On January 22, 2026, the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope captured stunning images of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS, showing it in near-perfect alignment with the Sun-Earth axis. This observation unveiled an unprecedented jet structure and an elongated tail.
This image of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS was captured by Hubble’s WFC3 instrument on January 22, 2026, at 13:10 UTC. Image credit: NASA / ESA / Hubble / Man Tu Hui, Shanghai Observatory.
According to researchers Professor Abraham Loeb from Harvard University and Dr. Mauro Barbieri from the INAF Padua Observatory, interstellar objects like 3I/ATLAS provide a rare opportunity to study materials from distant star systems. They detailed their findings in recent papers published in American Astronomical Society Research Notes.
Previous interstellar visitors such as 1I/Oumuamua lacked evidence of gas or dust, while 2I/Borisov was only observed at angles greater than 16 degrees from the Sun-Earth alignment, missing the chance for detailed study.
On January 22, 2026, comet 3I/ATLAS was positioned at an astonishingly small angle of just 0.69 degrees relative to the Earth-Sun axis, allowing for an optimal view as our planet passed nearly directly between the Sun and the comet.
This rare alignment caused a significant brightness spike, influenced by the composition and structure of the particles emitted from the 3I/ATLAS jet, as noted by Professor Loeb in the statement.
This image of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS was taken by Hubble’s WFC3 instrument on January 22, 2026, at 13:40 UTC. Image credit: NASA / ESA / Hubble / Man Tu Hui, Shanghai Observatory.
Astrophysicist Mang To Hui from the Shanghai Observatory utilized Hubble’s capabilities to observe 3I/ATLAS during conditions that may not occur again for decades.
The interstellar object images were gathered using Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) instrument, providing valuable data for ongoing research.
Professor Loeb elaborated on the findings, stating, “When the Hubble images from the January 22, 2026, alignment were processed by my collaborator Toni Scarmato, they revealed a system of four jets, including a prominent tail directed toward the Sun and Earth, along with three smaller ‘minijets.’”
“These minijets are spaced evenly apart at 120-degree angles, with one possibly hidden from view due to its unfavorable orientation relative to Earth, rendering it dark.”
Four astronauts successfully returned to Earth early Thursday morning, concluding an eventful and extraordinary week in space. The crew made an early departure from the International Space Station as a result of medical issues that emerged during their mission.
NASA astronauts Zena Cardman, Mike Finke, Japanese astronaut Kamiya Yui, and Russian cosmonaut Oleg Platonov made a splashdown in the Pacific Ocean near San Diego at 3:41 a.m. ET after an 11-hour journey.
“On behalf of SpaceX and NASA, welcome home, Crew-11,” mission controllers communicated to the astronauts shortly after the Dragon capsule’s touchdown.
This return marks a historic moment, being the first instance in the ISS’s 25-year history where a mission was terminated early due to medical complications.
On Thursday, SpaceX’s Crew Dragon Endeavor spacecraft splashed down in the Pacific Ocean near San Diego, California. NASA
Out of respect for medical privacy, NASA has not disclosed the identities of the crew members involved or specific details surrounding the medical incident. The situation remains stable and is not deemed an emergency.
NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman stated in a recent press conference that the early return decision was made with an emphasis on precaution.
The medical issue led to the cancellation of a planned spacewalk scheduled for January 8, during which Cardman and Finke were set to perform modifications outside the ISS.
The recovery team approaches the Dragon capsule. NASA
Prior to leaving the space station, Finke reassured that he and his colleagues were “stable, safe, and well cared for.”
“This decision was made to facilitate proper medical evaluation in a controlled environment with complete diagnostic capabilities,” Finke mentioned in a statement on LinkedIn. “While it’s bittersweet, it’s the right call.”
The astronauts returned in the same SpaceX Dragon capsule that had transported them to the ISS.
The return mission proceeded without incident, with air traffic controllers reporting favorable weather conditions at the landing site off the California coast. The capsule’s drogue and main parachutes deployed successfully just before landing, ensuring a safe splashdown.
NASA’s Crew 11 Endeavor spacecraft during recovery efforts. NASA
SpaceX recovery teams promptly arrived to assess the capsule and ensure it was safe to open the hatch. Dolphins were also spotted joyfully swimming in the vicinity.
The Crew-11 astronauts spent 165 days aboard the space station. For Cardman and Platonov, this represents their first spaceflight, while Yui has now completed her second journey. Finke has successfully finished four missions in total.
The astronauts were scheduled to stay on the ISS until late February but returned early, leaving only three crew members onboard: NASA’s Chris Williams and Russian cosmonauts Sergei Kud-Sverchkov and Sergei Mikayev.
Inside the International Space Station’s Kibo Experiment Module: NASA astronaut Mike Finke, Roscosmos cosmonaut Oleg Platonov, NASA astronaut Zena Cardman, and JAXA astronaut Kamiya Yui. NASA/AP
The next crew rotation for the space station is expected to launch by February 15, but NASA is exploring options for an expedited flight. Nonetheless, Williams is likely to be the only NASA astronaut responsible for U.S. scientific experiments and operations at the station for several weeks to come.
Four astronauts are set to return from the International Space Station (ISS) on Wednesday night, departing weeks earlier than originally planned due to health concerns.
NASA astronauts Zena Cardman and Mike Finke, alongside Japanese cosmonaut Kamiya Yui and Russian cosmonaut Oleg Platonov, will make their journey back to Earth aboard the same SpaceX Dragon capsule that previously transported them to the ISS. This group, known as “Crew-11,” is expected to undock at around 5:05 p.m. ET.
This incident marks the first time in the ISS’s 25-year history that a mission has had to be cut short due to a medical issue while in orbit. Though NASA has not disclosed specifics regarding the affected crew members or the nature of their medical issues, citing privacy concerns, officials reassured the public that the situation is stable and does not warrant an emergency evacuation.
“First and foremost, we’re all okay,” Finke stated in a LinkedIn post over the weekend. “Everyone on board is stable, safe, and well cared for. This decision allows for a comprehensive medical evaluation on the ground where all diagnostic capabilities exist. This is the correct decision, even if it feels somewhat bittersweet.”
If undocking proceeds as scheduled, Crew-11 astronauts are anticipated to splash down in the Pacific Ocean off California’s coast around 3:41 a.m. ET on Thursday. The journey back will take approximately 11 hours, including a deorbit burn to slow the spacecraft before it re-enters Earth’s atmosphere, culminating in a parachute landing underwater.
Arriving at the ISS in August, Cardman, Finke, Yui, and Platonov were initially slated to remain until the end of February. However, a recent medical incident involving a crew member led NASA to cancel a planned spacewalk, which Cardman and Finke were set to conduct for station exterior renovations. Following this, the decision was made to expedite the crew’s return as a precautionary measure.
“After thorough consultation with Chief Medical Officer Dr. J.D. Polk and various agency leaders, we concluded that it is in the best interest of the astronauts to return Crew-11 ahead of the original schedule,” stated NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman on Thursday.
The astronauts are expected to land on Earth before the next space station crew takes off, but NASA confirms that Flight Engineer Chris Williams and two Russian cosmonauts will remain aboard. NASA officials are exploring options to expedite the next launch. The upcoming mission, known as Crew 12, is planned for a launch by February 15, but Williams will presumably be the sole NASA astronaut managing U.S. scientific experiments and operations on the ISS for several weeks.
During a “change of command” ceremony prior to departure on Monday, Finke officially handed over command of the space station to cosmonaut Sergei Kud-Sverchkov.
“Sergei, it is both an honor and a pleasure to hand over command to you,” Finke remarked.
He referred to the crew’s unexpectedly early departure as “an interesting time,” reminiscing positively about their experience in orbit.
“We come from diverse places around the globe and work collaboratively,” Finke concluded. “This is a fantastic representation of what humanity can achieve together.”
Microbiologists from the University of Wisconsin-Madison and Rhodium Scientific have unveiled a groundbreaking discovery aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Their latest experiment reveals that the unique near-weightless environment of space significantly alters the interactions between bacteriophages (viruses that target bacteria) and their hosts.
The International Space Station, with Earth in the background. Image credit: NASA.
In this detailed study focused on bacteriophage-host dynamics in microgravity, University of Wisconsin-Madison researcher Phil Huss and his team analyzed the interaction of T7 phages with Escherichia coli bacteria cultivated in an orbiting laboratory.
The experiments highlighted that while microgravity slows the infection rate of viruses, it does not permanently inhibit their ability to infect.
Under normal Earth conditions, T7 phages typically infect and lyse Escherichia coli within 20 to 30 minutes.
However, in the microgravity setting, no measurable growth of the bacteriophages was observed during the initial hours of culture.
After 23 days, the bacteriophage started to grow normally, effectively reducing the bacterial count. This suggests that bacteriophage activity eventually overcame the initial delays caused by the microgravity environment.
Factors unique to microgravity, such as disrupted fluid convection and changes in bacterial physiology, appear to influence how bacteriophage particles encounter and infect bacterial hosts.
In the absence of gravity, the natural mixing of fluids that typically facilitates virus-bacteria contact may be hindered, thereby slowing down the initial infection stages.
To delve deeper into the evolutionary and molecular consequences of these altered interactions, researchers sequenced the genomes of both bacteriophages and bacteria post long-term culture.
The analysis revealed numerous emerging mutations in the genomes of both organisms, indicating adaptation to their unique conditions.
Intriguingly, different mutation patterns were identified in microgravity compared to those evolving under Earth’s gravity, highlighting that the space environment exerts distinct selective pressures on both bacteriophages and their bacterial hosts.
Further scrutiny focused on the bacteriophage’s receptor-binding proteins, essential for recognizing and infecting bacterial cells effectively.
Through a deep mutational scan, significant differences in the mutational profiles of these proteins were observed between microgravity and ground-based experiments, reflecting fundamental changes in adaptive capabilities.
In a remarkable find, the researchers utilized a library of receptor-binding protein variants selected in microgravity to create bacteriophage variants that are more efficient at infecting specific drug-resistant strains of Escherichia coli on Earth. This underscores the potential of space-based research to inform biotechnology.
“Our study provides initial insights into how microgravity influences phage-host interactions,” the researchers concluded.
“Investigating phage activity in non-terrestrial settings unveils new genetic determinants of fitness, paving the way for innovative phage engineering on Earth.”
“The success of this research will establish a foundation for future phage investigations aboard the ISS.”
For more details, refer to the study published in the online journal PLoS Biology.
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P. Hass et al. 2026. Microgravity reshapes bacteriophage-host coevolution on the International Space Station. PLoS Biol 24 (1): e3003568; doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003568
A groundbreaking study reveals that astronauts’ brains can experience changes in shape and position during their time in space, presenting significant implications for NASA’s objectives of long-duration missions to the Moon and Mars.
Published on Monday in the Journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the research indicates that astronauts’ brains tilted upward after spaceflight, deviating from their normal Earth position and shifting within their skulls. The study identified that areas associated with sensory functions, motion sickness, disorientation, and balance were notably affected.
This research contributes to the evolving field of aerospace medicine, which investigates the physical toll spaceflight and microgravity exert on the human body. Such insights are crucial for planning NASA’s ambitious projects to establish a base on the Moon and conduct crewed missions deeper into the solar system.
“Understanding these changes and their implications is vital for ensuring astronauts’ safety and health, as well as ensuring their longevity in space,” stated Rachel Seidler, a professor at the University of Florida and co-author of the study.
Seidler and her team examined MRI scans of 26 astronauts taken before and after their missions in orbit. The duration of spaceflight varied from a few weeks (for Space Shuttle missions) to about six months (the typical length for International Space Station missions). Some astronauts even spent a year aboard the station.
“Those who spent a year in space exhibited the most significant changes,” Seidler revealed. “We observed noticeable alterations even in astronauts who were in space for just two weeks, indicating that duration is a key factor.”
She added that among astronauts who remained in microgravity for over six months, the upward movement of their brains was “quite widespread,” particularly within the upper brain structures.
“The movement is in the range of a few millimeters. While this might not seem significant, in terms of brain dynamics, it truly is,” she noted.
Seidler pointed out that the observed brain changes often lead to “sensory conflicts” while astronauts are in space, resulting in temporary disorientation and motion sickness. Upon returning to Earth, such changes may also contribute to balance issues as astronauts readjust to the planet’s gravity. However, the study did not report any severe symptoms, like headaches or cognitive impairment, either during or after spaceflight.
“That was a surprise to me,” Seidler remarked.
For a comparative analysis, the research team also examined brain scans of 24 civilian participants who underwent bed rest for up to 60 days with their heads positioned at a 6-degree angle downward, mimicking microgravity conditions. Similar changes in brain position and shape were observed, yet astronauts’ brains displayed a more pronounced upward shift.
Dr. Mark Rosenberg, assistant professor of neurology and director of the Aerospace and Performance Neurology Program at the Medical University of South Carolina, emphasized that while the effects of spaceflight on the brain have been recognized, Seidler’s study is pioneering in documenting how these upward shifts impact astronauts both in space and upon their return to Earth.
“While we knew the brain shifted upward, we needed to explore any operational consequences,” said Rosenberg, who did not participate in the study. “This work helps clarify those relationships.”
The findings prompt additional questions for future studies, including whether brain changes differ between male and female astronauts and whether the age of crew members influences these changes. However, gathering a comprehensive dataset is challenged by the limited number of astronauts launched to the International Space Station each year, a demographic that has predominantly been male.
Further research is essential to establish whether the observed brain changes have long-term repercussions.
Currently, these changes do not appear to be permanent, similar to various physiological changes astronauts experience post-mission, such as bone density loss, muscle atrophy, and fluid redistribution. Once the body readjusts to Earth’s gravity, conditions largely normalize, Rosenberg explained.
However, it remains uncertain whether different gravitational environments might introduce new complications.
“If an astronaut were on Mars, which has one-third of Earth’s gravity, or on the Moon, with one-sixth of Earth’s gravity, how much longer would it take to return to normal?” Rosenberg queried.
Both he and Seidler assert that the current findings shouldn’t deter humans from spending extended periods in space. It is crucial, however, to comprehend any potential long-lasting damage and identify strategies to mitigate it.
“Whether we acknowledge it or not, we are destined to become a spacefaring species,” Rosenberg concluded. “It’s merely a matter of time. These are just some of the essential questions we need to address.”
NASA’s SpaceX Crew-11 Team to the International Space Station
SpaceX
In a historic event, astronauts have been evacuated from the International Space Station (ISS) for medical reasons for the first time. The specific medical condition has not been disclosed to maintain privacy, and the astronaut affected remains unnamed. However, four of the seven crew members aboard the ISS returned to Earth ahead of schedule.
The returning astronauts are part of the Crew-11 mission, which launched on August 1 and was initially scheduled to conclude in late February. During a press conference on January 8, NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman noted that nearly all mission objectives had been achieved, enabling an early return.
“This is not an emergency evacuation; the astronaut is stable,” stated NASA’s Chief Medical Officer James Polk. Isaacman further emphasized that while emergency medical evacuation was possible within hours, the actual crew evacuation would occur within days.
Although medical incidents aboard the ISS are not unprecedented, they have typically been manageable in orbit. “The ISS is equipped with robust medical facilities, but it lacks the comprehensive resources of an emergency department,” Polk explained. The severity of this recent incident necessitated that the crew return to Earth for complete medical assessment.
The four Crew-11 members (including two NASA astronauts, one Russian, and one Japanese astronaut) will return via the Dragon spacecraft that transported them to the ISS, despite only one experiencing a medical issue. Preparations are in place at Earth-based medical facilities to ensure affected crew members receive the necessary care. While the situation is without precedent, Isaacman assured that the return process aligns closely with regular protocols.
“Historical models over the last 25 years suggest medical evacuations should occur approximately every three years, yet this is the first such instance,” Polk remarked.
Following this evacuation, a NASA astronaut and two Russian cosmonauts will continue their research aboard the ISS until the Crew-12 mission arrives, originally planned for February 15, but potentially rescheduled due to this incident.
NASA has announced that four astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) will return to Earth over a month early due to medical issues. This unprecedented evacuation marks the first of its kind in the ISS’s 25-year history.
Due to medical privacy regulations, NASA refrained from disclosing specific details, including the identities of the affected astronauts and the nature of their medical conditions. However, officials confirmed that the overall situation remains stable.
Speaking at a recent news conference, NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman stated that the astronauts are expected to return home in the coming days. An exact timeline for undocking and landing has not yet been provided.
“After consulting with Medical Officer of Health Dr. J.D. Polk and leadership across the agency, we believe returning Crew-11 early is in the best interest of the astronauts,” Isaacman said in a statement.
Inside the International Space Station. NASA
Isaacman noted that further updates would be available within the next 48 hours.
The Crew-11 team evacuating the ISS consists of NASA astronauts Zena Cardman and Mike Finke, Japanese cosmonaut Kamiya Yui, and Russian cosmonaut Oleg Platonov. They had originally arrived in early August with plans to stay until late February.
Dr. Polk reassured the public that the situation is stable, clarifying that the decision to evacuate was made for the well-being of the astronauts, not due to an emergency.
“While the ISS is equipped with sophisticated medical technology, it cannot match the complete resources of a hospital emergency department for thorough patient evaluations,” Polk explained. “In this case, there were multiple medical events which necessitated a careful assessment of the astronauts’ health.”
NASA first made the medical concerns public on Wednesday, when it was revealed that Cardman and Finke were deferring a scheduled spacewalk.
Following the early return of Crew-11, NASA will operate with just one astronaut on the ISS, who will oversee ongoing U.S. scientific operations. Flight engineer Chris Williams launched aboard a Russian Soyuz spacecraft on November 27, accompanied by Russian cosmonauts Oleg Platonov, Sergei Kud-Sverchkov, and Sergei Mikayev.
The subsequent crew is slated to launch to the ISS in mid-February, but Isaacman indicated that NASA may evaluate enhancements for this upcoming mission, known as Crew-12.
This week’s developments present Isaacman’s first significant challenge since taking office on December 18.
The space station industry is experiencing significant growth. For years, the only option for sending astronauts and experiments into orbit was the International Space Station (ISS). However, as NASA plans to deorbit the ISS by the end of the decade, a new commercially owned space station is set to emerge.
Mary Guenther, director of space policy at the Progressive Policy Institute in Washington, DC, states, “These developments have been in progress for years, primarily alongside NASA, with hardware expected to begin operations in 2026.” While privately developed modules have been attached to the ISS, never before has there been a fully independent commercial space station.
Without the ISS, a commercial space station will be essential. Guenther emphasizes, “It’s time for NASA to advance into uncharted territory and leave the operation of a low Earth orbit space station to commercial entities.”
In 2026, two companies, including the startup Vast, are poised to launch operations in the U.S. Vast plans to deploy the Haven-1 station aboard SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket as early as May. This station is smaller and simpler than the ISS and will use SpaceX’s Crew Dragon capsule for certain life support systems, marking a historic milestone as the first commercial space station.
The Haven-1 is designed to accommodate a crew of four for space tourism, featuring a photography dome and Wi-Fi, in addition to hosting smaller-scale microgravity experiments. It is envisioned as a precursor to the larger Haven-2, which Vast executive teams aim to position as a successor to the ISS.
“Everyone, including Vast, is preparing for 2030,” says Colin Smith from Vast. “With the ISS scheduled to deorbit at the end of 2030, there’s a growing urgency as we near 2025.”
Sierra Space is another player with plans for a 2026 space station, currently developing the Dream Chaser spaceplane. This company intends to launch a prototype of its expandable space station module called the Large Scale Integrated Flexible Environment in 2026, which will be part of the collaborative Orbital Reef project led by Blue Origin and Sierra Space.
The era of commercial space stations promises to differ significantly from that of the ISS, given the broader array of industry participants. “Numerous commercial space station models are emerging to cater to various markets,” Guenther notes. “I am eager to see how these companies distinguish themselves in order to attract clientele, and how competition can spur innovation.”
Many anticipate that private space stations will considerably lower the cost of operating in orbit, similarly to how private launch providers have made space access more economical.
“The ISS is the most expensive structure humanity has ever constructed, costing about $150 billion to support just seven individuals. Without changes, there will be no future for space commerce, manufacturing, or habitation,” Smith comments. “Our vision is to empower millions to thrive in space, and the steps we take now will pave the way for that future.”
Nonetheless, it remains uncertain whether market demand will support a flourishing space economy. The prospect of establishing multiple specialized space stations in orbit is thrilling, yet it necessitates clients beyond NASA and other national space organizations. As new stations commence operations this year, their sustainability will soon become apparent.
“There exist promising industries poised to expand into space, such as pharmaceuticals and materials,” Guenther remarks. “It will be fascinating to see which of these sectors flourish and grow.”
Exploring Supernova Remnant SNR 0509-67.5 with the VLT
Credit: ESO/P. Das et al. Background stars (Hubble): K. Noll et al.
Researchers captured a stunning two-tone sphere, evidence of a rare double-massive explosion, using the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope in Chile.
Astronomers from the University of New South Wales in Australia theorize that this magnificent gas and dust formation emerged when a white dwarf star, once akin to our sun, absorbed helium from a companion star and detonated. The initial explosion transpired approximately 300 years ago, potentially dazzling the Southern Hemisphere night sky, if not for the Sun’s obstruction from Earth.
Dramatic Explosion of SpaceX’s Starship
Photo by: James Temple
This year has been pivotal for SpaceX as CEO Elon Musk aims to send astronauts to Mars with the company’s Starship, the world’s largest and most powerful rocket. After a successful orbital test flight in August, three previous launches ended in catastrophic explosions, referred to by SpaceX as “unplanned rapid disintegration.” James Temple captured the spectacular display of flames during Starship’s seventh unsuccessful attempt in January.
SpaceX’s Dragon Spacecraft After Splashdown
Credit: NASA/Keegan Barber
Aside from its Starship endeavors, SpaceX made strides this year by successfully ferrying astronauts to and from the International Space Station (ISS), stepping in for NASA’s unready rockets. The stunning photograph captures the moment when SpaceX’s Dragon capsule splashed down near a pod of dolphins, carrying two astronauts who had spent nine months aboard the ISS after the Boeing Starliner spacecraft was rendered unsafe for return.
Historic Lunar Photos by Firefly Aerospace’s Blue Ghost Lander
Credit: Firefly Aerospace
In March, Firefly Aerospace’s Blue Ghost lander made history as the second commercial spacecraft to successfully land on the moon and the first to do so in an upright position, after previously tipping over. After a 45-day journey, it settled in the smooth volcanic terrain of Mare Crisium, capturing a selfie of its shadow against the sunlight, with Earth appearing as a distant dot.
Spectacular View of the Trifid and Lagoon Nebulae
Credit: NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory
The newly operational Vera C. Rubin Observatory, one of the most advanced telescopes in the world, will conduct daily scans of the night sky for the next decade. One of its early images depicts the Trifid Nebula, a stellar nursery located about 5,000 light-years away, visible as a pink and blue cloud in the upper right corner, contrasted by the Lagoon Nebula—another stellar formation situated 4,000 light-years from Earth. This breathtaking image was compiled from 678 individual snapshots taken during a seven-hour session.
Stunning Composite of September’s Lunar Eclipse Over Tokyo
Credit: Kyodo News (via Getty Images)
The astronomical community eagerly anticipated September’s lunar eclipse, where the moon traverses through the Earth’s shadow, adopting a distinctive red hue similar to sunsets. This striking composite visual captures the moon’s transition as it soared across the Tokyo skyline.
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Discover the latest stunning image captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, showcasing Arp 4, an intriguing visual pair of galaxies located in the constellation Cetus.
The Hubble image captures the galaxy pair Arp 4. Image credits: NASA / ESA / Hubble / J. Dalcanton, Dark Energy Survey / DOE / FNAL / DECam / CTIO / NOIRLab / NSF / AURA.
For more details, explore Arp 4, which features the bright spiral galaxy MCG-02-05-050a alongside the larger spiral galaxy MCG-02-05-050.
Located within the constellation Cetus, this galaxy pair was first discovered by Dutch-Canadian astronomer Sidney van den Bergh in 1959.
Arp 4 stands as the fourth entry in Halton Arp’s Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies and belongs to the section focusing on “Galaxies with Low Surface Brightness.”
“The term ‘Arp 4’ derives from the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies compiled by astronomer Halton Arp during the 1960s,” Hubble astronomers explained.
“These ‘unusual galaxies’ were chosen for photography to illustrate their distinct and non-standard shapes, providing insights into galaxy evolution.”
Hubble’s mission has transformed our understanding of galaxies, revealing captivating examples from Arp’s Atlas, including Arp 4.
The initial galaxies in this catalog, including Arp 4, exhibit low surface brightness, rendering them faint and challenging to observe.
“The larger galaxy, cataloged as MCG-02-05-050, features fragmented arms and a dim disk, perfectly fitting this description,” the astronomers noted.
“In contrast, its smaller counterpart, MCG-02-05-050a, is considerably brighter and more dynamic as a spiral galaxy.”
“Crucially, these galaxies are not in close proximity,” the researchers emphasized.
“The prominent blue galaxy, MCG-02-05-050, lies 65 million light-years from Earth.”
“Meanwhile, the brighter, smaller galaxy MCG-02-05-050a is positioned at an impressive 675 million light-years, over ten times farther away.”
This positioning likely suggests that MCG-02-05-050a is the more substantial of the two, while MCG-02-05-050 is relatively smaller.
“This visual pairing is simply an unlikely coincidence,” the astronomers added.
“Despite the absence of a physical connection, we can enjoy the unique sight of Arp 4 as an enthralling duo adorning our night sky.”
The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has captured breathtaking new images of the intriguingly tilted spiral galaxy NGC 4388.
This Hubble image showcases spiral galaxy NGC 4388, located about 59 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. Image credits: NASA / ESA / Hubble / S. Veilleux / J. Wang / J. Greene.
NGC 4388 is situated roughly 59 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo.
This galaxy was first identified by British astronomer Sir Wilhelm Herschel on April 17, 1784.
Also referred to as LEDA 40581 and IRAS 12232+1256, it has a diameter of 120,000 light-years.
NGC 4388 is among the brightest galaxies in the Virgo Cluster, which comprises over 2,000 galaxies.
Classified as an active galaxy, NGC 4388 features a bright and energetic core.
“NGC 4388 is tilted at a steep angle relative to our viewpoint, appearing almost face-on,” Hubble astronomers mentioned in a statement.
“This angle allows us to observe intriguing features that were not visible in earlier Hubble images of the galaxy released in 2016. A gas plume is seen emanating from the galaxy’s core, extending outward from the galaxy’s disk towards the bottom right corner of the image.”
“But where did this outflow originate? What causes it to shine?”
“The answer seems to lie in the vast spaces that separate the galaxies within the Virgo Cluster.”
“Though it may seem like the void between galaxies is empty, this area is actually filled with clusters of hot gas known as the intracluster medium.”
“As NGC 4388 traverses the intracluster medium, it punches through this gas.”
“The pressure from the hot intracluster gas forces material out of NGC 4388’s disk, trailing it as the galaxy moves.”
“The origin of the energy that ionizes this gas cloud and produces its glow remains uncertain,” the researchers observed.
“We suspect that some energy may originate from the galaxy’s center, where a supermassive black hole accelerates the surrounding gas to create a superheated disk.”
“The intense radiation emitted from this disk could ionize the gas nearest to the galaxy, while shock waves could cause filaments of gas farther out to become ionized.”
Astronomers utilizing the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have captured breathtaking new images of the blue, compact dwarf galaxy Markarian 178.
This Hubble image showcases the blue compact dwarf galaxy Markarian 178. Image credit: NASA / ESA / Hubble / F. Annibali / S. Hon.
Markarian 178 is situated roughly 13 million light years away in the constellation Ursa Major.
This galaxy, commonly referred to as Mrk 178, LEDA 35684, and UGC 6541, spans a diameter of 5,700 light years.
“MRK 178 is one of over 1,500 Markarian galaxies,” stated Hubble astronomers.
“These galaxies are named after Benjamin Markarian, an Armenian astrophysicist who compiled a catalog of galaxies that exhibit unusual brightness in ultraviolet light.”
“While most galaxies appear blue due to a plethora of young, hot stars and minimal dust, Mrk 178 presents a reddish hue. This concentration of massive stars is particularly abundant in the brightest, reddish areas near the galaxy’s edge.”
“This azure nebula houses numerous unique entities known as Wolf Rayet stars.”
“A Wolf-Rayet star is a massive star whose atmosphere is expelled by intense stellar winds,” the astronomers clarified.
“Mrk 178 features such an abundance of Wolf-Rayet stars that vivid emission lines from the hot stellar winds of these stars are inscribed into the galaxy’s spectrum.”
“In this image, captured using some of Hubble’s specialized optical filters, ionized hydrogen and oxygen are notably represented as red in Mrk 178.”
“Massive stars transition into the Wolf-Rayet stage immediately before collapsing into a black hole or neutron star.”
“We understand that some event must have instigated Mrk 178’s recent surge in star formation, as Wolf-Rayet stars have lifespans of merely a few million years.”
“At first glance, it remains uncertain what is instigating this phenomenon. Mrk 178 does not appear to have any neighboring galaxies that could disrupt its gas and promote new star formation.”
“Instead, we hypothesize that either a gas cloud collided with Mrk 178, or that the gas was affected as the galaxy traversed through the intergalactic medium, energizing this small galaxy with waves of brilliant new stars.”
Simulated representation of satellite trails contaminating images from future space telescopes
NASA/Boruff, Markham, Howell
Should space companies proceed with plans to deploy hundreds of thousands of satellites, up to a third of the images captured by the Hubble Space Telescope may be compromised.
In the last five years alone, over 75% of the approximate 14,000 satellites now orbiting Earth have been launched, many as part of megaconstellations, notably Elon Musk’s Starlink. Proposals indicate that we could see the deployment of as many as 500,000 satellites by the end of the 2030s, according to submissions to the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
Astronomers have long raised concerns regarding the potential impact of these satellites on ground-based telescopes. However, research by Alejandro Borlaf and his team at NASA’s Ames Research Center indicates that space telescopes are at risk as well.
“A telescope in space benefits from an unblemished environment; there’s no atmosphere or city lights,” Borlaf explains. “For the first time, we’re facing the issue of a man-made object contaminating our observations. This discovery was startling.”
By analyzing filings from the FCC and the International Telecommunication Union, Borlaf’s team estimated the anticipated number of satellites and their orbits over the next decade. They simulated the effect of these satellites blocking observations from four space observatories, including Hubble and China’s Shuntian telescope, as well as the Arrakis dark matter telescope set to launch in 2030, and the already launched SPHEREx galaxy telescope.
The researchers found that if 560,000 satellites are launched as projected, Hubble photos may capture an average of two satellite orbits, while Xuntian images could have approximately 90 satellite orbits due to a broader field of view and orbital altitude.
They validated their simulations by demonstrating that with the existing number of satellites, 4% of Hubble’s images would be influenced by the trajectories of these satellites, consistent with analyses of actual images.
These predictions could materialize if satellite launches proceed as planned. According to John Valentine from Dark Sky Consulting, a Tucson-based firm, it’s uncertain how many satellites will ultimately launch. “Many experts believe that over the next 15 years, the number of operational satellites could stabilize between 50,000 and 100,000.”
If the final number turns out to be only a fraction of the proposed figures, Valentine suggests, the impact on space telescopes would be notably reduced. “The number of trajectories per image would increase only slightly for ARRACHIS and Xuntian, while remaining relatively unchanged for SPHEREx and HST.”
Located in the southern part of the constellation Columba, NGC 1792 is a tempestuous and highly energetic spiral galaxy.
This Hubble image highlights the active spiral galaxy NGC 1792. Image credits: NASA / ESA / Hubble / D. Thilker / F. Belfiore / J. Lee / PHANGS-HST Team.
NGC 1792 is approximately 36.4 million light-years away from Earth, positioned to the south of the constellation Columba, bordering Caelum.
This galaxy, also known as AGC 24019 or LEDA 16709, was identified by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop on October 4, 1826.
The chaotic appearance of NGC 1792 features dust interspersed throughout its disk.
This galaxy is abundant in neutral hydrogen gas, leading to a high rate of new star formation.
“Astronomers find NGC 1792 intriguing, as its tumultuous appearance implies,” stated Hubble astronomers.
“Classified as a starburst galaxy, it serves as a dynamic site for star formation, with spiral arms rich in star-forming regions.”
“Surprisingly, it is quite luminous for its mass,” they added.
“This galaxy is approaching its larger neighbor, NGC 1808. The intense gravitational interaction between the two is believed to have stirred the gas reserves of the galaxy.”
“Consequently, star formation is more concentrated on the side where the gravitational pull is stronger.”
“This makes NGC 1792 an ideal subject for astronomers aiming to comprehend the intricate interactions among gas, star clusters, and supernovae within galaxies.”
The recent images incorporate additional WFC3 data collected in 2025, enriching our understanding of the turbulent astrophysical activity in the galaxy.
“The red light radiating in the arms signals H-alpha emission from a dense cloud of hydrogen molecules,” remarked the astronomers.
“Stars are born within these clouds and emit strong ultraviolet light.”
“This process ionizes the surrounding gas, causing it to emit light at a distinctive red wavelength, a clear indicator of a new star.”
A group of Japanese scientists conducted experiments on the model moss species protenema (larval mosses), brood cells (specialized stem cells activated under stress), and sporophytes (protected spores). They investigated Physcomitrium patent to identify the most resilient spores under simulated space conditions, which were then sent to the external environment of the International Space Station (ISS). After nine months in space, over 80% of the spores survived and maintained their capacity to germinate. These findings highlight the potential of land plants like Physcomitrium patent to endure extreme environments when studied in space.
Physcomitrium patent spores demonstrate remarkable resilience to simulated space conditions. Image credit: Meng et al., doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2025.113827.
With the recent rapid changes in the global environment, exploring new avenues for the survival of life beyond Earth has become essential.
Understanding how Earth-origin organisms adapt to extreme and unfamiliar conditions, such as those found in space, is crucial for expanding human habitats on the Moon and Mars.
Researching the survival limits of organisms in both terrestrial and extraterrestrial conditions enhances our comprehension of their adaptability and prepares us for the challenges of ecosystem maintenance.
“Most living organisms, including humans, cannot endure even a brief exposure to the vacuum of space,” explains Dr. Tomomichi Fujita, a researcher at Hokkaido University.
“Yet, the moss spores maintained their vitality even after nine months of direct exposure.”
“This offers astonishing evidence that life forms evolved on Earth possess unique cellular mechanisms to withstand the challenges of space.”
In this study, Dr. Fujita and colleagues examined Physcomitrium patent, a well-studied moss commonly referred to as spread earth moss, under simulated space conditions, which included high levels of ultraviolet radiation, extreme temperature fluctuations, and vacuum settings.
They assessed three structures: Physcomitrium patent — protenema, brood cell, and sporophyte — to determine which is best suited for survival in space.
“We anticipated that the combination of space-related stressors, like vacuum, cosmic radiation, extreme temperature changes, and microgravity, would result in greater damage than any isolated stressor,” remarked Dr. Fujita.
The research revealed that UV light posed the greatest threat to survival, with sporophytes exhibiting the highest resilience among the three moss structures.
Young moss could not tolerate elevated UV levels or extreme temperatures.
Although brood cell viability was significant, the encased spores demonstrated a resistance to UV light that was 1,000 times greater.
These spores survived and germinated after enduring temperatures as low as -196 degrees Celsius for over a week and withstanding heat up to 55 degrees Celsius for a month.
The scientists proposed that the protective structures surrounding the spores may absorb UV light while physically and chemically shielding the spores inside from damage.
This resilience is likely the result of evolutionary adaptations. Moss plants, which evolved from aquatic to terrestrial species approximately 500 million years ago, have survived multiple mass extinctions.
In March 2022, the researchers sent hundreds of sporophytes aboard the Cygnus NG-17 spacecraft to the ISS.
Upon arrival, astronauts affixed the sporophyte samples to the ISS’s exterior, exposing them to space for a total of 283 days.
The spores made their return trip to Earth aboard SpaceX CRS-16, which was returned to the laboratory for analysis in January 2023.
“We had anticipated the survival rate to be nearly zero, but the results were the opposite: the majority of spores survived,” said Dr. Fujita.
“We were truly astounded by the remarkable durability of these tiny plant cells.”
Over 80% of the spores successfully completed the intergalactic journey, with nearly all of them—except for 11%—able to germinate upon returning to the lab.
The research team measured chlorophyll levels in the spores, discovering that all types exhibited normal levels, apart from a 20% reduction in chlorophyll a. Though chlorophyll a is sensitive to changes in light, this decrease did not appear to hinder the spores’ health.
“This study exemplifies the incredible resilience of life that has developed on Earth,” said Dr. Fujita.
Curious about the duration spores could survive in space, the researchers utilized pre- and post-expedition data to formulate a mathematical model.
They projected that the encased spores could endure up to 5,600 days, or around 15 years, under space conditions.
However, they emphasize that this estimate requires further validation through larger datasets to more accurately assess how long moss can thrive in space.
“Ultimately, we hope that this research paves the way for developing ecosystems in extraterrestrial environments like the Moon and Mars,” Dr. Fujita concluded.
“We desire that our moss research can serve as a foundation.”
For further details, refer to the published paper in iscience.
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Meng Chang Hyun et al. The extreme environmental resistance and space survivability of moss, Physcomitrium patent. iscience, published online on November 20, 2025. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2025.113827
Mosses are believed to have evolved from ancestral plants that transitioned from aquatic environments to terrestrial habitats approximately 450 million years ago.
This organism is known for its remarkable hardiness, thriving in diverse locations, from the frigid Antarctic tundra to the lofty peaks of the Himalayas, as well as in volcanic lava fields and various aquatic settings.
Fujita expressed his admiration for its extraordinary resilience.
“It got me thinking: Could this resilient little plant endure the harsh conditions of space?” he remarked.
His research team focused on a specific type of moss known as Physcomitrium patent. They conducted experiments in a laboratory simulating a space environment, exposing the moss to extreme temperatures, vacuum conditions, and elevated levels of ultraviolet radiation.
They concluded that the moss’ sporophyte, which contains the encapsulated spores that act as reproductive structures, stands the best chance of survival in space due to its ability to endure high levels of ultraviolet light. The spores were able to germinate after enduring scorching conditions of 131 degrees Fahrenheit for a month and frigid temperatures of minus 320 degrees Fahrenheit for over a week.
In March 2022, researchers dispatched hundreds of moss sporophytes to the International Space Station using a cargo spacecraft from Northrop Grumman. Astronauts attached the sporophyte samples to the station’s exterior and left them exposed for 283 days.
The moss samples were subsequently returned to Earth on a SpaceX cargo mission in January 2023.
The team discovered that over 80% of the spores survived their nine-month journey outside the space station, with nearly 90% successfully re-germinating in their Earth-based laboratory.
This moss sprouted from spores that were exposed to space for nine months
Tomomichi Fujita
On March 4, 2022, astronauts placed 20,000 moss spores outside the International Space Station, where they endured extreme space conditions for 283 days. Following their retrieval, the spores were brought back to Earth in a SpaceX capsule for scientists to attempt germination. Remarkably, these attempts proved successful.
Mosses, one of the oldest land plants, are renowned for thriving in some of the planet’s harshest environments, such as Antarctica, volcanic terrains, and arid deserts. Tomomichi Fujita was part of the research team from Hokkaido University in Japan that conducted this groundbreaking experiment.
“We were curious whether these spores could withstand conditions in one of the most extreme environments imaginable: outer space,” he remarks.
Numerous studies have simulated the survival of various mosses and plants under extraterrestrial conditions, particularly those anticipated on Mars. However, this marks the first instance where researchers examined whether a specific type of moss can endure the actual conditions of space. The spores originated from the species Physcomitrium Patent.
A control group of spores that remained on Earth exhibited a 97 percent germination rate, comparable to another group of spores that were shielded from the damaging ultraviolet rays while still in space.
Astoundingly, over 80 percent of the spores that faced the totality of space—its vacuum, extreme temperatures, microgravity, ultraviolet light, and cosmic radiation—survived and grew into healthy plants. Researchers predict that some spores could remain viable in space for as long as 15 years based on these experimental results.
“Opening the sample felt akin to unlocking a biological time capsule: life that has endured the void of space and returned to full functionality,” Fujita expresses.
Prior to the experiment, the researchers had already assessed other living components of the moss, such as its filaments, under simulated conditions. They discovered that other life stages of this moss succumb to environmental factors like UV radiation, extreme temperature fluctuations, high salinity, and dehydration within days to weeks.
However, the spores appeared to withstand all these adversities. This is particularly impressive given that the spores outside the space station faced simultaneous attacks, while the Earth-based tests evaluated only one stressor at a time.
Fujita noted that the multilayered spore wall encasing the reproductive tissue acts as a “passive shield against harsh spatial conditions.”
He likens the spores to residing within their own spaceship, suggesting this might be an adaptive feature they developed to deal with the extreme environmental pressures present during the early stages of terrestrial life, hundreds of millions of years ago.
“Spores are, in essence, compact life capsules that lie dormant but are ready to reactivate when conditions are favorable,” he states. “It feels like evolution has given them their own survival pods designed to travel across time and space.”
Fujita cautioned that this research does not confirm the presence of extraterrestrial life, but it does bolster the concept that once life appears, it can be incredibly resilient. “The ability of terrestrial life to thrive under space-like conditions suggests that the fundamental building blocks of life might be more abundant and persistent than we typically assume.”
David Eldridge and fellow researchers from the University of New South Wales in Sydney emphasize that the ultimate test is not merely whether the spores can germinate on Earth, but if they can thrive in space.
“The critical point is to evaluate the growth rates of these taxa in space and determine if they can reproduce,” he concludes.
Astronomers utilizing the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have captured astonishing new images of the barred spiral galaxy NGC 4535.
This Hubble image depicts spiral galaxy NGC 4535, situated approximately 52.6 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. Image credits: NASA / ESA / Hubble / F. Belfiore / J. Lee / PHANGS-HST team.
NGC4535 is located in the Virgo constellation, roughly 52.6 million light-years distant.
This galaxy, also referred to as LEDA 41812 and UGC 7727, spans about 115,000 light-years.
First observed by German-British astronomer William Herschel on December 28, 1785.
When viewed through smaller telescopes, NGC 4535 appears hazy and ethereal, prompting prominent amateur astronomer Leland S. Copeland to name it the “Lost Galaxy” in the 1950s.
“This galaxy is so faint when seen through small telescopes that it has been nicknamed the ‘Lost Galaxy,'” noted Hubble astronomers.
“With its 2.4-meter-diameter mirror, Hubble is ideally equipped to observe faint galaxies like NGC 4535 and reveal features such as its magnificent spiral arms and central bar of stars.”
NGC 4535 ranks among the largest galaxies in the Virgo Cluster, a massive assembly of 2,000 galaxies located near the prominent elliptical galaxy Messier 87.
The nearly circular shape of the galaxy suggests that we are viewing it almost face-on.
Its center features a distinct bar structure with a dust lane that sharply curves before branching into the spiral arm.
“The young star clusters of NGC 4535 are vividly visible in the Hubble images, scattered throughout the galaxy’s spiral arms,” the astronomers stated.
“Many clusters of bright blue stars are enveloped by glowing pink clouds.”
“These clouds, known as H II regions, indicate that this galaxy is home to particularly young, hot, and massive stars emitting high-energy radiation.”
“Massive stars significantly impact their environment by heating the clouds they are born from, producing powerful stellar winds, and ultimately exploding as supernovae.”
The new Hubble images include data from an observational program cataloging around 50,000 H II regions in nearby star-forming galaxies.
“Previous images of NGC 4535 were released in 2021,” the researchers mentioned.
“Both the 2021 images and the latest ones include observations from around the globe. The PHANGS program aims to understand the relationship between young stars and cold gas.”
“Today’s images provide a new perspective on NGC 4535 by highlighting the bright red glow of the nebula surrounding the massive star during its initial few million years of existence.”
Claire North is a well-established author, known for writing under multiple names, but this is their inaugural foray into traditional science fiction that includes spaceships. I found the title slow gods intriguing, and the cover art appealing. I entered the narrative with elevated expectations.
It kicks off with: “My name is Maukana na Vdnadze, I am a very poor copy of myself.” A fantastic beginning.
However, I felt a bit lost after about 60 pages. While the story is crafted in a grand space opera style filled with timelines, cultures, and names—typical of the genre—I hadn’t formed a connection with the protagonist yet. The main character is an exceptional deep space pilot but struggles with a troubling history of causing fatalities. Perhaps my mood affected my reading experience. I persisted a little longer, and when the main character, Mau, encountered another figure named Gebre, I started to feel more engaged.
I’m inclined to take a leap here: please read this book. If science fiction is your thing, you’ll likely appreciate it. If you’re unsure initially, as I was, feel free to move on.
I actually have some space to elaborate on my thoughts. It’s been ages since I’ve enjoyed a science fiction piece so thoroughly. Yet, it’s more than just amusement; it’s also deeply emotional and impactful—well articulated.
North shines in creating characters with depth, along with intricate world-building and expansive plots that span galaxies. There’s humor woven throughout, and in the tradition of Ian M. Banks, there are delightful AI entities and drones that contribute to the comedic elements.
“ slow gods presents formidable villains with malicious intent and lethal weapons, including the “Black Ships” that raze cities. “
Maw is a remarkable protagonist. As a reader, it’s refreshing to have no clear idea of what the protagonist might be capable of, contemplating that it could be quite dramatic. In a pivotal moment during his first mission as a pilot, Maw dies and continues to resurrect multiple times, provided that no one witnesses or mourns his remains. It raises questions about whether Maw retains humanity or has transformed into something different.
Returning to the encounter with Gebre… Maw accepts the mission to pilot a vessel to Ajmir, a planet poised for destruction due to the impending collapse of its binary star system, LK-08091881.
A mysterious, god-like machine known as Slow had been issuing warnings about the imminent collapse of the star system, with shockwaves traveling at light speed, endangering all life within an 83 light-year radius. Unfortunately, the affected populace’s reactions were inconsistent at best. By the time Mau landed on Ajmir on its final day, countless individuals remained, hoping to win a lottery for a chance at escape.
Upon his arrival, Mau meets Gebre Netyu Chatitymska Bajwala. Currently, Gebre is somewhat “innumerable,” yet they focus less on that and more on preserving significant artifacts for future generations to understand Ajmir’s true history.
Gebre is an intriguing character, and Maw finds himself attracted to them. What steps can he take to protect Gebre? Or will he seek revenge? The groundwork has been laid.
It’s pertinent to mention that “Shines” exist as formidable villains with hostile dispositions and lethal weaponry, including “black ships” and super soldiers capable of nearly invisible city destruction.
Slow Gods often reminded me of Banks’ culture series, making it a natural “also recommended” option. I typically recommend The Player of Games to newcomers to the culture series, as it serves as an accessible starting point, being the first of Banks’ works in this universe. It follows a character named Horza, who possesses the ability to transform into perfect replicas of others. What else is there to wish for?
Emily H. Wilson is a former editor of New Scientist and the author of the Sumerian trilogy, set in ancient Mesopotamia. The concluding novel, Ninshubar, has been released. You can find her at emilywilson.com, on X @emilyhwilson, and on Instagram @emilyhwilson1
The Hubble Space Telescope, operated by NASA and ESA, unveils the radiant galactic core and stunning spiral arms in this fresh perspective of NGC 4102.
This Hubble image illustrates NGC 4102, an intermediate spiral galaxy located 55.4 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major. Image credit: NASA / ESA / Hubble / G. Fabbiano.
NGC 4102 is positioned to the north of Ursa Major, approximately 55.4 million light-years distant.
This intermediate spiral galaxy was discovered on April 12, 1789, by the German-British astronomer William Herschel.
Also known as UGC 7096, NGC 4102 features an active galactic nucleus.
“Active galactic nuclei are luminous centers within galaxies, powered by supermassive black holes with masses millions to billions of times greater than that of the Sun,” stated Hubble astronomers.
“When these black holes attract surrounding gas, the intense gravitational forces cause the gas to heat up and emit light across various wavelengths, from X-rays to radio,” they added.
“NGC 4102 stands as a prime candidate for examining the interaction between active galactic nuclei and their host galaxies,” noted the researchers.
“These active galactic nuclei range from very powerful variants that consume significant amounts of matter and produce jets of charged particles to more subdued types that gently draw in gas and emit less intense light.”
“NGC 4102 is likely categorized among the latter; it falls within the Compton-thickness classification, indicating a dense gas environment surrounding its nucleus, and is identified as a low-ionization nuclear emission line region (LINER).”
“LINER galaxies are recognized by emission lines from weakly ionized elements and may be sustained by supermassive black holes gradually accumulating gas from their vicinity.”
“The latest imaging offers an enhanced view of the galaxy, utilizing data from Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), which replaced WFPC2 in 2009, providing improved resolution and a larger field of view,” according to the researchers.
“These new observations are part of a program that integrates visible-light imagery from Hubble with X-ray data from the Chandra X-ray Observatory, aimed at exploring NGC 4102 and its relationship with active galactic nuclei.”
TThe Outer Worlds 2 was first revealed in June for £70/$80, becoming the priciest game on Xbox at that point. However, this status was short-lived, as Microsoft quickly reverted to the typical £60/$70 price point after just a month. Although The Outer Worlds 2 is larger than its 2019 predecessor, the decision was indeed prudent. This game does not warrant a £70 price tag.
Nonetheless, it offers a delightful experience that can easily consume your time, enhancing the original game significantly. With improved combat and more intricate role-playing elements, The Outer Worlds 2 smartly expands its scope without overextending its narrative, even if the storyline doesn’t quite deliver the same level of satisfaction.
You don’t need to have played the first game to grasp the sequel’s premise. You take on the role of an agent for the slow-moving, “benevolent” space police known as the Earth Directorate, with a mission to impose order on the galaxy known as Arcadia. Much like Halcyon in the original, Arcadia is in disarray due to the rampant spread of capitalism. Players wield significant power to form new alliances and mend old ones amidst various groups of conflicting ideologies.
Frequent conflict between factions is a given, but there are more pressing issues than the divide among them. You soon discover that a rift in the universe poses a serious threat. This concept is introduced early in the game, where you investigate these rifts caused by the Protectorate, an authoritarian group that is altering the universe’s fabric. Upon your arrival, betrayal from trusted allies leads to a decade spent in suspended animation.
Colorful vendors…The Outer Worlds 2. Photo courtesy of Obsidian Entertainment
Upon waking ten years later, you’ll find that Arcadia has undergone significant changes, with the rift expanding uncontrollably. To save the galaxy, you’ll need to assemble a new crew.
Unfortunately, the narrative peak experienced at the beginning of The Outer Worlds 2 is not echoed throughout the game. A lingering sense of disappointment follows me as I spend about 30 hours journeying through the plot. I hoped for unexpected character developments or story twists, but instead found myself predictably nodding through most scenes. There are intriguing characters present, such as psychopathic cultists and spies, yet I struggled to bond with this team, similar to my experience in the first installment.
Despite the presence of three major factions vying for attention and favor, The Outer Worlds 2 offers limited impactful choices. Awkward dialogues with narrow-minded capitalists compel you to reflect on your involvement in the actual economic system, but the simplistic portrayals of characters provide more insight than substantial moments.
If your “speech” skills are sufficiently high, you can often navigate most situations with ease. This can feel jarring, especially when a blind follower of the Protectorate changes her stance drastically after a specific dialogue choice, yet is content to monologue as you exit a boss fight. In almost every significant conflict, it feels as though your actions carried minimal weight—at least, that’s how it seems.
Attribute firepower…Outer World 2. Photo courtesy of Obsidian Entertainment
This aspect made it difficult for me to engage fully with the storyline. While the characters around me may have strong opinions, they rarely seem to exhibit genuine anger, even when I disregard their beliefs. The Outer Worlds 2 lacks a certain persuasiveness, which is disappointing because its clever humor often brings joy but seldom serves to deliver a biting ideological critique.
The game features impressive depth in its combat and role-playing systems, significantly refining what was introduced previously. While gunfights can sometimes drag and frustrate, the diverse range of weaponry and their varying effects add excitement to each encounter. Elemental damage influences enemies in different ways, each requiring distinct ammunition. Running low on energy during a tough skirmish forces creativity, and I’ve often found myself trying weapons I hadn’t used before out of sheer necessity, which turned out to be quite enjoyable.
Character development is more intricate than in the original game, featuring a “flaws” system that tracks your actions and may even prompt you to adopt traits that bear both negative and positive consequences. For instance, depending on item crafting can lead to acquiring the “Hermit” flaw, which doubles vendor prices, while dismantling junk can yield opportunities for additional items. This became particularly helpful during crafty moments but posed challenges when I had limited resources and needed vendors. This filled my experience with fun dilemmas, prompting me to rethink my approach.
Developer Obsidian has had a stellar year, launching the fantasy adventure Avowed alongside the insect-filled survival game Grounded 2. All three titles showcase the studio’s remarkable ability to craft diverse worlds that adapt to player choices.
While The Outer Worlds 2 may not consistently amaze, it does offer significant value as an engaging role-playing experience that can keep you entertained for hours. The focus isn’t necessarily on reinventing the wheel but rather on enhancing its framework. In essence, it’s a gratifying, reliable experience—satisfying yet rarely surprising—capable of delivering joy quite regularly.
This image captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope offers a fresh and detailed view of the star-filled spiral galaxy NGC 4571.
This Hubble image highlights NGC 4571, a spiral galaxy located about 60 million light-years away in the constellation Coma. Image credits: NASA / ESA / Hubble / F. Belfiore / J. Lee / PHANGS-HST team.
NGC 4571 is positioned 60 million light-years away in the constellation Taurus.
This galaxy was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on January 14, 1787.
Also referred to as IC 3588, LEDA 42100, and UGC 7788, NGC 4571 is classified as a spiral galaxy with low surface brightness.
It belongs to the Virgo Cluster, which comprises over 1,000 galaxies.
This cluster is part of the more extensive Virgo supercluster, which encompasses a local group that includes our very own Milky Way galaxy.
“NGC 4571 captivates with its feather-like spiral structure and vibrant star clusters,” remarked Hubble astronomers regarding this new image.
“The galaxy’s dusty spiral arms are sprinkled with bright pink nebulae that contain massive young stars.”
“The star-forming clouds in this image are heated to about 10,000 K due to intense ultraviolet light from young stars at their centers, although stars form in much cooler conditions.”
“Stars emerge from giant molecular clouds that can span tens to hundreds of light-years, with temperatures only slightly above absolute zero.”
“The remarkable change from a frigid gas cloud to a blazing young star is driven by the immense gravitational force that compacts the gas into dense clumps within star-forming clouds.”
“As these clumps yield to gravity and collapse inward, they eventually reach sufficient heat and density to initiate nuclear fusion at their cores and begin to shine.”
“The luminous clouds depicted in this image enclose particularly massive stars that are hot enough to ionize the gas within their stellar nurseries.”
In 2022, the Hubble team captured intricate images of NGC 4571 as part of an observational initiative incorporating data from major observatories, including Hubble, NASA/ESA/CSA’s James Webb Space Telescope, and the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array.
“The newly released images today add data from a program aimed at understanding the impact of dust on observations of young stars obscured within their natal clouds,” the astronomers noted.
Astronomers utilizing the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have captured new images of the nearly face-on spiral galaxy NGC 3370.
This Hubble image illustrates spiral galaxy NGC 3370, located approximately 90 million light-years away in the constellation Leo. Image credits: NASA / ESA / Hubble / A. Riess / K. Noll.
NGC 3370 is situated in the constellation Leo, roughly 90 million light-years from Earth.
This galaxy, also known as the Silverado Galaxy, IRAS 10444+1732, LEDA 32207, and UGC 5887, is nearly comparable to our Milky Way in both diameter and mass.
Discovered on March 21, 1784, by German-British astronomer William Herschel, NGC 3370 was the first of its kind to be identified.
Together with NGC 3447 and NGC 3455, it forms part of the NGC 3370 galaxy group.
NGC 3370 contains two types of celestial objects that astronomers find valuable for measuring distances to far-off galaxies: Cepheid variable stars and Type Ia supernovae.
“Cepheid variable stars undergo changes in both size and temperature during their pulsations,” Hubble astronomers explained in a statement.
“Consequently, the brightness of these stars fluctuates over timescales of days to months.”
“This variation reveals a key relationship: the brighter a Cepheid variable star, the slower its pulsation.”
“By timing the pulsation cycle of a Cepheid variable star, we can ascertain its true brightness.”
“When combined with observations of its apparent brightness from Earth, this data enables us to calculate the distance to the star and its galaxy.”
“Type Ia supernovae allow for distance measurements through a single explosive event, as opposed to periodic brightness changes.”
“These explosions occur when a star’s dead core reignites due to a sudden surge of nuclear fusion.”
“They reach similar peak brightness levels, akin to those of Cepheid variable stars, and knowing the intrinsic brightness of a supernova allows us to determine its distance.”
“The observation of both Cepheid variable stars and Type Ia supernovae is crucial for accurately gauging how quickly our universe is expanding.”
A significant piece of what seems to be space debris has been found in a secluded area of the Australian desert, as confirmed by the nation’s space agency on Monday.
The burnt, smoldering object was located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, according to the Australian Space Agency. While its exact nature and origin remain unclear, officials suspect it is likely a decommissioned rocket component.
The Australian Space Agency stated, “The debris is probably a propellant tank or pressure vessel from a launch vehicle.” This was mentioned in a post on X.
Details regarding the size or weight of the object were not disclosed, but the agency is collaborating with local authorities and other space organizations to investigate and ascertain “the precise nature of the debris and its origin.”
NBC News reached out for additional information, but the agency did not respond immediately.
Workers from a nearby mine stumbled upon the object on Saturday along a remote access road. As reported by Sky News, local officials do not believe the debris poses any risk to public safety. NBC News has yet to verify these details independently. (Sky News is a division of Comcast, the parent organization of NBC News.)
Various government space agencies and private companies frequently incinerate malfunctioning rocket parts or satellites in the atmosphere as a method of disposal. However, some debris can withstand the intense conditions of reentry. Despite this, it’s relatively uncommon for space debris to land on land, and even rarer for it to fall in populated regions, given that much of Earth is ocean.
Recently, however, experts have voiced concerns regarding the escalating issue of space debris, particularly with the increase in orbital launches.
Last summer, a 90-pound piece of space debris was found on a hiking trail in North Carolina and was later identified as part of the service module of SpaceX’s Crew Dragon capsule, which returned four astronauts to Earth from the International Space Station earlier that year.
In March 2024, a 1.6-pound metal fragment crashed through a home in Naples, Florida. Follow-up investigations determined that the debris originated from a cargo pallet that was released from the International Space Station to burn up in the atmosphere.
There are tens of thousands of pieces of space junk, along with millions of smaller fragments, cluttering Earth’s low orbit, the critical area where many telecommunications and GPS satellites operate. These objects can travel at speeds of up to 18,000 miles per hour, jeopardizing spacecraft functionality and endangering astronauts aboard the International Space Station.
Due to these concerns, experts have long cautioned against the overcrowding of space. NASA and other space agencies are investing in research and technology demonstrations aimed at cleaning up substantial amounts of debris in orbit.
The Australian Space Agency reiterated its commitment in a statement to the long-term sustainability of space activities, which includes debris mitigation, and continues to advocate for this issue on the international stage.
I acknowledge that there are already countless shows available at this stage. Every channel and streaming service is brimming with content that craves your attention, leaving us with limited hours to watch. However, I would like to suggest a new program called Space Live, which currently features just one episode. The only drawback is that the episodes seem to last indefinitely.
In truth, it’s not a program at all but rather a channel. The footage debuted on Wednesday morning and is available on ITVX, solely comprising live visuals of Earth transmitted from the International Space Station. This presentation is captivating, particularly for those unaware that one can feel both awe and boredom simultaneously.
It is claimed to be the world’s first. ITV has collaborated with the British space media firm Sen to utilize live 4K footage from their distinctive SpaceTV-1 video camera system on the International Space Station, providing three camera angles: one focused on the docking ports, a horizon view revealing sunrises and storms, and a downward camera as the ISS traverses over Earth. A tracker on the screen indicates the ISS’s real-time position, accompanied by an AI-driven information feed offering insights about geography and weather.
The Space Live footage is significantly enhanced compared to NASA footage. Photo: ITV
To be exact, one could argue that it’s not groundbreaking at all. NASA’s YouTube channel has been streaming footage from the ISS for years, attracting thousands of viewers consistently. Nevertheless, Space Live is a bit more sophisticated. The visuals are undoubtedly superior. For instance, at 8:30 a.m. Wednesday, Space Live presented stunning images of sunlight reflecting off the waters surrounding the Bay of Biscay, while NASA could only offer a piece of cloth inscribed with the word “Flap.” There’s even a relaxing soundtrack that loops repeatedly but doesn’t become overly irritating. In essence, it’s an upgrade.
And it’s truly captivating, at least during the first orbit. While we can’t wholly demonstrate the phenomenon known as the “overview effect,” which suggests that viewing Earth from space grants a fresh perspective on humanity, it is undeniably humbling to realize our planet’s smallness. The duration of the ISS’s journey from southeastern England (where I’m located) to conflict-ridden Ukraine is measured in mere seconds. Next, it would traverse across Asia to Australia. There’s hardly anything that separates us.
Inevitably, as the station glides around the Earth, eternally caught between sunrise and sunset, your thoughts drift to the people you know in various places. There’s a comforting quality to that.
However, one cannot remain in awe forever. The same goes for Space Live. Eventually, the enchantment of technology, perspective, and Earth’s beauty begins to fade, turning the experience akin to staring at a map on a plane when you’ve exhausted your movie options. Your focus starts to wander, and you realize that there are other live channels available on ITVX. One features Love Island, while others simply showcase Christmas movies. Then, with a sigh, you come to terms with the fact that the wonder of our only home, quietly revolving in the cosmos, has become just another content option—regardless of what ITV channel broadcasts American Ninja Warrior Jr.
The visuals are both breathtaking and reassuring. Photo: ITV
Nonetheless, it’s comforting to know that Space Live exists, even if it might not always capture your attention. It may not be something you’d typically expect to see on a large screen in a pub, unless a lively crowd gets excited about glimpsing the Ural River. As a background watch, though, it’s undeniably soothing. I suspect that for the select few, this channel will serve as a quiet companion as they navigate their daily routines.
And while that may not have been humanity’s initial motivation for achieving the incredible feat of breaking free from Earth’s constraints—let’s not forget that Neil Armstrong didn’t formally declare, “That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for the screensaver industry”—the concept of Space Live is still delightful. I may not tune in all the time, but it will undoubtedly be my go-to source whenever I’m looking to reconnect with our essence and acknowledge how minimal the barriers are that divide us.
DDuring my family’s vacations in the 1980s, primarily spent at classic British seaside resorts, I devoted all my time and pocket money exploring arcades. From Shanklin to Blackpool, I dabbled in them all, drawn in by their vibrant bulb-lit facades and enticing names (Fantasy Land! Treasure Island!), alongside the alluring sound of beeping video machines within. Although I spent countless hours on well-known classics like Pac-Man, Galaxian, and Kung Fu Master, there’s one particular game that has always captivated me. It features a distinctive design that is both quirky and exhilarating. It offers a complete experience that feels like a blend of a traditional arcade game, a flight simulator, and a roller coaster. At the time, it appeared remarkably futuristic. Now, I find myself at the age of 40.
Launched by Sega in 1985, Space Harrier is a 3D space shooter where players control a jetpack superhero named Harrier. Harrier emerges on the screen and shoots down surreal alien foes amidst a psychedelic landscape. Initially envisioned by designer Yutaka Suzuki as a detailed military flight shooter, the graphic constraints of that era rendered this impossible. The animations were too complex. Thus, drawing inspiration from the flying scenes in the fantasy film The Neverending Story, he conceived something surreal and different, replacing fighter planes with flying characters and creating alien adversaries reminiscent of stone giants and dragons. It was vividly colorful and wild, akin to a Roger Dean artwork animated by the Memphis Group.
However, what truly captivated players was the game’s motion cabinet. Sitting in a cockpit-style seat connected to two motors that provided rocking motion in eight directions, as Harrier leaped, so did you; as he tilted from side to side, you mirrored his movements. Enemies constantly approached from various angles, switching direction and altitude, keeping you swooping down, rising up, and spinning your body into action. Throughout, a synth-pop score by Hiroshi Kawaguchi, known for his work on Suzuki’s “Afterburner” and “Outrun,” resonated through the headrest speakers. Advanced speech synthesis enhanced the experience, allowing machines to shout encouragement and instructions: “Welcome to the Fantasy Zone, get ready!”
Space Harrier was a truly immersive experience and exemplified Suzuki’s talent for crafting engaging gameplay. It was just one of the many projects he was proud of at the time. Notably, Taikan offered a physical sensory experience. Games like “Outrun,” “Space Harrier,” “After Burner,” and “Power Drift” emerged in arcades featuring large motorized or hydraulically driven cabinets designed to enhance realism. Suzuki and his team also created an animation technology termed Super Scaler, which allowed manipulation of thousands of 2D animation frames to simulate a 3D environment. What I cherished most about Space Harrier was the way this motion intertwined within its fantastical realms of checkered planets and surreal aliens. It felt akin to participating in a vibrant 1980s interactive pop video. Like Pac-Man or Tetris, its timelessness lies in its unique abstract world.
Why does Space Harrier celebrate its 40th anniversary? This arcade cabinet could still entice players anywhere in the world (if one can still locate it), but sadly, such opportunities are diminishing. The machinery is aging, and the expertise to repair and maintain it is fading. Aside from a few adaptations for home computers and consoles (with the PC Engine and 32X versions being the most notable), I haven’t engaged with the game in years. Now, as I settle into that familiar seat, insert two 10p coins into the slot, and grasp the joystick in anticipation, I wonder: Will I ever rediscover that immersive gaming experience? Will I ever see my 13-year-old self exploring an arcade in northern England again? Regardless, Space Harrier remains fulfilling for whatever purpose.
Nasa has unveiled a stunning close-up image of NGC 6951, the Barred Spiral Galaxy, taken by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.
This Hubble image portrays NGC 6951, a barred spiral galaxy situated around 70 million light years away in the constellation of Cepheus. The color images were derived from separate exposures in the visible and near-infrared spectrum using Hubble’s Advanced Camera (ACS). Two different filters were utilized to capture various wavelengths. Colors were assigned by applying distinct hues to each monochromatic image linked to an individual filter. Image credits: NASA/ESA/Hubble/LC HO/G. Brammer/A. Filippenko/C. Kilpatrick.
NGC 6951 is located approximately 70 million light years from Earth in the constellation of Cepheus.
Also cataloged as NGC 6952, LEDA 65086, IRAS 20366+6555, and UGC 11604, the galaxy spans about 75,000 light years.
This remarkable galaxy was first discovered independently in 1877 by French astronomer Jerome Kogier and later in 1878 by American astronomer Louis Swift.
Astronomers categorize it as a barred spiral galaxy, classified as a type II Seyfert galaxy and a low ionization nuclear emission line region (LINER) galaxy.
“As this Hubble image reveals, NGC 6951 is a spiral galaxy filled with fascinating structures,” noted a Hubble astronomer.
“The most striking features are the spiral arms adorned with shimmering red nebulae, bright blue stars, and wispy dust clouds.”
“The spiral arm encircling the center of the galaxy emits a golden glow, a hallmark of the older star population.”
“The central region of the galaxy appears extended, indicating the presence of a slowly rotating bar of stars.”
At the core of NGC 6951 lies an ultra-massive black hole surrounded by what is termed an annular nuclear ring.
“The bar structure in NGC 6951 may be responsible for another notable characteristic: a blue-white ring encircling the center of the galaxy,” the astronomer stated.
“This is known as the nuclear starburst ring, which acts as a strengthened circle for star formation around the galaxy’s nucleus.”
“The bars funnel gas toward the center, gathering into a ring that spans about 3,800 light years.”
“Two dark dust trails parallel to the bar signify the entry points where gas from the bar transitions into the ring.”
“The dense gas within the nuclear starburst ring creates an ideal environment for initiating a substantial number of stars.”
Utilizing Hubble data, astronomers have identified over 80 potential star clusters within the NGC 6951 ring.
“Many of these stars formed within the last 100 million years, yet the ring itself has an extended lifespan, potentially persisting for 1 to 1.5 billion years,” the researchers elaborated.
Astronomers utilizing CSIRO’s Murchison Wide Field Array (MWA) telescope are on the quest to uncover the elusive period of reionization. This early stage in the universe’s history has been theorized but remains undetected by radio telescopes. This period marks the end of the universe’s dark ages, occurring approximately a billion years post-Big Bang, during which intergalactic gases transform from opaque to transparent, enabling light from the first stars and galaxies to permeate the cosmos.
A glimpse of the sky observed in radio waves by the Murchison Wide Field Array. Image credit: Nunhokee et al. / ICRAR / Curtin University.
“Our research was conducted in two phases,” stated Dr. Riddhima Nunhokey, an astronomer at Curtin University Node of the International Center for Radio Astronomical Research for All Sky Astrophysics (ICRAR).
“In the initial phase, we discovered the first signs of heating in the intergalactic gas—the intergalactic medium—around 800 million years after the Big Bang.”
“To examine this primordial phase of the universe, we must isolate faint signals from this epoch while eliminating all other sources of cosmic radio emissions.”
“These sources include emissions from nearby celestial bodies, interference from Earth’s atmosphere, and even noise generated by the telescope itself.”
“Only after meticulously subtracting these ‘foreground signals’ can we discern the signals from the era of reionization.”
“From this study, we have developed methods to manage foreground contamination and remove unwanted signals, thus enhancing our understanding of telescopes and improving the clarity of detected signals.”
“We are also able to integrate nearly a decade’s worth of MWA data, allowing us to make observations over a longer timeframe than before.”
“This is another reason we are closer than ever to detecting the signals.”
The team asserts that the enhanced quality and quantity of this new dataset made this discovery feasible.
The cold universe is producing signals that resemble these new data.
This absence of signals indicates that reionization must have commenced from a “cold start,” implying that the universe was “preheated” prior to the reionization phase.
“As the universe expands, intergalactic gases cool down, and thus we expect them to become extremely cold,” explained Professor Cathryn Trott, an astronomer at ICRAR’s Curtin University Node, associated with Astro 3D and the Curtin Institute of Radio Astronomy.
“Our measurements suggest that there is a certain level of heating present. While it may not be substantial, it does indicate that extremely cold reionization is unlikely, and that’s quite intriguing.”
“This study implies that this heating is probably influenced by energy from early black holes and primordial X-ray sources resulting from stellar remnants spread across the universe.”
CD Nunhokee et al. 2025. The 21 cm power spectrum limit of z = 6.5–7.0 based on Murchison wide field array observations. APJ 989, 57; doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adda45
Cathryn M. Trott et al. 2025. Utilizing Gaussian information to enhance the limit of the 21 cm signal at z = 6.5–7.0 using Murchison wide field array data. APJ 991, 211; doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/adff80
The Hubble team has unveiled stunning images captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, showcasing half of the Barred Spiral Galaxy NGC 6000.
This Hubble image reveals NGC 6000, a barred spiral galaxy located around 102 million light years away in the constellation Scorpius. Image credits: NASA/ESA/Hubble/A. Filippenko/MHözsaraç.
NGC 6000 is approximately 102 million light years distant from the constellation Scorpio.
Also known as ESO 450-20, IRAS 15467-2914, or LEDA 56145, this spiral galaxy spans nearly 67,000 light years.
It was first observed by British astronomer John Herschel on May 8, 1834.
Classified as a Seyfert II Galaxy, NGC 6000 is the brightest galaxy in the constellation of Scorpio.
“The NGC 6000 showcases a luminous yellow center surrounded by a sparkling blue region,” stated Hubble astronomers.
“These colors signify variations in the average age, mass, and temperature of the stars within the galaxy.”
“In the galaxy’s core, the stars tend to be older and smaller.”
“Interestingly, fewer giant stars are cooler compared to their larger counterparts; cooler stars appear red, while hotter stars take on a blue hue.”
“Along the spiral arm of NGC 6000, the Brilliant Star cluster is home to a young, massive star that distinctly looks blue.”
Hubble’s instruments gathered data from new images of NGC 6000 while investigating the site of a recent supernova explosion in a nearby galaxy.
“NGC 6000 has witnessed two supernovas: SN 2007CH in 2007 and SN 2010 in 2010,” noted the astronomer.
“We were able to detect the faint glow of the supernova several years post the initial explosion.”
“These observations assist in determining the star mass of supernova progenitor cells and whether they possess stellar companions.”
“If you zoom in on the right side of the galaxy disc in this image, you may notice other yellow and blue formations, which are four thin lines.”
“These represent asteroids from our solar system transit across Hubble’s field of vision while observing NGC 6000.”
“The four streaks arise from varying exposures captured sequentially with brief pauses in between, which we merged to create this final image.”
“The colors appear in this manner: each exposure captures specific red and blue wavelengths, as we used filters to isolate light at very particular wavelengths.”
“Collecting these individual exposures is vital for studying and comparing star colors, though it makes inter-agency intrusions quite apparent.”
The prominent, yellowish bulge at the core of NGC 2775 is populated with older stars, encircled by tightly wound spiral arms adorned with areas of dark dust and young blue stars.
This Hubble image captures NGC 2775, a galaxy located approximately 67 million light years away in the Cancer constellation. Image credits: NASA/ESA/Hubble/F. Belfiore/J. Lee/Phangs-HST team.
NGC 2775 is situated about 67 million light years from the northern constellation of Cancer.
This galaxy was discovered on December 19, 1783, by British astronomer William Herschel, who was originally from Germany.
NGC 2775 is a principal member of the Galaxy’s Anti-Rahydra Cloud and part of a small group of galaxies known as the NGC 2775 group.
Also referred to as Caldwell 48, Leda 25861, or UGC 4820, NGC 2775 has a diameter of approximately 80,000 light years.
“NGC 2775 has an unusually smooth center that is devoid of gases, resembling an elliptical galaxy,” noted Hubble astronomers in a statement.
“It contains dusty rings with clusters of patchy stars, similar to spiral galaxies.
“Observing NGC 2775 from a single perspective makes it challenging to ascertain its true nature.”
“While some researchers classify NGC 2775 as a spiral galaxy due to its star and dust patterns resembling feathered rings, others categorize it as a lenticular galaxy.”
“Lenticular galaxies exhibit characteristics of both spiral and elliptical types.”
“The exact appearance of a lenticular galaxy remains uncertain, as they can form in various ways.”
“Some lenticular galaxies may have originated as spiral galaxies that fused with one another or may have lost their star-forming gas and prominent spiral arms.”
“They might also have accumulated gas in their surrounding discs, leading them to appear more oval-shaped.”
Astronomers suggest that NGC 2775 may have merged with other galaxies in the past.
“In the Hubble image, NGC 2775 features a hydrogen gas tail extending nearly 100,000 light years around the galaxy,” the researchers indicated.
“This faint tail could represent the remnants of one or more galaxies that ventured too close to NGC 2775 before being absorbed.”
“If NGC 2775 has indeed merged with other galaxies previously, it could help to explain the unusual appearance of the galaxy as we observe it today.”
“Hubble’s images of NGC 2775 were released earlier in 2020,” they added.
“The updated version includes observations of specific wavelengths of red light emitted by hydrogen gas clouds surrounding the young giant star.”
Since January 2025, when Donald Trump returned to the White House, his administration has enacted severe funding cuts across various federal agencies, including NASA. The proposed 2026 Budget plans to decrease NASA’s institutional funding by as much as 24.3%.
This translates to a financial drop from $24.8 billion (£18.4 billion) allocated by Congress in 2025, to $18.8 billion (£13.9 billion) in 2026.
The president’s proposals are not law until they pass through Congress, where they will be scrutinized, debated, and revised in the coming months.
Nonetheless, this situation focuses attention on some key priorities Trump has outlined during his two terms in office.
Focus on Human Spaceflight
During Trump’s first term from 2017 to 2021, NASA’s budget increased from $19.5 billion (£15.5 billion) to $23.3 billion (£18.5 billion), which constitutes about 0.48% of federal spending.
Trump has reinstated the National Space Council, shaping US space policies with the US Space Force consolidating national security assets in the latest military setup.
His administration emphasizes human spaceflight, launching NASA’s Artemis program aimed at returning humans to the moon by 2024.
Although this timeline appears overly ambitious, Artemis II is still scheduled for a crewed mission around the moon in 2026. If all goes well, Artemis III may land on the lunar surface a few years later.
Near the close of his first term, Trump formalized the National Space Policy, committing to lunar exploration and future missions to Mars. This policy streamlined regulatory frameworks, increasing accessibility for the private sector.
Support for human spaceflight and exploration carried on into his second term.
In April, when announcing the NASA Budget, the White House asserted its intention to return American astronauts to the moon “before China,” which has ambitious plans for a lunar base by the 2030s.
“The proposal includes investments to pursue lunar and Mars exploration simultaneously but prioritizes vital science and technology research,” stated NASA Administrator Janet Petro, reinforcing that the agency would “continue to progress towards achieving the impossible.”
read more:
Risk Projects Due to Budget Cuts
However, the budget cuts may hinder NASA’s ability to meet its goals, as it calls for “rationalizing the institutional workforce” while cutting many support services, including IT and maintenance.
The budget suggests cancelling the costly and delayed Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and the Orion Crew Capsule, both essential for long-range space missions like Artemis.
Instead, it proposes replacing them with “a more cost-effective commercial system” to facilitate subsequent missions.
According to the White House, SLS is operating at 140% over budget, costing $4 billion (£3.2 billion) per launch.
The SLS rocket completed an unmanned Artemis I mission in 2022, but as Trump’s budget advances, Artemis II will send astronauts Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover, Christina Koch, and Jeremy Hansen around the moon in 2026, with plans for lunar landings to follow.
Eliminating SLS and Orion, referred to as the “Legacy Human Exploration System” in Trump’s budget, could save $879 million (£698.5 million).
Artemis I’s Space Launch System Rocket Launch – Photo Credit: NASA
However, US lawmakers have expressed concerns about terminating the program, despite its notable expenses, as it has taken a decade to prepare for the flight, and cancellation could grant China a competitive advantage.
This sentiment was echoed by Texas Senator Ted Cruz: “It’s hard to think of more devastating mistakes,” he remarked during an April Senate hearing.
Another project earmarked for termination is the Lunar Gateway, a new space station intended to orbit the moon. Key hardware for this initiative has already been constructed in the US, Europe, Canada, and Japan.
While some missions might be salvaged, these cancellations risk alienating international partners that NASA has built relations with over decades.
Is There No More NASA Science?
The budget also threatens significant cuts to NASA’s Earth and Space Science Programs, with funding for the former at £1.16 billion (£921.7 million) and the latter at £2.655 billion (£2.1 billion).
“Are Mars and Venus habitable? How many Earth-like planets exist? We’re opting not to find out; such questions will remain unanswered,” the critique suggests.
The budget aims to terminate “multiple, affordable missions,” including long-term endeavors like the Mars Sample Return (MSR), which was deemed unsustainable.
This mission aims to uncover significant information about Mars’ past by analyzing rock and soil samples already collected by rovers currently exploring the planet.
Nonetheless, NASA acknowledged last year that the estimated cost of the MSR mission ballooned from $7 billion (£5.6 billion) to $11 billion (£8.7 billion), with its timeline pushed back from 2033 to 2040.
The proposed budget suggests that MSR goals may be achieved through crewed missions to Mars, aligning with Trump’s promise to “send American astronauts to plant the stars and stripes on Mars.”
However, China’s plans for a Mars sample return mission remain robust, with aspirations for execution in 2028, potentially prompting Congressional pushback against the MSR budget cancellation.
In Earth Sciences, the budget proposes cuts to various Earth monitoring satellites, many vital for tracking climate change.
Ground crews assist 19 astronauts as they return to Earth in April after a successful six-month mission aboard China’s Tiango Space Station – Photo Credit: Getty Images
The future of NASA’s Landsat Next is in question, which includes a trio of satellites set to launch in 2031 for monitoring Earth’s dynamic landscapes.
Meanwhile, several climate satellites and instruments currently operational, such as orbital carbon observatories and deep-sea climate stations, face closures even though they remain fully functional.
Another mission facing uncertainty is the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, scheduled for launch between 2026 and 2027, aimed at planetary exploration and investigating cosmic evolution.
This initiative is expected to be pivotal in understanding dark matter, dark energy, and answering fundamental questions about the universe.
Though Roman’s costs have escalated from an initial $2 billion (£1.6 billion) to over $3.2 billion (£2.5 billion), with 90% of the projected expenditure already incurred, the budget proposes reducing its development funding by $244 million (£133.9 million).
Ultimately, it remains unclear how the budget will be finalized as it awaits Congressional approval. Will these cuts devastate scientific progress, or usher in a new era of human exploration?
Feedback is New Scientist Popular Sideways monitors the latest in science and technology news. You can contact Feedback@newscientist.com to share items you think might intrigue our readers.
In the Name of Science…
One of the highest honors in science is to have an object named in your memory. An example is geographer Alexander von Humboldt, remembered by various geographic landmarks including Humboldt Penguins and Humboldt Mountains.
Congratulations to Harvard astronomer Abraham “Avi” Loeb. A regular contributor to New Scientist over the past decade, Loeb has focused on the nature of interstellar objects traversing our solar system, starting with “Oumuamua” in 2017 and continuing with Comet 3i/Atlas this year.
Loeb has garnered significant attention by suggesting that these objects might be artificial in origin, a claim that has stirred skepticism among many peers. This skepticism intensified in 2023 when he allegedly identified fragments of interstellar meteors on the ocean floor. It turns out the signal he referenced was likely generated by “vehicles moving across the road beside the seismometer.”
Nevertheless, there are now efforts to classify interstellar objects, as detailed in a preprint. The classification will assess such objects based on their potential artificiality and whether they might impact Earth, ranging from 0 (consistent with known natural phenomena) to 10 (confirmed extraterrestrial artificial origin poses global threats).
Feedback is somewhat muddled as the scale seems to evaluate two variables simultaneously. Ignoring the most alarming cases, a rating of 8 or higher indicates definite extraterrestrial origins. The intriguing scores lie between 2 and 7, indicating varying degrees of potential artificial origins, from “non-gravitational acceleration” and “unusual shapes” to “operational signs” and “responsive behaviors.”
Feedback isn’t just about how you gauge some of these. Consider the odd structure of a space object, such as Mimas, Saturn’s moon, which resembles the Star Wars Death Star, though it is not a space station. There have also been numerous alerts regarding possible alien radio signals, as distinguishing artificial electromagnetic waves from natural ones proves challenging.
Everything seems a bit vague, so I decided to delve into the creators of the Loeb scale. Two are sports psychologists from Reichmann University in Israel, clearly at odds. The third one is Loeb himself.
Utility Vehicle for Dogs
Feedback frequently considers units of measurement, such as whether data transfer velocity can be assessed using a DVD-equipped snail.
Reader William Dockendorf introduces something entirely new. There’s a new vehicle in the U.S. called the Slate, described as a “two-door electric pickup truck” that can be customized endlessly, even as an SUV. Dockendorf humorously notes that “probably no one will buy it.”
The company website, slate.auto, features an extensive FAQ section, addressing questions like “How much junk can you fit in the bed?” Interestingly, “Frunk” is not a typo, as many electric vehicles have a front storage compartment often referred to as a “front trunk.”
In any case, measurements are provided in feet and cubic feet, detailing what William terms “fairly typical” items, like how a “55-inch flat screen TV (in a box)” fits in the cargo area. However, he also whimsically mentioned that “about 30 dachshunds” would also fit there.
William feels that it’s essential to “measure everything by an approximate count of dachshunds.” Feedback wonders if these are living dachshunds, or if they are non-living—possibly deceased and preserved like sardines.
The Latest Fart
After discovering Flavor Analysis and Recognition Transformers (FART), I sought more examples of clever acronyms, or at least some that are hopelessly entertaining. Below are your options from the Email Flood. This is destined to be a repeated topic, at least until morale picks up.
Firstly, Thomas Cleger writes about a regional bus and railway company in Ticino, the only Swiss canton where Italian is the sole official language. Its name in Italian is Ferovie Autoline Regional Ticinensis. Feedback confirms its authenticity, and its official website is entertaining: fartiamo.ch.
A few years back, physicist Paul Davis mentioned attending the launch of the “Australian and Japanese Space Ray Experimental Setup” near Uomera, Australia. This collaborative project also known as CANGAROO is an Outback gamma-ray observatory. “The perfect blend of creativity,” Davis remarked.
However, the final word should go to paleontologist John Hawks, who wrote about a paper he found in the American Journal of Human Genetics. The study discusses “How to estimate mutation rates and recent demographic histories from exceptionally large samples.” “Very large” refers to a dataset of 1 million genomes. Naturally, they deployed their resources to Diffusion of Rare Elements but ended up calling it “Dr. Evil.”
“I had quite a lot of fun,” Hawks noted. To which Feedback can only add: “Yeah, baby!”
Have you had a feedback moment?
You can submit stories to feedback via email at feedback@newscientist.com. Don’t forget to include your home address. This week’s and previous feedback can be found on our website.
When venturing beyond the Earth’s atmosphere, spacesuits become crucial. These human-sized miniature spacecraft are designed to shield astronauts from harmful solar radiation, extreme temperatures, low atmospheric pressure, and the impacts of micrometeorites.
The moon presents additional challenges, such as sharply defined lunar dust that can damage the suit’s joints and disrupt its materials.
It’s essential for spacesuits to provide remarkable freedom of movement, as astronauts frequently exit their spacecraft to conduct intricate repairs on equipment.
In emergencies, swift donning of the suit is beneficial. Furthermore, a full life support system should be integrated to regulate air supply and temperature.
Since astronauts may need to wear their suits for extended periods, considerations for food, hydration, and other bodily functions are vital.
Over the years, there have been Various designs, although not all have met these necessary standards accurately.
In 1962, the peculiar hard-shell suit known as the Grumman underwent brief testing. It resembled a fusion of a dustbin and a blender, but its limited mobility was a significant drawback.
Another design, the Hardshell “ax” suit, was also tested, primarily constructed from aluminum with rotary joints akin to futuristic armor, but it never made it to any missions.
Most functional spacesuits have been crafted from flexible multi-layer composite fabrics, with rigid shells reserved for specific areas like the helmet and upper torso.
Future suits may be even more advanced.
Biosuit proposed by Professor Dava Newman at MIT – Image credit: Dava Newman/Professor MIT/Guillermo Trotti/Douglas Sonders Photography
Researchers are currently focused on creating self-healing materials, ensuring that issues arising from extended missions to Mars are mitigated. One of the most innovative concepts is the Bio Suit, proposed by Professor Dava Newman at MIT.
Astronauts would wear suits made from flexible fabric that, when activated, reduces the embedded shape memory alloy coil, allowing the suit to conform perfectly to the skin, offering exceptional mobility and style.
Alternatively, the most intriguing designs feature proposed FO-RO (forward and reverse osmosis) systems.
Similar to a still suit from Sand Dunes, this suit can recycle astronaut urine into drinking water.
This article answers a question from Erica Morris via email: “What will the future spaceship look like?”
Feel free to email us your questionsat Question @sciencefocus.com or messageFacebook,Twitter, or InstagramPage (please include your name and location).
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Long before astronomers proposed the Big Bang theory, they understood that the universe is infinite, remains constant over time, and that there are no dark patches in the night sky if it is indeed filled with stars. If stars populate space uniformly, then starlight would illuminate every point in the sky. Consequently, if this light persisted over time, it would illuminate Earth equally, making the sky uniformly bright.
This insight is known as Olbers’ Paradox, which suggests that the universe is neither infinite nor static, as it contains gaps of darkness between stars. Instead, astronomers agree that the universe has evolved over time, originating from the Big Bang. These transformations prevent the sky from being completely filled with starlight because, even if the universe were infinite and abundant with stars, only some would have had enough time to reach Earth.
The sky is not merely filled with starlight; it is awash with various light types. The most prominent is the long-wavelength radiation remaining from the Big Bang, known as the Cosmic Microwave Background, or CMB. Additionally, short-wavelength radiation emanates from beyond our galaxy, termed the Extragalactic Gamma-Ray Background, or EGB. The origins of EGB are more elusive compared to CMB, with possible sources ranging from black holes in distant galaxies to reactions of subatomic particles and even dark matter.
Since the discovery of EGB in the 1970s, scientists have pinpointed specific large, high-energy objects such as active galactic nuclei, which comprise nearly half of the EGB. These entities produce bright spots of resolved EGB that are observable from Earth.
This accounts for only part of the EGB, leaving the other half unresolved. The unresolved EGB is distributed across the sky, with sources too distant to be identified by telescopes. To investigate unresolved EGB sources, a scientific team explored the hypothesis that galaxies are significant, if not the primary, contributors. They deduced that nearby galaxies may account for resolved EGBs, implying that distant galaxies could be sources of the diffuse, unresolved EGBs.
It is believed that galaxies generate gamma rays through a series of events; firstly, a star is formed, which may either explode or undergo a supernova event. Supernovae accelerate particles, such as protons and electrons, to high velocities, creating cosmic rays. These cosmic rays then collide, releasing energy and initiating a chain reaction that leads to the formation of high-energy gamma rays, existing within a specific energy range of approximately 0.01–1,000 Giga-electronvolts (GEVs).
Researchers have developed a model to estimate the gamma radiation that galaxies are capable of producing and the energy levels of that radiation. This model derives two equations to calculate how frequently a galaxy generates cosmic rays based on its star production rate. Physical attributes of the galaxy, including mass, radius, and star formation rate, were necessary to finalize the model.
Data was collected from 22,087 galaxies in the Goods-S Catalog using the Hubble Space Telescope. They utilized the model to estimate the gamma radiation contributions these galaxies could provide to small regions of the sky, comparing the model’s estimates with actual gamma radiation observations from each galaxy obtained through the Fermi Gamma-Ray Telescope.
The results indicated that within the 1-10 GEV energy range of gamma radiation, these galaxies might account for 50-60% of the unresolved EGB across all observed areas. Furthermore, the contribution from galaxies diminishes sharply below 1 GEV and above 10 GEV. Their findings suggest that earlier research into the star-forming galaxy hypothesis may have underestimated their contributions to the unresolved EGB.
The team concluded that beyond star-forming galaxies, other sources must account for the unresolved EGB found in deep space. They propose that future research focus on active galactic nuclei and millisecond pulsars as potentially fruitful candidates. This observation indicates the possibility of other unexplored phenomena, suggesting that galaxies may not be the primary sources of unresolved EGBs. The disappearance of dark matter could be a piece of this cosmic puzzle.
Where does Deep Space Gamma Ray come from? It first appeared in Sciworthy.
Groundbreaking research by NASA’s twin astronauts Mark and Scott Kelly monitored aging indicators in both siblings, with Mark remaining on Earth while Scott spent 340 days in space.
Six months later, several changes in Scott persisted, including DNA damage, cognitive decline, and telomere shortening that affects chromosome protection. This was highlighted in the Journal Science.
Recent research published in Cell Stem Cell reveals that stem cells also show signs of aging due to stress from space flight.
According to Dr. Catriona Jamieson, director of the Sanford Stem Cell Institute at UC San Diego, these cells are “aging ten times faster in space than on Earth.”
Stem cells are unique cells capable of differentiating into various tissue types. Their accelerated aging poses a concern as it diminishes the body’s natural ability to repair tissues and organs.
This new research comes at a time of increasing interest in space exploration, with government plans for long-term lunar missions and private companies sending consumers and celebrities into space. Understanding these health risks is crucial for safer space travel. Additionally, studying the acceleration of intracellular aging aids researchers in comprehending biological processes at a slower pace.
Astronauts and twin brothers Scott and Mark Kelly at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in 2016. Houston Chronicle /Hurst Newspaper /Houston Chronicle by Getty Image
Researchers utilized bone marrow stem cells sourced from individuals who underwent hip replacement procedures. These cells were cultivated in “nanobioreactors,” essentially small, clear blood bags no larger than an iPhone that facilitate biological processes. The nanobioreactor was housed in a monitored environment known as cubelabs.
Samples from each patient were divided into two cubelabs; one was sent to space, while the other remained on Earth.
The samples intended for space travelled aboard the International Space Station across four commercial resupply missions conducted by SpaceX. Overall, the samples experienced microgravity for 32-45 days, the weightlessness found in orbit. For comparison, the Earth-bound cells were maintained in a cube lab setup.
Cubelabs monitored cell conditions throughout the journey and terrestrial duration, capturing daily images using a microscope. Upon the return of the space-stressed stem cells to Earth, researchers conducted comparisons against ground controls, sequenced the genome, and performed additional analyses.
“Even trying to explain ‘space’ feels challenging…”
ShutterStock/FastMotion
One of the most challenging aspects of writing a book is the need for authors to seek out blurbs. These endorsements, prominently featured on book covers, can entice readers to make a purchase. Right now, I’m at this stage with The Edge of Spacetime, reaching out for letters of recommendation, asking people to read my work and share positive thoughts in return for something more than just my good intentions.
It’s a bit nerve-wracking, yet it can also be fascinating. Those whose endorsements get published were asked in a specific format—what prompted you to use “space-time” with a hyphen rather than “spacetime”?
This seems like a question of simple grammar, but there’s a deeper issue at play. When discussing space or time individually, we have an intuitive grasp of what we mean. The term “space-time” is somewhat newer to scientific discourse. Historically, many cultures have embraced a unified concept that doesn’t differentiate between space and time as distinct entities.
For me, as a science communicator, explaining this concept is quite challenging. Even articulating “space” is complex. I might say space is where movement occurs, but movement also happens within time. I could define space as the realm where things exist, but a similar statement can be made for time. We even pondered describing space as a geographical location, yet that sounds overly academic and abstract. Essentially, we are referring to a site of spatial dimensions.
To elucidate, there are three dimensions of space and one dimension of time, but time only flows in one direction.
However, as Albert Einstein famously asserted, these aren’t separate phenomena. Observers moving at varying speeds, especially as they approach the speed of light, may disagree on when certain events transpire. They may also hold differing views on the size of objects. To truly understand everything, we must quantify space-time rather than merely space or time. This perspective might not feel intuitive, but it is the most effective way to comprehend the mechanics of the universe.
In this regard, it’s worth considering whether space-time represents a confluence of two familiar phenomena or signifies the emergence of something entirely new. This is where the nuances of grammar reflect our scientific understanding, at least from my viewpoint.
“
It’s worth considering whether space-time is a merger of two familiar phenomena or something new. “
My last name includes the very first hyphen I encountered. My parents chose to keep both surnames, so to me, Prescod Weinstein signifies both identities.
The hyphenated version of space-time can be interpreted as indicating that what we discuss encompasses both space and time. Conversely, removing the hyphen to form “spacetime” may suggest we are addressing an entirely distinct entity. It embodies attributes of both space and time while existing as a separate third entity.
Are we contemplating something that is both space and time (space-time), or are space and time merely approximations of a fundamentally different conception of space-time? I find myself somewhat ambivalent. In my earlier book, The Blurbriter, I noted this distinction without employing hyphens, thus raising the question of why I chose to make a switch this time around.
The straightforward answer is that the title of the new book appears in the introductory sections of classic cosmology texts. Large-Scale Structure of Space-Time by Stephen Hawking and Father George Ellis states in the very first chapter that solving the equations that describe the universe “in a sense, involves contemplating the edges of space-time.” Just two pages later, they posit that locations where equations deconstruct (like at the heart of a black hole) can be viewed as “representing part of the edge of space-time.”
My book includes chapters that elucidate the types of equations they reference and the role of boundaries and edges in physics. Since I was about to borrow this phrase for my book’s title, I felt compelled to adhere to their terminology.
This is a surface-level explanation. However, at a deeper level, I am unsure where I stand. Like my request for endorsements, I feel inclined to prefer “spacetime” without a hyphen. Yet, I’m also aware of how habitual language can be, given my repeated use of hyphens in the subtitles of my previous work. Scientifically, I lean toward the notion that “space-time” encompasses both space and time, asserting that it is an entirely different fourth dimension: space-time. This may seem like a complex perspective, but I desire to embrace both aspects simultaneously!
Chanda’s Week
What I’m reading
I’m quite excited about the new Charlie Jane Anders novel Lessons from Magic and Disaster.
What I’m seeing
I’ve just caught up with the sci-fi series Invasion, and it’s truly captivating.
What I’m working on
I have a new postdoctoral researcher joining my group.
Chanda Prescod-Weinstein is an associate professor of physics and astronomy at the University of New Hampshire. She is the author of Cosmos with Disabilities and her forthcoming book, Edges of Space-Time: Particles, Poetry, and the Dreams of the Universe.
Unexpectedly bright aurora illuminated the British skies in 2024
John Hayward/SWNS
If you have an interest in the Aurora Borealis, you’re in for a treat. Last year was a spectacular one, as auroras dazzled observers worldwide, even being visible far south with remarkable brightness. With a peak in solar activity, more stunning displays are anticipated, potentially leading to extreme geomagnetic storms. To grasp the phenomena behind these celestial light shows, one must look to the fiery depths of the sun.
Comprehending the sun’s workings is crucial to explaining various phenomena occurring in the Earth’s atmosphere and the solar system, not limited to auroras. Space Weather Physicist Tamitha Skov has been instrumental in enhancing our understanding of the sun’s mysterious operations through auroras and space weather forecasts on television and social media.
Skov discussed with New Scientist the reasons for the extreme auroras we’re witnessing and the increased frequency of space weather events. She noted that high-energy particles emitted by the sun present real risks to astronauts and spacecraft venturing beyond the protections of Earth’s magnetosphere. Scientists are continually searching for better prediction methods for these potential hazards. “Good sailors know to heed the weather; the same applies to space,” she remarked.
Alex Wilkins: What inspired you to study the sun and space weather?
Tamitha Skov: The sun is an incredibly captivating entity, maintaining its integrity for billions of years. However, my primary fascination comes from our connection to our planet. As a longtime admirer of Carl Sagan, I recall his words: “We are all made of star stuff,” which frames my curiosity about our origins and the elements that compose us.
Initially, I rekindled my interest in solar phenomena from a physical perspective, which shifted my focus to space weather. At that time, we were only beginning to understand that solar activity impacts Earth, making this area of research incredibly engaging. I’ve become absorbed in exploring the unseen electric and magnetic fields that influence the dynamics of the sun and the universe.
Recently, we’ve observed a rise in auroras, largely due to heightened solar activity. What’s happening with the sun?
We are experiencing a solar cycle. The sun goes through several cycles, with the dominant one being the Schwabe cycle, which lasts about eleven years. During the low phase, the sun is relatively quiet, resembling a hibernating bear before awakening to produce an array of solar activity.
This phenomenon is characterized by the sun’s magnetic field reversing. Imagine a lava lamp—when it’s off, the liquid remains still, showcasing a calm and orderly state. However, once activated, bubbles rise, creating a chaotic fusion of materials. This defines our sun’s state during its peak activity, when magnetic fields become disconnected, resulting in massive energy releases. Such instability breeds numerous solar eruptions as the sun reorganizes its magnetic field.
Tamitha Skov notes the recent surge in solar activity marks a return to normalcy
ng images/aramie
Are we witnessing a different phenomenon compared to prior solar cycles, given the auroras are now appearing much farther south?
To a degree, yes. It seems like various factors have come together to create an intriguing moment in time. After two solar cycles characterized by quiet activity and advancements in technology since the 1990s, we now have social media to share auroral experiences globally. Previously, during significant storms, there were no sensitive cameras available to capture these events.
In the current solar cycle, we are hitting G4 and G5 levels of storms—among the most extreme—and the availability of modern cameras enhances our ability to witness auroras, even from less vibrant displays. This may create an illusion that auroras have never appeared in the past, but science tells us they have been frequent, just not documented.
Furthermore, the Earth’s magnetic field is changing, altering the position of the auroras as particles penetrate deeper due to its weakening, which naturally slows the stirring in the Earth’s core.
Does the increased auroral activity indicate the sun is at its peak in this solar cycle?
As we reach the climax of this solar cycle, the observations lead many to believe the sun is behaving unusually. However, this notion simplifies what we’ve come to know; the previous cycles (24 and 23) were indeed the anomalies. Currently, our sun is displaying a behavior consistent with its historical patterns.
We’re now experiencing what constitutes an average cycle, not particularly intense. Previous cycles have exhibited even more activity than this one, making the notion of a prolonged inactive phase the true anomaly.
How concerned should we be about solar eruptions surpassing the intensity of the Carrington event of 1859, which resulted in widespread disruptions?
We’ve enhanced our knowledge about these events and their impacts on our infrastructure, accompanied by improved warning systems. The power grid remains a significant concern. During such storms, the Earth’s magnetic field generates strong fluctuations, creating currents similar to traffic jams in highways. When these currents encounter grounded power lines, it can overload systems that were not designed for such energy spikes.
To mitigate risks during storms, we can temporarily disconnect transformers from the ground. While this tactic carries potential dangers, it can be safer than leaving the grid fully connected. Some of these methods were validated during a G5 storm in May 2024, yielding promising results despite minor issues.
Our attention is also shifting towards GPS and navigation systems, particularly after storms during planting season last October created headaches for precision agriculture, notably impacting peanut farmers reliant on accurate geographical data. Rapidly deploying new technologies becomes crucial to address impending challenges.
Solar activity at its peak leads to the release of charged particles
NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/SDO
These challenges apply to Earth, but how do they differ for spacecraft and astronauts bound for the moon or Mars?
Our atmosphere provides crucial protection that is absent on other celestial bodies. When viewing photos of the sun from the ground, one sees merely a bright orb because our atmosphere absorbs harmful radiant energy. This energy can cause radiation sickness if it reaches the surface. However, on a lunar body devoid of atmosphere, astronauts must shield themselves from radiation storms—high-energy particles unleashed from the sun. Researchers are exploring protective measures, such as constructing deep lunar bases and creating artificial magnetic fields.
Astronauts are already exposed to radiation during low Earth orbit missions, but exposure increases significantly on the moon.
Space weather has been remarkably fortunate historically. During the Apollo era in 1972, there was a severe particle radiation storm that could have been fatal for astronauts on the moon. Prolonged exposure to such radiation might have been lethal while confined in spacesuits. If that incident had unfolded differently, it would have dramatically altered the course of space exploration. Even today, these threats often go unnoticed.
While Mars possesses a weak atmosphere, radiation storms can still reach its surface. Thus, astronauts can’t just hide behind surface features; instead, they must live underground, introducing various complications to missions.
Astronomers utilizing the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have captured stunningly detailed images of the asymmetrical Spiral Galaxy Messier 96.
This Hubble image illustrates Messier 96, a spiral galaxy situated approximately 34 million light years away in the constellation Leo. Image credits: NASA/ESA/Hubble/F. Belfiore/D. Calzetti.
Messier 96, or NGC 3368, is a spiral galaxy found in the constellation Leo, roughly 34 million light years from Earth.
It was first identified by French astronomer Pierre Messier on March 20, 1781, and was included in Charles Messier’s catalog of astronomical objects just four days later.
This galaxy, also referred to as Leda 32192 or M96, extends approximately 100,000 light years in diameter—similar to the size of the Milky Way—and boasts an estimated mass of 80 billion solar masses.
Messier 96 is a prominent member of the Leo I Galaxy Group, commonly known as the M96 group.
This group includes Messier 95, Messier 105, and a variety of other galaxies, representing the nearest collection that encompasses both bright helical and bright elliptical galaxies.
Messier 96 appears as a massive vortex of shimmering gas, with dark dust swirling within, flowing toward its nucleus.
The galaxy exhibits significant asymmetry, with its dust and gas distributed unevenly across its weak spiral arms, and its nucleus is not precisely at the galactic center.
Additionally, its arms are asymmetrical and are believed to have been shaped by gravitational influences from neighboring galaxies within the Leo I group.
“The gravitational forces exerted by neighboring galaxies could be responsible for the unequal distribution of gas and dust in Messier 96, as well as the asymmetrical spiral arms and the positioning of its core outside the center,” stated Hubble astronomers in a press release.
“The recently released Hubble images clearly showcase this asymmetrical structure, enhanced by observations in ultraviolet and optical light.”
“Previous images of Messier 96 were released in 2015 and 2018,” they noted.
“Each new image contributes additional data and reveals a stunning, scientifically informative view of the galaxy.”
“This latest version provides a fresh perspective on star formation in Messier 96.”
“The pink gas bubbles depicted in this image highlight the star-forming rings at the galaxy’s edges, enveloping a hot, young, massive star.”
“These new stars remain encased in the gas clouds from which they originated.”
“The fresh data incorporated for the first time in this image will aid in researching how stars are born within vast dusty gas clouds, how dust influences starlight, and the effects of stellar activity on their environment.”
NASA has unveiled a stunning new image captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, showcasing the nearby Spiral Galaxy NGC 2835.
This Hubble image depicts NGC 2835, a spiral galaxy approximately 35 million light years away in the Hydra constellation. Image credit: NASA/ESA/Hubble/R. Chandar/J. Lee/Phangs-HST team.
NGC 2835 is a mid-spiral galaxy located about 35 million light years from Earth, situated in the southern Hydra constellation.
Commonly referred to as ESO 564-35, Leda 26259, and UGCA 157, this galaxy spans roughly 65,000 light years, which is just over half the size of our Milky Way.
Wilhelm Tempel, a German astronomer, discovered NGC 2835 on April 13, 1884.
This galaxy holds significance as the most prominent member of the NGC 2835 group, a small cluster that includes ESO 497-035 and ESO 565-001.
Notably, NGC 2835 harbors a supermassive black hole, estimated to have a mass between 3 to 10 million solar masses.
“The last Hubble image of this galaxy was published in 2020,” remarked Hubble astronomers in a statement.
“Is there any difference between today’s image of NGC 2835 and the earlier version?”
“Overall, NGC 2835 appears quite similar in both images, with the spiral arm showcasing young blue stars surrounding the oval core populated by older stars.”
“The new image stands out because it incorporates fresh data from Hubble, capturing red light at a specific wavelength known as H-Alpha.”
“The bright regions highlighted by H-alpha are visible along the spiral arm of NGC 2835, where a vibrant pink nebula gives an impression of blooming flowers.”
“H-Alpha light indicates the presence of various types of nebulae, each occurring at different phases of stellar evolution.”
“While massive, young stars create nebulae known as H II regions, a significant source of H-alpha light, dying stars can leave behind supernova remnants or planetary nebulae that can also be identified by H-alpha emissions.”
“Our goal is to identify over 50,000 nebulae using Hubble’s advanced equipment to explore 19 nearby galaxies.”
“These observations aid in understanding how stars influence their birth environments through intense starlight and stellar winds.”
Astronomers utilizing the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have captured breathtaking new images of sections of the spiral galaxy known as NGC 45.
This Hubble image depicts the outer arm of the NGC 45, a spiral galaxy approximately 22 million light-years distant in the Cetus constellation. This color image was generated from individual exposures taken in both visible and near-infrared light using Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3). The colors have been produced by assigning different hues to each monochromatic image captured through various filters. Image credits: NASA/ESA/Hubble/D. Calzetti/R. Chandar/Mhözsaraç.
NGC 45 is located about 22 million light-years away within the constellation of Cetus.
Also referred to as DDO 223, ESO 473-1, or Leda 930, this galaxy spans roughly 81,000 light-years in diameter.
The discovery of NGC 45 dates back to November 11, 1835, by British astronomer John Herschel.
“The data from Hubble utilized to create this portrait of NGC 45 was obtained from two complementary observational programs,” stated Hubble astronomers.
“Initially, we leveraged Hubble’s capability to capture light from ultraviolet to near-infrared ranges to broadly observe galaxies and examine star formation within them.”
“In the second program, we focused on many of the same nearby galaxies as the first, narrowing down to a specific wavelength of red light known as H-alpha.”
“Star-forming nebulae emit strong H-alpha light, and several of these areas can be identified by their bright pink red color throughout NGC 45.”
“These observational programs aim to investigate star formation across galaxies of varying sizes, structures, and separations, making NGC 45 a particularly compelling target.”
Though it may appear to be an ordinary spiral galaxy, NGC 45 is actually a remarkable low surface brightness galaxy.
“Low surface brightness galaxies are more intriguing than the evening sky and are incredibly challenging to detect,” articulated the researchers.
“They possess relatively fewer stars in relation to the amount of gas and dark matter they contain, making them appear unexpectedly faint.”
“Since the accidental discovery of the first low-surface brightness galaxies in 1986, scientists have learned that 30-60% of all galaxies may fall within this category.”
“Investigating these elusive galaxies is crucial for understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies, and Hubble’s sensitive instruments are well-suited for this task.”
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