Scientists use innovative method to hunt for signs of extraterrestrial technology

Posted on February 13, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

techno signature Any measurable property that could provide evidence of extraterrestrial technology. The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) is a branch of astrobiology that focuses on the discovery of technosignatures, which provide evidence of extraterrestrial intelligence. Traditionally, targeted wireless surveys have been the mainstay of his SETI research, and many of his ongoing SETI projects are still conducted in the radio band. SETI Ellipsoid, a newly proposed technology, suggests that an extraterrestrial civilization observing a galactic-scale event such as supernova SN 1987A could use it as a point to broadcast a synchronization signal indicating its presence. This is a strategy for selecting techno signature candidates based on the assumption that .

Gaia Early Data Release 3, using Cabrales' improved star 3D positions other. identified 32 SN 1987A SETI ellipsoidal targets with uncertainties better than 0.5 light-years within the TESS continuum. Image credits: ALMA/ESO/NAOJ/NRAO/Alexandra Angelich, NRAO/AUI/NSF.

Barbara Cabrales, Ph.D., of the SETI Institute and the Berkeley SETI Research Center at the University of California, Berkeley, and her colleagues demonstrate that the SETI ellipsoid method leverages continuous, wide-field surveys of the sky and demonstrates its ability to detect potential technosignatures. We have shown that it can be significantly improved.

By using up to a year of observations to correct for uncertainties in the estimated time of arrival of such signals, we implement the SETI ellipsoid strategy in an innovative way using state-of-the-art technology.

“The new survey of the sky provides a groundbreaking opportunity to search for technosignatures in concert with supernovae,” Dr. Cabrales said.

“Typical timing uncertainty takes months, so we want to cover the bases by finding well-documented goals over about a year.”

“In addition to that, it's important to make as many observations as possible about each target of interest, so you can see what looks like normal behavior and what looks like potential techno-signatures.” You will be able to judge.”

In examining data from the Continuous Display Zone of NASA's TESS mission, which covers 5% of all TESS data during the first three years of the mission, the authors leveraged advanced 3D position data from Gaia Early Data Release 3. Did.

This analysis identified 32 major targets within the SETI ellipsoid in the southern part of the TESS continuum, with all uncertainties adjusted to better than 0.5 light-years.

Although initial inspection of TESS light curves during ellipsoid-crossing events did not find any anomalies, the foundation laid by this effort lends itself to other investigations, a broader range of targets, and a variety of potential signal types. Paving the way for expansion into research.

Applying SETI Ellipsoid technology to scour large archival databases represents a breakthrough in the search for technosignatures.

This study demonstrates the feasibility of leveraging Gaia's highly accurate distance estimates and cross-matching these distances with other time-domain surveys such as TESS to enhance monitoring and anomaly detection capabilities in SETI research. doing.

Combining the SETI Ellipsoid method with Gaia's distance measurements provides a robust and adaptable framework for future SETI searches.

Astronomers can apply it retrospectively to sift through archived data for potential signals, proactively select targets, and schedule future monitoring campaigns.

“The SETI Ellipsoid method, in collaboration with Gaia distances, provides an easy and flexible method for SETI searches that can be adapted to suit a variety of current surveys and source events,” the researchers said. I am.

“This can not only be applied retrospectively to look for signals in archived data, but also propagated in time to select targets and schedule surveillance campaigns.”

Their paper will appear in astronomy magazine.

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Barbara Cabrales other. 2024. Find the SN 1987A SETI ellipsoid using TESS. A.J. 167, 101; doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ad2064

Source: www.sci.news

Researchers find five previously unknown species of eyelash pit vipers in South America

Posted on February 13, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Scientists have identified five mysterious species of the genus Viper Botrykiss They live in the jungles and cloud forests of Colombia and Ecuador.

Botrykis Rahimi. Image credit: Lucas Bustamante.

The eyelash viper is distinguished by a unique feature: a set of huge spine-like scales above the eyes.

These eyelashes give the snake a frightening and ferocious appearance, but the true purpose of this feature is still unknown.

However, what is certain is that certain populations exhibit longer and more stylized eyelashes compared to others.

The changes in the condition of the eyelashes led researchers to hypothesize that an undiscovered species existed.

Eyelash vipers are also famous for another characteristic: they are multicolored. The same patch of rainforest may contain individuals of the turquoise morph, moss morph, or gold morph. They all belong to the same species, even though they have completely different attire.

Alejandro Arteaga, a researcher with the Carmai Foundation and Tropical Helping SA, said: “No two individuals have the same color, even if they belong to the same litter (giving birth to live offspring).”

“Some species have a ‘Christmas’ form, a ghost form, and even a purple form, and different varieties can coexist and even breed with each other.”

“The reasons behind these incredible color changes are still unclear, but it is likely that the pit vipers are able to occupy a wide range of ambush perches, from mossy branches to bright yellow heliconias. is.”

Distribution of palm beetles botry extract schlegeli Species complex including 5 new species.Image credit: Arteaga other., doi: 10.3897/evolsyst.8.114527.

The newly identified species of eyelash viper is Botry extract lasix morum, Botrychus crebai, botry extract kwargi, Botrykis Rahimiand botry extract fusaini.

The first three species are endemic to the eastern Columbia Mountains and live in cloud forests and coffee plantations.

Botrykis Rahimi It stands out because it occurs in the remote and pristine Chocó rainforest on the border of Colombia and Ecuador.

botry extract fusaini It lives in the forests of southwestern Ecuador and northwestern Peru.

“The venom of some (perhaps all) of the new viper species is much less lethal and hemorrhagic than the venom of typical vipers. Central American eyelash viper (botry extract schlegeli)” said Tropical Helping SA and Savia Foundation researcher Lucas Bustamante, who was bitten on the finger. Botrykis Rahimi When the photo was taken during a research expedition in 2013.

“There was intermittent localized pain, dizziness and swelling, but after three doses of antivenom within two hours of the sting, it quickly resolved and no scarring remained.”

“One of the key conclusions of the study is that four species in the group face high risk of extinction,” the researchers said.

“Their geographic range is very limited, and 50% to 80% of their habitat has already been destroyed.”

“Therefore, rapid response measures are urgently needed to save remaining habitat.”

of study It was published in the magazine evolutionary systematics.

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A. Arteaga other. 2024. Systematic revision of Eyelash Palm-Pitviper botry extract schlegeli (Serpentes, Viperidae), 5 new species descriptions and 3 revalidations. evolutionary systematics 8 (1): 15-64; doi: 10.3897/evolsyst.8.114527

Source: www.sci.news

Is the Brazilian flea toad the world’s smallest vertebrate?

Posted on February 13, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Flea frog perching on 1 Brazilian Real (coin diameter is 27 mm)

Renato Gaiga

The tiny Brazilian frog, about the size of a pea, could threaten the current record holder for the world's smallest vertebrate.

flea toad Brachycephalus purex (actually a species of frog) was first described by scientists in 2011. Immediately after that, Mirko Sole Researchers at Brazil's Santa Cruz State University thought this species might be the smallest amphibian ever discovered. But only a few specimens have been collected from the frog's only known habitat, a forested hilltop in southern Bahia, Brazil. Also, the necessary gonad tests to determine whether they were adults were not performed.

Solé and his colleagues measured the lengths of 46 flea toads, examined their gonads, and checked for the presence of throat clefts, which only males have, to determine the frogs' maturity and gender.

adult B. Purex Males have an average body length of over 7 millimeters and are slightly smaller than females. Therefore, they are smaller than males. Phaedophryn amauensisa frog from Papua New Guinea that was previously considered both the smallest amphibian and the smallest vertebrate.

Say “It's perfectly clear.” mark schartz At the Danish Natural History Museum in Copenhagen. “These may actually be the world's smallest living frogs, which is amazing.”

It's not just the average size that's shocking, the smallest specimens in the study show just how small these flea frogs are compared to other minifrogs. “It's 6.45 mm.” [long]That's 30 percent smaller than any adult male frog I've ever seen,” Schertz said. “It's almost a millimeter smaller than the next smallest frog.”

At such small scales, frogs develop strange anatomical peculiarities, such as missing toes and underdeveloped ears. they cannot hear their suitor's song. Some species have very weak balance organs and are barely able to jump.

But Solé says there may also be smaller vertebrates that have yet to be discovered. Perhaps the next record holder could be another small frog or a parasitic male deep-sea anglerfish.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

New study reveals hundreds of thousands of young stars in Sagittarius C region with solar mass

Posted on February 13, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Sagittarius C is located just 300 light-years from Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way.

This image of the Sagittarius C region from ESO's Very Large Telescope includes hundreds of thousands of stars. Image credit: ESO/F. Nogueras-Lara.

The center of the Milky Way is the most prolific star-forming region in the entire galaxy.

But astronomers have discovered only a fraction of the young stars they had expected. There is “fossil” evidence that many more stars than we actually see were born recently.

This is because heading to the center of the Milky Way is not an easy task. Clouds of dust and gas block the light from the star, obscuring visibility.

“On average by volume, the galactic center stands out as the most prolific star-forming environment in the galaxy,” said ESO astronomer Francisco Nogueras Lara.

“Over the past 30 million years, we have witnessed the formation of about 1 million stars.”

“But crowding and high extinction rates have hampered their discovery, and so far only a fraction of the young star's expected mass has been confirmed.”

By studying the stellar population of Sagittarius C, Dr. Lara aimed to detect young stars hidden in the galactic center.

In his research, he analyzed the following data: HAWK-I infrared measuring instrument ESO's Very Large Telescope.

He found that Sagittarius C is much richer in young stars than other regions of the galactic center.

“We found that Sagittarius C contains the solar mass of hundreds of thousands of young stars,” Dr. Lara said.

“We compared our results to a recently discovered population of young stars in Sagittarius B1, located at the opposite end of the nuclear star disk.”

“The young stars in Sagittarius C are estimated to be about 20 million years old and likely represent the next evolutionary step for the slightly younger stars in Sagittarius B1.”

“Our discovery contributes to addressing the discrepancy between the expected number of young stars at the center of galaxies and the number of detected stars, and sheds light on their evolution in this extreme environment.”

“As a secondary result, we discovered that Sagittarius C has a population of intermediate-aged stars (approximately 50% of the mass of stars between 2 billion and 7 billion years old), which is composed of a nuclear stellar disk. It does not exist in the innermost region of the world (which is dominated by stars older than 7 billion years).

“This confirms the existence of an age gradient, driving the formation of an inside-out nuclear star disk.”

of findings appear in the diary astronomy and astrophysics.

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F. Nogueras-Lara other. 2024. Hunt young stars at the center of the galaxy. Solar masses of hundreds of thousands of young stars in the Sagittarius C region. A&A 681, L21; doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202348712

Source: www.sci.news

New research on Zinc sheds light on the link between loud noise and hearing loss

Posted on February 13, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Exposure to loud noises, such as at music festivals, can worsen your hearing

Sergei Ilnitsky/EPA-EFE/Shutterstock

Exposure to loud noises can disrupt zinc levels in the inner ear, potentially affecting hearing, a study in mice suggests. Treatments that reduce this could be used to treat or prevent such damage, for example, if taken before a rock concert.

Loud noises can cause cells in the inner ear die. Although it has long been known that this affects hearing, the mechanisms behind it are less clear.

Thanos Tsonopoulos Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, thought it might have something to do with free-moving zinc, which plays an important role in the neurotransmission of our senses.

Most of the zinc in the body is bound to proteins, but the rest acts as communication signals between organs, especially the brain, Tsonopoulos says. The highest concentration of free zinc in the body is in the cochlea, the snail-shaped structure in the inner ear that converts vibrations into electrical signals, which are then interpreted as sound.

To learn more, Tzounopoulos and colleagues tested free zinc levels in young mice that had been genetically engineered to produce biological markers that indicate the transport of free zinc throughout the body.

Tsonopoulos said mice exposed to 100 decibels of noise, about the same level as a bulldozer or motorcycle, for two hours straight developed significant hearing loss within the next 24 hours.

The researchers found that these mice had higher amounts of free zinc between and around the cells of the cochlea after the blast compared to before the blast and compared to a group of control mice that did not hear the loud noise. I discovered that

“There is a very strong upregulation of zinc, not only in terms of quantity but also in terms of regional spatial extent,” he says. “It goes everywhere.”

Tsonopoulos said the zinc appears to be released from specific cells in the cochlea after it is separated from the proteins to which it is normally bound. Free zinc ultimately causes cell damage and disrupts normal communication between cells, he says.

To see if lowering free zinc levels could protect hearing, Tsonopoulos and his team injected another group of mice with a compound that scavenged zinc into their abdomens or administered a slow-release drug into the inner ear. It was treated by placing an implant. The mice then listened to the same loud sound for two hours. Both groups experienced significant reductions in hearing loss.

With further research, zinc-capturing tablets, IV drugs, or slow-release implants could one day help prevent or treat inner ear damage caused by noise trauma, Tsonopoulos says.

“You can go to concerts, you can go to battle, you can take drugs,” he says. “Or, if you have an accident, you might have these compounds in your ER. [emergency room] We will give it to you to reduce the damage. ”

Future research should also determine how long after exposure to noise people can benefit from such zinc trap therapy, team members say. Amantha Satyaalso at the University of Pittsburgh.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Intuitive Machines to Launch Spaceship Odysseus on Moon Mission

Posted on February 13, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Odysseus spacecraft scheduled to launch to the moon on February 14th

space x

US company Intuitive Machines is soon to become the first private company to land a spacecraft on the moon. Three previous efforts by other companies have failed, highlighting the perilous path ahead for Intuitive Machines' Nova-C lander.

The spacecraft, nicknamed Odysseus, is scheduled to lift off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on February 14. It will fly aboard a Falcon 9 rocket manufactured by SpaceX. If the mission, called IM-1, goes well, Odysseus should land near the moon's south pole on February 22.

The goal of the IM-1 mission, in addition to proving that private companies can land on the moon, is to deliver six NASA payloads and five commercial payloads to the lunar surface. NASA's equipment includes tools to study how the landing itself blows away plumes of lunar dust, several instruments to help the aircraft land safely, and to measure radio waves and make sure they are on the moon's surface. Contains equipment to measure how it affects Commercial payloads include a camera that will be dumped from the lander before landing to take photos of the landing, and 125 small sculptures by artist Jeff Koons, designed to establish an archive of human knowledge on the lunar surface. Includes tip.

IM-1 is part of NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) initiative, a series of government and private sector contracts designed to accelerate exploration and develop the lunar economy. This is his second mission in CLPS. The first mission, Astrobotic's Peregrine lander, suffered a fuel leak shortly after liftoff in January and failed to reach the moon.

There have been two attempts by private companies to land on the moon, SpaceIL's Beresheet spacecraft and iSpace's Hakuto-R, but both crash-landed and were destroyed. If Odysseus succeeds where other landers have failed, Intuitive Machines' next step will be to send another Nova-C lander to the moon's south pole, equipped with a drill to harvest subsurface ice. That mission is planned for March 2024.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

New research indicates that early Mars experienced both tectonic and volcanic activity.

Posted on February 12, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Mars' relatively well-preserved ancient crust provides a natural window into early planetary evolution not visible on Earth. Mars has generally been thought to be a monolithic basaltic planet, but recent evidence suggests that magmatic evolution leading to a felsic crust may have occurred sporadically. A new study shows multiple lines of evidence for diverse volcanic activity and complex volcanic tectonics in Mars' southern highlands in and around the Eridanian basin 3.5 to 4 billion years ago.

Topographic map of the Eridanian region of Mars. The volcanic structure described by Michalski et al. Classified by morphology and morphometrics. Image credit: Michalski other., doi: 10.1038/s41550-023-02191-7.

In contrast to Earth, Mars today has little volcanic or tectonic activity.

Additionally, nearly half of Earth's surface is more than 3.5 billion years old, and since then it has undergone extensive tectonic recycling (a phenomenon typically caused by Earth-like tectonic movements, in which surface material is recycled into the mantle). This shows that there is no such phenomenon.

Recent discoveries suggest that this is not always the case, but geological activity during the first billions of years after Mars' formation is still unknown.

“Geological exploration of other rocky planets provides clues to early crustal evolution and volcanic tectonic processes,” said Dr. Joseph Michalski of the University of Hong Kong. “This is an example of an equivalent Earth system with a changing composition.”

“Looking through the lens of different gravitational fields, bulk planetary compositions, and heat flows allows us to test models of crustal resurfacing and discover the steps that led to plate tectonics and other forms of crustal recycling.” It will be possible to do so.”

“Mars represents a particularly valuable piece of the puzzle in this regard.”

The authors studied the morphology and mineralogy of the Eridanian region in Mars' southern hemisphere.

They analyzed remote sensing data from a variety of orbiting satellites, including NASA's Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Odyssey, and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.

The Eridanian region contains the most powerful crustal remains of Mars' ancient magnetic field and various traces of volcanic activity.

The researchers identified 63 examples of four different types of volcanoes (volcanic domes, stratovolcanoes, pyroclastic shields, and caldera complexes), and there are likely hundreds more in the Eridanian region alone. , these are probably the remnants of a period of active geological activity about 3.5 billion years ago.

This set of observations is consistent with the existence of early Martian tectonic cycles driven by vertical tectonics, a type of tectonic process precursor to full plate tectonics on Earth.

Such diverse volcanic structures may be more widespread on ancient Mars than previously thought.

“The observed remnants of this activity may be the closest analog on Earth to the proposed hydrothermal origin of life scenario for Earth,” the scientists said.

Their paper Published in an online journal today natural astronomy.

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JR Michalski other. Diverse volcanic activity and crustal circulation on early Mars. Nat Astron, published online on February 12, 2024. doi: 10.1038/s41550-023-02191-7

Source: www.sci.news

New Study Reveals the Superfast Spin of the Milky Way’s Supermassive Black Hole

Posted on February 12, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Sagittarius A*, the 4.3 million solar mass black hole at the center of the Milky Way, spins so fast that space-time around it is warped into the shape of a soccer ball, according to an analysis. Data collected by NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and NSF's Carl G. Jansky Very Large Array.

daily other. Sagittarius A* was found to be rotating at 60% of its maximum rotational speed, which is set by matter that cannot travel faster than the speed of light. This image shows Sagittarius A* in X-ray light from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory. Image credit: NASA / CXC / University of Wisconsin / Bai other.

Black holes have two fundamental properties: mass (weight) and spin (rotational speed).

Determining either of these two values can tell astrophysicists a lot about black holes and their behavior.

Dr. Ruth Daly of Pennsylvania State University and colleagues applied a new method using X-ray and radio data to predict Sagittarius A*'s rotation rate based on how matter moves toward or away from the black hole. Decided.

They discovered that Sagittarius A* rotates at an angular velocity (rotations per second). Its angular velocity is about 60% of its maximum possible value, a limit set by the inability of matter to travel faster than the speed of light.

In the past, different astronomers have used different techniques to estimate the rate of rotation of Sagittarius A*, ranging from not rotating at all to rotating at near maximum speed, with mixed results.

“Our research may help answer the question of how fast our galaxy's supermassive black holes rotate,” said Dr. Daly.

“Our results show that Sagittarius A* is rotating very rapidly, which is interesting and has far-reaching implications.”

A rotating black hole pulls space-time and nearby matter into its surroundings as it rotates. Spacetime around a rotating black hole is also crushed.

If you look down at a black hole from above and follow the barrel of the jet it produces, spacetime is circular.

However, if you look at a rotating black hole from the side, spacetime looks like a soccer ball. The faster the spin, the flatter the football.

The spin of a black hole acts as an important source of energy. When a supermassive black hole rotates, its spin energy can be extracted to produce a parallel outflow, a thin beam of matter such as a jet, but this requires at least some material near the black hole. must exist.

Because of the limited fuel surrounding Sagittarius A*, the black hole has been relatively quiet for the last several thousand years, with a relatively weak jet stream.

But new research shows that this could change as the amount of material increases near Sagittarius A*.

“A collimated jet powered by a galaxy's rotating central black hole could have a significant impact on the galaxy's entire gas supply,” said Michigan State University astronomer Megan Donahue. “This also influences the rate and uniformity with which stars form.”

“Fermi bubbles seen in X-rays and gamma rays around the Milky Way's black hole indicate that the black hole was probably active in the past. Measuring the black hole's rotation is important in this scenario. It's a test.”

To determine Sagittarius A*'s spin, astronomers looked at the black hole's spin and its mass, the nature of the matter near the black hole, and its outflow properties.

The parallel outflow produces radio waves, and the disk of gas surrounding the black hole is responsible for emitting X-rays.

Using this method, the researchers combined data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and NSF's Carl G. Jansky Very Large Array with independent estimates of the black hole's mass from other telescopes. to limit the rotation of the black hole.

“Sagittarius A* offers a special perspective because it is the closest supermassive black hole to us,” said Dr. Anand Lu, an astronomer at McGill University.

“Although it is quiet now, our research shows that in the future it will have an incredibly powerful impact on the matter around it.”

“It could happen in a thousand or million years, or it could happen in our lifetime.”

of study Published in Royal Astronomical Society Monthly Notices.

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Ruth A. Daly et al. 2024. New black hole spin values for Sagittarius A* obtained using the outflow method. MNRAS 527 (1): 428-436; doi: 10.1093/mnras/stad3228

Source: www.sci.news

Stunning Lunar New Year Festivities from Across the Globe: Year of the Dragon in Photos

Posted on February 12, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Lunar New Year is celebrated around the world, and the phases of the moon, not the calendar, mark the beginning of 2024. This year's Chinese New Year was on his February 10th.

Chinese New Year is based on the lunisolar calendar, and the year begins when the second new moon (following the winter solstice) marks the beginning of the new year. This day is considered one of the most important days in Chinese culture, and families gather together to celebrate and eat together.

This year is the Year of the Dragon, the fifth of the 12-year animal cycle in the Chinese calendar. People born in the year of the Dragon are believed to have more power, luck, and success than other animals, so China tends to have more lunar birthdays.

However, Lunar New Year is not only celebrated in China. Here's how people around the world rated this event.

Wuhan, China

Children touch a traditional dragon head to pray for blessings after a performance on the second night of the Spring Festival in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, February 11, 2024.Photo courtesy: Getty Images

Seoul, South Korea

Korean performers wearing traditional costumes participate in traditional games to pray for good luck during the Lunar New Year at Gyeongbokgung Palace in Seoul, South Korea, on February 11, 2024. Korean people travel from big cities to their hometowns during the Lunar New Year holiday to pay respects to the spirits of their ancestors.Photo provided by: Jung Sung-joon/Getty Images

london, united kingdom

Costumed performers entertain the audience at the 2024 Chinese New Year Dragon Parade in London, England. Photo credit: Loredana Sangiuliano/SOPA Images/LightRocket/Getty Images

Hong Kong

Undefined

Yen Bai, Vietnam

A couple in traditional costumes dance to celebrate Vietnamese New Year, or Tet, in Yen Bai province, northern Vietnam, February 12, 2024. Photo by Nhac Nguyen/AFP/Getty Images

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bangkok, thailand

Thai and Chinese people pray for good luck with incense sticks at a Chinese temple during Lunar New Year celebrations on February 10, 2024 in Bangkok, Thailand. Photo credit: Anusak Laowilas/NurPhoto/Getty Images

madrid, spain

Singapore

Gauteng, South Africa

Children in traditional costumes celebrate the Lunar New Year and the arrival of the Year of the Dragon at the South Chinese Buddhist Temple in Bronkhorstspruit, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa, February 11, 2024. Photo by Ihsaan Haffejee/Anadolu/Getty Images

Beijing, China

Qingdao, China

Front view of tourists enjoying colorful lanterns at the Golden Beach Beer City Lantern Fair in Qingdao, Shandong Province, China on February 11, 2024. Photo credit: Zhang Jingang/VCG/Getty Images

toronto, canada

Performers dance during the Lunar New Year celebration at Chinatown Center in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, February 11, 2024. Photo by Mike Campbell/NurPhoto/Getty Images

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Unique Needle-Like Fangs Found in Teeth of Extinct Shark

Posted on February 12, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists have described a new species of extinct ramid shark Paleohypotodus Based on 17 fossilized teeth found in Alabama, USA.

Fossilized teeth are Paleohypotodus bizocoi.Image credit: Eversole other., doi: 10.3897/fr.27.e112800.

“Paleohypotodus “Sharks are an extinct genus of sheep-like sharks that range in time from the late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) to the late Eocene (Priabonian), with isolated teeth scattered over large areas around the world. It has been reported from different sources,” said Dr. June Ebersole. McWane Science Center Collections Director and his colleagues.

“There are three recognized species in this genus, including the Cretaceous. Palaeohypotodus bronniand Paleogene Paleohypotodus borgensis and Palaeohypotodus rutoti”

“These species have an upright to strongly hooked distal crown, a smooth cutting edge, one or more pairs of lateral cusps, and a unique combination of folds along the labial crown foot. It is characterized by sturdy teeth.

“Paleohypotodus Although known primarily by solitary teeth, at least one partially associated skeleton has been reported. ”

The newly identified species is Paleohypotodus bizocoilived about 65 million years ago (Paleocene epoch).

A collection of 17 teeth belonging to this species was recently discovered in the historical collections of the Alabama Geological Survey in Tuscaloosa.

The specimen is Porter's Creek Formation Originally from Wilcox County, Alabama.

“A few years ago, while looking through our historic fossil collection at the Alabama Geological Survey, we came across a small box containing a shark tooth collected in Wilcox County over 100 years ago,” Eversole said. the doctor said.

“We've been documenting fossilized remains of hundreds of fish species over the past decade, but it was puzzling that these teeth belonged to sharks we didn't recognize.”

Paleohypotodus bizocoi It was a major predator when the ocean was recovering from the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous.

“In Alabama, during the Paleocene, much of the southern half of the state was covered by shallow tropical to subtropical oceans,” says T. Lynn, a paleontologist and curator of fossil collections at the Alabama Geological Survey. Dr. Harrell Jr. says. .

“This era is less well studied, which makes the discovery of this new species of shark all the more important.”

“Shark discoveries like this one give us tremendous insight into how marine life recovers after large-scale extinction events. We also know that global events such as climate change are changing the way our oceans are today. We may also be able to predict how this will affect living organisms.”

As part of their study, the authors compared fossil teeth. Paleohypotodus bizocoi to sharks from a variety of modern sharks, including great whites and shortfin mako sharks.

“By studying the jaws and teeth of extant sharks, we were able to reconstruct the dentition of this ancient species and found that it has a tooth arrangement unlike any other living shark.” said Curator of History Dr. David Sisimuri. Carolina State Museum.

a paper A description of the discovery was published in a magazine fossil record.

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JA Eversole other. 2024.new species Paleohypotodus Glickman, 1964 (chondrichthyes, oligidae), collected from the Lower Paleocene (Danian) Porters Creek Formation, Wilcox County, Alabama, USA. fossil record 27 (1): 111-134; doi: 10.3897/fr.27.e112800

Source: www.sci.news

Surprising Images of Nearby Star-Forming Regions Captured by Hubble

Posted on February 12, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

astronomer using NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope We captured a vivid image of IRAS 16562-3959, a beautiful star-forming region in the constellation Scorpius.

This Hubble image shows IRAS 16562-3959, a star-forming region about 5,900 light-years away in the constellation Scorpius. Image credits: NASA / ESA / Hubble / R. Fedriani / J. Tan.

IRAS 16562-3959The star, also known as 2MASX J16594225-4003451, is located 5,900 light-years away in the constellation Scorpius.

“At the center of the image, IRAS 16562-3959 is thought to contain a massive star with a mass approximately 30 times that of the Sun, which is still in the process of formation,” Hubble team members said in a statement. Ta.

“At the near-infrared wavelengths that Hubble detects, the central region appears dark because there is so much dust in the way.”

“Near-infrared light, however, primarily leaks out from two sides, the top left and bottom right, where powerful jets from massive protostars are removing dust.”

“The multi-wavelength images containing this amazing Hubble scene will help us better understand how the largest and brightest stars in the Milky Way are born.”

The new image of IRAS 16562-3959 was created from separate exposures taken in the near-infrared region of the spectrum. Hubble's Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3).

Four filters were used to sample different wavelengths. Color is obtained by assigning different hues to each monochromatic image associated with an individual filter.

“A filter is a thin piece of highly specialized material that only allows light at very specific wavelengths to pass through,” the astronomer explained.

“We can slide them in front of the light-sensing part of the telescope, allowing us to control which wavelengths of light the telescope collects for each observation.”

“This is useful not only for certain scientific studies, but also for creating images like this.”

“Regardless of which filter was used, raw telescopic observations are always monochrome,” they added.

“However, specially trained artists and image professionals can choose colors that match the wavelength range covered by individual filters.”

“Alternatively, if a direct match is not possible, for example the data used in this image is all in the infrared range, to which the human eye is not sensitive, so the artist has chosen colors that are wisely representative of what they are trying to represent.” You can. It’s happening.”

“For example, shorter wavelengths might be assigned a bluer color and longer wavelengths a redder color, as is the case with the visible light range.”

“The data from multiple filters can then be combined to build multicolor images that look beautiful and have scientific meaning.”

Source: www.sci.news

Britain’s new space minister explores the solar system, including Mars

Posted on February 12, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

space politics

The UK has managed to catch up with the US in terms of backing politicians who speak out knowing the vast and almost empty depths of space.

Britain’s new Space Minister Andrew Griffiths – his official title is Minister of Science, Research and Innovation – granted interview To Tali Fraser the house magazine.

Griffiths appears to have demonstrated to her how education is done. “He pointed to a hanging sphere in the science museum that changed its appearance from planet to planet and declared, 'This is Mars!'” An employee gently informed him that it was actually the sun. All I had to do was give it to you. Still, Griffith exclaimed, “That's Saturn!” As the Earth changes. The employee interjected. “No, no, that’s Jupiter.”

Back in 1991, one of the first Ig Nobel Prizes was awarded to then-U.S. Vice President Dan Quayle. Quayle was given additional duties, and he became the chairman of something called the National Space Council. He was often in the news for educating the masses. statement Something like:

“[It’s] The time has come for humanity to enter the solar system. ”

“We saw the pictures [of Mars] We believe that where there are canals, there is water. ”

“Really, very strange people can get into sensitive positions and have a huge impact on history.”

Ig Nobel Prize Quote explained He praised Quayle for being a “consumer of time and occupier of space” who “demonstrated the need for science education better than anyone else.”

As we watch Vim for Education spread from country to country, the feedback is encouraging. No matter where the sky is, the sky is the limit.

base notes

Andy Howe celebrates a somewhat musical discovery about fish that spend much of their time on the muddy ocean floor. Does Andy Howe delight in details? And how! He said: nature communications) This concerns the apparently suspicious noises of the Plainfin Midshipman, a species also known as `california singing fish'`. They are endowed with a “sonic swim bladder” that allows them to communicate through modulated, trumpet-like hums and growls. There is a double resonance here as the lead author is his A Bass. ”

“Bass” is Andrew Bass, a professor of neurobiology and behavior at Cornell University in New York. When Bass isn't out at sea chasing fish, he spends his time at the office. mud hole. I can't help but notice that Bass's feedback is imbued with nominative determinism.

light entertainment

Retired internist John Innes rallies in Call for Feedback (December 9, 2023) to refute the old adage that “Medicine is primarily about entertaining the patient; nature cures disease.” or asked for first-hand testimony in the affirmative.

He sets the scene first. “In the 1890s, Faroese and Danish physician Niels Finsen showed that ultraviolet light could treat tuberculosis (TB) in the skin. This work earned Finsen the Nobel Prize in 1903. The first studies used artificial ultraviolet light, which was widely used to treat tuberculosis in the 1920s and 1930s.

“However, it was already known that natural ultraviolet light was present in sunlight. This was one of the factors that encouraged the development of sanatoriums for the treatment of tuberculosis. In the 1950s, antibiotics were introduced. After its introduction changed the treatment of tuberculosis, ultraviolet light therapy was lost to history.

John then describes his experiences as a physician specializing in infectious diseases in Birmingham, England in the 1980s: At that time, all new entrants to nurse training were to be offered the tuberculosis vaccine if they had not already done so. In her case, an ulcer appeared at the injection site and gradually enlarged over two months to about 8 centimeters in width. I recommended antibiotics. However, she did not have time to pick up her prescription because she was scheduled to go on vacation the next morning. So I told her to postpone her treatment and come back in 4 weeks.

“She came back after spending two weeks sunbathing on the beach near Tangier. The ulcer had healed and she didn't need anything more. So she left it alone while nature healed her illness. was enjoying it.”

loop soup

What is loop soup? It's hard to say. It's difficult to say succinctly.

Wojtek Furmanski and Adam Kolawa of the California Institute of Technology appear to have injected the phrase into the world of physics in 1987 in the middle of a 35-page paper called `Yang-Mills vacuum: an attempt at lattice loop calculus`Published in the magazine Nuclear Physics B.

Loop soup is only mentioned once. This is their word. “This medium is still far from an asymptotic ‘loop soup’ and is beyond our reach.”

This text may be incomprehensible to those without a deep education in nuclear physics. Still, the phrase stuck. Just 33 years later, Valentino Voigt and Matthew Kleban of New York University `New recipe for Brownian Loop Soup`This may definitely whet your appetite.

Mark Abrahams hosted the Ig Nobel Prize ceremony and co-founded the magazine Annals of Improbable Research. Previously, he was working on unusual uses of computers.his website is impossible.com.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Overcoming Plastic Pollution: Recycling Alone Is Not Enough

Posted on February 11, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

I recently came across a photo that I can only describe as “post-apocalyptic cute.” It depicted a small, beady-eyed, purple hermit crab with its fragile abdomen neatly tucked within a bright red object.

This “shell” provided the small crustacean with armor that kept it perfectly balanced and easily manipulated. However, it was not a traditional seashell, but rather a discarded plastic bottle cap. This image is a moving depiction of the serious global problem of plastic pollution we currently face.

Hermit crabs scavenge for things from the ocean floor and use them for protection. This habit of finding their home and carrying it on their backs earned them their delightful name.

However, instead of finding beautiful coiled snail shells to nestle in, many hermit crabs today pick up pieces of trash that we throw away and hide inside them.

A group of Polish researchers based at Warsaw University and Poznań University conducted an “Internet Ecology Study,” during which they scoured social media for photos of hermit crabs decorated with human trash. They found 386 photos in total from every tropical coast in the world.

According to the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) 2021 report, plastic production has increased by an almost unimaginable 18,300% in 65 years, leading to a current oversupply of plastic waste that we are struggling to dispose of responsibly.

Recycling may seem like an obvious solution, but as of 2015, only 9% of generated plastic waste was being recycled, according to a major study on the fate of plastic.

Examples of plastic reuse

Mark Miodnik, Professor of Materials and Society at University College London, has stated that reusing is the best solution to the plastic waste problem. One major effort in bringing reuse into the mainstream is Loop, which operates a “global reverse supply chain” in partnership with major brands, collecting used packaging from consumers and retailers through a deposit return scheme.

Despite the devastating increase in plastic production, there is hope for significant change in the near future. A commitment to a binding treaty to end plastic pollution has already been signed by 175 countries, setting the stage for a pivotal year in rewriting the plastic waste rulebook.

In the meantime, reusing as much of the materials we already have in abundance can help alleviate the plastic waste problem. As a lead researcher on hermit crab research in Poland, Zusanna Jagiello notes that the animals are simply taking advantage of what’s available to them.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

3D Printed Ice Blood Vessels Could Enhance the Quality of Artificial Organs

Posted on February 10, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

3D printed blood vessel ice template

Philip LeDuc and others/Carnegie Mellon University

Complex artificial organs can be created by 3D printing molds of veins, arteries, and capillaries in ice, casting them in organic materials, and melting the ice to form delicate, hollow networks. This leaves space for the complex vascular grafts required for the development of laboratory-cultured internal organs.

Researchers have been working for decades to develop artificial organs to meet the high global demand for transplants such as hearts, kidneys and livers. However, creating the vascular network necessary to keep them alive remains a challenge.

Existing technology can grow artificial skin and ears, but the meat and organ materials disappear when they are more than 200 micrometers away from blood vessels. Philippe Leduc at Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania.

“It's about twice the width of a hair. Once you get through that, and you can't access nutrients anymore, your cells start dying,” he says. Therefore, new processes will be needed to produce internal organs cheaply and quickly.

LeDuc and his colleagues experimented with printing blood vessels with meltable wax, which requires fairly high temperatures and can leave behind residue. “One day, out of the blue, a student of mine said, 'What if we tried using water, the most biologically compatible substance in the world?'” he says. “And I'm like, 'Oh, yeah.' It still makes me laugh. It's that simple.”

They developed a technique that uses a 3D printer to create a mold of the inside of an organ's blood vessels in ice. In the test, they embedded them in a gelatin material that hardens when exposed to ultraviolet light before the ice melts away.

The researchers used a platform cooled to -35°C and a printer nozzle that ejected hundreds of drops of water per second, allowing them to print structures as small as 50 micrometers in diameter.

LeDuc says the process is conceptually simple, but requires complete coordination. If the droplet is ejected too quickly, the droplet will not solidify quickly enough to create the desired shape, but if it prints too slowly, it will just form a clump.

The system is also affected by weather and humidity, so researchers are looking into using artificial intelligence to adjust the printer to different conditions.

They also used a version of water in which all the hydrogen was replaced with deuterium, a stable isotope of the element. This so-called heavy water has a high freezing point and helps create a smooth structure by avoiding unwanted crystallization. Deuterium is not radioactive, unlike some isotopes, and tests have shown it to be safe for creating artificial organs, LeDuc said.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Is Stanley’s Craving for Cups Bringing Sustainability of Stainless Steel Water Bottles into Question?

Posted on February 10, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Many people are passionate about reusable water bottles, from wide-mouth Nalgene bottles popular with Millennials to stainless steel containers like Hydro Flask, S’well, and Yeti tumblers. The latest trend is the giant 40 oz. Stanley tumblers, available in a variety of colors to match personal style and mood.

While these products are designed to offer an environmentally friendly alternative to single-use plastic bottles, some people question whether these trendy, reusable tumblers are actually part of the problem. This debate ties into the broader environmental conflict about individual contributions versus larger, systemic issues.

In the case of the 40 oz. Stanley tumblers, the popularity has surged in recent years, with social media influencers and collectors showcasing the cups. This popularity has propelled the company’s annual sales from $70 million to $750 million in the span of just a few years.

At first glance, Stanley tumblers appear to be environmentally responsible, known for their durability and long-lasting design. However, they have also become a symbol of overconsumption, raising questions about the true environmental benefits of these products.

According to experts, while the use of reusable water bottles can be sustainable when used properly, overconsumption of these products contributes to climate change and environmental degradation. The potential impacts of unnecessary consumption include greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity loss, land use issues, pollution, and human health impacts.

Ultimately, experts emphasize the importance of using products like reusable tumblers thoughtfully and regularly to have a positive environmental impact. Additionally, companies are encouraged to prioritize sustainability and recycling initiatives to mitigate the environmental burden of their products.

Understanding the psychological and social factors that influence consumer behavior is also crucial in addressing overconsumption. Advocates urge individuals to make informed, mindful choices and to feel a sense of agency in contributing to environmental solutions without becoming discouraged or overwhelmed by global issues like climate change.

“We don’t want to get to the point where we’re completely discouraged about climate change,” said one expert. “We need to determine our real choices from the details. We can look at our own choices and find ways to help and encourage others, but we can’t shame or blame. But I don’t think we’re going anywhere.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

The World’s 10 Biggest Rainforests in 2024

Posted on February 10, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Tropical rainforests are crucial to the planet’s health as they absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide and release oxygen. These forests are characterized by a dense tree canopy and high annual rainfall.

There are different types of rainforests, including tropical, dry, and temperate rainforests. Tropical rainforests are near the equator and have warm, humid climates. On the other hand, temperate rainforests experience more seasonal changes in weather and are distributed between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Dry rainforests receive less precipitation and have more distinct seasons compared to tropical rainforests.

Tropical rainforests host a wide variety of unique plant and animal species, with over half of the world’s species found in these areas around the world.

Here are the top 10 biggest forests on the planet by land area, along with some information about each:

10. Westland Temperate Forest – 11,880km²

Weststand temperate forest in Westland National Park on New Zealand’s South Island.Photo credit: Alamy

Westland Temperate Forest is located on the west coast of New Zealand’s South Island and receives significant annual rainfall, supporting a variety of bird species and endangered species.

9. Bosawas Biosphere Reserve – 20,000km²

A landscape of the cloud forest canopy with mountains peeking out from behind the clouds in northern Nicaragua.Photo credit: Getty Images

Bosawas Biosphere Reserve covers 15 percent of Nicaragua’s land area and is home to vast biodiversity, including many endangered species.

1. Amazon rainforest – 6.7 million km²

Aerial view of the Amazon rainforest and river in northeastern Pará state, Sao Caetano de Odivelas, Brazil.Photo credit: Getty Images

The Amazon rainforest is the world’s largest, covering an area of 6.7 million km² across 8 countries. It is home to an astonishing diversity of plant and animal species, with significant deforestation posing a major threat to its existence.

Rainforest	Size KM²
Westland temperate forest	11,880

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Understanding the sensation of dying: Insights from medical professionals

Posted on February 10, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Similar to childbirth, death is a bodily process that progresses through stages and is recognizable. The speed of the process varies from person to person, and medical support may be necessary to ensure a safe and comfortable experience.

As death nears, most people lose interest in eating and drinking, which is normal. Even if they are unable to manage full meals, a small taste may still be welcomed.

Dying individuals typically experience a lack of energy, similar to the extreme fatigue associated with severe illness or surgery recovery. While sleep normally recharges energy, it gradually diminishes as the body weakens towards death.

Waking hours decrease, and periods of unconsciousness become more frequent. People report feeling like they were peacefully asleep during these periods of unconsciousness.

If the dying person relies on regular medications, it may be necessary to switch to medications that do not require swallowing. Skin patches, syringe pumps, and suppositories can be used, as unconsciousness is usually caused by the dying process, not medication.

What happens in your last moments

As death progresses, the heartbeat slows, blood pressure drops, the skin cools, and the nails dull. Restlessness, confusion, and periods of deepening unconsciousness may occur.

There is no proven method to investigate what people experience near death, but recent research suggests that the unconscious brain responds to noise in the room. Breathing becomes automatic and may involve heavy, noisy breaths or breathing through saliva in the back of the throat without signs of distress.

Breathing cycles from deep to shallow, fast to slow, until it becomes slow and very shallow, eventually pausing and stopping altogether due to lack of oxygen.

Understanding common patterns of death and its stages can help companions feel less fearful and manage symptoms. Seeking medical attention when necessary is important. For more information, you can watch the BBC short film about death: BBC short film about death.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

2024 New Moon: When is the next full moon?

Posted on February 10, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

A new moon may not be all that remarkable (literally) astronomically speaking, but it does mark the beginning of a new lunar cycle. And this month, the new moon in February also opens the Chinese New Year.

In China, Lunar New Year is a time to let go of the negative energy from the previous year and welcome good fortune and prosperity in the new year. It’s a time for family celebrations and to exorcise evil spirits.

For those who believe in astrology (spoiler: it doesn’t make much scientific sense), a new moon generally represents a fresh start. It’s a time to set intentions, start projects, and focus on personal growth. Astrologers believe that the energy of the new moon will help you plan for the future and sow seeds.

It is often associated with opportunities for self-reflection, goal setting, and personal renewal in various aspects of life. Various astrological signs are believed to influence how this energy manifests in individuals.

Of course, astrology is subjective to some extent, so it’s best to take it with a grain of salt.

But the new moon is exciting for another reason. It’s a more “visible” reason. Solar eclipse. A solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes in front of the sun. Similarly, a new moon occurs when it is on the same side of the Earth as the sun, so a solar eclipse is: only It occurs at the new moon.

When is the next new moon?

The next new moon will be on February 9, 2024.

Like full moons, new moons are also named according to the season. These usually coincide with full moons that accompany the same lunar cycle.

The beginning of each lunar cycle is marked by a new moon. A new moon occurs every 29.53 days (29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, and 3 seconds to be exact).

Here are all the new moons in 2024 as seen from London:

January 11th 11:57am: new wolf moon
February 9th, 10:59pm: new snow moon
March 10th 9am: new worm moon
April 8th, 6:21pm: New pink moon*
May 8th 3:22am: new flower moon
June 6th, 12:38pm: new strawberry moon
July 5th, 10:57pm: new back moon
August 4th 11:13am: new sturgeon moon
September 3rd, 1:56am: New Corn/Harvest Moon
October 2nd, 6:49pm: new hunter’s moon
November 1st, 12:47pm: new beaver moon
December 1st 6:21am: new cold moon
December 30th, 10:27pm: black Moon

*Includes solar eclipse

When is Chinese New Year?

Lunar New Year (also known as Lunar New Year or Spring Festival) is the second new moon after the winter solstice. The date of the Lunar New Year varies between January 21st and February 20th according to the Gregorian calendar.

This year, in 2024, Chinese New Year begins on February 10, 2024.

In China (and other countries in East Asia), this is one of the most important times of the year and festivals are held. May last up to 16 days. The first seven days of his life are designated as official holidays, and the celebration culminates in a lantern festival. full Mon – February 24, 2024.

…
As the lunar cycle progresses, it becomes increasingly visible as more sunlight is reflected and moved away from the Sun. If you really want to see the new moon, the first visible phase of the moon is the very thin, sliver-like waxing crescent that occurs just after the new moon. It appears in the western sky after sunset.

The new moon can be seen soon

During a solar eclipse, if you have proper eye protection, you can see the shape of the moon passing in front of the sun, but you can’t actually see it. . You can see every detail.

There is also a phenomenon called “Earth Shine”. This is where the moon is at its thinnest crescent stage, where the unlit parts of the moon become visible. This occurs when sunlight reflects off the Earth and gently illuminates the night side of the moon. This in turn is reflected back to us. This creates the effect of a ghostly glow in the unlit areas, giving it the illusion of a full moon even though it’s not in its full moon phase.

Earthshine typically occurs during the spring for a few days on either side of a new moon.So it’s not very It’s a new moon, but if you really want to see it, you can see it as close as possible.

new moon and solar eclipse

The relationship between solar eclipses and new moons is intertwined. Without a new moon, there will be no solar eclipse.

A solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes between the Earth and the sun. Block out all (total solar eclipse) or some (partial solar eclipse) of the sun’s light. With this adjustment, only This phenomenon occurs during the new moon phase, when the moon is directly between the Earth and the sun.

The next solar eclipse will occur on April 8, 2024, and the total solar eclipse will cross Mexico, the United States, and Canada. A partial solar eclipse will be visible in the westernmost parts of the UK and Ireland.

However, not all new moons cause solar eclipses. This is because the moon’s orbit is slightly different from the Earth’s orbit around the sun. There is a difference of about 5 degrees. This small difference is usually enough for the new moon to pass above or below the Sun without blocking it. In other words, no solar eclipse will occur.

What is a black moon?

The term “black moon” is used to describe the new moon, which is the equivalent of a blue moon. There are several different definitions of a black moon, but it usually refers to two new moons in one calendar month. This simply depends on the number of days in the month and how the calendar is determined.

Some people call a calendar month without a new moon a black moon. This can occur in his February, when there is no new moon about once every 19 years, due to the short length of the moon compared to the lunar cycle.

The next black moon (using the definition of two new moons in a month) will be on December 30, 2024 at 10:27 PM (GMT).

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Storms in California contribute to the creation and maintenance of lakes in Death Valley.

Posted on February 10, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Following the recent historic heavy rains in California, an unusual event continues to unfold at the lakes of the famous Death Valley.

Officials from the park confirmed that a lake formed in the Badwater Basin in August, typically a salt flat, after heavy rains and flash flooding caused by the remnants of Hurricane Hillary in Death Valley National Park.

Thanks to atmospheric river events over the past two weeks, heavy rain across much of California has caused the lake to last longer than it would have under normal conditions. According to the park’s statement on Thursday, “Most of us thought the lake would be gone by October,” park ranger Abby Wines said in a statement. “We were shocked to see it still here after almost six months. Rain this week will extend the length of time the lake is here. It’s too shallow for kayaking, but It gives us great reflections of the mountains.”

People walk along Lake Manly, a temporary shallow lake in Badwater Basin in Death Valley National Park, California, on December 24.Abbey Wines/NPS Photo

Death Valley typically only receives about 2 inches of precipitation a year, but in the past six months it has seen just under 5 inches of rain, almost entirely due to Hillary and recent atmospheric river events. This was announced on Thursday.

During Hurricane Hillary, about 2.2 inches of rain fell per day, hitting California as a rare tropical storm, resulting in floods that damaged roads and other infrastructure.

The lake, which at one point was 11 miles long, 4 miles wide and 2 feet deep, spilled out following the heavy rainfall, as reported by the National Park Service.

Death Valley received 1.66 inches of rain earlier this week, according to the National Weather Service said earlier Wednesday. With a 72 hour precipitation report.

Park officials say temporary lakes in Badwater Basin are rare. Once an inland lake named Lake Manly, the basin has long since dried up. The park states that it has existed in the geologic past, and the most recent one dried out approximately 10,000 years ago.

Known for having some of the hottest, if not record-setting, scorching summer temperatures ever recorded on Earth, this week’s highs in Death Valley are in the 50s to 60s. The average high temperature in Furnace Creek usually begins to reach 90 degrees in April. According to the park.

The highest temperature ever recorded on Earth was July 10, 1913, at Furnace Creek in Death Valley, reaching 134 degrees, as reported by the World Meteorological Organization.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Stunning Images of Jupiter’s Moon Io Captured by NASA’s Juno Orbiter

Posted on February 10, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

On February 3, 2024, NASA's Juno spacecraft made its second close approach to Io, the fifth and third largest of Jupiter's moons. Like the previous flyby on December 30, 2023, this second pass was approximately 1,500 kilometers (930 miles) away. During the twins' flyby, the spacecraft's JunoCam instrument returned stunning high-resolution images and raw data. The flyby is designed to provide new insights into how Io's volcanic engines work and whether a global magma ocean exists beneath the volcanic moon's rocky, mountainous surface. has been done.

The JunoCam instrument aboard NASA's Juno spacecraft imaged Io, the most geologically active object in the solar system, on February 3, 2024, from a distance of approximately 7,904 km (4,911 miles) . Image credit: NASA/SwRI/MSSS.

Io is the innermost of Jupiter's four Galilean moons and the fourth largest moon in the solar system.

Its diameter is about 3,630 km (2,556 miles), making it only slightly larger than our moon.

It is the only place in the solar system other than Earth that is known to have volcanoes spewing hot lava like those on Earth.

Io has over 400 active volcanoes, which are caused by tidal heating. This is the result of a gravitational tug of war between Jupiter's gravity and the small but precisely timed gravitational pulls from Europa and Ganymede.

The moon's yellow, white, orange, and red colors are produced by sulfur dioxide, frost on its surface, elemental sulfur, and various sulfur allotropes.

The volcano was first discovered on the island of Io in 1979, and since then studies using NASA's Galileo spacecraft and ground-based telescopes have shown that eruptions and lava fountains occur constantly, forming rivers and lakes of lava. Masu.

Only 13 large eruptions were observed between 1978 and 2006, in part because fewer astronomers were scanning the moon on a regular basis.

The JunoCam instrument aboard NASA's Juno spacecraft imaged Io on December 30, 2023, from a distance of approximately 5,857 km (3,639 miles). Image credit: NASA/SwRI/MSSS.

NASA's Juno spacecraft has been monitoring Io's volcanic activity from distances ranging from about 11,000 km (6,830 miles) to more than 100,000 km (62,100 miles), providing the first view of the moon's north and south poles .

On December 30, 2023, Juno came within approximately 1,500 km of Io's surface. The orbiter made her second close flyby of the Moon on February 3, 2024.

The second flyby mainly flew over Io's southern hemisphere, but previous flybys flew over Io's northern hemisphere.

Juno captured two plumes rising above Io's horizon on February 3, 2024. These plumes were emitted from two vents from one giant volcano, or from two volcanoes located close to each other. The JunoCam instrument photographed the plume from a distance of approximately 3,800 km (2,400 miles). Image credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / SwRI / MSSS / Andrea Luck.

“We investigate the source of Io's massive volcanic activity, whether there is a magma ocean beneath its crust, and the importance of tidal forces from Jupiter that are relentlessly squeezing this beleaguered moon. doing.”

“There are active plumes, high mountain peaks with distinct shadows, and evidence of lava lakes, some of which look like islands.”

Starting in April 2024, Juno will conduct a series of occultation experiments that will use Juno's gravity science experiments to investigate the composition of Jupiter's upper atmosphere. This provides important information about the planet's shape and internal structure.

Source: www.sci.news

Newly Found Fossil Remains in France Offer Valuable Information on Ordovician Polar Ecosystems

Posted on February 10, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

in new paper in diary natural ecology and evolution, paleontologists described the diversity of the Cabrières biota, a new Early Ordovician site in the Montagne Noire in southern France. During the Early Ordovician, this region was an open marine environment located in the southern hemisphere at high polar latitudes, on the margin of the Gondwana supercontinent.

Artistic reconstruction of Cabrière Biota: in the foreground, Unpix (trilobites) and various ostracods including brachiopods and cryoliths (bottom left corner). Behind the trilobites are lobopods, chelicerates, cnidarians (blue), sponges (green), thin branched algae (red and green), hemichordates (purple), and some soft bodies. There are animals. Bivalve arthropods live in the water column along with graptolites. Image credit: Christian McCall, Prehistorya Art.

“Early Paleozoic sites with preserved soft tissues provide a wealth of information about the evolution of past life and improve our understanding of earlier ecosystems, but they are unevenly distributed in time and space. ,” said paleontologist Farid Saleh of the University of Lausanne and his colleagues.

“About 100 soft-tissue preserved assemblages have been recorded from the Cambrian, while about 30 are known from the Ordovician, and only a few have been discovered in early Ordovician rocks. .”

“The distribution of early Paleozoic remains is also paleogeographically biased, as approximately 97% of the biota discovered represents tropical and temperate ecosystems within 65 degrees north and south of the paleoequator.”

“This pattern is especially true for the Ordovician, where very few sites are known to have polar environments.”

“Among the most famous Ordovician sites, Sumchere in South Africa, Big Hill in the United States, and Winneshiek exhibit tropical ecosystems.”

“Given the rarity of Ordovician sites and their lopsided paleogeographical distribution, discovering new biota with preserved soft tissues across the aforementioned paleogeographic zones and environments will deepen our understanding of this period and This is crucial for gaining better insight into the factors driving increases in animal diversity on Earth. ”

Biomineralized species of the Cabriere biota: (a) Trilobites of the genus Unpix(b) gastropods with tubular structures, probably conuraids Sphenothalas(c) biomineralized canine cnidarians; (d) Arthrobrachiopod attached to a spongiosa, probably of the leptomid family. (e) Assemblage formed by an articulated brachiopod (center), a flattened carapace of a probably bivalve arthropod (left and right of center), and the skull of a calimenin trilobite (left). (f) Possibly visceral cyst. Scale bars – (a) and (e) 4 mm, (b) and (d) 1 cm, (c) 5 mm, (f) 2 mm.Image credit: Saleh other., doi: 10.1038/s41559-024-02331-w.

In a new paper, paleontologists describe a group of 470-million-year-old (early Ordovician) fossils, named Cabrière Biota, discovered in southern France's Montagne Noire.

The fossil site was discovered by two French amateurs, Eric Montseret and Sylvie Montseret Goujon.

Saleh and his co-authors examined about 400 extremely well-preserved soft tissue fossils taken from the site.

Fossils typically exhibit shades of brown, red, or orange and are embedded within a siliciclastic matrix of mudstone and siltstone, and their colors range from blue to green to yellow.

The Cabriere biota is characterized by a prevalence of sponges and branched algae, which constitute 26% of all identified fossils.

Also included are molluscs (14%), trilobites (12%), brachiopods (9%), cystoliths (7%), and cnidarians (6%).

An interesting feature of this biota is its rarity, with echinoderms being represented by only three specimens.

The Cabrières biota also exhibits the shells of various bivalve arthropods, which constitute 16% of the fossils identified.

Some wormlike organisms are also present in the biota (approximately 1% of identified fossils).

“The Cabrière biota was once located in close proximity to Antarctica and reveals the composition of the southernmost Ordovician ecosystem,” Dr Saleh said.

“The high biodiversity of this site suggests that the area served as a refuge for species fleeing the high temperatures that were prevalent further north at the time.”

“During this period of global warming, animals were certainly living in high-latitude refuges, escaping the extreme temperatures at the equator.”

Dr Jonathan Antcliffe, a paleontologist at the University of Lausanne, said: “The distant past gives us a glimpse of the near future that could happen to us.''

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F. Saleh other. Cabrières Biota (France) provides insight into Ordovician polar ecosystems. Nat Ecole Evol, published online on February 9, 2024. doi: 10.1038/s41559-024-02331-w

Source: www.sci.news

Türk, İtalyan ve İsveçli astronotlar özel uzay istasyonu seyahatini sonlandırarak Dünya’ya dönüş yaptı

Posted on February 10, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. — Astronauts from Turkey, Italy and Sweden completed their return to Earth on Friday. 3 week private mission To the International Space Station.

The trio was accompanied by a former NASA astronaut who now works for NASA. axiomatic space, the Houston company that arranged the charter flight. The crew returned aboard a SpaceX capsule and parachuted into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Florida.

Last month, Turkey celebrated the launch of Alpel Gezeravci from Cape Canaveral. A former fighter pilot and captain of Turkish Airlines, he became the first person in his home country to fly into space.

A SpaceX capsule parachuted into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Florida on Friday. Astronauts from Turkey, Italy and Sweden returned to Earth on Friday, ending a three-week commercial mission aboard the International Space Station. Axiomatic space via AP

Geselavci was accompanied on the trip by Colonel Walter Villaday of the Italian Air Force, Markus Vandt of Sweden, a former fighter pilot who was selected as a reserve astronaut by the European Space Agency in 2022, and his companion Michael Mr. López-Alegría accompanied him.

Turkey, Italy and Sweden funded the mission, each paying about $55 million. This was his third civilian mission to the Axiom space station. A fourth is planned for later this year.

Before departing from the space station, Gezeravci thanked his country for its “bold and decisive decision” to send its citizens into space as part of the republic's 100th anniversary celebrations.

While in orbit, the astronauts conducted science experiments and spoke with elementary school students and government officials from their home countries. They spent several more days on the space station, waiting for the weather to improve in the landing zone.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Ed Dwight, the first black astronaut, finally receives recognition.

Posted on February 10, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Ed Dwight spent his childhood on a farm on the outskirts of Kansas back in the 1930s. The airfield was nearby, and as a young child, he would often visit to watch the planes and the pilots. Most of the planes were returning from hunting trips, and the inside was stained with blood and empty beer cans on the floor.

“They would say to me, ‘Hey, can you clean my plane? I’ll give you a dime,’” Dwight, 90, recalls. But when he was eight or nine years old, he wanted more than a dime. He wanted to fly.

“My first flight was the most exciting thing in the world,” Dwight says with a laugh. “There were no roads or stop signs. You were free as a bird.”

It took years for Dwight to entertain the thought of becoming a pilot himself. “It was white people’s territory,” he says. But when he saw an image of a black pilot shot down in South Korea on the front page of a newspaper, he immediately decided that he wanted to fly.

With that decision, Dwight set in motion a chain of events that would nearly lead him to become one of the first astronauts. Dwight was hand-picked by President John F. Kennedy’s White House to join Chuck Yeager’s test pilot program at Edwards Air Force Base in California’s Mojave Desert as he rose through the ranks in the Air Force.

US Air Force Colonel Ed Dwight.
Provided by Ed Dwight/National Geographic, via AP

However, after Kennedy’s assassination, Dwight’s path to NASA disappeared and he was not selected for the space program. In recent years, Dwight has finally begun to receive recognition with the release of the new National Geographic Documentary “Space Race,” which tells the story of Dwight, a pioneer who was nearly one of the first black astronauts.

When the Soviet Union launched Sputnik into orbit in 1957, it influenced the formation of NASA. Dwight was not initially thinking about becoming an astronaut, but political leaders became conscious of the image that American astronauts could project about American democracy, and then Dwight got an unexpected invitation to train to become an astronaut. He received acclaim for appearing on the covers of black magazines such as Jet and Sepia, but faced hostility by police officers and other developments during his training. Dwight was the only one selected by the White House to train at that time, yet eventually was not among the 14 selected in 1963, following Kennedy’s assassination.

Air Force Col. Ed Dwight sits in the cockpit at the beginning of flight training in 1954.
Provided by Ed Dwight/National Geographic, via AP

Despite not becoming an astronaut, Dwight accomplished many things, including founding a construction company and earning a Master of Fine Arts degree in sculpture. He has created sculptures of notable black historical figures and had some of his sculptures flown into space aboard the Orion spacecraft. NASA even named an asteroid after him. For subsequent black astronauts, Dwight serves as an influential figure and is honored to be considered a pioneering black astronaut.

NASA astronaut Victor Glover, from left, Ed Dwight and Leland Melvin, on Thursday in Pasadena, California.
Chris Pizzello/AP

Dwight is filled with gratitude for the experiences he had and the opportunity to meet many influential figures throughout his life. He envisions that astronauts and influential leaders should have the chance to view the Earth from above to understand the futility of racism. “We’re flying around the galaxy in this little ball,” Dwight says.

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Source: www.nbcnews.com

The Possible Collapse of AMOC: Simulations Highlight Real Danger of Stopping Atlantic Currents

Posted on February 9, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Ocean currents flowing from the tropics to the North Atlantic have a major influence on Europe's climate.

jens carsten roseman

As the planet warms, is there a serious risk that the Atlantic Current that warms Europe will slow down and stop? Yes, according to the most detailed computer simulation ever performed. The likelihood of this scenario remains highly uncertain.

“We have demonstrated that it is indeed possible with our current setup,” he says. René van Westen At Utrecht University in the Netherlands.

Now, warm water, made more salty by evaporation, flows north from the tropics along the surface of the Atlantic Ocean, keeping Europe much warmer than it would otherwise be. When this water cools, it sinks because it becomes more salty and denser. It then returns to the tropics and flows along the ocean floor into the southern hemisphere.

This is known as the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Studies of past climate suggest that the dramatic cooling episodes that have occurred around Europe over the past 100,000 years or so have been associated with so-called tipping points, when reverse currents slow down or stop completely, and small changes in may convert one system to another. state.

The cause is thought to be melting ice sheets. The influx of large amounts of fresh water into the North Atlantic reduces salinity, which in turn reduces surface water density and reduces the amount of water that sinks.

However, this has proven difficult to model. Most shutdown simulations require adding unrealistically large amounts of fresh water at once. Some also question whether this is a potential tipping point, since recent simulations using more advanced models have not shown any shutdowns.

Now, van Westen's team has run the most sophisticated simulation to date, which took a total of six months to run on the Dutch state-run supercomputer Sunellius. It was very expensive, he says.

Unlike previous simulations, the team added fresh water gradually rather than all at once. This created a positive feedback that amplified the effect. The decrease in salinity reduced the amount of water sinking, which reduced the amount of brine flowing north, further reducing salinity.

This eventually broke the overturning circulation, causing temperatures to rise in the Southern Hemisphere but plummet in Europe. For example, in this model, London would be 10°C (18°F) cooler on average, and Bergen, Norway would be 15°C (27°F) cooler on average. Other impacts include localized sea level rise in areas such as the East Coast of the United States.

Additionally, some of the changes seen in the model before the collapse are consistent with changes seen in the real Atlantic Ocean in recent decades.

But to cause this collapse, the researchers had to run the model for 2,500 years. And they needed to add huge amounts of fresh water. Although less than previous simulations, it is still about 80 times the amount that is currently flowing into the ocean from the melting Greenland ice sheet. “So it's absurd and not very realistic,” Van Westen said.

Furthermore, this simulation did not include global warming. The team now plans to rerun the simulation with that in mind.

“This is the most cutting-edge model in which such experiments have been performed,” he says. Peter Ditlefsen He is a co-author of a 2023 study predicting that the Atlantic overturning current could break up between 2025 and 2095, based on changes in sea surface temperatures.

The model suggests it will take large amounts of fresh water and centuries to stop the circulation from reversing, but why do we think climate models are underestimating the risk of nonlinear changes like the Atlantic tipping point? There are several, Ditlefsen said.

Climate models need to divide the world into large cubes to make their calculations workable, he says, and this has a smoothing effect. Additionally, the model has been calibrated based on how well it simulates the 20th century climate, although there was a linear relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and the resulting changes. may not be applicable in the future.

“We should expect the model to be less sensitive than the real world,” Ditlevsen says.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Uncovering the Unseen Rules that Shape Our Most Meaningful Friendships

Posted on February 9, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

FACEBOOK users used to have more friends. Social networking sites pursue a commercial strategy of trying to “friend” as many people as possible. However, at some point around 2007, users began to wonder who the people they had befriended were. Then someone pointed out to us that he can only manage about 150 relationships at any given time. A series of cullings of “friends” followed, and the number 150 has since become known as “Dunbar's number.” Thank you, Facebook!

Modern technology may have given it some notoriety, but Dunbar's number has roots in evolutionary biology. Humans are a highly social species, but we don't easily manage relationships, and like other primates, the size of our social networks is limited by the size of our brains. My research 20 years ago revealed that this means we are unable to meaningfully interact with more than about 150 other people. No matter how social you are, that's your limit. In this respect we are all the same. However, recent research on friendship has revealed some interesting individual differences.

My colleagues and I explore how much time people spend cultivating different members of their social networks, how friendships form and disappear, and what we look for in a friend. I have made some eye-opening discoveries about it. What really surprised us was that each person has a unique “social fingerprint,” or idiosyncratic way of allocating social effort. This pattern is completely independent of who is in your friendship circle at any given time. But it can reveal a lot about your own identity and even affect how well you can cope with social restrictions…

Source: www.newscientist.com

Prosthetic leg sensitivity triggers feeling of hot and cold in amputated hand

Posted on February 9, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Fabrizio Fidati tests temperature-sensitive prosthetic arm

EPFL Cahiers

A man who had his right arm amputated below the elbow can now feel heat and cold in his missing hand through an improved prosthetic hand equipped with a heat sensor.

After amputation, some people may still have a sense of touch or pain in the missing arm or leg, known as a phantom limb. In some cases, these sensations may be caused by nerve endings in the remaining upper limbs.

This prosthetic hand works by applying heat or cold to specific areas of the skin on the upper arm, inducing a thermal sensation in the phantom hand.

“Previous studies have shown that these spots are present in the majority of amputee patients we treat,” he says. Solaiman Shokur at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne.

First, Shokur and his colleagues mapped spots on study participant Fabrizio Fidati's upper arm that triggered sensations in different parts of the phantom hand. They then outfitted his existing prosthetic arm and socket with a sensor and device called a thermodes that can make it hot or cold.

Tests showed that Fidati was able to identify hot, cold, or ambient temperature bottles with 100% accuracy by touching the bottle with the modified prosthesis. When the thermal sensors in his prosthetic limbs went off, his accuracy dropped to a third of his.

The prosthetic hand also allowed Fidati to distinguish between glass, copper, and plastic by touch, while blindfolded, with just over two-thirds of the accuracy of his uninjured left hand.

In another recently published study, Shokur and his colleagues showed that amputees use temperature-sensitive prostheses. Can detect whether an object is wet or dry.

“We were able to give amputees the sensation of moisture, and they were able to detect different levels of moisture, just like a healthy hand,” Shokul says.

Omid Kabehei Researchers at Australia's University of Sydney say their work could one day have applications beyond prosthetic limbs, such as giving robots a wider range of bodily sensations.

“This is very important work,” he says. But he cautions that this is not a clinical trial and questions how well the technology will work in the real world, where warm and cold climates are extremely different.

“We would like to see how this device performs in a hot and humid place like Singapore,” says Kavehei.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

New NASA Satellite Launches to Study Warming Oceans and Atmosphere

Posted on February 9, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

The newest weather satellite of NASA was launched into orbit on Thursday, providing unprecedented details of the world’s oceans and atmosphere.

SpaceX launched its $948 million Pace satellite before dawn, sending its Falcon rocket south across the Atlantic Ocean to achieve a rare polar orbit.

The satellite will spend at least three years studying the ocean and atmosphere 420 miles (676 kilometers) above the Earth. Two scientific instruments scan the Earth every day. The third instrument takes monthly measurements.

The PACE (Plankton, Aerosols, Clouds, Marine Ecosystems) satellite will separate from a SpaceX rocket in orbit on Thursday.NASA (via AP)

“It will be an unprecedented view of our home planet,” said project scientist Jeremy Wardell.

The observations will help scientists better forecast hurricanes and other severe weather, better understand how the Earth is changing as temperatures rise, and better predict when harmful algae blooms will occur.

NASA already has more than 20 Earth observation satellites and instruments in orbit. But Pace's findings should provide better insight into how atmospheric aerosols, such as pollutants and volcanic ash, interact with marine life such as algae and plankton.

“The pace will give us another dimension” to what other satellites observe, said Karen St. Germain, NASA's director of Earth Sciences.

PACE (short for Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, Ocean Ecosystem) is the most advanced mission ever launched to study marine biology.

NASA and SpaceX engineers launched NASA's PACE (Plankton, Aerosols, Clouds, and Ocean Ecosystems) spacecraft into SpaceX's Falcon 9 spacecraft on January 30 at the AstroTech Space Operations Facility near Kennedy Space Center in Florida. It is encapsulated in the payload fairing. Denny Henry/NASA (via AP)

Current Earth observation satellites can see in seven or eight colors, Werdel said. Pace displays 200 colors, allowing scientists to identify types of algae in the ocean and particles in the air.

Scientists expect to start collecting data within a month or two.

NASA is working with India to develop another advanced Earth observation satellite scheduled to launch this year. The project, named Nisar, will use radar to measure the effects of rising temperatures on the surfaces of glaciers and other melting ice.

NASA's Pace program survived despite efforts by the Trump administration to cancel it.

“It's been a long and strange journey, as they say,” Werdel said before the launch.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

The Potential of Minecraft for Developing Adaptive AI

Posted on February 9, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Minecraft is a game for humans, but it can also be useful for AI

Mine Craft

Mine Craft Not only is it the best-selling video game of all time, it could be the key to creating adaptive artificial intelligence models that can handle a variety of tasks just like humans.

stephen james and colleagues at the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa developed a benchmark test in which. Mine Craft Measure the general intelligence of your AI model. MinePlanner evaluates AI's ability to ignore unimportant details when solving complex problems in multiple steps.

According to James, much AI training is “cheating” by giving the model all the data it needs to learn how to do a job, and nothing irrelevant. While this is a useful approach if you're writing software to perform a specific task, such as predicting the weather or folding proteins, it's not useful if you're trying to create artificial general intelligence (AGI).

James says that future AI models will need to tackle wicked problems, and he hopes MinePlanner will guide that research. The AI working to solve in-game problems recognizes scenery, extraneous objects, and other details that are not necessarily needed to solve the problem and should be ignored. You need to investigate your surroundings and decide for yourself what is necessary and what is not.

MinePlanner consists of 15 construction problems, each with easy, medium, and hard settings, for a total of 45 tasks. The AI may need to perform intermediate steps to complete each task. For example, building a series of stairs to place blocks at a certain height. This requires AI to narrow down the problem and plan ahead to achieve the goal.

Experiments with state-of-the-art planning AI models ENHSP and Fast Downward, open-source programs designed to process sequential operations in pursuit of an overall goal, show that both models successfully complete difficult problems. I couldn't do it. Fast Downward was only able to complete one medium problem and five easy problems, while ENHSP completed all but one easy problem and all but two medium problems. By completing all of the above tasks, they achieved slightly better results.

“You can't step in and tell a human designer exactly what to care about and what not to care about for every task that an AI needs to solve,” James said. say. “That's the problem we're trying to address.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Beautiful Fungi to be Entered into Photo Contest

Posted on February 9, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Cribularia slime mold trio

Barry Webb/IGPOTY

Proving that stunning, otherworldly nature is never far away, these images have been selected as finalists in this year’s International Garden Photographer of the Year (IGPOTY) competition.

Above is a composite shot of the trio by Barry Webb. Cribularia Slime mold was found next to a rotting pine log in a forest in Buckinghamshire, England, after weeks of searching. Webb’s initial motivation to simply photograph slime molds evolved into a “relentless quest” to document as many slime molds as possible, “always creating images that captured the otherworldly beauty of slime molds.” “I try to do that,” he says.

Measuring only a few millimeters, these organisms were once classified as multicellular fungi, but are now considered to be a unique type of unicellular protozoa in their own right. They became known as slime molds when they fused together while hunting together for food, sometimes forming slimy clumps and sometimes pinhead-like clumps. will be done.

These “heads” are CribulariaThe fruiting bodies of slime molds, which resemble small watermelons, are formed when food is scarce, and spores are released from them to begin the life cycle again.

a Misena The photo above, taken by Jay Birmingham in Dorset, UK, shows a mushroom sprouting from a pine cone. This type of fungus is found throughout the UK and is characterized by its bell-like cap. Both images were selected as finalists in the contest’s “The World of Fungi” category.of IGPOTY exhibition will be shown at Kew Gardens in London until March 10th.

For more information about fungi, see Can mysterious marine fungi save us from antibiotic resistance?

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Can genetics alone determine success in sports? Scientists weigh in

Posted on February 9, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

During the 2016 Summer Olympics, my family and I were on a hiking holiday in Yorkshire in the north of England. And in the evening, after a meal and a few drinks at the pub, we sat and watched the biggest sports broadcasts. What’s my favorite? Tracking my cycling.

A bunch of athletes with thighs thicker than a supermodel’s hips race at ridiculous speeds around polished wooden tracks on giant one-gear bikes with no freewheel or brakes. If you haven’t seen it, I highly recommend it. It is a sport that the British are particularly good at.

We even have track cycling’s “golden couple” in Jason Kenney and Laura Trott, who were planning to get married at the time. Sir Jason and Dame Laura Kenny (I made up that word) were knighted and dammed respectively in 2022, but between them they have an incredible 12 Olympiads between them. There’s a gold medal.

On this special night of competition, Laura had already completed all the events and was rooting for Jason to win his third and final Rio gold medal. As we sat in the crowd and in a small hotel room in Yorkshire yelling at Jason as he crossed the finish line, Laura tweeted: “AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!!!

Naturally, this aroused the interest of geneticists in me. Really, what are the odds? Will their future offspring become a sports superstar, or will he be with us on the couch watching the 2024 Paris Olympics?

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Although it was an off-the-cuff comment, there is ample reason for Laura to have high expectations. If she combines her and Jason’s genes, she has a much higher chance of producing a child who not only has better athletic ability, but also has the potential to become an Olympian than other people.

It’s the same way fast bowler Stuart Broad had a better chance of becoming a star cricketer because his father Chris batted for England. Or British middleweight boxing champion Chris Eubank Jr., who has a better chance of becoming a top boxer than his school friends. Or distance runner Eilish McColgan, who credits her Olympic medalist mother Liz for her athleticism. Similarly, Jason and Laura’s descendants (they have two children) will have a huge genetic head start.

However, while there are some human traits that can be traced down to a single gene (hair color, lactose intolerance, ability to tan, etc.), it is clear that this is not the only case for potential Olympic athletes. . .

My own area of expertise is the genetics of weight, which has been shown to involve over 1,000 genes. Let’s consider some of the characteristics needed to become an elite cyclist. It requires the right combination of “fast-twitch” and “slow-twitch” muscle fibers, good balance, high aerobic capacity, fast recovery rate, high pain threshold, and concentration, just to name a few.

One can only imagine the genetic complexity underlying the fusion of these multiple traits. With so many genes involved, it’s currently impossible to predict exactly how talented Jason and Laura’s children will be.

These complex traits are always determined by an ideal combination of genes and environmental factors, as well as a little bit of luck.

nature and nurture

Growing up in a household with two multi-gold medal winning cyclists will have a huge influence on their children. They will grow up in a competitive environment and will be heavily involved in sports in their daily lives.

Similarly, the kind of food such children eat will be better than most children. Two Olympians like Laura and Jason have nutritional advisors coming out of their ears, so they’re unlikely to feed their kids junk.

But no matter how helpful or unhelpful our environment is, we need the right genes to thrive. That’s why in every area of life we see glorious examples of genetics being passed down through generations. Musical parents often have musical children, and beauty is passed down from parent to child.

The question is what the child will do with the genes they are given. They can use it to their advantage or not. If we compare poker hands, there can be good hands and bad hands depending on genetics, but the only people you can blame are your own family. However, depending on how you play the game, you can win with a bad hand or lose with a good hand.

So nothing is certain, and probably within the next 20 years, we will learn more about how genes make us fat or thin, fast or slow, and how they control how we look, act, and behave. The day will come when we will understand in detail.

But for now, there’s no doubt that Jason and Laura’s children will have a huge head start, both genetically and environmentally, and they probably won’t want to line up their children with them at sports day. Sho.

read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Paleontologists Say Early Dinosaurs Thrived and Survived Due to Advances in Motor Skills

Posted on February 9, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Early dinosaurs were faster and more dynamic than their competitors, according to a study led by University of Bristol researcher Amy Shipley.

By adopting more diverse limb morphologies and styles, dinosaurs may have been able to occupy more terrestrial habitats and greatly diversify extinction events. Image credit: Sergey Krasovskiy.

In their study, Shipley and colleagues compared the limb proportions of a wide range of Triassic reptiles. The Triassic period is the period from 252 million years ago, when dinosaurs first appeared and became famous, to 201 million years ago.

They determined which of these ancient beasts were quadrupedal (quadrupedal) or bipedal (bipedal), and also examined the cursority index, a measure of running ability.

Researchers found that not only were dinosaurs and their relatives bipedal from the beginning, meaning they had limbs adapted for running, but they also We found that it showed a much wider range of running styles. pseudostia.

Pseudonesians also included the ancestors of modern crocodiles. Although there were some small bipedal animals that ate insects, most were medium to large carnivores or herbivores, and they were diverse throughout the Triassic.

The authors believe that dinosaurs and their relatives bird metatarsal maintained a higher range of motor modes throughout this period.

“When the crisis hit 233 million years ago, the dinosaurs won,” Shipley said.

“At that time, the climate changed from wet to dry and there was severe pressure on food.”

“For some reason, dinosaurs, which had been living in small numbers for 20 million years, appeared, but no pseudo-dinosaurs appeared.”

“Like many reptiles and birds today, early dinosaurs may have been good at conserving water.”

“However, our evidence shows that their high adaptability during walking and running played an important role.”

“After the mass extinction at the end of the Triassic period, dinosaurs expanded again,” added Professor Mike Benton from the University of Bristol.

“With the exception of the crocodile ancestors, most of the pseudodinosaurs went extinct in mass extinctions, and we found that these surviving dinosaurs once again expanded their range and took over many of the niches that had been vacated.”

“When we looked at the rate of evolution, we found that dinosaurs were not actually evolving particularly rapidly,” said co-author Dr Armin Elsler, a researcher at the University of Bristol.

“This was a surprise because we expected to see rapid evolution in ornithopods and slower evolution in pseudopods.”

“What this means is that while dinosaur locomotion style was advantageous for dinosaurs, it was not the driving force behind intense evolutionary selection.”

“In other words, when the crisis happened, they were in a better position to take advantage of the opportunities after the crisis.”

“We always think of dinosaurs as large, mobile animals,” says co-author Dr Tom Stubbs, also from the University of Bristol.

“This reminds us that dinosaurs actually started out as nifty little insect-eaters.”

“The first dinosaurs were only a meter long and walked bipedally with their legs raised high. Their leg posture meant they could move quickly and capture prey while fleeing from larger predators. I meant it.”

“And of course, dinosaurs' postural diversity and focus on fast running mean that dinosaurs could diversify given the opportunity,” said co-author Suresh Singh, also from the University of Bristol. the doctor said.

“After the mass extinction at the end of the Triassic period, truly gigantic dinosaurs emerged, over 10 meters long, some with armor, many quadrupedal, but many still bipedal, like their ancestors. Walking.”

“Their diversity of posture and gait means they are highly adaptable, and this ensured their great success for a long time on Earth.”

of study It was published in the magazine Royal Society Open Science.

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Amy E. Shipley other. 2024. Archosauromorph migration and early Mesozoic success. R. Soc. Open Science 11(2):231495; doi: 10.1098/rsos.231495

Source: www.sci.news

Hubble spots a group of newly formed stars at the end of a colliding galaxy

Posted on February 9, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, astronomers observed seven interacting galaxies with long tadpole-like tidal tails of gas, dust, and numerous stars. Hubble’s exquisite clarity and sensitivity to ultraviolet light led to the discovery of 425 clusters of newborn stars along these tidal tails. Each cluster contains up to a million newborn blue stars.

As seen in this Hubble image, galaxy AM 1054-325 has been distorted from its usual pancake-like spiral shape into an S-shape by the gravity of its neighboring galaxies. As a result, clusters of newborn stars form along tidal tails stretching across thousands of light years, resembling strings of pearls. Image credit: NASA/ESA/STScI/Jayanne English, University of Manitoba.

Tidal tail star clusters have been known for decades. When galaxies interact, gravitational tidal forces pull out long streams of gas and dust.

Two commonly used examples are antennas and rat galaxy It has elongated finger-like projections.

In a new study, astronomer Michael Rodrak of Randolph-Macon College and his colleagues combined new observational data with archival data to determine the age and mass of the tidal tail cluster.

Researchers discovered that these star clusters are very young, only 10 million years old.

And they appear to be forming at the same rate along a tail that extends over thousands of light years.

“It’s surprising that there are so many young objects in the tail,” said Dr Rodrak, lead author of the paper. paper Published in Royal Astronomical Society Monthly Notices.

“It tells us a lot about cluster formation efficiency.”

“With tidal tails, a new generation of stars will be built that otherwise would not exist.”

Tidal tails look like spiral arms of galaxies extending into space.

The outer part of the arm is pulled like taffy by the gravitational tug of war between a pair of interacting galaxies.

Before the merger occurred, galaxies may have been rich in dusty clouds of hydrogen molecules that simply remained inert.

However, during the encounter, the clouds swayed and clashed.

This compressed the hydrogen and triggered the firestorm of star birth.

“The fate of these strung star clusters is uncertain,” the astronomers said.

“They remain intact under gravity and can evolve into globular clusters that orbit outside the plane of the Milky Way.”

“Alternatively, they could disperse and form a stellar halo around their host galaxy, or be thrown off and become stars that wander between galaxies.”

“This pearly star formation may have been more common in the early Universe, when galaxies were colliding with each other more frequently.”

“These nearby galaxies observed by Hubble are proxies for what happened in the distant past, and are therefore laboratories for studying the distant past.”

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michael rodrak other. 2023. Star clusters in tidal dust. MNRAS 526 (2): 2341-2364; doi: 10.1093/mnras/stad2886

Source: www.sci.news

Woman sues over allegations that robotic device caused burns to her small intestine during surgery

Posted on February 9, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

A woman who was undergoing surgery for colon cancer has been the victim of a wrongful death lawsuit in Florida this week. The lawsuit alleges that a robotic device caused damage to Sandra Sulzer’s small intestine, which led to her death. This happened after she experienced abdominal pain and fever following the surgery in September 2021. The extra procedures to close her lacerations were not enough to save her life, as she died in February 2022 due to small bowel injuries.

Sandra’s husband, Harvey Salzer, is seeking damages from Intuitive Surgical, the manufacturer of the device. The lawsuit claims that the company knew about the insulation problems in the robot that could cause internal organ burns, and yet failed to inform the users about the risk nor to disclose it to the public. It also asserts that Intuitive Surgical doesn’t properly train surgeons who use the device, the da Vinci, and that hospitals lack experience with robotic surgery.

According to the complaint, Intuitive has received thousands of reports of da Vinci-related injuries and defects, but “systematically underreports” injuries to the Food and Drug Administration. The company also stated in a 2014 Financial Report that it was a defendant in approximately 93 lawsuits at the time.

Many doctors support robotic surgery as a safe method, but there are discussions about whether it is more effective than traditional surgery. The technology aims to make procedures precise and less invasive, potentially leading to faster, less painful recovery.

Da Vinci Xi Surgical System.Provided by: Intuitive

A 2018 NBC News analysis revealed over 20,000 da Vinci-related adverse events over the past 10 years, as per reports from the FDA’s MAUDE database. More than a dozen patients spoke to NBC News about burns or injuries during procedures using da Vinci.

Intuitive defended the device’s safety, referring to scientific evidence supporting its effectiveness in over 15,000 studies.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Albanian mines reveal large reserves of natural hydrogen gas underground

Posted on February 9, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Albanian mine where hydrogen naturally seeps through rocks

FV.Donze

The largest flow of natural hydrogen gas ever recorded has been measured deep in an Albanian mine. The discovery could help locate underground reserves of this clean fuel.

“The lather is really intense,” he says. Laurent Truche Researchers at France’s Grenoble-Alpes University measured gas in a pool of water about a kilometer underground. “It’s like a jacuzzi.”

Companies are currently searching for natural hydrogen deposits around the world as a source of clean fuel, but there is scant evidence that this “golden hydrogen” has accumulated in large quantities. Most claims about vast subsurface hydrogen deposits rely on extrapolation rather than direct measurements.

In search of more substantive evidence, Truche and his colleagues descended on Albania’s Balkizekromite mine. There, hydrogen gas escaping from the rocks has caused several explosions. The mine is also located in an outcrop of iron-rich rocks known as ophiolites. In other places, such as Oman, water is known to react with such rocks to produce hydrogen.

The researchers found that more than 80% of the gas bubbling out of the pool was hydrogen, mixed with methane and small amounts of nitrogen. That gas was flowing at a rate of 11 tons per year, almost an order of magnitude more than any other gas. Flow of hydrogen gas measured from a single point source elsewhere on the Earth’s surface.

To determine the source of the gas, the researchers also modeled various geological scenarios that could produce such flows. They found that the most likely scenario is that the gas is coming from a deeper reservoir of hydrogen accumulated in faults beneath the mine. Based on the geometry of the fault, they estimate that the reservoir contains at least 5,000 to 50,000 tons of hydrogen.

“This is one of the largest amounts of natural hydrogen ever measured,” he says. Eric Gaucher an independent geochemist focused on natural hydrogen.

But he says it’s still not a huge amount. Jeffrey Ellis At the U.S. Geological Survey. But evidence of stable hydrogen accumulation supports the idea that there is more hydrogen stored underground, he says. “We need to look deeper.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

The scent of flowers is altered by air pollution, confusing insects

Posted on February 9, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Hawk moths are less likely to visit flowers if air pollution changes their smell.

Image courtesy of Floris van Brugel

Insects may have a hard time finding flowers because air pollutants are breaking down the chemicals responsible for the flowers' attractive scent.

“In recent years, there has been increasing interest in 'sensory pollution,'” he says. Jeff Riffel at the University of Washington in Seattle. This pollution resulting from human activities can change wild animal behavior by changing or introducing new stimuli, he says.

For example, we know that noise pollution affects bird songs and may be linked to an increase in whale strandings. Light pollution, on the other hand, can disorient a variety of animals, including migratory birds and sea turtles.

However, little is known about how human activities affect animals' sense of smell. Riffel and colleagues therefore investigated the effects of anthropogenic pollutants on plant pollinators.

They focused on ozone and nitric acid radicals, which are pollutants produced by the interaction of vehicle exhaust and gases in the atmosphere. Both are known to react with compounds emitted by flowers to change their scent.

The research team discovered pale evening primrose (evening primrose), a desert flower found in North America. Both pollutants degraded aroma compounds, but nitrate radicals did so more completely.

To study whether this led to changes in the behavior of the flowers' main pollinators, the researchers exposed species of hawk moths, including the hawk-moth sphinx.Hyles Lineata), flowers that emit a natural floral scent, or flowers that have been engineered to emit a degraded scent.

Primroses that emitted degraded scents were visited 70% less frequently than flowers that emitted naturally delivered scents. This decline in visitors could affect the hawkmoth's health, Riffel said. Researchers estimate that reduced moth visitation could reduce the amount of fruit plants produce by 28 percent, potentially having ripple effects on the broader ecosystem.

The researchers' models show that since the Industrial Revolution, the distance at which hawk moths can detect flowers has shrunk from about two kilometers to just a few hundred meters.

“This is another reason why we need to switch to energy sources that do not involve combustion,” say team members. Joel Thornton, also at the University of Washington. “Reducing nitrogen oxide emissions would be a win not only for air quality, but also for ecosystem function and agriculture.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

The huge magma flow in Iceland set a new speed record

Posted on February 9, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

On February 8th, lava erupted near Grindavik, Iceland.

Iceland Civil Defense/Handout/Anadolu, via Getty Images

Prior to the recent volcanic eruption in Iceland, the influx of magma into the 15-kilometre-long fissure occurred at the highest rate of its kind ever observed anywhere in the world.

“Higher eruption rates can occur in very large eruptions,” he says.
Freistein Sigmundson at the University of Iceland in Reykjavik. “But I don't know of any higher estimates for magma flowing into cracks in the surface.”

Sigmundsson is part of a team that is monitoring recent volcanic activity beneath Iceland's Reykjanes Peninsula using ground-based sensors and satellites. It started when magma built up several kilometers beneath the Svartsengi region, the site of a geothermal power plant that supplies hot water to the tourist attraction Blue Lagoon Spa.

On November 10, 2023, a giant fissure several kilometers deep and 15 kilometers long formed nearby. When the magma opened, some of the accumulated magma flowed into it at a speed of 7,400 cubic meters per second, according to the researchers' calculations.

This is about 100 times faster than the magma flow that occurred during the 2021, 2022 and 2023 eruptions in the nearby Fagradalsfjall region, Sigmundsson said.

The magma inside the crack is at most 8 meters wide, so it can be visualized like a piece of paper, he says. This crack formed because Iceland is located on the boundary where the tectonic plates are moving apart.

On December 18, a so-called fissure eruption began along part of this terrain and lasted for three days. Another lava wave that lasted two days began on January 14, with some of the lava reaching the evacuated town of Grindavik.

Sigmundsson said the lava flow destroyed only a few buildings, but cracks in the ground caused extensive damage to roads and pipes, and created underground cavities.

On February 8, another eruption began a short distance from Grindavik. Lava from here flowed across pipes carrying hot water from the Svartsengi geothermal power plant. This means heating is cut off in some neighborhoods, and most buildings in Iceland rely on geothermal water for heating.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Hubble Observes Bright Blue Compact Galaxy

Posted on February 8, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Dazzling new photos from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope show the brilliant blue compact galaxy ESO 185-IG013 in the constellation Telescope.

This Hubble image shows ESO 185-IG013, a brilliant blue compact galaxy located approximately 260 million light-years away in the constellation Telescopium. Image credit: NASA / ESA / R. Chandar, University of Toledo / Gladys Kober, NASA and Catholic University of America.

ESO 185-IG013 is located about 260 million light-years away in the small constellation Telescopium in the south.

Also known as LEDA 63618, this galaxy is classified as a luminescent blue compact galaxy (BCG).

All stars in ESO 185-IG013 have a combined mass of more than 7 billion solar masses.

“BCG is a nearby galaxy that exhibits intense bursts of star formation,” Hubble astronomers said in a statement.

“It is unusually blue in visible light, distinguishing it from other high starburst galaxies that emit more infrared light.”

“We study BCG because it provides a relatively close equivalent to galaxies in the early universe.”

“This means BCG can help us learn about the formation and evolution of galaxies as they may have occurred billions of years ago.”

Astronomers imaged ESO 185-IG013 at ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths, revealing details about its past.

“There are hundreds of young star clusters in our galaxy, many of which are younger than 100 million years,” the astronomers said.

“Many star clusters are only 3.5 million years old – relatively infants compared to the time scale of our universe.”

“Scientists predict that many of these youngest clusters will not survive because young clusters often outgas so much that they can disappear.”

“The large number of young star clusters indicates that ESO 185-IG013 was part of a recent galaxy collision and merger.”

“Disturbances in the galaxy's structure, likely caused by intense interactions between gas and dust during the collision, are another sign.”

“This merger provided the system with large amounts of fuel for star formation, which continues today.”

“ESO 185-IG013 also contains a tidal shell, and the diffuse light surrounding its bright center is a common signal of galaxy mergers,” the researchers said.

“We think that in galaxy mergers, the smaller of the two interacting galaxies is blocked by the larger galaxy and loses most of its material.”

“This causes matter to be ejected and then pulled back in by the gravity of the larger galaxy.”

“The dense region where material rearranges is called a shell, and it contains many star clusters. In addition to the shell, ESO 185-IG013 boasts a tail of gas to the northeast.”

Source: www.sci.news

Study finds that low carbon dioxide emissions from volcanoes may have caused the Sturtian ‘Snowball Earth’ ice age.

Posted on February 8, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

of Sturtian “Snowball Earth” Ice Age (717 million to 661 million years ago) is considered the most extreme icehouse period in Earth’s history. In a new study, geologists from the University of Sydney and the University of Adelaide used plate tectonics modeling to identify the most likely cause of the Staats Ice Age.

Artist’s impression of “Snowball Earth”. Image credit: Oleg Kuznetsov, http://3depix.com / CC BY-SA 4.0.

“Imagine if the Earth almost completely froze over, which is exactly what happened about 700 million years ago,” said lead author Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, a researcher at the University of Sydney. .

“The Earth was covered in ice from the poles to the equator, and temperatures plummeted. But what caused this to happen is an open question.”

“We think we have now solved the mystery. Historically, volcanic carbon dioxide emissions have been low, driven by the weathering of large volcanic rock mountains in what is now Canada. It’s a process that absorbs carbon dioxide.”

Named after Charles Sturt, a 19th-century European colonial explorer of central Australia, the Sturtsian Ice Age spanned 717 million to 660 million years, long before dinosaurs and complex plants existed on land. It continued until ten thousand years ago.

“There are many possible causes for the trigger and end of this extreme ice age, but the most mysterious one is why it lasted 57 million years. It’s hard for humans to imagine,” Dr. Dutkiewicz said.

Dr. Dutkiewicz and his colleagues used a plate tectonics model that simultaneously shows the evolution of continents and ocean basins after the breakup of the ancient supercontinent Rodina.

They connected it to a computer model that calculates the outgassing of carbon dioxide from submarine volcanoes along mid-ocean ridges, where plates diverge and new oceanic crust is born.

They soon realized that the beginning of the Starch Ice Age correlated precisely with the lowest ever levels of volcanic carbon dioxide emissions.

Additionally, carbon dioxide flux remained relatively low throughout the ice age.

“At that time, there were no multicellular animals or land plants on Earth,” Dr. Dutkiewicz said.

“Greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere were determined almost entirely by carbon dioxide emitted by volcanoes and by the weathering processes of silicate rocks that consume carbon dioxide.”

“At that time, geology ruled the climate,” said co-author Professor Dietmar Müller, a researcher at the University of Sydney.

“We think the Staats Ice Age began with a double whammy: plate tectonics realigned to minimize volcanic degassing, while at the same time Canada’s continental volcanic belt began to erode, removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Consumed.”

“As a result, atmospheric carbon dioxide has fallen to levels that could begin an ice age. This is estimated to be less than 200 parts per million, less than half of today’s levels.”

The team’s current research raises interesting questions about the long-term future of the planet.

Recent theories suggest that over the next 250 million years, Earth will evolve toward Pangea Ultima, a supercontinent hot enough to wipe out mammals.

However, the Earth is currently on a trajectory where volcanic carbon dioxide emissions decrease as continental collisions increase and plate velocities decrease.

So perhaps Pangea Ultima will snowball again.

“Whatever the future holds, it is important to remember that geological climate changes of the type studied here occur very slowly,” Dr. Dutkiewicz said.

“According to NASA, human-induced climate change is occurring 10 times faster than ever before.”

of study appear in the diary geology.

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Adriana Dutkiewicz other. The period of the Sturtian “Snowball Earth” ice age is associated with unusually low gas emissions at mid-ocean ridges. geology, published online on February 7, 2024. doi: 10.1130/G51669.1

Source: www.sci.news

JET fusion reactor in the UK achieves record-breaking energy output

Posted on February 8, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Inside the JET fusion reactor

eurofusion

A 40-year-old nuclear fusion reactor in the UK has set a world record for energy output in its final run before permanent shutdown, scientists have announced.

The Joint European Taurus (JET) in Oxfordshire began operations in 1983. During its operation, it briefly became the hottest point in the solar system, reaching 150 million degrees Celsius.

The reactor's previous record was in 2021 for a reaction that lasted five seconds and produced 59 megajoules of thermal energy. However, it surpassed this in its final test in late 2023, using just 0.2 milligrams of fuel to sustain the reaction for 5.2 seconds, reaching an output of 69 megajoules.

This corresponds to an output of 12.5 megawatts, enough to power 12,000 homes, Mikhail Maslov of the UK Atomic Energy Agency said at a press conference on February 8.

Today's nuclear power plants rely on nuclear fission reactions, in which atoms are shattered to release energy and small particles. Fusion works in reverse, pushing smaller particles together into larger atoms.

Nuclear fusion can produce more energy without any of the radioactive waste produced by nuclear fission, but there is still no practical way to use the process in power plants.

JET trains atoms of two stable isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium, together in a plasma to create helium, releasing a huge amount of energy at the same time. This is the same reaction that powers our sun. This is a type of fusion reactor known as a tokamak, which uses rings of electromagnets to contain plasma in a donut shape.

Scientists conducted the final experiment using deuterium and tritium fuel on JET in October last year, and other experiments continued until December. However, the machine is now permanently closed and will be decommissioned over the next 16 years.

Juan Matthews Researchers at the University of Manchester in the UK say many secrets will be revealed during JET's dismantling. For example, how the reactor lining deteriorated from contact with the plasma, and where in the machine the precious tritium, worth around £30,000 a gram, is embedded. You can recover. This will be important information for future research and commercial reactors.

“It's great to have a little bit of a bang,” Matthews said. “It has a noble history. Now that it has served its purpose, we plan to squeeze out more information during the decommissioning period as well. So it's not sad. It's something to be celebrated.”

France's larger, more modern replacement for JET, the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), is nearing completion, with first experiments scheduled to begin in 2025.

ITER construction project deputy director Tim Luce told a news conference that ITER plans to expand its energy output to 500 megawatts and possibly 700 megawatts.

“These are what I normally call power plant sizes,” he said. “They are at the lowest level of cost required for a power generation facility. Moreover, to obtain high fusion power and gain the timescale needs to be extended to at least 300 seconds, but from an energy production point of view it is probably less than an hour. So what JET has done is exactly a scale model of what we need to do with the ITER project.”

Another reactor using the same design, the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) device, recently succeeded in sustaining a reaction for 30 seconds at temperatures above 100 million degrees Celsius.

Other approaches to creating practical fusion reactors are also being pursued around the world, such as the National Ignition Facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California. It fired a very powerful laser into the fuel capsule, a process called inertial confinement fusion, and was able to release almost twice the energy that was put into it.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

The Potential Harmful Effects of Spiral Scratches on Contact Lenses

Posted on February 8, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Contact lenses with a spiral design

Laurent Galinier

Lenses featuring a trippy spiral design could be an alternative to traditional multifocal lenses. It seems to produce clearer images than standard multifocal lenses, even in dimly lit areas.

The lens was created by the inventor Laurent Galinier.when bertrand simon He met Galinier through a scientific collaboration at the Institute of Optics Graduate School in France, and he immediately wanted to test lenses in the lab.

They are round lenses like traditional contact lenses, but the surface is carefully turned into a spiral using a lathe. This spiral shape changes the path that light rays take through the lens. That is, the lens does not have a single focal point, but several focal points, some closer to the lens and some farther from it.

It's unclear exactly how the spiral shape does this, but Simon said it appears to twist the light rays and create vortexes of light (like small tornadoes of light) that somehow influence each other. ing.

In the lab, Simon and his colleagues analyzed laser light passed through a spiral lens and simulated the process on a computer. In direct comparison with traditional multifocal lenses, the spiral lenses provided more clarity and detail when more light passed through them, and performed better in dim light conditions.

Therefore, spiral lenses may be suitable under various lighting conditions. For example, it could be useful for people who use multifocal lenses while driving at night, Simon said. He tried the spiral contact lenses himself and said that while the hard material was uncomfortable in contact with his eyes, it saved him the hassle of removing his glasses to look at his cell phone. With the spiral lens, I could see the screen clearly.

james wolfthorn According to researchers at Aston University in the UK, many people experience problems focusing on nearby objects, even if their distance vision is corrected. Innovations like spiral lenses are promising, but only clinical trials can prove how much of a difference new technology will actually make for people, he says.

Simon says it's possible to create a more compact camera by replacing part of the lens with a spiral lens version, but the team will first investigate the science behind spiral light. We would like to do further testing.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Wuhan, China

Seoul, South Korea

london, united kingdom

Hong Kong

Yen Bai, Vietnam

bangkok, thailand

madrid, spain

Singapore

Gauteng, South Africa

Beijing, China

Qingdao, China

toronto, canada

space politics

base notes

light entertainment

loop soup

Examples of plastic reuse

10. Westland Temperate Forest – 11,880km2

9. Bosawas Biosphere Reserve – 20,000km2

1. Amazon rainforest – 6.7 million km2

What happens in your last moments

When is the next new moon?

When is Chinese New Year?

The new moon can be seen soon

new moon and solar eclipse

What is a black moon?

nature and nurture

10. Westland Temperate Forest – 11,880km²

9. Bosawas Biosphere Reserve – 20,000km²

1. Amazon rainforest – 6.7 million km²