examined by Jennifer Pore at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California. To better understand the properties of actinides, she and her team initiated a chemical reaction to produce a molecule featuring Nobelium, the heaviest actinide and element 102.
The researchers employed a particle accelerator to bombard highly energetic calcium atom beams into lead clusters. The collision resulted in the formation of Nobelium atoms, which subsequently reacted with nitrogen and water molecules present in the air. A swiftly operating detector, akin to a mass spectrometer, more accurately identified the resulting molecules than any prior chemical attempts.
Next, the team replicated the experiment using thorium instead of lead, creating an actinide called actinium (element 89). By comparing the reactions of actinium and nobelium, the researchers confirmed that these two elements behave similarly as they reside in the same column of the periodic table.
Nobelium not only has a rightful place in the periodic table, but it has also become the heaviest element directly observed forming new molecules. However, the heaviest element ever synthesized remains Oganesson, element 118. The techniques used to synthesize molecules containing nobelium and accurately identify them may open new avenues in research.
According to Sofia Heinz from the GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research in Germany, this new experiment marks a significant technological leap in hyperheavy chemistry. Although molecules containing elements heavier than nobelium have been synthesized in the past, researchers were unable to directly identify them. “Being able to study a single molecule directly is a key advancement,” she states.
Peter Schwerdtfeger from Massey University in New Zealand remarked that this novel experiment “opens the door for future experiments involving a diverse range of superheavy elements.”
Even prior to conducting new experiments, the findings have already made an impact. Pore and her researchers originally believed that additional molecules were needed to facilitate reactions with actinium and nobelium. However, unexpectedly, the superheavy element reacted with substances already present. Anastasia Bolshevski at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands suggested that this could prompt scientists to reevaluate past experimental data that assumed they were examining single atoms. “This will keep theorists busy for some time,” Schwerdtfeger adds.
For Pore, the next hurdle involves studying even heavier elements like dubnium, which is element 105. To accomplish this, teams may need to accelerate the procedures to accommodate the heavier elements.
“If all goes well, I aim to explore larger elements at the end of the periodic table. We have yet to explore their heaviness limits with this methodology,” Pore remarks. Unlike nobelium, some of these larger elements may require a new positioning within the standard table.
If you find yourself at your desk, feeling a bit fatigued and pondering where the weekend went, the thought of a four-day workweek might sound incredibly appealing. Just think about all you could accomplish with an extra day! You could finally tackle those odd tasks, enjoy some fresh air, or simply catch up on sleep.
This notion has circulated for years, but now the evidence is mounting. By trimming the workweek by just one day, you can reduce stress, enhance sleep quality, boost physical activity, and even improve productivity.
This concept is shaping a global movement toward rethinking the modern workweek, backed by trials occurring in Europe, North America, and other regions.
A recent study conducted by researchers from Boston College and University College Dublin tracked approximately 3,000 employees across 141 organizations in six English-speaking countries. For six months, these participants worked up to eight hours less per week, without any reduction in pay.
The results published in Natural Human Behavior were quite impressive. Employees reported enhanced mental and physical health, fewer sleep disturbances, and lower fatigue levels. Most companies found sufficient value in the results to continue with the new arrangements post-trial.
“We are observing global trends where workers experience burnout, extended hours, and minimal time for personal and family matters—not just in high-income nations but across many low and middle-income countries,” noted Wenfang, the study’s author and associate professor of sociology at Boston University, in an interview with BBC Science Focus.
“A four-day workweek offers a potential avenue for employees to rethink and restructure their work arrangements for better benefit.”
Hard Data
While many studies rely on employee surveys, recent research in Germany led by Professor Julia Bachmann aims to gather more concrete data. Her team monitored stress, activity levels, and sleep using Garmin fitness trackers worn by both participants in the four-day workweek and those maintaining full-time schedules.
The findings revealed that those in the four-day workweek group experienced significantly lower stress levels, as indicated by heart rate variability.
“The four-day workweek group showed significantly less stress on most days,” said Bachmann to BBC Science Focus. “Interestingly, even on weekends, they did not reach the stress levels of the control group.”
Interestingly, Saturday turned out to be the most stressful day, likely due to errands and family responsibilities, while Sunday was the least stressful. Participants also increased their walking, exercise, and gained an extra 38 minutes of sleep per week.
“They are more active, engaging in more sports. Their stress levels are lower, and they’re sleeping a bit more during the week,” Bachmann noted.
According to Bachmann, the early indicators point in a favorable direction; however, the data on sleep quality is still being analyzed.
Crucially, these physiological findings aligned with the self-reported data from participants. This is significant given the long-standing concerns about bias in self-reported data in other studies on the four-day workweek. “This is typically the main criticism,” Bachmann stated. “But now we have objective data that supports these self-reported outcomes.”
As part of the same study, researchers also gathered hair samples to analyze cortisol levels, a hormone linked to chronic stress. The results are pending, but Bachmann is hopeful they will be available later this year. If consistent with other findings, these results could provide further independent evidence of the health benefits of a four-day workweek.
The trial included 41 organizations across Germany, spanning from IT firms to healthcare providers. Not every employee transitioned to a four-day schedule within each company, as some departments within large corporations maintained full-time hours. Most who switched reduced their work hours without extending their workdays. Reports indicated that monthly overtime also decreased.
Fortunately, for any CEOs reading this, no significant revenue changes were noted during the four-day workweek, and both employee productivity and work intensity improved.
Importantly, this model gained widespread popularity: 73% of organizations expressed plans to continue with the four-day workweek in some capacity, and 82% of workers hoped to maintain it.
Fitness trackers were used to capture hard data on how four days of the week can improve your health – Credit: Getty Images
The Future of Work
So, is the Monday to Friday grind truly sustainable? According to Professor Cal Newport, a Georgetown University computer science professor trained at MIT and author of Deep Work, it’s not that straightforward. He agrees that a shortened week may offer some relief; however, he believes it lacks proper progression. “One of the key contributors to burnout among knowledge workers is overload,” he noted in an interview with BBC Science Focus. “Individuals juggle numerous projects, tasks, and obligations simultaneously.”
In other words, the focus should not solely be on how long we work, but also on the expectations attached to that work. “Transitioning to a four-day week only indirectly addresses this issue,” he asserted. “There’s anecdotal evidence suggesting that reducing workloads might lessen them somewhat. These new constraints can help people feel comfortable saying ‘no,’ making the most effective approach to managing workloads direct.”
Bachmann’s team is currently planning to streamline the four-day workweek concept further to explore how employees compress their tasks into four days compared to genuine reductions in total working hours.
Overall, the outlook for a four-day workweek is positive. Studies around the globe are converging on similar conclusions. Hopefully, a shorter workweek can enhance health and well-being without compromising performance.
However, as Newport emphasizes, the hours we work may matter less than the expectations we set. If a four-day week becomes a reality, it may require reevaluating our workloads rather than just adjusting our calendars.
Read more:
About Our Experts
Wenfang He is an associate professor in the Sociology department at Boston University, USA. His research has appeared in journals like Natural Human Behavior, Social Forces, Jobs and Occupations, and Advances in Life Course Research.
Julia Buckmann is the chair for co-direction at the Centre for Work Transformation and Business Transformation at the University of Münster in Germany. Before this role, she served as an assistant professor at the University of Dublin and LMU Munich. Having received several international awards, Julia is focused on the impact of social and technological change on (collaborative) work, leadership, and innovation.
Cal Newport is a computer science professor trained at MIT and teaching at Georgetown University in the United States. He writes extensively about technology, work, and the pursuit of depth in an increasingly distracting world. His publications include eight books such as Lower Productivity, Email-Free World, Digital Minimalism, and Deep Work.
Music transcends mere entertainment; it serves as a remarkably effective tool for regulating mental states. Society must acknowledge the therapeutic potential of music, extending its use beyond clinical settings and into everyday life.
While it’s widely recognized that music can evoke emotions—lift our spirits, soothe our nerves, or bring us to tears—recent research from my lab at the University of Bergen in Norway reveals that it can also transform our thought processes. A 2019 study demonstrated that participants who listened to heroic or melancholic music while letting their minds wander experienced significant cognitive effects. The uplifting pieces invigorated participants and inspired positive thoughts, whereas somber music instilled calmness or ambition. This isn’t just a curiosity; it has real implications for mental health.
Research shows our minds wander frequently, with a Harvard University study indicating that we spend nearly half our waking hours in fantasy, often without improving our mood. Why? During these episodes, the brain’s default mode network (DMN) tends to dominate, fostering imagination and memory but also leading us into negative thought spirals—like worries at 3 AM or regrets about missed trains.
Recent brain imaging research indicates that negative daydreaming engages brain pain networks and the DMN, especially in conjunction with sad music. Specific brain areas, including the posterior sulcus, appear to play a crucial role in this connection. Such distressing thoughts activate neural circuits that are also engaged during physical pain.
Fortunately, the DMN has a natural counterpart—a cognitive executive network that facilitates focus and goal-directed behavior. These two systems are inversely correlated; when one is active, the other becomes subdued. Engaging with music can shift us into this more adaptive state, especially when we participate actively—whether by tapping along, matching our breathing to rhythms, or humming. This redirecting of attention helps to break negative thought cycles, providing our minds with a cognitive “reset.”
This approach doesn’t just elevate mood. A 2023 study found that individuals who tapped along to music reported a marked reduction in physical pain in their fingertips compared to those who simply listened. The combination of musical immersion and motor synchronization proved clinically beneficial in alleviating pain.
These insights point to musical engagement as a delightful form of meditation. Evolution may have shaped our brains to seek out music for precisely this reason: to enhance resilience and build social bonds.
I explore these concepts further in my new book, Good Vibrations: Unleashing the Healing Power of Music, which also offers practical techniques—such as music-centered breathing exercises and mood-enhancing playlists—to help regulate emotions, reduce anxiety, and alleviate negative thought patterns.
If music possesses such profound effects, it deserves far more recognition than being relegated to mere lifestyle accessory status. It should be woven into education systems, public health initiatives, and our daily routines. Music therapy must become more accessible, and music education—oftentimes the first to be cut in school budgets—should be viewed as essential for brain health, emotional intelligence, and social wellness.
Music is always within reach. The next time your thoughts begin to spiral or stress begins to encroach, resist the urge to check the news on your phone. Instead, turn to your favorite songs. Your mind—and your community—will be grateful.
Stefan Koelsch is a professor of psychology at the University of Bergen, Norway
A US stealth bomber glides through the darkened skies en route to Iran. In Tehran, a solitary woman tends to a stray cat amidst the remains of a recent Israeli airstrike.
For novice viewers, this could easily be mistaken for a cinematic representation of the geopolitical turmoil that has unfolded recently.
Yet, despite its high-quality production, the scene was not filmed in any real location, and the woman feeding the cat is not an actress—she is a fictional character.
Midnight Drop, an AI film about the bombing of US Israel in Iran
The captivating visuals originate from “Rough Cut,” a 12-minute short film showcasing a US attack on Iranian nuclear sites last month, crafted entirely by directors Samir Malal and Bukha Kazumi using artificial intelligence.
This clip is rooted in the details gathered from news reports surrounding the US bombings. The woman seen traversing the empty streets of Tehran is the same one feeding the stray cat. Armed with pertinent information, the creators produced sequences resembling those directed by Hollywood’s finest.
The remarkable speed at which this film has emerged, along with the comfort it brings to some, does not go unnoticed by broadcasting experts.
Recently, television producer and bestselling author Richard Osman remarked that a new era is dawning in the entertainment industry, signaling the close of one chapter and the beginning of another.
Still from Midnight Drop showing a woman feeding a stray cat in Tehran at night. Photo: Oneday Studios
“I saw this and thought, ‘This marks the conclusion of the beginning of something new,'” he stated during the rest of the entertainment podcast.
Osman continued:
For Mallal, a London-based documentary filmmaker known for creating advertisements for Samsung and Coca-Cola, AI has ushered in a novel genre of “Cinematic News.”
The Tehran-based film, titled Midnight Drop, serves as a sequel to Sky in the Sky, a recreation of Ukrainian drone strikes on Russian bombers from June.
In a matter of weeks, Mallal, who also directed Spiders in the Sky, managed to create a film depicting the Ukrainian attack—a project that would typically take millions and at least two years to develop.
“It should be feasible to utilize AI to create something unprecedented,” he remarked. “I’ve never encountered a news-reel film produced in a fortnight, nor a thriller based on current events completed in two weeks.”
Spiders in the Sky primarily utilized VEO3, a video generation model developed by Google alongside various other AI tools. ChatGPT assisted Mallal in streamlining the lengthy interview with the drone operator, which became the backbone of the film’s narrative; however, the voiceover, script, and music were not AI-generated.
Filmmakers recreate Ukrainian drone attacks against Russia using AI in Spiders in the Sky
Google’s filmmaking tools, flow, are equipped with VEO3, enabling users to generate audio, sound effects, and background noise. Since its debut in May, the impact of these tools on YouTube and social media has been remarked upon. As Ottoman’s podcast partner Marina Hyde mentioned last week, “The expansion is astonishing.”
Mallal and Kazumi aspire to finalize a film depicting stealth bomber missions and thwarting the Iranian narrative, aiming for a runtime six times longer than Spiders in the Sky by August, leveraging models like VEO3, OpenAI’s Sora, and Midjourney.
“I seek to demonstrate a key point,” states Malal. “It shows that you can produce high-quality content rapidly, maintaining pace with cultural developments, especially since Hollywood operates at a notably slower rate.”
Spiders in the Sky, an AI film directed by Samir Mallal, tells the story of a Ukrainian drone attack on a Russian airfield. Photo: Oneday Studios
He adds: “The creative journey often involves generating poor ideas to eventually unearth the good ones. With AI, we can now expedite this process, allowing for a greater volume of ‘bad ideas.’
Recently, Mallal and Kazumi produced Atlas, Interrupted, a short film centered around the 3i/Atlas Comet, a recent news event featured on the BBC.
David Jones, CEO of BrandTech Group, an advertising startup utilizing generative AI (a term encompassing tools like chatbots and video generators) for marketing campaigns, remarks:
“Currently, less than 1% of branded content is generated with generative AI; however, 100% is created either fully or partially using generative AI,” he explains.
Last week, Netflix disclosed its initial use of AI on one of its television productions.
The Ukrainian drone is located at the target of the spider in the sky. Photo: Oneday Studios
However, this surge in AI-driven creativity raises concerns about copyright. In the UK, the creative sector is outraged by the government’s proposal to train AI models on copyrighted material without the owners’ consent, unless they explicitly opt out.
Mallal advocates for “an easily accessible and user-friendly program that ensures artists are compensated for their creations.”
Beevan Kidron, a crossbench peer and prominent supporter against the government’s proposal, acknowledges AI’s filmmaking tools as “remarkable,” but questions the extent of reliance on creators’ works. She emphasizes: “Creators require fairness in this new system, or invaluable assets will be lost.”
YouTube has established terms allowing Google to utilize creators’ works for training AI models, while denying the use of the entire YouTube catalog for this purpose.
Mallal advocates using AI as a tool for “promptocraft,” a term for employing prompts to innovate AI systems. He reveals that during the production of the Ukrainian films, he was astonished by how swiftly he could adjust camera angles and lighting with a few keystrokes.
“I’ve deeply engaged with AI, learning how to collaborate with engineers, and how to translate my directorial skills into prompts. Yet, I had never produced any creative outcome until VEO3 emerged.”
From hot dogs to crispy bacon, by 2026, many food staples in the US will utilize gene-edited meat. Indeed, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently given the green light to the agricultural use of certain genetically enhanced pigs. Other global regulators may soon follow suit.
But should we be concerned? Is this modified pork safe? And what about the ethics of creating these pigs?
Firstly, it’s important to note that not all gene-edited animals are produced in a laboratory setting. Instead, these livestock come from animals whose DNA has been modified early in their development, often conferring advantageous traits starting from a single cell or fertilized egg.
This gene editing isn’t focused on enhancing pork flavor; it’s primarily aimed at safeguarding the pigs from diseases.
For instance, a UK company is currently developing genetic modifications in pigs that render them resistant to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS), a virus that significantly weakens the immune system of pigs. PRRS poses a serious threat, leading to the deaths of piglets, miscarriages in pregnant sows, and increased vulnerability to other infections.
Pork is the third most consumed meat in the United States after chicken and beef.
The stakes are high, with efforts to manage PRRS costing the US pork industry about $1.2 billion (£878 million) each year.
When the virus does break through, the implications can be dire. In 2006, a pandemic in China infected over 2 million pigs, resulting in 400,000 deaths.
CRISPR Bacon
How much have these pigs really changed? That’s a valid concern. However, the actual modifications are surprisingly minor.
To combat the PRRS virus, scientists have edited out a portion of the CD163 protein in the pig’s DNA, which the virus uses to invade pig cells.
Pigs with this genetic modification show resistance to nearly all known strains of PRRS, but they are otherwise similar to conventional pigs. Despite initial fears that viruses could evolve to bypass edited proteins, this hasn’t occurred.
Dr. Christine Tait-Burkard, a researcher at the University of Edinburgh’s Roslin Institute, describes the original CD163 protein as “like nine beads on a string,” with only one bead—the fifth one—removed during editing.
Interestingly, the gene rearrangement could also occur naturally in some pigs. “It’s possible there is a pig somewhere in the world resistant to this virus,” Tait-Burkard states. “However, we don’t have the luxury of time for natural breeding, so we must utilize biotechnology to introduce it into our breeding programs.”
The editing employs a toolkit known as CRISPR, a Nobel Prize-winning technology that has gained popularity in scientific research for its efficiency, precision, and affordability. The CRISPR tool uses a “guide” sequence to target DNA, employing protein “scissors”—naturally occurring proteins found in bacteria—to make necessary cuts. Minor adjustments, such as those seen in PRRS-resistant pigs, disable particular genes.
A New Norm?
Once they hit grocery store shelves, PRRS-resistant pigs are expected to become the first widely consumed gene-edited animals. However, they are not the first genetically modified products available to consumers.
Hypoallergenic “Gal Safe” Pork, designed for consumers with meat allergies, received approval in 2020. In 2022, the FDA also approved a type of cow known as Smooth cow—a breed enhanced with traits from naturally occurring genetic variants in tropical cows for shorter hair and better heat recovery. Additionally, genetically modified “Aquadvantage” Salmon is available in the US, albeit primarily sold in restaurants.
The situation is more complex across the Atlantic. As it stands, gene-edited foods cannot be marketed in the EU, and legislation for Genetic Technology (Precision Breeding) in the UK lays groundwork for breeding gene-edited crops, but it has not yet been extended to animals.
Even if regulations evolve globally, will consumers be eager to purchase gene-edited sausages and bacon?
The labeling for this new gene-edited pork remains undecided, but Dr. Katie Sanders, a communications specialist at North Carolina State University, suggests that there is greater potential for consumer acceptance compared to traditional genetically modified (GM) foods. This perception stems from the belief that gene-edited products appear more natural.
In the past, genetically modified (GM) crops stirred up fears and headlines focused on “frankenfood.” However, many of these crops were ultimately approved, with most scientists considering them safe for consumption. These GM crops often incorporate foreign genes—like “Bt” corn, which carries genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis to repel insect pests.
In contrast, the current wave of CRISPR-edited foods only features modifications that could naturally occur within the species. Scientists have not created an entirely new variety of pigs.
Sanders and her colleagues, along with associate professor Jean Parera at Texas A&M University, conducted a national survey of more than 2,000 Americans to gauge attitudes towards CRISPR-edited pork. While results await publication, Sanders notes that respondents generally indicated a likelihood to purchase CRISPR-edited pork.
This trend was especially noted in urban populations (compared to rural ones) and among those with lower educational attainment (as opposed to individuals with degrees).
In 2006, PRRS outbreaks in China affected over 2 million pigs, leading to 400,000 deaths.
When asked how producers can persuade more consumers to adopt gene-edited meat, Parrella emphasized the importance of “responsible use and ethical considerations surrounding CRISPR applications.”
Initial marketing of PRRS-resistant pigs highlights these ethical considerations, demonstrating they have been addressed. A division of the industry, known as The Pig Improvement Company—yes, that’s its actual name—underscores benefits like enhanced animal welfare, reduced antibiotic reliance, and positive environmental effects.
If their messaging resonates, could more gene-edited animals find their way to our dinner tables? Perhaps. Scientists at the Roslin Institute are currently researching edits to combat other livestock diseases, including the bovine diarrhea virus.
However, Tait-Burkard cautions that engineering resistance to specific viruses, like avian influenza, may pose more significant challenges or require edits harmful to animal cells. The proteins they edited for pig PRR resistance are “excellent targets,” but they are challenging to identify.
For traits linked to productivity, such as improved breeding and meat quality, the agricultural sector is already refining efficient breeding techniques to achieve these objectives. As such, it’s unlikely that costly gene editing will be utilized to create “super” meat anytime soon.
Nonetheless, if gene editing can enhance animal protection, minimize antibiotics, and alleviate environmental burdens, it could swiftly transition from novelty to normalcy—provided animal welfare remains uncompromised.
Quantum computers and conventional supercomputers can serve as powerful tools for analyzing chemical processes. The ongoing collaboration between IBM and Riken, a Japanese scientific institute, is paving the way towards this goal.
Successful chemical analysis often hinges on comprehending how molecules behave during reactions, such as in therapies or industrial catalysts, frequently linked to the quantum state of electrons. Quantum computers can expedite the calculations of these states, yet they remain prone to errors in their current configurations. Traditional supercomputers can catch these discrepancies before they escalate into larger issues.
In a collective statement to New Scientist, Aoki Sei and Mitsui Sato from Riken noted that quantum computers can augment traditional computing capabilities. Currently, they and their team are modeling two distinct iron-sulfur compounds using IBM’s Heron quantum computer in conjunction with Riken’s Fugaku supercomputer.
The researchers divided the computation of the quantum states of the molecules among machines that leverage up to 77 qubits and utilize an algorithm known as SQD. The quantum computer performs the calculations while the supercomputer verifies and corrects errors. For instance, if Heron generates a mathematical representation indicating more electrons than actually present in the molecule, Fugaku discards some of the results, prompting Heron to adjust and retry the computation.
This hybrid approach has not yet surpassed the optimal scenarios achievable by standalone supercomputers, but it competes well against some standard methods, according to Jay Gambetta at IBM, who was not involved in the research. “It’s a matter of comparing calculators,” he remarked.
Recently, this integration is being recognized as the “secret sauce” for addressing the challenges posed by error-prone quantum computers, as articulated by Kenneth Meltz from the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio. His team is employing another IBM quantum computer, paired with a traditional system, to innovate variations of SQD algorithms that model molecules in solutions, offering a more accurate depiction of chemical experiments than past models.
In Meltz’s perspective, advancing the SQD algorithm will enable the combination of quantum and conventional computing to yield substantial benefits over the next year.
“The synergy between quantum and supercomputing is not merely useful; it is an inevitability,” stated Sam Stanwyck from Nvidia. He emphasizes that the future of quantum computing lies in its seamless integration with robust classical and quantum processors from supercomputing centers. Nvidia has already developed a software platform to facilitate such hybrid methodologies.
Aseem Data from Microsoft remarked that his organization is also venturing into groundbreaking possibilities that merge quantum computing, supercomputing, and AI to expedite developments in chemistry and materials science.
Despite these advancements, numerous challenges persist within the quantum computing sector. Markus Reiher from ETH Zurich acknowledged that while the outcomes of the Riken experiments look promising, it remains uncertain if this methodology will become the preferred technique for executing quantum chemical analyses. The precision of the computed results derived from Quantum and Supercomputing partnerships is still undetermined. Additionally, conventional methods for performing such calculations are already established and highly effective.
The potential of integrating quantum computers into computational processes is lauded for enabling the modeling of larger molecules and enhancing processing speed. However, Reiher expresses caution about the scalability of this emerging approach.
According to Gambetta, a new iteration of IBM’s Heron Quantum Computer was launched at Riken in June, boasting reduced error rates compared to its predecessors. He anticipates noteworthy hardware advancements in the near future.
Moreover, researchers have fine-tuned the SQD algorithm to bolster how Heron and Fugaku collaborate in parallel, making the process more efficient. Meltz compares the current status to that of traditional supercomputers from the 1980s, highlighting numerous unresolved issues. Nevertheless, the infusion of new technology promises significant returns.
Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen, is a pain reliever traditionally produced from a diminished supply of fossil fuels, such as crude oil. Every year, thousands of tons of fossil fuels, alongside numerous drugs and chemicals, are utilized to transport painkillers to manufacturing facilities. Professor Stephen Wallace from the University of Edinburgh and his team discovered that E. coli bacteria can transform molecules derived from waste plastic bottles into paracetamol.
Johnson et al. Reporting the reorganization of phosphate-catalyzed loss of biocompatibility in bacteria E. coli Activated acylhydroxamate is transformed into primary amine-containing metabolites in living cells. Image credit: Johnson et al. , doi: 10.1038/s41557-025-01845-5.
The issue of plastic waste is increasingly pressing, making the quest for sustainable plastic upcycling solutions a priority.
Metabolic engineering combines organic chemistry with the exploitation of biological cell chemical reaction networks to create new small molecules.
However, it remains uncertain whether these reactions can be effectively combined to convert plastics into useful products.
“Our research indicates that polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic is not merely waste, but can be converted by microorganisms into valuable new products with potential applications in disease treatment,” stated Professor Wallace.
In their study, Professor Wallace and co-authors found that a specific type of chemical reaction, known as loss rearrangement, occurs within living cells and is catalyzed by internal phosphates in E. coli.
This reaction produces nitrogen-containing organic compounds that are vital for cellular metabolism.
The researchers demonstrated that chemical processes can decompose PET plastic to yield starting molecules for further reactions, allowing cellular metabolism to regenerate these plastic-derived molecules.
Additionally, they discovered that this plastic-derived compound can serve as a precursor for paracetamol production in E. coli, achieving a yield of 92%.
This finding may mark the first instance of paracetamol synthesized from E. coli waste materials.
Future research will focus on exploring how other bacteria and types of plastics can yield beneficial products.
“Thus, biocompatible chemistry should be viewed as a complement to early enzyme design research and non-biological chemistry engineering, integrating collaboratively as a tool for biological cells to enhance potential synthetic chemistry within biological systems,” the scientists noted.
The team’s study was published in the journal Nature Chemistry on June 23, 2025.
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NW Johnson et al. Relocation of loss of biocompatibility in E. coli. Nat. Chem. Published online on June 23, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41557-025-01845-5
Are things equal or aren’t they? At least mathematically, that’s a question worth considering. Eugenia Chen argues in her new book, Inequality: With mathematics and tactics when things are done. In maths, as in life, some aspects have more weight than others.
Consider this: the equation 180 = 180 reveals nothing, yet x + y + z = 180°, where x, y, and z are the angles of a triangle, conveys a deeper insight. This statement holds true only under specific circumstances—yes, but not on the surface of a sphere.
Chen aims to investigate how mathematics identifies things as “equal.” Her methodology blends playfulness with the gravity of abstract concepts, linking them to diverse topics such as knitting and creating Battenberg cakes. She isn’t shy about tackling significant political and rights-related questions surrounding equality.
When simplifying through numbers, Chen humorously remarks that their dullness helps clarify potentially overwhelming complexities into a manageable figure. Numbers can be potent tools, focusing on a specific element of a situation.
However, overlooking this simplification can lead to misunderstandings. For instance, assuming two individuals with identical IQ scores are equally intelligent is misleading. As Chen remarks, “It’s alright to disregard the details, but you must remember that you have.”
Fortunately, mathematics encompasses more than mere numbers. Chen delves into the concepts of “local” and “global,” engaging in extensive discussions. Essentially, she explores surfaces formed by stitching together smaller flat areas.
By promoting “diverse thinking,” she proposes a valuable lens through which to view reality. In mathematics, debating whether a sphere and a torus are “the same” is futile. They can be understood as locally distinct but globally different. Similarly, in political discourse, it’s crucial to recognize when one faction utilizes localized arguments (“individual women benefit from the right to choose regarding abortion”) while the opposing side employs global ones (“all abortions constitute murder,” etc.).
Chen ventures deeply into abstract discussions regarding identity within categorical theory, guiding the reader through theoretical territories. Some of the most remarkable creations in art, literature, and music are indeed complex, yet we appreciate them without fully grasping the intricacies of chiaroscuro, counterpoints, or other sophisticated elements. Chen devotes herself to exploring the formal definitions of categories. Like art, we all appreciate certain abstract notions, but discovering their depth is worthwhile.
“If you believe that mathematics is solely about equations, seeing them as rigid black-and-white facts, then you likely perceive mathematics as solely stringent and binary,” states Chen. This book serves as a compelling counterargument to that misapprehension. Delving into the nuances of “equality” in mathematics will enrich your understanding of this field’s complexity and illuminate how the idea of equality is applied (and misapplied).
Sarah Hart is Professor Emelita and Provost of Geometry at the University of Gresham, UK. She authored Once Upon Prime.
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Microsoft has exciting news for those aspiring to hold high-ranking positions. In the future, we will all have AI employees under our supervision.
Tech companies are forecasting the emergence of a new type of business known as “frontier companies.” These companies involve human workers instructing autonomous AI agents to carry out tasks.
According to Microsoft, everyone will become bosses of AI agents.
Microsoft envisions a future where workers will act as “CEO of agents-equipped startups,” managing and delegating tasks to AI agents to maximize their impact in the AI era.
Microsoft, a key supporter of ChatGpt developer Openai, anticipates that all organizations will transition to becoming frontier companies within the next five years. These companies operate based on “on-demand intelligence,” utilizing AI agents for quick answers to internal tasks like generating and editing sales data.
In their Annual Work Trend Index Report, Microsoft stated that these frontier companies scale rapidly, work with agility, and deliver value efficiently.
The evolution of the AI Boss class is envisioned to happen in three phases: AI assistants for all employees, AI agents as digital coworkers handling specific tasks, and humans providing instructions to these agents for business processes and workflows.
Microsoft highlighted the impact of AI on knowledge work, where tasks across various professions will transition from code assistance to AI agents performing the work.
They gave an example in the supply chain industry where humans guide the system and manage relationships with suppliers while AI agents handle logistics from end to end.
Microsoft is promoting the deployment of AI in the workplace through autonomous AI agents or tools that enable users to carry out tasks without human intervention. Organizations like McKinsey are early adopters of Microsoft’s Copilot Studio products, leveraging AI agents for tasks like scheduling meetings.
While AI is expected to eliminate repetitive tasks and enhance productivity, concerns exist regarding potential job displacement. Reports suggest that a significant number of jobs could be impacted negatively by AI advancements.
Experts suggest that AI deployment may lead to job losses, but also create new opportunities. Organizations may rely more on AI workers to enhance efficiency and lower operational costs, potentially reducing the need for human labor.
Apart from economic impacts, replacing humans with AI risks losing the expertise of individuals who drive business innovation and maintain valuable relationships.
A nest box with windows made of transparent wood arranged with heat lamps to test the thermal properties of the material
Bharat Baruah et al. (2025)
The windows and smartphone screens can one day be built from clear wood mixed with egg whites and may be safely composted at the end of life.
Researchers are interested in using wood to make biodegradable alternatives to glass with better insulating properties or replacing plastics with electronic devices. Wood was previously transformed into a transparent material by altering or removing organic polymer lignin from it and injecting epoxy as a replacement, which produces a non-biodegradable product.
now Bharat Baruah Kennesaw State University in Georgia and his colleagues have developed a process of replacing synthetic epoxy with natural egg whites and rice extracts.
“[Previous examples of transparent wood are] It’s very difficult to integrate, it’s difficult to make, and you spend a lot of time, energy and money making them, so we thought of making something that can be easily made naturally,” says Barua.
He was urged to use egg whites in his home building in Assam, India, which dates back to the 1500s, using a cement-like mixture containing sand, sticky rice and egg whites. “It was cement from the time and those buildings are still there,” Barua says. “They are still there, over the fourth century and beyond, and after the fifth century, but that has always been fascinating to me.”
The team ingested a sheet of balsa wood, soaked sodium sulfate, sodium hydroxide, and diluted bleach in a vacuum chamber, removing lignin and hemicellulose, leaving only a paper-like cellulose structure. The voids of the ingredients were then filled with a mixture of rice extract and egg whites and then dried in an oven at 60°C (140°F) to create a translucent plate with a slight brown tint. “It’s not 100% transparent, but it’s translucent,” says Barua. “And it’s biodegradable.”
Barua and his colleagues built a small birdhouse equipped with clear wooden windows as a basic mockup, and found to remain cool at 5-6°C (9-11°F) when exposed to heat lamps than the same birdhouse equipped with glass windows. The study will be presented today at the American Chemical Society’s Spring Conference in San Diego, California.
Barua said further research will investigate technologies to improve the strength and thermal properties of the material, as well as transparency.
The active fitness enthusiasts among us enjoy reaping the rewards of our workouts, whether it’s hitting the track for a run or refueling at the gym. But for the rest of us, finding time for a full workout can be a challenge, especially for those with busy schedules or young children. New research suggests that breaking up your physical activities throughout the day can be just as beneficial as longer workouts.
Studies have shown that incorporating small bursts of activity into your daily routine can help improve your overall health and longevity. Recent research indicates that even short periods of activity can have a positive impact on your health, particularly for those who are considered inactive and at risk of heart-related issues.
Thanks to advancements in movement tracking technology, scientists can now accurately monitor people’s activity levels, providing valuable insights into the benefits of even small amounts of physical activity. This precise measurement has revealed the significant impact that short, intense activities can have on overall health.
Research is highlighting the importance of “vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activity” (VILPA), which includes short bursts of high-intensity activities like running up stairs as part of your daily routine. Studies have demonstrated that incorporating these types of activities into your day can lead to improved health outcomes.
While the World Health Organization recommends a certain amount of weekly physical activity, many people struggle to meet these guidelines. The idea of incorporating shorter bursts of activity throughout the day is gaining traction as a more achievable way to stay active and healthy.
Both VILPA and exercise snacks, which involve intentional bursts of activity, offer a more flexible approach to physical fitness. These concepts aim to make staying active more accessible, especially for individuals who may find traditional exercise routines challenging.
While short bursts of activity should not be seen as a replacement for longer workouts, they can be a valuable addition to your overall fitness routine. Experts emphasize that any physical activity, no matter how short, is beneficial for your health and well-being.
About our experts
Emmanuel Stamatakis: Professor of physical activity and population health, with extensive experience in sports medicine and research.
Lenert Veerman: Public health expert specializing in health economics and epidemiological modeling.
Tessa Strain: Postdoctoral fellow specializing in physical activity research and public health policy.
Jonathan Little: Professor known for developing the concept of “exercise snacks.”
A new class of atomically dispersed nickel catalysts directly converts trapped carbon dioxide (CO)2 to methane (CH4), according to Tomaz Neves García, Ph.D., a postdoctoral researcher at The Ohio State University, and colleagues.
Direct electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide scavenging species, namely carbamates and (bi)carbonates, may be promising for carbon dioxide capture and conversion from point sources. Image credit: Neves Garcia others., doi: 10.1021/jacs.4c09744.
Carbon dioxide is the greenhouse gas responsible for most of global warming and is produced by power plants, factories, and various forms of transportation.
Typical carbon capture systems, aimed at reducing the presence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, reduce carbon dioxide emissions by separating carbon dioxide from other gases and converting it into useful products. .
However, the operation of these systems requires large amounts of energy, making this process difficult to implement on an industrial scale.
“Now we have found a way to save much of this precious energy by using a special nickel-based catalyst to convert the captured carbon dioxide directly into methane,” said Dr. Neves Garcia.
By using nickel atoms placed on a charged surface, Dr. Neves-Garcia and his co-authors were able to convert carbamates, a scavenging form of carbon dioxide, directly into methane.
They discovered that nickel atoms, an inexpensive and widely available catalyst, were very good at this transformation.
“We are producing high-energy fuels from low-energy molecules,” said Dr. Neves Garcia.
“What's so interesting about this is that while other companies are capturing, capturing and converting carbon in stages, we're saving energy by doing these steps simultaneously. is.”
Most importantly, streamlining the carbon capture process will help scientists reshape what they know about the carbon cycle and inform more complex strategies for faster and more efficient climate mitigation technologies. This is an important step to establish.
“We need to focus on minimizing the energy spent on carbon capture and conversion as much as possible,” said Dr. Neves García.
“So instead of performing all the capture and conversion steps separately, we can integrate it into one step and avoid wasted energy processes.”
“Many carbon capture methods are still in their infancy, but this is a promising field as researchers from a variety of disciplines are working on improvements.”
“Using renewable electricity to convert carbon dioxide into fuel has the potential to end the carbon cycle.”
“For example, when methane is burned to produce energy, it emits carbon dioxide, which can be captured and converted back into methane to support a continuous energy production cycle without adding to the planet's global warming burden. It may be possible.”
The study also represents the first time researchers have discovered that carbamates can be converted to methane using electrochemistry.
Many attempts have been made to convert the captured carbon dioxide into useful products, but so far most researchers have only shown the ability to produce carbon monoxide.
“Methane can be a very interesting product, but most importantly it opens the way to developing further processes to convert the captured carbon dioxide into other products” Neves Garcia said the doctor.
of the team work Published in Journal of the American Chemical Society.
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tomas neves garcia others. 2024. Integrated capture and conversion of carbon dioxide to methane with amines over single-atom nickel catalysts. J.Am. Chemistry. society 146 (46): 31633-31646;doi: 10.1021/jacs.4c09744
A sweet dessert made from Neurospora crassa served at the Alchemist restaurant in Copenhagen.
Alchemist
A type of mold that grows on discarded food has been shown to fundamentally change the taste of the food, making food that would otherwise be thrown away edible in new ways.
Neurospora crassa, Orange fungus, grown from waste products from soy milk production, has been used for centuries to make onkom, a traditional food from the Indonesian island of Java.
Vayuhir Maini The UC Berkeley professor and his colleagues worked with chefs from Michelin-starred restaurants in New York and Copenhagen to develop new foods using the bacteria, some of which are now appearing on their menus, including a cheese-flavored toast made with stale bread and a sweet dessert made with sugar-free rice custard.
About a third of food is wasted worldwide, and discarded agricultural products account for about 8% of greenhouse gas emissions. Upcycling, or turning discarded produce into new, edible foods, can divert waste from landfills and reduce the climate impact of food production while also strengthening food security, Hill-Maini said.
His team: N. Intermedia It can thrive on at least 30 types of agricultural waste, including tomato pomace and banana peels, without producing toxins.
The fungus is capable of turning indigestible plant waste into nutritious food in about 36 hours. “It seems to be on a unique trajectory of transforming waste from trash to treasure,” Hill-Maini said.
When the team first had Danish consumers try Oncom, people consistently rated it a six or above on a scale of one to nine, and described the taste as “earthy and nutty,” he says.
Hill-Maini developed the fungus-based food in collaboration with Rasmus Munk, owner of the Copenhagen restaurant The Alchemist, and Andrew Lasmore of Blue Hill at Stone Barns in Pocantico Hills, New York.
In The Alchemist, N. Intermedia It was used in a dessert of gelled plum wine and unsweetened rice custard and was fermented for 60 hours, a process that Munch says changed both the aroma and flavor “pretty dramatically.”
“It was shocking to suddenly discover flavors like banana and pickled fruit without adding anything other than the fungus itself,” he says. “Of course, not all of our wild shots work, but when they do, they can produce pretty revolutionary results.”
By demonstrating what upcycled food can achieve at the highest gastronomic level, the chefs hope to help accelerate commercial acceptance of the concept.
“We're just in the beginning stages of realizing its full potential,” Hill-Maini says.
Many of us have a collection, known as the Shame drawer, tucked away in our homes. This dusty cavern is filled with old phones, tablets, dongles, and various knick-knacks that were once cherished but are now obsolete. While it may seem difficult to part with these items, the reality is that they are unlikely to serve any purpose in the future.
By letting go of our outdated devices, especially those with the latest iOS updates, we can give them a new lease on life. This could make a significant impact if they are passed on to individuals who can benefit from them.
Vodafone’s Great British Tech Appeal is an organization that accepts donations of used mobile phones, tablets, and laptops. Explore how these donated devices are helping to bridge the digital divide.
Reduce, reuse…reconsider?
The amount of electronic waste generated by the rapid cycle of mobile technology is staggering, especially in the UK, which is among the top producers of e-waste per capita globally. As a result, many individuals in the UK lack access to smartphones, tablets, and laptops, exacerbating the digital divide.
It’s essential to consider donating devices to extend their life and help those in need. Each device donation can make a meaningful difference to individuals who are currently on the wrong side of the digital divide.
left behind
A significant percentage of households in the UK cannot afford or choose not to subscribe to telecommunications services, preventing them from accessing the internet. This lack of connectivity impacts various demographics, including children and families in need of support.
The Great British Tech Appeal aims to address these gaps by repurposing old devices for those who require them the most, such as refugees, individuals at risk, and children in care.
Push forward
Barnardo’s is a recipient of the Great British Tech Appeal, which aims to repurpose unused devices for charitable causes. The campaign has already made a positive impact by donating thousands of devices to various organizations.
Despite the progress made, there is still a vast number of discarded devices in UK households. It’s crucial to encourage people to donate their old gadgets to support those in need and reduce electronic waste.
Clearing the Past
Recycling old tech can seem intimidating due to varying regulations and disposal methods. Initiatives like Vodafone’s Great British Tech Appeal aim to simplify the process by providing guidance on how to donate devices and ensure they are properly handled.
By following recommended steps, such as factory resetting phones and removing personal data, individuals can contribute to a sustainable recycling process that benefits those in need.
Old Phone, New Start
Vodafone’s efforts to bridge the digital divide have had a significant impact on communities in need. By donating devices and providing connectivity, the organization has supported vulnerable individuals, including refugees and children in care, during challenging times such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
These donations have facilitated vital communication between separated families and provided essential support to those facing adversity. By participating in the Great British Tech Appeal, individuals can contribute to transforming lives through technology.
Answering a call
Donating old devices to initiatives like the Great British Tech Appeal is not only rewarding but also impactful. By following a simple donation process, individuals can help close the digital divide and support those in need.
Vodafone’s commitment to providing free connectivity and devices to millions of people underscores the importance of ensuring that no one is left behind in the digital age. By donating and participating in such campaigns, individuals can make a significant difference in bridging the digital gap.
Learn more here about Vodafone’s pledge to help millions bridge the digital divide.
A special laser (red) can bend electrons (blue) into a spiral shape
Dr. Yiqi Fan (University of Konstanz)
With the help of a laser, the electrons were transformed into spiral waves of mass and charge.
“Chirality, or handedness, is an intriguing and still partially mysterious feature of our universe.” Peter Baum Researchers at the University of Konstanz in Germany have discovered that chiral objects, like coils or L-shaped blocks, can be either left- or right-handed, but non-chiral objects, like circles or lines, cannot. Many molecules and materials are inherently chiral, and their function changes depending on whether they are right- or left-handed. But Baum and his colleagues have devised a way to impart chirality to something very small and fundamental: a single electron.
Because electrons are quantum objects, they exhibit both particle-like and wave-like behavior, depending on the experiment. In this experiment, the researchers exploited the wave nature of electrons. First, they create a very fast pulse of electrons and pass it through a thin ceramic membrane. There, the particles encounter a special laser beam. The beam is shaped like a light vortex and, as a result, carries a similarly shaped electromagnetic field. This electromagnetic field affects the wave function, or wave properties, of each electron that passes through it.
Finally, the researchers detected these manipulated electrons and calculated the “expectation values” of each of their masses and charges — that is, the places in space where both properties are most likely to be measured in non-zero quantities. These regions of space formed the shape of a three-dimensional coil, with clearly marked left- or right-handed winding.
Ben McMorran The University of Oregon researchers have previously experimented with making coils of chiral electrons, and they say their new work “represents a very advanced advancement in the state of the art of shaping electrons.” They have demonstrated precise control over the spiraling electrons, which they say will be crucial for using the particles in applications such as imaging and controlling existing materials.
Baum and his colleagues have already found that shining a left-handed coil of electrons at right-handed gold nanostructures results in different ricochet patterns than shining it on left-handed structures, opening up the possibility of using such coils to selectively affect chiral moieties in chemical compounds or electronic devices.
Having created these strange electrons in the lab, Baum says he's now interested in whether they could arise independently in nature: “We're starting to explore these possibilities.”
The food pyramid is a visual representation of a balanced diet, showing the types and proportions of foods that contribute to overall health.
Imagine a pyramid divided into sections, with each section representing a different food group. Specific designs vary, but a typical food pyramid usually includes the following categories from base to apex:
Base (grain)
At the bottom, widest part, are grains like bread, rice, and pasta. These provide complex carbohydrates, which are your primary source of energy. Whole grains are also a good source of added fiber.
Second layer (fruits and vegetables)
Next, fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamins, minerals, fiber, and antioxidants. To get a variety of nutrients, try to eat at least five servings of colorful vegetables each day.
3rd layer (protein)
This section includes proteins like meat, poultry, fish, eggs, beans, nuts, etc. Protein is essential for muscle maintenance, immune function, and growth, and helps you feel fuller for longer.
Top layer (dairy or alternative)
This section discusses fortified alternatives, such as dairy or soy milk, which provide calcium and other essential nutrients needed for bone health.
Outside the pyramid (sweets and fats)
Here are your fats and sweets: While fats are necessary for many bodily functions, choose healthy fats, such as those found in olive oil and avocado. Limit your intake of added sugars and sweets.
The food pyramid acts as a guide to creating a balanced diet by incorporating a variety of foods from different groups while avoiding relying too heavily on one category.
This concept was shaped into a plate in the UK, Eatwell Guide. It tells you how much of each food group you should eat based on the space it takes up on your plate.
According to the Eatwell Guide, eating healthy means making balanced choices from the five food groups over the course of a day or week: one-third fruits and vegetables, one-third grains and starches, and the remaining third a mix of dairy, proteins, and fats, both animal and plant-based.
This article is a response to the question “What is the food pyramid and can it help you eat healthily?” (asked by Diane Weeks from Glasgow).
If you have any questions, please send them to the email address below.For further information:or send us a messageFacebook,XorInstagramPage (be sure to include your name and location).
UltimateFun FactsFor more amazing science, check out this page.
New technology allows water droplets to be guided precisely around obstacle courses to trigger chemical reactions
Jonathan Knowles/Getty Images
By placing tiny magnetic particles inside ordinary water droplets, you can turn them into liquid acrobats. Droplets can climb steps, jump over obstacles, and initiate chemical reactions. This level of control could be useful for drug delivery and the creation of more complex lab-on-a-chip technologies.
Fan Shilin He and his colleagues at Sun Yat-sen University in China created a surface with tiny grooves and covered it with a superhydrophobic, or wet-resistant, varnish. They know that a water droplet resting on such a groove can spontaneously jump up due to the pressure difference between the bottom of the droplet, which is deformed by the small groove, and the rounded and less constrained top part. I did.
The researchers wanted to create this pressure difference on demand. They added small magnetic particles to each droplet and placed an electromagnet beneath the groove. When the electromagnet was turned on, some of the particles, or droplets, were drawn into the groove. When I turned it off, the water droplet shape bounced and flew upwards as if from a slingshot.
Using this technique, the team was able to enable droplets to hop down millimeter-scale stairs and overcome small obstacles. The researchers were also able to direct a droplet into the narrow space between two wires and connect a circuit to light a light bulb.
Xiao Yan Researchers from China’s Chongqing University say this is a creative way to control pressure-based droplet jumps and could become a valuable tool for precisely transporting chemical droplets. It has said.
In one experiment, researchers plunged and mixed droplets into a liquid chemical sample under a microscope lens, allowing them to observe the resulting chemical reaction from start to finish. Another experiment involved mixing two droplets with a third in a closed box, which would have been ruined if the researchers had had to open the box to let air in. The reaction was initiated remotely.
Such precise chemical control can be applied to drug delivery. Huang hopes the technology will also advance “lab-on-a-chip” technology, an effort to miniaturize complex biochemical experiments that typically require a lot of space and glassware. He proposes a “lab-on-stacked chip” in which droplets jump vertically between levels to generate many reactions in parallel.
ESA’s PAVER project aimed to create paved surfaces on the lunar surface using melted lunar regolith. They conducted ground-based tests using a carbon dioxide laser and are planning to use a Fresnel lens on the Moon to focus sunlight. The successful use of lasers to melt simulated lunar dust is a significant development in addressing the challenges posed by lunar dust in future missions.
The construction of roads on the lunar surface is essential for astronauts who will likely be driving rather than walking during their missions. Lunar dust is fine, abrasive, and sticky, leading to equipment damage and spacesuit corrosion. For example, the Apollo 17 lunar rover overheated when its rear fender was lost and replaced with a lunar map, covered in kicked-up dust. The Soviet Lunokod 2 rover experienced a similar fate, dying from overheating after its radiator became covered in dust.
To prevent the accumulation of lunar dust, it is necessary to pave active areas on the Moon, including roads and landing pads. The idea of melting sand to create roads was originally proposed in 1933. ESA’s PAVER project, led by Germany’s BAM Institute for Materials Testing in collaboration with Aalen University, LIQUIFER Systems Group, and the University of Claustal in Austria and Germany, investigated the feasibility of building lunar roads using a similar approach. The project received support from the Institute for Space Materials Physics of the German Aerospace Center (DLR).
The PAVER consortium utilized a 12-kilowatt carbon dioxide laser to melt simulated lunar dust and create a glassy solid surface that can serve as a paved surface on the Moon. They achieved spot sizes of 5 to 10 cm in their trials. By utilizing a 4.5 cm diameter laser beam, they developed a strategy to produce a triangular hollow-centered geometry of about 20 cm in diameter. This approach allowed them to create solid surfaces over large areas of lunar soil suitable for roads or landing pads.
The project’s materials engineer, Advenit Makaya, explained that the current laser used in their experiment functions as a light source instead of lunar sunlight. To achieve equivalent melting on the lunar surface, the laser light would be focused using a Fresnel lens with a diameter of several meters.
The PAVER consortium’s methodology involved trial and error to determine the optimal laser beam size and geometry. They found that larger spot sizes were easier to work with, as heating on a millimeter scale produced challenging agglomeration due to surface tension. With their approach, they were able to create a stable layer of molten regolith, which could be better controlled. The resulting material is glassy and brittle but can withstand primarily downward compressive forces, potentially being repaired if needed.
The research team discovered that reheating a cooled track could cause cracks, leading them to minimize crossover in the geometry. The depth of a single melt layer achieved was approximately 1.8 cm. Depending on the required loads, the constructed structures and roads could consist of multiple layers.
The PAVER consortium estimated that a 100 square meter landing pad with a 2 cm thick high-density material could be constructed in 115 days using their approach.
The PAVER project originated from a call for ideas conducted by ESA’s Basic Activities Discovery Division through the Open Space Innovation Platform (OSIP). Out of 69 submissions, 23 ideas were implemented, including the PAVER project. The project has opened up promising avenues for future research in extraterrestrial manufacturing and construction.
Overall, the successful use of lasers to melt lunar dust represents a significant advancement towards the construction of roads and landing pads on the lunar surface, addressing the challenges posed by lunar dust in future lunar missions.
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