The largest analysis of Tyrannosaurus rex fossils reveals that this colossal Cretaceous predator took approximately 35 to 40 years to reach maturity, significantly longer than previously believed.
This research suggests that there may have been multiple species of Tyrannosaurus rather than just one, raising questions about whether small specimens attributed to juveniles might actually belong to a distinct species known as Nanotyrannus.
Before this study, it was assumed that Tyrannosaurus rex reached a maximum weight of 8 tons by around 20 years of age and could have a lifespan of only 30 years.
“Previous growth studies on Tyrannosaurus rex were conducted in the early 2000s and were based on a limited sample size of seven specimens,” explains Holly Ballard from Oklahoma State University. “This was not the researchers’ fault; it was the available data at the time.”
Through their recent study, Ballard and her colleagues analyzed thigh and tibia bones from 17 specimens ranging in age from juvenile to adult, making it the largest dataset for Tyrannosaurus growth ever collected.
The research team examined the microstructure of bone tissue, including growth rings formed annually, similar to tree rings. However, the earliest growth rings were often destroyed as the marrow cavity expanded, necessitating a greater number of specimens across overlapping growth stages.
“This is why our sample size and age distribution are so critical and set us apart from past studies,” Ballard emphasizes.
The analysis revealed that Tyrannosaurus rex grows more slowly than initially thought, with growth rates varying based on environmental factors.
However, determining the maximum age of Tyrannosaurus rex remains problematic, as animals cease to grow annual rings upon reaching maturity. “The most successful Tyrannosaurus likely lived to be around 40 years old, with very few individuals achieving that age,” Ballard notes. “In our sample, only two individuals reached full adult size.”
Interestingly, two other specimens exhibited slower growth, indicating they might belong to a different species, such as Nanotyrannus, or that they were possibly Tyrannosaurus rex that were sick or stunted due to environmental factors.
Lindsey Zanno from the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences describes this study as one of the most comprehensive investigations of Tyrannosaurus rex growth to date, building on her recent research suggesting that a small specimen from Montana might be a fully grown Tyrannosaurus rex around 20 years old, potentially named Nanotyrannus lansensis.
“I’m thrilled to finally have a growth curve for Tyrannosaurus rex that we can assert with confidence,” Zanno comments, especially regarding Nanotyrannus.
Thomas Carr from Carthage College in Wisconsin believes that this study will likely lead to the separation of Tyrannosaurus rex into different species and expects it to influence future dinosaur research significantly.
“We anticipate that growth estimates for other dinosaurs will undergo reassessment,” Carr states. “Overall, this could transform our understanding of dinosaur growth and development across the spectrum.”
Dinosaur Hunting in Mongolia’s Gobi Desert
Join an extraordinary expedition to uncover dinosaur fossils in the expansive wilderness of the Gobi Desert, a prominent hotspot in paleontology.
When someone states they are “probably” having pasta for dinner but later opts for pizza, do you find it surprising or consider them dishonest? On a more critical note, what does it imply when the United Nations asserts it is “very likely” that global temperatures will rise by over 1.5 degrees Celsius in the next decade, as reported last year? The translation between the nuances of language and the intricacies of mathematical probability can often seem challenging, yet we can discover scientific clarity through careful analysis.
Two fundamental points about probability are widely accepted: Something labeled “impossible” has a 0% chance of occurrence, while a “certain” event carries a 100% likelihood. However, confusion arises in between these extremes. Ancient Greeks, including Aristotle, differentiated between terms such as Eikos, meaning the most likely, and Pitanon, which signifies plausible. This presents challenges: persuasive rhetoric may not always align with likelihood. Additionally, both terms were translated by Cicero into the modern term probability.
The concept of a measurable mathematical approach to probability emerged significantly later, primarily in the mid-17th century during the Enlightenment. Mathematicians began to address gambling dilemmas, such as equitable distribution of winnings during interruptions. Concurrently, philosophers probed whether it was feasible to quantify varying levels of belief.
For instance, in 1690, John Locke categorized degrees of probability on a spectrum from complete certainty to confidence based on personal experience, down to testimony affected by repetition. This classification remains vital in legal contexts, both historically and presently.
The interplay between law and probability persisted among philosophers. In his writings of the mid-19th century, Jeremy Bentham criticized the inadequacy of common language in expressing evidence strength. He proposed a numerical ranking system to gauge belief strength, but ultimately deemed its subjectivity as impractical for justice.
A century later, economist John Maynard Keynes rejected Bentham’s certainty measure in favor of relational approaches. He argued that it was more effective to discuss how one probability might exceed another, focusing on the knowledge base for these estimations, thus establishing a hierarchy without offering systematic communication methods for terms such as “may” or “likely.”
Interestingly, the first systematic resolution to this challenge did not arise from mathematicians or philosophers but from a CIA intelligence analyst named Sherman Kent. In 1964, he introduced the idea of estimating probability with specific terminology for National Intelligence Estimates designed to guide policymakers. He articulated the dilemma faced by “poets,” who articulate meaning through words, versus “mathematicians,” who advocate for exact figures. Kent initiated the idea that specific words correspond to precise probabilities, designating “virtually certain” as a 93% probability, but also allowing some leeway to accommodate differing interpretations.
This framework for understanding probability transitioned from the intelligence sector to scientific applications. A review of recent research dating back to 1989 explored how both patients and medical professionals interpret terms like “may” in medical scenarios. The findings showed some alignment with Kent’s framework, although with distinctions.
Returning to the original question about the meaning of “very likely” regarding climate change, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) offers clarity with explicit definitions. According to their guidance, “very likely” signifies a 90% to 100% probability of an event’s occurrence. Alarmingly, many climate scientists now assert that temperatures have already surpassed the critical threshold of 1.5 degrees Celsius.
However, situations are rarely straightforward. Logically, the statements “Event A is likely to occur” and “Event A is unlikely to be avoided” should correlate, albeit research published last year reveals that labeling a climate forecast as “unlikely” diminishes perceived evidence strength and consensus among scientists compared to stating it’s “likely.” This cognitive bias might stem from a preference for positive framing over negative alternatives. A classic example includes a community of 600 individuals facing a health crisis; when presented with two treatment options, most favor one that saves 200 lives over one that saves 400, even if both are statistically similar.
So, what lessons can we draw from this exploration? Firstly, quantifiable data effectively enhances communication of uncertainty. If numerical specificity isn’t available, stating, “75% of the time, I plan to have pasta for dinner,” may raise eyebrows. In such instances, ensure shared understanding of terminology, even in the absence of a formalized framework like Kent’s. Lastly, accentuating the positive tends to foster acceptance of predictions. How likely is that? Well, that’s hard to quantify.
As a dedicated nature writer, I strive to nurture a profound connection with the natural world. Observing birds, exploring with children, and discovering beetles beneath fallen logs is what I cherish. Nature embodies complexity and wonder; while I appreciate its beauty, I have never deemed it sacred or considered my relationship with it spiritual.
Yet, current trends indicate I might be overlooking something significant.
The term “nature connectivity” may sound idealistic, yet it is bolstered by a growing body of research. A 2025 study claims that increased feelings of “nature connection” and “oneness with nature” correlate with elevated spirituality and skepticism regarding “science over faith.” Such findings may astonish many in the natural sciences, and they certainly surprised me, but this notion resonates within recent nature-focused literature.
While ancient druids revered nature, cultivating sacred groves of mistletoe and oak, today’s enchantment often unfolds in the nature section of a bookstore, nestled between gardening and self-help. Many of us experience our connection to nature through the act of writing. We become surrogate birders, second-hand botanists, and armchair adventurers. This is perfectly acceptable; life is hectic, and most reside in urban or suburban settings. One of humanity’s great gifts is our ability to be transported through written words to the depths of forests and heights of mountains.
The real concern lies not in how we connect with nature, but in our perception of what we are connecting to. Nature isn’t a fantasy; it occupies the same earthly realm as us, and we are inherently part of it. When viewed through a scientific lens, the natural world remains awe-inspiring and captivating. It is perplexing to separate the beauty of science from a genuine appreciation of nature.
We might benefit from reevaluating our eagerness to extract lessons from nature. Is it possible to learn from moss about unity or understand the repelling forces of grass? Recent naturalists suggest fungi can help us grasp the cycle of life. However, we can also learn troubling lessons from shoebills about the harsh realities of nature, such as expelling weak young or manipulating hosts in dire ways. Seeking wisdom from nature may feel just as rational as consulting ChatGPT for guidance—both resources have extensive insights. Perhaps true enlightenment lies in discovering lessons within ourselves.
Then arises the timeless query: What role do humans play in this ecosystem? Some assert that nature writers need to practice silence. Yet the uncomfortable reality is that all writers appreciate their own voices. We must strike a balance between experiencing the external world and what transpires within us. Both perspectives hold immense value, and the best nature writers skillfully navigate these frontiers, reporting with clarity, expertise, and sensitivity. Broadening the definition of “outside” to include diverse human experiences enriches our narratives.
I hope to see nature writing flourish, embracing its imperfections. I envision it evolving into a richer, more intricate, interdisciplinary tapestry that reflects the dynamic nature of our world, whatever that encapsulates—our realities, the living environment, and our place within it.
The enigmatic neutrino, often considered a ghostly particle, could be reshaping our understanding of all particles and forces in the universe.
The Standard Model of particle physics stands as a monumental achievement in contemporary science, meticulously cataloging known particles and forces. However, physicists have long been aware of its deficiencies and are eager to establish a more cohesive model. Notably, it fails to tie gravity to the other three fundamental forces.
During stress tests that expose weaknesses in the Standard Model, researchers can pinpoint areas in need of further exploration. Francesca Dorday and her team at the National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) in Cagliari, Italy, have identified a potential flaw by investigating the mysterious behaviors of neutrinos.
“In every assessment of the Standard Model over the past two decades, we’ve consistently confirmed its predictions. This necessitates the derivation of more precise outcomes, especially since neutrinos exhibit unique characteristics,” Dorday explains.
Neutrinos possess an extraordinarily small mass—so insignificant that they were once considered massless. They interact so weakly with matter that they pass through substances undetected—akin to tiny phantoms. Nonetheless, recent investigations have managed to quantify some minimal electromagnetic interactions of neutrinos using a measurement known as the charge radius. Neutrinos can also engage with other particles via the weak nuclear force.
Dorday and her team have meticulously examined the nuances of neutrino interactions and charge radius through numerous experiments, gathering data from neutrinos produced by nuclear reactors, particle accelerators, and even the nuclear fusion activities within the Sun. Additionally, by utilizing detectors created for dark matter, they found sensitivity to neutrinos.
Team member Nicola Calgioli remarked that compiling this data was challenging but ultimately offered a comprehensive overview of our understanding of neutrinos. “We essentially integrated all available data,” added Christoph Ternes from Italy’s Gran Sasso Scientific Institute, who collaborated on this project.
While the value of the neutrino’s charge radius matched Standard Model expectations, researchers uncovered an intriguing phenomenon concerning the particles’ weak interactions. They observed “mathematical degeneracy,” meaning that both the Standard Model and a slight variant could explain the findings equally well. Strikingly, further examination revealed that the alternative model might fit the data even more closely, hinting at a long-anticipated crack in our current grasp of particle physics.
Despite the new analysis not achieving a definitive statistical breakthrough, it represents an initial foray into rigorously evaluating the Standard Model through neutrinos. Researchers aspire to gather additional data to substantiate or refute their findings as new detection technologies emerge. If these discrepancies persist, the implications could be profound.
“Identifying flaws may necessitate a complete re-evaluation of established principles,” cautions Calgioli. New models beyond the Standard Model might postulate entirely new particle types with interactions congruent with the neutrino dynamics revealed in the research.
Omar Miranda underscores that capturing neutrino interactions, particularly at ultra-low energies, is exceedingly complex, now made feasible thanks to advancements in detector technology, including those designed for dark matter research. He emphasizes the significance of neutrino detection as a litmus test for the Standard Model.
The new findings call on particle physicists to conduct ultra-precise neutrino experiments across various settings in the coming years, assert the authors. As Jose Valle from the University of Valencia, Spain points out, better measurements of neutrinos’ electromagnetic properties are still essential to uncover their internal structure.
CERN and Mont Blanc: Unraveling Dark Matter
Discover CERN, Europe’s leading hub for particle physics, situated near the picturesque city of Geneva, where researchers operate the renowned Large Hadron Collider.
Dark Photons: A New Explanation for the Double-Slit Experiment
Russell Kightley/Science Photo Library
This year, a fundamental aspect of quantum theory faced scrutiny when researchers introduced a groundbreaking interpretation of an experiment exploring the nature of light.
Central to this research was the historic double-slit experiment, first conducted by physicist Thomas Young in 1801, which confirmed the wave-like behavior of light. Conventionally, particles and waves are considered distinct; however, in the quantum realm, they coexist, showcasing wave-particle duality.
For years, light stood as the quintessential example of this duality. Experimentation demonstrated that light can exhibit particle-like behavior as photons and wave-like characteristics, culminating in interference patterns reminiscent of Young’s findings. However, earlier in 2023, Celso Villas Boas and his team at Brazil’s Federal University of São Carlos proposed a novel interpretation of the double-slit experiment, exclusively utilizing photons and negating the wave aspect of optical duality.
After New Scientist covered their study, the team received significant interest from peers, with citations soaring. Villas-Boas shared, “I’ve received numerous invitations to present, including events in Japan, Spain, and Brazil,” emphasizing the widespread intrigue.
In the traditional double-slit experiment, an opaque barrier containing two narrow slits is positioned between a screen and a light source. Light travels through the slits to create a pattern of alternating bright and dark vertical stripes, known as classical interference, usually attributed to colliding light waves.
The researchers shifted away from this conventional explanation, examining the so-called dark state of photons—a unique quantum state that prevents interaction with other particles, hence not illuminating the screen. This perspective eliminates the necessity for light waves to clarify the observed dark stripes.
This reevaluation challenges a deeply ingrained view of light within quantum physics. Many educators expressed concern, with some remarking, “Your findings challenge the foundational concepts I’ve taught for years.” However, while some colleagues embraced the new perspective, others remained skeptically intrigued, following New Scientist‘s initial report.
Villas-Boas has been actively exploring implications surrounding the dark state of photons. His investigations revealed that thermal radiation, such as sunlight, can reside in a dark state, concealing a substantial portion of its energy due to a lack of interaction with other objects. Experimental validation could involve placing atoms in cavities where their interactions with light are meticulously examined, according to Villas-Boas.
His team’s reinterpretation of interference phenomena facilitates comprehension of previously perplexing occurrences, such as non-overlapping wave interactions. Moving beyond the wave model to incorporate distinct bright and dark photon states opens avenues for innovative applications. Villas-Boas envisions potential developments such as light-controlled switches and devices that selectively permit specific light types to pass.
In his view, all these explorations connect back to the essential principles of quantum physics, highlighting that engaging with quantum objects necessitates understanding their interactions with measurement devices—encompassing darkness itself. “This concept is intrinsic to quantum mechanics,” Villas-Boas asserts.
A recurring question for progressives is how to create a straightforward and impactful message regarding the economy. A Labor MP discovered the solution through a few bags of M&S biscuits.
Gordon McKee, who represents Glasgow South, shared: Over 3.3 million views on X. In a brief 101-second video, he employs a stack of custard creams and chocolate bourbons to represent Britain’s debt-to-GDP ratio.
While this may not appear to be a monumental achievement, it’s worth noting that some of the world’s most prominent politicians (such as Donald Trump, Nigel Farage, and Zoran Mamdani) have effectively utilized well-crafted short videos to disseminate their campaign messages.
Yet, within the Parliamentary Labor Party, Mr. McKee stands out as a pioneer— the only backbencher known to have enlisted digital content creators.
This choice proved fruitful, as a series of professionally produced videos utilizing the popular Grubby analogy were crafted to achieve viral status. In recent weeks, several of his colleagues, including Leeds East MP Richard Burgon, have begun to follow his lead.
“I feel like I owe an apology for starting this!” McKee remarked humorously, asserting that digital communication and campaign strategies are now essential for politicians.
He aims to release several such videos each week, focusing on platforms like Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube shorts. Unlike X, these platforms can engage audiences beyond the politically active.
“Last week I spoke at a local high school and asked how many read a daily newspaper; only one hand went up. When I asked how many used Instagram, every hand shot up,” he noted.
“While there’s been a significant shift in how people consume information in the last decade, the communication methods of politicians and MPs with their constituents have not kept pace.”
Signs indicate that the Labor machinery is gearing up. On November 21, Keir Starmer emailed Labor MPs to announce the party’s “significant investment” in a “new comprehensive training program” for digital campaigning.
Internally, the party unveiled what it dubbed a “second phase strategy” to modernize its campaigning using social media and an app called Labor One, acknowledging that “the way we campaigned in 2024 isn’t enough to secure victory in 2029.”
Diet members have started taking initiative as well. Burgon employed 200 packs of Sainsbury’s Fusilli to show how £1 billion compares to the UK average salary of £33,000. His video garnered around 650,000 views on X.
“This past weekend, while touring church fairs in my district, I was surprised by how many people had seen this video,” Burgon stated. “I’ve been advocating for a wealth tax for some time and thought this would be a creative way to spread the message.”
The 106kg pasta mountain purchased by Mr. Burgon’s parliamentary team was donated to a London food bank after it became impractical to transport it to Leeds.
Loughborough MP and economist Jieven Sander noted: We produced a James Bond-themed video during Budget Week to discuss the various factors influencing government bond interest rates. “I’d love it if people read my 2,000-word essays, but they don’t. I need to find a way to make them engaging,” he expressed.
He relies on his existing parliamentary staff equipped with smartphones and a ring light mounted on a tripod in his office to create online content. Social media planning features in their regular weekly status meetings.
When asked whether the government should take more steps to motivate MPs to modernize their communications, Mr. Sander expressed concerns about potential restrictions.
“When communication is more organic and people comprehend the government’s message in diverse ways, it tends to work better,” he pointed out. “If there’s a unified vision, everyone should be able to understand the script.”
Several incoming ministers are also branching out on social media, including Treasury Secretary Dan Tomlinson, who recorded a casual pre-Budget video while heading to Greg’s for donuts. Westminster Underground Station. AI Minister Kanishka Narayan filmed a video with my iPhone discussing the advancement of technology in the UK.
Some ministers are also engaging in this trend. Housing Secretary Steve Reid held an “Ask Me Anything” session on Reddit concerning plans to reopen local pubs in September. Energy Secretary Ed Miliband, a long-time enthusiast of vertical videos, stated: Used ASMR to promote a government announcement about small modular reactors (SMR).
“During the general election, we had a significant team to support individuals in these efforts, but now they must undertake it within their own offices,” a Labor source remarked. “It’s more challenging when you’re not on the offensive and need to defend or create a positive narrative. This is why creativity is essential. It’s a tough skill to master, but it’s absolutely crucial.”
Mr. Mackie argued that this challenge is particularly pronounced for the left because right-wing figures like Mr. Farage and shadow attorney general Robert Jenrick excel at telling very clear and straightforward stories across various platforms.
“The task for progressives is to convey complex arguments that are realistic, aspirational, practical, and attainable, while doing so in a captivating and engaging manner,” he commented.
Recent investigations into AI reveal that comedians and writers who excel at clever wordplay might find temporary solace.
Researchers from institutions in the UK and Italy have been exploring the capacity of large-scale language models (LLMs) to comprehend puns, only to discover significant gaps in their understanding.
For instance, they examined the statement, “I used to be a comedian, but my life became a joke.” Even after substituting it with “I used to be a comedian and my life became a mess,” LLMs still acknowledged the presence of puns.
Another example tested was: “long fairy tales have a tendency to dragonify.” When “dragon” was swapped with its synonym “extension” or any arbitrary word, LLMs erroneously assumed a pun was present.
Professor Jose Camacho Collados, associated with Cardiff University’s School of Computer Science and Informatics, suggested that the research indicates a fragile understanding of humor by LLMs.
“Essentially, LLMs tend to retain information from their training, allowing them to recognize established puns, but that doesn’t equate to true understanding,” he remarked.
“We consistently managed to mislead the LLM by altering existing puns and stripping away the double meanings integral to the original humor. In these scenarios, the model would draw connections to prior puns and create various justifications for its conclusions. Ultimately, we determined that the model’s interpretation of puns was merely an illusion.”
The findings indicated that LLMs’ accuracy in differentiating between pun and non-pun sentences could dip to 20% when encountering unfamiliar wordplay.
Another pun tested was: “Old LLM never dies, it just loses attention.” Even when attention shifted to “ukulele,” the LLM still identified it as a pun, as “ukulele” bore a slight resemblance to “you-kill-LLM.”
The team was impressed by the creativity displayed, yet the LLM still failed to appreciate the humor.
The researchers emphasized that their findings underscore the need for caution when utilizing LLMs for tasks that involve humor, empathy, and an understanding of cultural subtleties.
While historical accounts claim that Ingólfr Arnarson was the first Norse settler to reach Iceland in the 870s, this assertion might not hold true.
Public domain
Norsemen may have arrived in Iceland as much as 70 years earlier than previously believed, and their arrival might not have been the environmental catastrophe often depicted.
Traditionally, it’s stated that Iceland saw its first settlement in the 870s. This early migration is frequently viewed as an ecological calamity brought on by Viking raiders and Norse settlers who cleared the forests for fuel, construction materials, and arable land. Today, less than 2 percent of the country is still forested.
Finding concrete evidence regarding the arrival of these early settlers has been challenging. Archaeologists have discovered an ancient wooden longhouse, estimated to be from around 874 AD, located near Stódvarfjordur in eastern Iceland. This old longhouse is thought to have been a summer dwelling established in the 800s, though this finding has yet to be documented in scientific journals.
Currently, Eske Willerslev, a professor at the University of Copenhagen, and his team examined environmental DNA (eDNA) gathered from sediment cores drilled in Lake Tjörnin, an area in central Reykjavík, one of Iceland’s earliest and continuously inhabited locations, to identify which species existed and their timestamps. They analyzed volcanic ash layers, alongside radiocarbon dating and plutonium isotope assessments, to develop a timeline from about 200 AD up to contemporary times, integrating known historical events.
A significant marker in their research is the Randonham tephra layer, formed from volcanic ash deposited during eruptions around 877 AD. The bulk of evidence indicating human habitation in Iceland is found above this layer, indicating subsequent settlement.
“The signs beneath the tephra provide compelling evidence for earlier human activity,” Comments Chris Callow from the University of Birmingham, UK, who did not participate in the research.
Willerslev and his colleagues postulate that humans may have arrived as early as 810 AD. This inference is based on an observed rise in levoglucosan, a compound linked to biomass burning, and a subsequent increase in sewage-related viruses.
“If it were 850, I wouldn’t have been so surprised, but 810 represents rapid Viking expansion in the North Atlantic,” Callow remarks. “Overall, this aligns with our suspicions, but a date as early as 810 remains contentious.”
While piecing together a thorough environmental history of the region is noteworthy, the evidence supporting such an early arrival remains questionable. Kathryn Catlin from Jacksonville State University in Alabama stated, “The sewage biomarkers only show a slight increase around 800, nothing until 1900. Where are the indicators of sewage and human activity in between?” She also pointed out that while biomass burning could imply human presence, natural occurrences like lightning could also ignite fires.
Willerslev and his colleagues opted not to conduct interviews. New Scientist also noted that the settlers’ arrival corresponded with an uptick in local biodiversity. Genetic data imply they brought grazing animals, cultivated hay, and grew barley on a small scale for brewing purposes.
In contrast to the widespread narrative of swift deforestation, eDNA from pollen samples revealed that birch and willow trees expanded during the settlement era. Notably, birch pollen grains rose fivefold between 900 and 1200 AD, a shift researchers believe may have been influenced by settlers managing the area to protect timber and fuel sources.
“This significantly contradicts earlier claims that Vikings arrived in Iceland and immediately caused environmental destruction,” Katrin stated.
Although sheep, cattle, pigs, and horses do not appear in considerable numbers until decades after the initial settlement, Willerslev and his colleagues propose this lag may stem from the 20-year period required to build up detectable herds in eDNA records.
Callow posits another explanation: the first inhabitants may have only visited during the summer months for walrus ivory, possibly arriving without many animals. “They could have intended to hunt a few walruses and return home,” he suggested.
eDNA indicators imply the significant loss of biodiversity, including birch and willow trees, didn’t transpire until after 1200. Willerslev and his team associate this decline with the cooler climate associated with the Little Ice Age, rather than direct effects from settlers. This marked a period of colder temperatures from approximately 1250 to around 1860, compounded by volcanic eruptions and storm surges.
Greetings! Welcome to TechScape. Over the past week, I’ve been deep in thought about billionaire Peter Thiel’s intricate reflections on the Antichrist and Armageddon. I can’t help but absorb it all at this stage.
You might be questioning why billionaire perspectives on the Antichrist are significant. That’s a great inquiry!
To my team, aiding us in understanding Johana Bhuiyan, Dara Carr, and Nick Robbins – Early, we covered a series of talks by Thiel, an influential billionaire and political strategist.
Last month, Mr. Thiel conducted four lectures along San Francisco’s waterfront, delving into who he believes the Antichrist may be and cautioning that Armageddon is on the horizon. Thiel, who identifies as a “little Orthodox Christian,” suggests that the signs of the apocalypse could already be present, claiming that international institutions, environmentalism, and technological oversight may accelerate its occurrence. This is a notable discourse that sheds light on the interests of one of Silicon Valley’s and the United States’ most prominent figures.
Long before Silicon Valley shifted rightward during President Donald Trump’s second term, Thiel was a key player in conservative politics. He forged close ties with Trump nearly a decade ago, is credited with endorsing J.D. Vance for vice president, and is financing the Republican midterm campaign for 2026. Thiel, who co-founded PayPal and gained significant wealth at a young age, has also invested early in Facebook alongside SpaceX, OpenAI, and others through his firm, Founders Fund. His co-founded company, Palantir, has secured billions in government contracts for software development for the Department of Defense, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and the UK’s NHS. With unprecedented attention and political influence, Thiel is attempting to share a message about the Antichrist, although his political acumen and investments are better recognized than his theological insights.
During his third lecture, Thiel stated, “I’m a libertarian, or a classical liberal, but I diverge in some minor ways, and I am concerned about the Antichrist.”
Thiel’s lectures were lengthy and diverse, weaving in biblical verses, contemporary history, and philosophy, while often veering toward conspiracy theories. He blended references to video games and television with discussions about J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings, recalled exchanges with Elon Musk and Benjamin Netanyahu, and criticized Bill Gates as a “very terrible person.”
Read more: Inside tech billionaire Peter Thiel’s off-the-record lecture on the Antichrist
First off, these revelations possess such sensational qualities that they are entertaining to read. It’s bizarre that a $20 billion mogul gives sprawling lectures that resemble the ramblings of a perplexed graduate student.
However, that alone doesn’t justify this as a story. Journalists encounter various oddities that often go unreported.
While editing the piece on Thiel’s lecture, I grew concerned that The Guardian might inadvertently promote Thiel’s ideologies instead of genuinely informing its audience. The boundary between the two can be quite tenuous. Reporters covering Trump have navigated this path for much of the past decade.
A reporter who covered Thiel suggested that his speech was a method for raising funds and demonstrating that he was a “crazy contrarian.” There may be ulterior motives behind his lectures on the hidden Antichrist.
“I’m worried about the Antichrist”… Peter Thiel. Illustration: Guardian Design/Getty Images
Thiel remarked, “If you want people to hear about something without letting anyone into the room, that’s an effective marketing technique.” This indicates that labeling these lectures as off-the-record can generate considerable intrigue. Secretive ideas tend to attract undue attention due to their perceived exclusivity. What transpires behind closed doors is often more compelling than public occurrences. Have we inadvertently played into Thiel’s strategy by covering his talk?
Our reporting approach was twofold. One article, referenced and linked above, outlines the facts of the meeting. Thiel hosted these lectures and made statements which are extensively quoted. I included the following note with the article: The Guardian publishes meaningful quotes with contextual annotations to keep the public informed regarding influential figures in politics and technology speaking behind closed doors.
This approach allows you to assess what this eccentric billionaire has to say and whether it resonates with you. Once you are aware of his positions, they can be scrutinized. Are you at ease with this individual wielding significant influence over the Vice President in the U.S. or impacting the healthcare system in the U.K.?
In the context of Trump, it is valuable to hear him directly. Labeling the president’s statements as “shocking” or “unprecedented” without quoting them may prevent readers from genuinely grasping the impact of his words and could evoke backlash against news outlets perceived as narrow-minded or paternalistic. Allow the audience to evaluate for themselves. Conversely, reprinting the president’s two-hour address in its entirety isn’t necessarily beneficial. Digesting, structuring, and summarizing information is a critical function of journalism, and reporters need to encompass the entire speech to extract the most relevant portions. We applied these principles from political journalism to Thiel’s lecture.
Our second article on this matter – Peter Thiel’s off-the-record Antichrist Lecture reveals more about him than Armageddon – published alongside the first, took a different perspective. This piece interpreted Thiel’s lecture without extensive quotes, integrating his viewpoints on behalf of the reader to elucidate the significance of his remarks. While his nearly nonsensical interpretations of Revelation and other texts may appear to be the lecture’s primary focus, the essential content reveals more about how a highly influential man perceives his own authority.
In a critique of Thiel’s lecture, Stanford professor Adrian Daub meticulously examined the venture capitalist’s “strange thicket of his own references and interests,” often referred to as “the private world of the autodidact.”
In these winding discussions, it’s evident that Thiel seeks to emulate the mixed-thinking style he admires in philosopher René Girard, whom he encountered at Stanford and has long esteemed. Unfortunately, Thiel often resembles Dan Brown.
The overarching impression of Thiel that emerges from these discussions portrays someone striving to conceal his true essence from his own capabilities. While interpreting a Japanese manga, he conveyed to the audience, “As you might have noticed, my interpretation is… that it is somewhat like the Antichrist that governs the world.” Here stands a man, alongside a few Silicon Valley eccentrics, who would restore a fallen caudillo manifestly unfit for presidential office, using the considerable power of the U.S. government to reshape society and the globe. These are the individuals who exploit your data to finance companies that determine who gets their personal information collected, deported, or subjected to drone strikes, and who support far-right movements seeking to transform the landscape of liberal democracy.
This casts my mind back to a scene in Apocalypse Now where Martin Sheen’s character encounters a platoon and questions who is in charge. “Don’t you?” Peter, don’t you operate the world? If it’s not you, then who?
Read more: Peter Thiel’s Antichrist lecture reveals more about him than Armageddon
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Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen in Copenhagen last week. Photo: Mads Claus Rasmussen/EPA
Australia’s disapproval of social media has reached Denmark. From my colleague Miranda Bryant: “Danish Prime Minister has unveiled a ban on social media for those under 15, accusing mobile devices and social networks of ‘stealing children’s childhoods.’ Mette Frederiksen announced the initiative on Tuesday during a speech at the opening of the Danish Parliament Folketing, stating: ‘We have unleashed a monster.’ ‘Never before have so many children and adolescents suffered from anxiety and depression,’ added Frederiksen, who aims for the ban to be enacted next year. This rationale echoes Jonathan Haidt’s alarming bestseller, An Anxious Generation, yet I find it neither compelling nor convincing.
In November 2024, Australia enacted a law mandating that social networks implement strict measures to prevent children under 16 from creating accounts. The ban has faced various uncertainties over age verification, yet is still slated to begin on December 10 of this year, displeasing Meta Platforms and others.
The continued existence of this non-binding bill aimed at regulating social media companies has sparked similar legislative initiatives globally. Numerous state governments in the U.S. have introduced laws requiring social networks and other websites to confirm the ages of their users. In many of these states, pornographic websites have been disabled due to the requirements to validate user ages.
You may have come across the idea that high vitamin C intake can ward off colds, or perhaps TikTok nudged you to try turmeric or other supplements for immune support. The truth is, many of these strong claims and quick fixes are unfounded. There exists a myriad of myths surrounding immunity. Daniel Davis, an immunologist at Imperial College London, addresses these in his new book.
In Self-Defense: A Guide to Busting Myths About Immune Health, Davis aims to debunk these erroneous beliefs. He illustrates how advancements in technology, such as super-resolution microscopy, uncover the astonishing complexity of the immune system, illustrating how immune cells engage with their targets.
However, instead of feeling overwhelmed, he asserts that New Scientist shows us that this complexity can be empowering. It heightens our understanding of the immune system’s role in mental well-being, alerts us to lifestyle factors that might diminish immunity, and enhances our ability to distinguish between factual information and fads.
Helen Thomson: Let’s dive into the notion of “immune health” and the claims that it can be enhanced. That seems like a misleading concept, doesn’t it?
Daniel Davis: Absolutely. Many products claim they can “boost” immunity, but that’s a misleading notion. The immune system is not about simply enhancing your body’s infection-fighting capacity. Aggressive increases can inadvertently attack healthy cells, leading to autoimmune issues and allergies. A measured response is crucial.
So are we aiming to make our immune systems “smarter”?
Conventional discussions about immune health often lack subtlety. Each person’s immune system is wholly unique, shaped by genetics. Thus, when discussing immune health, we can only refer to what has been generally found to be effective:while general improvements may aid people, predicting individual outcomes is challenging.
Recent findings indicate that the immune system doesn’t operate in isolation; it’s influenced by diet, exercise, and the microbiome. Can we pinpoint which lifestyle factors significantly affect immune health?
The most substantial known influence on immune health is chronic stress. Regarding the other factors you mentioned, evidence exists, but causation is hard to prove. However, with stress, emerging molecular insights offer clarity on what occurs.
Which one in particular?
When the body detects a threat, it triggers a fight-or-flight response. The hypothalamus sends signals to the pituitary gland and adrenal glands, releasing cortisol and adrenaline. This prepares the body for action but quiets the immune response. For instance, short-term stress from parachuting only temporarily alters immune cell counts post-landing. However, sustained stress keeps cortisol levels elevated, which over time can undermine immunity, creating long-term challenges.
Orange juice is not the immune booster many believe
Marco Lissoni/Alamy
Our confidence in these findings stems from laboratory observations where elevated cortisol levels reduce the capacity of immune cells to eliminate virus-infected or cancerous cells. Coupled with observed correlations, such as individuals under long-term stress being less responsive to vaccines or more prone to infections, it’s evident that prolonged stress adversely impacts the immune system.
If you’re under stress and have adjusted your lifestyle, can your immunity be measured to see if these changes are effective?
It’s challenging to prove that lifestyle changes significantly mitigate long-term stress. While it’s a plausible assumption, demonstrating it empirically is difficult. Hospitals may track white blood cell counts as indicators of immune health, but given the vast range of immune cell types, simplifying measurements is a complex endeavor.
Experts, including well-known scientists, frequently claim that specific actions can bolster immunity. Should we take their word for it?
Consider orange juice as a prime example. During my upbringing, I believed that it was a cold remedy. However, that belief is misleading. This misconception stems from Linus Pauling, a two-time Nobel laureate famous for his work. In 1970, he published a bestseller entitled: Vitamin C and Colds, which inadvertently fueled a vitamin C craze based on selective data and anecdotal evidence, amplified by the media.
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The most clearly proven effect on our immune health is long-term stress. “
Interestingly, high doses of vitamin C do not determine whether you’ll catch a cold. While research shows that such supplementation can shorten the duration of colds by approximately 8%, this finding is tricky to interpret. Those taking high vitamin C might engage in other positive health behaviors that truly account for the shorter duration. Yet, this myth persists, rooted in the influential narratives of key scientists.
This history reminds us to remain cautious about individual anecdotes of success or insight. We need credible experts, but we should maintain a healthy skepticism towards singular opinions. Therefore, relying on established scientific consensus should guide us.
Lately, interest has surged surrounding the links between our immune systems, inflammation, and mental health. It’s a captivating area of research.
The relationship between the immune system and mental health is indeed a thrilling frontier. Initially, a group of individuals taking anti-inflammatory drugs for rheumatoid arthritis reported enhanced mental well-being prior to their physical improvements. These medications inhibit cytokine action, proteins produced by immune cells to facilitate communication.
Moreover, research indicates that individuals with certain mental health conditions exhibit elevated inflammatory markers in their blood. For instance, a study of nine-year-olds revealed that higher IL-6 cytokine levels predicted greater depression rates by age 18.
Animal studies present robust evidence as well. When injected with IL-6, animals demonstrated less exploratory behavior, paralleling signs of mental distress.
Yet, actionable strategies stemming from these insights remain elusive. Standard anti-inflammatory medications like aspirin or ibuprofen aren’t effective in treating depression, as several small trials have indicated. The question of whether anti-cytokine treatments can aid those with mental health issues remains unanswered, with current trials yielding inconclusive results.
Gut microbiome is important for a healthy immune system
Simone Alexowski/Science Photo Library
Future research should focus on identifying individuals who may benefit from interventions: Could individuals with particular mental health disorders who exhibit elevated cytokine levels and possibly other yet-undiscovered symptoms find relief through anti-cytokine therapies? While it’s a thought-provoking hypothesis, the journey to actionable solutions is ongoing. Understanding that your mental health may be linked to immune function can itself be empowering, marking a significant area of exploration.
People frequently ask how they can enhance their immunity. What do you tell them?
I have some insights, but they aren’t straightforward. Long-term stress is a concern. Getting adequate sleep is vital. However, individual needs can vary significantly. While I understand the importance of the microbiome, I can’t provide specific advice guaranteed to enhance it. These answers may disappoint, but embracing the complexity of the immune system is crucial. The lessons inherent in studying its intricacies are profound.
Sleep experiences can vary remarkably from one person to another
PeopleImages/Shutterstock
Individuals can undergo one of five different sleep types, each showcasing the diverse ways our rest impacts health.
Previous research has identified links between sleep and aspects like sleep cognition, mental health, and physical issues including heart disease. Nonetheless, these studies typically examined only one dimension of sleep, like its duration or quality.
To adopt a more integrated perspective, Valeria Quevette from Concordia University in Montreal, Canada, along with her team, explored the connections among seven sleep-related factors (like sleep satisfaction and the use of sleep aids) and 118 other variables, including cognition, substance use, and mental health. They gathered data encompassing cognitive evaluations, sleep studies, and brain imaging from 770 adults aged 22 to 36 in the United States with no reported health issues.
This analysis led to the identification of five distinct sleep profiles. The first profile represented a general trend of sleep deprivation, distinguished by heightened sleep disruptions, diminished sleep satisfaction, prolonged time to fall asleep, and worsening mental health, including symptoms of depression and anxiety, as well as issues like anger, fear, and stress.
Brain imaging of individuals in this category revealed decreased connectivity among networks linked to self-reflection, such as the temporolateral network, and those responsible for attention and tasks, like the somatomotor and dorsal attention networks. Researchers suggest this may indicate a disruption in the brain’s ability to alternate between internal thoughts and the external environment. For instance, individuals in this group might dwell on personal feelings and thoughts rather than focusing on their surroundings.
The second sleep profile also indicated declining mental health, particularly relating to inattention, yet not to sleep disorders. Essentially, these individuals generally had good quality sleep. “We interpreted this as the restorative capacity of sleep,” Kebets notes. “They experience poor mental health, which does not necessarily have repercussions on their sleep.” People in this category similarly showed differing brain connectivity patterns than those observed in the first group, suggesting that such connectivity issues are directly linked to sleep disturbances rather than overarching mental health.
The third profile illustrated a connection between the use of sleep medications, including prescription drugs and herbal teas aimed at improving sleep. These individuals often exhibited poor memory and emotional insights—perhaps explaining the reduced connectivity in brain areas associated with vision, memory, and emotion.
The fourth profile was marked by obtaining less than 7 hours of sleep per night, which is the recommended minimum. This inadequacy correlated with slower accuracy and reaction times in cognitive tasks assessing emotional processing, language, and social skills. Additionally, this profile was linked to increased aggressive behaviors and heightened connectivity across brain networks. Previous studies on sleep deprivation have shown similar connectivity enhancements, pointing to sleep debt implications.
The fifth profile was distinguished by frequent sleep interruptions, such as waking multiple times during the night. These disruptions were linked with poorer language processing capabilities and working memory, alongside indications of deteriorating mental health, including anxiety symptoms and issues with substance use.
These findings enhance our understanding of the intricate relationship between sleep and health, according to Kebets. “Sleep is essential to your well-being and connects to cognition, physical health, mental health, substance use, and many other functioning spheres.”
However, not all individuals conformed precisely to a single profile, Kebets explains. The researchers found no causal ties but rather associations between sleep profiles and traits. It’s also crucial to acknowledge that a substantial number of individuals attain consistently high-quality sleep. Moreover, as the participants were predominantly Caucasian, this study may have overlooked sleep profiles prevalent in other ethnic groups.
Three distinguished scientists (two from the U.S. and one from Japan) have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for their pivotal discovery related to peripheral immune resistance.
Mary E. Blankku, Fred Ramsdell, and Sakaguchi Shiko were jointly recognized for their breakthrough that “has invigorated the field of peripheral tolerance and contributed to the advancement of medical treatments for cancer and autoimmune disorders,” as stated in a news release by the Nobel Committee. The three recipients will share a prize of 11 million Swedish Kronor (approximately $1.2 million).
“This could also enhance the success rates of organ transplants. Several of these therapies are currently in clinical trials,” he noted.
Autoimmune diseases may arise when T cells, which serve as the body’s main defense against harmful pathogens, malfunction.
Their collective discovery establishes an essential foundation for understanding alternative methods by which the immune system, known as peripheral resistance, functions.
To mitigate damage, our bodies attempt to eliminate malfunctioning T cells within the thymus, a lymphoid organ, through a mechanism termed central resistance. Associated Press.
The groundbreaking research began in 1995 when Sakaguchi, a prominent professor at the Center for Immunology Frontier Research at Osaka University in Japan, uncovered a previously unknown class of immune cells that defend against autoimmune diseases.
Six years later, in 2001, Mary Blankku, who now serves as a senior program manager at the Institute of Systems Biology in Seattle, along with Ramsdell, a scientific advisor to Sonoma Biotherapeutics in San Francisco, identified a specific genetic mutation responsible for a severe autoimmune disease known as IPEX.
They designated this gene as foxp3.
By 2003, Sakaguchi confirmed that the FOXP3 gene he had identified nearly a decade prior was crucial for cell development. These cells are now referred to as regulatory T cells, which are essential in monitoring other T cells to prevent their malfunction.
“Their discoveries were vital for understanding the immune system’s functioning and why serious autoimmune diseases don’t affect everyone,” remarked All Kampe, Chairman of the Nobel Committee.
Nobel Committee Executive Director Thomas Perman announced the award on Monday morning, stating that he was only able to reach Sakaguchi.
“I hugged him in his lab, and he expressed immense gratitude, stating it was a tremendous honor. He was quite moved by the news,” Perman mentioned.
The awards ceremony is scheduled for December 10th, coinciding with the anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s death, a Swedish industrialist who founded the award to honor individuals who have significantly contributed to humanity. The inaugural award was revealed in 1901, marking the fifth anniversary of his passing.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine will be announced in Stockholm at the Karolinska Institute on Monday, followed by the prizes for Physics, Chemistry, and Literature on the ensuing days.
If you’ve recently browsed fitness content on platforms like Instagram, Facebook, or TikTok, you might have encountered influencers who have used steroids. A recent global meta-analysis suggests that steroid usage among gym-goers varies from 6% to a shocking 29% across different countries.
This statistic might come as a shock. According to Timothy Piatkovski from Griffith University, the landscape of steroid use has evolved over the last decade. Many fitness influencers now present themselves as knowledgeable figures, openly discussing their drug use and advising followers on steroid usage.
“Regrettably, the level of medical knowledge and judgment varies significantly among these influencers,” states Piatkowski.
Influencers’ perceptions of health risks differ greatly, he observes. While some acknowledge the dangers of steroid use, asserting that risks can be managed sensibly, others are more reckless, promoting drugs like trenbolone, which is typically used to prevent muscle wastage in livestock, branding themselves as “Trenfluencers.”
Millions may question whether these substances are actually safe, or if influencers are leading them into perilous situations. What is the truth regarding the dangers associated with steroids? Is there a safer way to use them?
Piatkowski notes that research on the long-term health consequences of steroids is sparse. This is largely due to the mismatch between doses and usage patterns studied by researchers and those employed by actual users. He and his colleagues seek to bridge this gap by collaborating closely with steroid users to create more relevant and realistic studies.
However, this mismatch has already led to some influencers losing faith in mainstream scientific and medical perspectives, prompting users to seek advice from fitness and bodybuilding forums instead. These social media channels have become a major contributor to both the support network and the marketplace in the surge of steroid usage.
Users now have quick access to a range of substances that can be obtained illicitly. This includes oral anabolic steroids known as SARMs (selective androgen receptor modulators) and synthetic human growth hormone, naturally produced by the pituitary gland during adolescence. Collectively, they improve physique and performance, but their mechanisms can vary significantly.
One of the most prevalent substances is anabolic steroids, potent synthetic derivatives of testosterone. A 2022 study estimated that around half a million men and boys in the UK used them for non-medical purposes in the previous year.
Understanding Steroids
To determine whether steroids are safe, one must first grasp their effects on the body. Anabolic androgen steroids work by interacting with hormonal receptors that promote male sexual traits, particularly in muscle and bone tissues. “They aid in muscle growth and are vital for bone development; they guide boys through puberty and literally transform them into men,” explains Channa Jayasena from Imperial College London.
The desired result is evident: a bigger, stronger physique in a shorter timeframe. Medically, some of these substances are prescribed to treat conditions like muscle wasting associated with HIV. At lower doses, investigations suggest that steroids can be well tolerated. However, this is not a strategy commonly employed outside clinical settings.
Non-medical steroid use rarely mimics regulated clinical trials. Many users resort to “stacking” various drugs and alternate between cycles to allow bodily recovery, adopting practices like the “blast and cruise” regimen. Although these methods lack comprehensive scientific scrutiny, influencers often tout them as ways to minimize health risks or achieve effective muscle growth. This could explain why many users turn to influencers and online forums instead of healthcare professionals for advice.
The Risks of Unregulated Use
The temptation to test various drug combinations or follow cycling protocols stems from the belief that such strategies mitigate the adverse effects of anabolic steroids. The best-documented side effect is cardiovascular complications. Anabolic steroids are known to lower levels of high-density lipoproteins, or “good” cholesterol, while raising blood pressure and increasing low-density lipoproteins, known as “bad” cholesterol. This can thicken the heart muscle, potentially leading to cardiomyopathy—severe heart dysfunction and a lethal condition, as noted by Jayasena.
A Danish population study revealed that anabolic steroid users were three times more likely to die than other males during the study’s duration. “It’s akin to cocaine,” asserts Jayasena. Cardiovascular disease and cancer emerged as the most prevalent natural causes of death among these individuals.
Increased risk of heart disease and stroke is a well-known consequence of prolonged anabolic steroid use
3dmedisphere/shutterstock
Beyond cardiovascular matters, Jayasena highlights that the psychosocial implications of steroid use are significant and well-documented. The term “Roid Rage” encompasses various mental issues including aggression, mania, and mental illness—particularly among individuals consuming high doses. “When observing why steroid users have fatal outcomes, one notes three primary causes: cardiomyopathy, suicide, and aggression,” he notes, suggesting a possible correlation between steroid use and heightened tendencies toward criminal behavior.
This relationship remains contentious, as it’s challenging to differentiate the effects of steroid use from other contributing factors like recreational drug usage or pre-existing mental health issues. Nonetheless, it indicates that discontinuing steroid use may precipitate depression and suicidal thoughts. “The mind becomes lethargic,” explains Jayasena. “The recovery period can extend over months, sometimes even years.”
Research led by Jayasena revealed that nearly 30% of men who ceased steroid use experienced suicidal thoughts and major depression, possibly due to lingering steroid residues in brain areas responsible for emotional regulation. Additional studies indicate that steroids can impair kidney function and elevate cancer risks, although the data is less conclusive and heavily reliant on isolated medical case reports.
Several investigations have demonstrated that some of these health concerns might be reversible. For instance, the liver appears adept at self-repair and can manage lower clinical doses of certain steroids. Conversely, effects like high cholesterol and hypertension can be reversible post-steroid cessation; in contrast, others may require long-term or costly interventions to address, such as mood disorders and infertility.
The most severe repercussions of steroid use tend to be the hardest to treat. Structural alterations in the heart, along with research indicating lasting blood flow impairments to vital organs, is a concern that may linger long after users cease taking steroids.
Seeking “Safer” Steroids
Given the extensive and complex list of potential harms, many users experiment with steroid protocols aimed at risk reduction. This includes altering doses, timing, or combining them with other substances. However, there is a dearth of research examining the safety of these “protocols,” asserts Piatkowski.
One of Jayasena’s studies indicated that post-cycle therapy, where users take medications to restore natural testosterone production following steroid cycles, significantly lowered the risk of suicidal thoughts. Piatkowski’s research compares high-dose cycles and gradual tapering, identifying that those following a Blast Cruise approach reported fewer adverse health effects once they stopped using.
High-quality, controlled studies evaluating the effects of recreational steroid use are sparse, often characterized by small sample sizes or case reports that complicate the establishment of causal relationships. The evidence supporting specific protocols is also thin, particularly as patterns of steroid use evolve more rapidly than researchers can track.
Anabolic steroids are commonly injected into the subcutaneous fat layer located between the skin and muscle.
ole_cnx/istockphoto/getty images
“Further longitudinal and cohort studies are essential,” Piatkowski asserts. Such studies track individuals’ health and wellbeing over time, ultimately clarifying real risks and potentially providing strategies for risk mitigation. Nevertheless, in the absence of robust evidence, healthcare providers often struggle to offer guidance to steroid users.
Greg James, a clinician at Kratos Medical in Cardiff, UK, mentions that he provides private health and blood testing services. Some patients even inquire about combining steroids with GLP-1 drugs that suppress appetite, as well as other peptides that regulate hunger. “They ask me if these peptides are safe,” James notes. “And I respond that I cannot confirm their safety due to the lack of long-term data.”
Researchers like Piatkowski are beginning to directly engage with users in realistic settings, navigating the challenges posed by inadequate clinical data and rapidly changing user behaviors. Rather than viewing users as patients or outliers, this method considers them as valuable sources of real-life experience, contributing to the development of more relevant and realistic research.
A recent study conducted by Piatkowski and collaborators examined steroid samples from users, revealing that over 20% were contaminated with toxic substances such as lead, arsenic, and mercury. More than half were incorrectly administered, meaning users may have been taking far more potent agents intended for livestock use.
Another study involving interviews with diverse steroid users identified trenbolone as having the most negative consequences, particularly for psychological and social health. This suggests that focusing on trenbolone as a distinct harmful substance, along with targeted screening and intervention strategies, could be more effective for harm reduction compared to broad-ranging methods.
Fitness influencers are frequently regarded as authorities who provide guidance on anabolic steroid use to their followers.
Kritchanut Onmang/Alamy
This open and collaborative methodology in drug research mirrors approaches seen in other recreational drug strategies, like psychedelic research. By engaging with real users, insight can be gained not only into harm reduction techniques but also previously unrecognized medicinal applications.
They may also collaborate with influencers and users to promote safer behaviors, rather than outright condemning drug usage, Piatkowski emphasizes. “Enhancing knowledge within these communities and legalizing information is crucial. It’s an ongoing experimental endeavor. The more we stimulate this discussion, the more we can advance the field.”
Cow teeth dating back 5,000 years could provide new insights into the construction of Stonehenge.
Utilizing advanced isotopic analysis, researchers examined the jawbone, which was first discovered at the southern entrance of Stonehenge in 1924, a location of significant ritual importance.
The findings indicate that the cow spent its early years on terrain that existed more than 400 million years ago, beneath the massive stones.
“This is the first evidence linking the timing of the cow’s life to the movement of the bluestones, which are connected to both Wales and Stonehenge,” said Professor Jane Evans, the study’s lead author, in an interview with BBC Science Focus. “The insights from a single tooth tell a larger narrative than I had anticipated.”
The bluestones of Stonehenge are smaller standing stones that contrast with the larger Sarsen stones, which were transported over 200 km (125 miles) from the Preseli Hills in southwest Wales.
The journey of these stones remains one of archaeology’s great mysteries. Were they carried on sleds, floated down rivers, or perhaps moved with the assistance of animals?
Researchers sliced the teeth into nine layers, each capturing a chemical signal reflecting a brief period in the cow’s life.
Oxygen and carbon isotopes revealed a dietary transition over roughly six months, from stored winter feed to summer grazing. Strontium analysis indicated that the cow’s diet came from diverse geological sources, implying that either the cow moved to the food or vice versa.
However, the lead isotopes presented a more unexpected finding. Their makeup suggested the geological settings of Wales, while unusual spikes indicated that lead stored in the skeleton was released during pregnancy.
This lead would have been incorporated into the skeleton earlier in the cow’s life. In essence, while its life concluded at Stonehenge, it likely began in Wales, mirroring the journey of the stones.
Subsequent tests confirmed that the animal was female, and she may have been pregnant or nursing when the tooth section formed.
Together, these findings enhance our understanding of the logistics involved in transporting the massive stones of Stonehenge, weighing approximately 4.5 tons (5 tons) over several hundred kilometers.
Rather than just a group of men carrying stones, the existence of cows—potentially pregnant and possibly providing milk—suggests a larger community engaged in their transport.
“We may theorize that the cow could have been used to pull loads,” Evans noted. While this specific animal might not have moved stones, it indicates that Neolithic people potentially utilized “beast of burden” techniques in the region.
“This study offers important new perspectives on the life history of this remarkable cow, which was interred at a vital site at Stonehenge’s entrance,” said Richard McGwick, a co-author of the research and professor of archaeological sciences at Cardiff University.
“It reveals unprecedented details about the animal’s distant origins and its arduous journey. Although grand narratives dominate studies of significant archaeological sites, this focused biographical approach to a single animal introduces a fresh dimension to the story of Stonehenge.”
Evans mentioned that further investigations could be conducted on other animal remains found in and around the monument.
For now, this cow’s teeth provide compelling evidence that the journey of Stonehenge’s stones may have involved both animals and humans.
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About our experts
Jane Evans is an honorary researcher and emeritus professor for the UK Geological Survey at the University of Leicester and the University of Nottingham. She is an isotopic geochemist specializing in isotopic system origins and their applications to archaeological dietary problems.
Anxiety is a multifaceted and widespread mental health issue impacting millions globally. It manifests in various ways, with many individuals feeling that anxiety can be overwhelming and disrupt day-to-day activities.
How can you identify if anxiety is problematic? Additionally, what are the underlying causes of anxiety? Here’s everything you need to know.
What is anxiety?
Essentially, anxiety is an emotional state characterized by nervousness, often coupled with negative thoughts and physical symptoms. While it may center around specific upcoming events or challenges, it can also evolve into a more generalized anxiety about the future.
Breaking it down further, anxiety involves thoughts, emotions, and actions. For instance, if you joke about yourself during a meeting, it might lead to feelings of nausea, causing you to skip the meeting altogether. This decision, while it may provide temporary relief, can exacerbate anxiety in the long run, creating a cycle of avoidance.
What causes anxiety?
Anxiety often begins with negative anticipatory thoughts. For example, you might worry that an upcoming exam will be too challenging, leading to failure, or that something might go wrong during a flight. These thoughts can trigger a fear response in your brain, releasing hormones that activate your sympathetic nervous system, particularly adrenaline, preparing your body to either confront or escape a perceived threat.
In genuinely dangerous situations, this response can be life-saving. However, unhealthy anxiety may result in false alarms, prompting your body to react vigorously despite the absence of real danger.
Other factors contributing to anxiety can include past traumatic experiences, certain medications that provoke fearful thoughts, or medical conditions like hyperthyroidism that disrupt hormones related to fear.
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What does it feel like?
Anxiety can manifest physically, leading to discomfort through symptoms like a racing heart, sweaty palms, dizziness, trembling, stomach issues, and nausea.
Individuals with chronic anxiety may find these physical sensations particularly troubling, further intensifying their anxiety. For example, someone anxious about public speaking may feel their hands shake or their stomach flutter, compounding their stress.
Mentally, anxiety often triggers a cascade of fearful thoughts and incessant worries. Coupled with physical symptoms, this situation can lead to a strong desire to flee or avoid anxiety-inducing scenarios, making avoidance appear appealing despite it being counterproductive over time.
Those suffering from anxiety may tend to be devastated. Photo: Joe Waldron
When does anxiety become a problem?
Experiencing anxiety occasionally is entirely normal. In fact, moderate levels of anxiety can be beneficial (as boxing coach Cus d’Amato once noted, anxiety is like fire: it can be destructive, but when controlled, it’s a valuable resource for warmth and cooking).
For instance, moderate anxiety about a job interview can motivate adequate preparation, which is preferable to arriving unprepared. Similarly, a mild anxiety boost during the interview may help you think more clearly.
Anxiety becomes problematic when it spirals out of control (e.g., being so anxious during exams that you can’t focus) or becomes chronic and overwhelming.
A significant warning sign is when anxiety leads to avoidance behavior. For example, avoiding travel due to fear of flying can narrow your life experience and lead to feelings of unhappiness, denying you the chance to learn how to manage worry-inducing situations.
Avoidance may also manifest as reliance on ineffective coping strategies that only mask anxiety in the short term while exacerbating it over time. In contrast, confronting anxiety can be daunting initially but may be the better path toward long-term relief.
Is anxiety a mental disorder?
If a person experiences significant anxiety for many days over a period of more than six months across various situations, they may be diagnosed with “generalized anxiety disorder.”
There are also specific anxiety disorders. For example, someone with intense anxiety tied to social situations may be diagnosed with “social anxiety disorder,” while frequent panic attack concerns may lead to a diagnosis of “panic disorder.”
Specific phobias, such as agoraphobia (fear of situations where escape might be difficult), are recognized as forms of anxiety disorders. Other conditions like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) were formerly categorized as anxiety disorders, but psychiatrists now classify them distinctly, despite their anxiety connections.
In PTSD, traumatized individuals often remain in hyper-alert states, perpetually poised for a fight or flight response. In OCD, individuals may resort to compulsive behaviors as ineffective attempts to mitigate feelings of anxiety.
Are some people more prone to anxiety than others?
Genetics and life experiences jointly shape our personality traits, which can influence susceptibility to anxiety. Particularly, individuals scoring high in neuroticism tend to experience frequent mood swings and negative emotions like shame and guilt, increasing their worry.
Conversely, those who exhibit higher levels of trust and lower stress levels in interpersonal relationships are often less susceptible to anxiety. Additionally, evidence suggests that extroverted individuals have a lower likelihood of developing anxiety, especially in social scenarios.
On July 30th, at 12:25am BST (11:25am local time), a significant earthquake occurred off the coast of Russia’s Kamchatka Peninsula. With a magnitude of 8.8, it marked the sixth largest earthquake in recorded history, raising fears of a tsunami reminiscent of the 2004 Indian Ocean disaster.
Within hours, over 2 million individuals across the Pacific were ordered to evacuate as alerts reached coastlines from China and New Zealand to Peru and Mexico.
Fortunately, apart from some damage near the epicenter in Russia, the globe largely avoided catastrophe. As people heeded the warnings and moved to higher ground, many tsunami alerts were gradually downgraded and retracted.
The waves never materialized. But why?
How Tsunami Warning Systems Operate
The tsunami warning framework has significantly advanced since the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which claimed over 200,000 lives.
“Multiple tsunami warning centers exist globally,” said Professor Alison Raby, an environmental fluid mechanics expert at Plymouth University.
“These centers are alerted to earthquake incidents, determining their location, size, and depth—critical factors for predicting tsunamis. Consequently, they issue a broad alert based on this information.”
Given that seismic waves travel around 100 times faster than tsunamis, earthquake information reaches us well before the first wave. However, waiting to witness the tsunami is rarely feasible. By the time underwater pressure gauges or satellites detect unusual sea level changes, it may already be too late.
The detection speed varies based on the proximity of the source to the nearest detection system or coastal depth gauge, ranging from five minutes to two hours.
Utilizing data from past earthquakes and intricate computer models, scientists at warning centers often have limited time to decide whether to issue an alert, with the first warning typically released just five minutes after the ground stops shaking.
The final phase—communicating alerts effectively—has also improved since 2004. At that time, many coastal communities received little to no warnings. Now, emergency alerts can be sent directly to mobile phones, affording people crucial time to reach higher ground before the waves strike.
Data from surface water and oceanic topography (SWOT) satellites depict waves generated by the Kamchatka earthquake.
The Complexity of Tsunami Warnings
This year’s earthquake in Russia was categorized as a giant earthquake. Such occurrences transpire in subduction zones where one tectonic plate is thrust beneath another, leading to the most powerful earthquakes known.
As one plate descends, the other is elevated, causing the seabed to suddenly rise and displacing a substantial volume of water. This abrupt uplift triggers waves capable of traveling across the ocean basin, which grow larger as they approach the shallow coastline.
The Megathrust earthquake also caused the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and the 2011 Japanese earthquake, both of which generated towering tsunamis with waves exceeding 30m (100 feet). Therefore, it was no surprise that warnings were propagated throughout the Pacific.
The challenge lies in the fact that despite similarities in earthquakes, multiple factors influence tsunami generation.
“It’s not simply about detecting an earthquake and simulating potential tsunami sizes,” explained Liby. “Underwater landslides or other mechanisms may also play a role.”
The availability of data from specific locations is crucial. The same region in Russia experienced a magnitude 9 earthquake in 1952, yet remains underpopulated, leading to less comprehensive modeling efforts compared to other seismic hotspots.
Globally, records are limited. Reliable earthquake measurements only date back about a century, with only a few incidents generating tsunamis, resulting in an insufficient sample size for accurate predictions.
“We are fairly confident in understanding these events, but they always prompt new insights and questions,” affirmed Raby. “I am certain seismologists and seismic engineers will glean further knowledge from this recent incident that wasn’t previously recognized.”
The tsunami warning system has made significant strides. It’s now prioritized to er on the side of caution during tsunami evacuations rather than risk overlooking a potential disaster. Still, the balance is precarious.
“The issue is that people may become complacent,” noted Raby. “During evacuations, they may face income loss, or even car accidents, leading them to become skeptical of future warnings. Hence, the threat of excessive false alerts is real.”
Nonetheless, she remains hopeful. “I’m cautiously optimistic that improvements are being made, though we’re far from perfect forecasting capabilities.”
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Meet Our Experts
Allison Raby is a professor of environmental fluid mechanics at the University of Plymouth, UK. Her tsunami research has been published in peer-reviewed journals, including the International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction and Marine Geology.
It’s clear that dogs excel at comprehending our emotions and behaviors. But how deeply does this understanding go, and what signals do they pick up on?
The dogs who live alongside us are often more astute in their observations than we might think. In many ways, they act like anthropologists, dedicating time to study us and uncovering connections between our actions that even we may be unaware of.
At home, you might notice their ability to differentiate between standing up to leave and simply heading to the fridge.
Research has shown that dogs are capable of reading stress, discerning detecting fear, and even identifying the presence of disease in us. While their extraordinary sense of smell plays a role, their understanding goes beyond physical cues, acknowledging our emotional and physiological states.
When interpreting emotions, humans typically focus on the face—and dogs do the same. They are adept at reading our facial expressions.
Studies on how dogs perceive human emotions indicate that they can differentiate between neutral, angry, and happy expressions. Interestingly, they can also associate vocalizations with the corresponding emotional tone of these expressions.
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Dogs can interpret a person’s expression when approaching an object (such as joy or disgust) to gauge whether they should get closer themselves. They can even process images of just the upper half of a face, showing that they can understand emotions even when part of the face is obscured, like by a mask.
Moreover, they recognize our voices and can differentiate the genders of unfamiliar voices.
Recent studies confirmed that dogs are perceptive to fear, able to identify shirts worn by individuals who watched a scary movie from those worn by those who were watching something neutral.
They can also recognize changes in our body language that indicate fear and stress. One study revealed a correlation between human testosterone levels (influenced by a sports team’s performance) and a dog’s cortisol levels, indicating their sensitivity to our emotional states.
Having spent countless hours observing us from their cozy spots in the living room, dogs have developed an acute awareness of our intentions and feelings.
For instance, research found that dogs can discern between intentional actions (like deliberately placing an object out of reach) and unintentional incidents (like unintentionally dropping something).
Studies confirm that even when we’re out of sight or simply turning away, they are aware of when we sneak a snack forbidden from their reach. They also notice when our attention is diverted, like when we’re glued to a book or staring at a screen, indicating a window for them to grab that tempting treat.
More broadly, they’re adept at assessing whether individuals possess knowledge about hidden food sources.
Finally, and most impressively, dogs have a remarkable ability to detect illness. Initial reports of pet dogs identifying melanoma by scratching their owners’ skin have led to research where dogs have been trained to identify various cancers through scent, as well as monitoring blood sugar levels and even recognizing glycation.
The recent findings in Sulawesi, Indonesia, have revised the timeline for early human sea crossings, adding complexity to the puzzle of their creators.
Archaeologists have unearthed stone tools at a location in South Sulawesi, called Cario, dating back at least 104 million years. Given that Sulawesi is encircled by swift and deep waters, anyone who created these tools would have had to navigate the open ocean.
“This represents the earliest known evidence of early human presence in Sulawesi,” says Professor Adam Brumm from the Australian Center for Human Evolution Research at Griffith University, which co-directed the research. BBC Science Focus.
“It now seems evident that early hominins managed to cross the Wallace Line, leading to isolated populations on distant islands.”
The Wallace Line serves as a critical biogeographical boundary between mainland Asia and Wallacea Island. “For land mammals that don’t fly, such as those in Sulawesi, crossing from the edge of mainland Asia to the nearest Wallacea island would have been nearly impossible due to the vast distances and swift currents,” Brumm explained.
Earlier discoveries indicated that hominins arrived at nearby Flores Island approximately 102 million years ago, evolving into species like Homo floresiensis (nicknamed “The Hobbit” due to its stature) and Homo luzonensis.
However, as of now, no fossils have been discovered in Sulawesi, leaving the identity of the tool’s maker an enigma.
“We suspect it was an early Asian human species, possibly Homo erectus,” Brumm remarked. “I doubt they used boats for this journey. The colonization of the island likely occurred accidentally as they might have clung to logs or natural vegetation ‘rafts’ that were formed during tsunamis.”
These stone tools, excavated from Cario in Sulawesi, have been dated to over 104 million years ago. The scale bar is 10 mm. – Credit: MW Moore/University of New England
If Homo erectus made it to Sulawesi more than a million years ago, they may have been carving out their own evolutionary niche.
“In Flores and Luzon, fossil discoveries indicate that hominins on these islands underwent evolutionary changes, leading to unique new species that are small and distinct,” noted Brumm. “Though we have yet to find human fossils in Sulawesi, the possibility of similar events occurring on the island cannot be ruled out.”
What’s next for Brumm and the team? “We’re continuing our excavations,” he stated. “Human fossils are incredibly rare, but millions of hominins have existed and perished over the last million years, so there might be preserved remains of these toolmakers out there.”
“We hope to discover a fossil—or two—with persistence (and a bit of luck), as finding one would be an extraordinary breakthrough, perhaps even a game changer.”
Adam Brumm is a professor of archaeology at Griffith University. His work has accumulated over 21 years of funding for research in Indonesia. His published studies include many in Nature, spanning topics from the discovery of new human fossils in Wallacea (the island region between Asia and Australia) to recent insights into human evolution.
I spent 85 hours immersed in Death Stranding 2 before it hit me: what I was experiencing was an apocalyptic nightmare unfolding on an Earth plagued by a Death Monster. Yet, I found myself treating it as a delightful game. For countless hours, I navigated a photorealistic landscape in a pickup truck, delivering packages to remote communities and constructing new roads. My motivation to complete the main storyline was purely to unlock additional map regions, allowing me to connect with new characters and expand my road network. It felt blissful and entertaining.
I’m far from the only one indulging in games like this. The “Cozy Games” niche has flourished into a vibrant cottage industry over the past five years, featuring countless indie titles that captivate a passionate community. Successful crossovers like Minecraft, Stardew Valley, and Untitled Goose Game have set the bar high. This month, Steam offers a variety of charming titles including Cat’s Post Office, delightful food truck management sims, and cozy games centered around quaint bookstores. These games typically share common traits: small, often youthful development teams working remotely, brief gameplay sessions, low-stakes challenges, and stylistic visuals that serve both aesthetic and economic purposes.
Yet, it’s curious that we don’t see more luxurious mainstream, Triple A titles despite a clearly established audience for cozy gaming. Major producers like Ubisoft, EA, and Xbox struggle to innovate, opting instead to churn out the next cookie-cutter live service shooter to compete with Fortnite, often wasting millions in the process. I wonder why no one has attempted a grand open-world adventure geared toward positive interactions and gentle drama. The realms of television, film, and literature are brimming with this type of content. Where’s my video game rendition of *Call the Midwife*? Why can’t I ride a bicycle through a 1950s setting? What would be the gaming equivalent of *Downton Abbey* or *Gilmore Girls*?
A frighteningly captivating… untitled geese game. Photo: House House
I recognize the most apparent reason behind this trend. Like Hollywood, mainstream game development focuses heavily on minimizing risk, leading to an industry saturated with action, violence, and power fantasy. However, cultural discussions reveal that cozy gamers appreciate narrative and mechanics over visual fidelity. Moo Yu, Creative Director at Small Studio, mentions, “I think a cozy game of higher budget will certainly be developed. This audience values a broader spectrum of experiences across various price ranges.”
And this is a key point. High-end graphics and expansive worlds aren’t the only worthwhile goals; they represent but one form of immersive experience. Untitled Goose Game wouldn’t hold the same charm if it featured a hyper-realistic environment with a goose rendered in 100,000 texture-mapped polygons. The beauty of *Stardew Valley* lies in its vibrant retro aesthetic. The art’s appeal is not merely in high production value; it’s also about the comfort derived from limitation in both choice and outcomes. The game gently guides you, saying, “Everything will be alright.”
Beyond community authority… Mythmatch. Photo: Team Artichoke
My friend John Cartwright, an experienced game developer who mentors small studios in Australia and New Zealand, shared his thoughts when I reached out. “The cozy game’s market is limited in size, a domain often dominated by small indie teams with constrained budgets. All cozy games share a safe environment with low-stakes gameplay, which has largely remained underdeveloped, especially during the stress of Covid. The simplistic visuals were an added source of comfort and attraction.”
Creating charm is no simple feat. It can’t be manufactured with a new, expensive graphics engine or by having 500 employees working overtime. Just like you can’t establish a high-tech charm center in a desert. In larger productions, charm emerges organically, akin to monumental TV dramas, yet it’s finite and precarious. The entire notion of a cozy game as a defined genre or intentional gameplay element is still relatively nascent. Historically, games have been focused on winning, while elements emphasizing kindness and empathy have yet to be officially recognized. There’s a clever saying that contrasts games and movies: explosions are cheap, yet capturing human emotion through close-ups is a costly endeavor. Given the interactive medium’s historically limited visual naturalism, portraying drama through a date invitation can be more challenging than simply depicting conflict. But we have a century’s worth of animation to showcase how charm, comfort, and emotional closeness can be represented through the most iconic and stylized palettes.
Moo Yu remains optimistic that a cozy, epic, mainstream title will make its way into gaming’s future. He cites the fashion-centric role-playing game Infinity Nikki as an example. Until that time, I’ll continue to feign interest in the issues surrounding chiral contamination and extinction, all for the chance to save the kangaroos, meet the inventors, and traverse the stunning yet irradiated landscapes in my trusty truck. Sometimes you have to play their game to win for yourself.
What to Play
Retro Shooter…Operation Night Striker. Photo: Taito/M2
August has proven to be a fantastic month for retro arcade collections, and we can’t resist recommending one more before we venture back to contemporary titles. Operation Night Striker is a collection of four iconic Taito shooters, effectively blending action film tropes with gaming elements, including the innovative light gun classic, Operation Wolf. It also features its sequel, Thunderbolt operations, as well as two lesser-known gems: the Cyberpunk Flying Car shooter Night Striker and Space Gun, which takes a whimsical approach with its face-hugger and flamethrower. As is usually the case with these collections, new features have been integrated, and gamers playing the Switch version can utilize Joycon as a makeshift light gun. While it may not be highly accurate, it recalls the nostalgia of using the original maggot gun controller from Operation.
These vibrant, fast-paced, and delightfully absurd popcorn games perfectly capture the essence of their era, complete with smooth-scrolling 2D backgrounds, electrifying soundtracks, engaging gameplay loops, and brawny heroes. You’ll be hooked!
Available on: PC, Switch Estimated playtime: Over 10 hours
What to Read
You have to catch everything… Pikachu. Photo: Pokémon Company
In a tale that echoes the antics of Verca Salt, McDonald’s Japan had to cancel a Pokémon promotion due to massive food waste and rampant scalping. According to Eurogamer, an exclusive Pikachu card was offered as part of a limited edition Happy Meal deal, leading fans to queue for hours, resulting in fights and food waste in the streets as scalpers took advantage, listing the cards at inflated prices on auction sites.
It’s always enlightening to read Rob Fahey’s Industry Analysis on GamesIndustry.biz. This week, he discusses the fate of PlayStation, scrutinizing how consoles remain profitable despite pitfalls, including the seemingly obligatory shift to live services that have failed to yield meaningful returns.
Looking into the future, Xbox has changed the game design landscape over the last 20 years. In an interesting analysis at AV Club, they explore how gamers have responded to the commercialization of gaming and its impact on design.
Juggernaut on the Horizon…GTA VI. Photo: Rockstar Games
Rich John from Bluesky raised an interesting point:
“Is it beneficial for the industry that a behemoth like GTA VI garners so much media attention and expected revenue? How will this impact other publishers?”
To put it simply, there’s no major gaming company with high hopes for 2026, which will coincide with Rockstar’s highly anticipated release window. As illustrated in a recent industry newsletter, three major Triple A developers have adjusted their timelines, giving it a wide berth, significantly impacting development teams who might have invested years planning for that release slot. This situation can create media and marketing black holes.
However, this isn’t all negative. When GTA V debuted in 2013, it didn’t obliterate every game in its path, as seen with casual mobile games like Puzzle & Dragon and Candy Crush, both of which thrived alongside titles that garnered dedicated fanbases like World of Warcraft and Call of Duty. Furthermore, monumental successes like GTA V often spark widespread attention, interest, and potential investments across the entire industry, leading to follow-up titles. Moreover, these giants often introduce innovative design elements to the market, as GTA Online was the pioneering live service experiment.
In essence, it’s beneficial; ripe with potential. While the immediate fallout could be challenging for other studios, as evidenced by GTA V, casual gamers and ardent followers of other franchises are unlikely to abandon their favorites for the latest Rockstar title. Additionally, the ripple effect of a blockbuster’s success opens avenues for future projects. Much like Hollywood post-*Star Wars*, where studios dared to venture into big-budget sci-fi genres, we could see more opportunities presented in the aftermath of such monumental success, even if it’s achieved by competitors.
If you have any burning questions or comments about the newsletter, feel free to reach out at pushbuttons@theguardian.com.
Picture a winter morning where everything glistens in white. The morning frost serves as a testament to Earth’s water cycle, with dew forming from the chilled air overnight. A similar phenomenon occurs on Mars, situated 63 million miles (or 102 million kilometers) away, presenting scientists with a unique opportunity to understand how water behaves on the red planet.
A group of researchers led by Dr. Valantinus from the University of Bern has uncovered evidence suggesting that morning frost may indeed exist on Mars. They identified this potential frost in bowl-shaped formations known as Calderas at the summit of the Tharsis Volcano. Among these volcanoes, Olympus Mons stands out as it towers over Mount Everest—more than double its height—reaching 21 km (approximately 13 miles) above sea level, making it the tallest volcano in the solar system.
Earlier studies estimated that around 1 trillion kilograms (approximately 2.2 trillion pounds) of water vapor cycles through Mars’ atmosphere annually between its northern and southern hemispheres. The massive Tharsis volcano disrupts this water flow due to its significant elevation, creating areas with lower pressure and wind speed referred to as Microclimates. The Valantinus team concentrated on this region, which produces optimal conditions for frost development in the microclimate above the volcano, increasing the likelihood of water vapor condensing to form frost.
To search for potential frost, the team analyzed thousands of spectral images captured by a color and stereo surface imaging system called Cassis, part of the European Space Agency’s Trace Gas Orbiter satellite orbiting Mars. They noted that the bright bluish tint in the area might indicate frost. By focusing on images with cooler tones, they set out to gather more evidence supporting the presence of frost.
To accomplish this, the team utilized a tool capable of detecting the composition of materials based on light wavelengths, known as a Spectrometer. A spectrometer onboard the Trace Gas Orbiter, named NOMAD, yielded ice readings concurrent with Cassis images. By combining Cassis imagery with NOMAD spectrometer data and additional high-resolution stereo camera images, the researchers pinpointed frosts in 13 distinct locations related to Mars’ volcanoes.
The Valantinus team anticipated that observations would reveal frost, but they needed to identify its type. Mars possesses a carbon dioxide atmosphere, which means carbon dioxide frost can naturally appear on the planet’s surface. To differentiate between carbon dioxide and water frost, researchers analyzed the surface temperatures on Mars.
They noted that the temperature at which carbon dioxide frost forms on Mars is around -130°C (-200°F), resulting in the conversion of solid carbon dioxide to gas as temperatures rise. Conversely, water frost appears at about -90°C (-140°F). Using a general circulation model, the team estimated that the average surface temperature in the areas where frost was discovered is roughly -110°C (-170°F), a temperature too warm for carbon dioxide frost but sufficiently cool for water frost.
Observations revealed frost deposits along the floors and edges of the volcanic calderas, while bright, warm areas inside the caldera lacked these deposits. The team also observed that some frost partially rested on dust-like particles on the ground, which cool down more at night and warm gradually in the morning, providing an ideal surface for frost. Additionally, frost was only evident during the early mornings on Mars, likely due to the daily warming cycle of the planet’s surface, similar to Earth.
The Valantinus team utilized imaging and chemical measurements on Mars to track the exchange of water between the planet’s surface and atmosphere. They recommend that future researchers continue to monitor Cassis images in these regions to deepen understanding of how morning frosts develop on Mars.
For alternative perspectives on this article, please see summary by Paige Lebman, a University of Delaware student.
The importance of online safety for children in the UK is reaching a pivotal moment. Starting this Friday, social media and other internet platforms must take action to safeguard children or face substantial fines for non-compliance.
This marks a critical evaluation of the online safety law, a revolutionary regulation that encompasses platforms like Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, YouTube, Google, and more. Here’s an overview of the new regulations.
What will happen on July 25th?
Companies subject to the law are required to implement safety measures that shield children from harmful content. Specifically, all pornography sites must establish stringent age verification protocols. According to Ofcom, the UK communications regulator, 8% of children aged 8 to 14 accessed online pornographic sites or apps within a month.
Furthermore, social media platforms and major search engines must block access for children to pornography and content that promotes or encourages suicide, self-harm, and eating disorders. This may involve completely removing certain feeds for younger users. Hundreds of businesses will be impacted by these regulations.
Platforms must also minimize the distribution of other potentially harmful content, such as promoting dangerous challenges, substance abuse, or instances of bullying.
What are the suggested safety measures?
Recommended measures include: Algorithms that suggest content to users must exclude harmful materials. All sites and applications must implement procedures to rapidly eliminate dangerous content. Additionally, children should have a straightforward method to report concerns. Compliance is flexible if businesses believe they have effective alternatives to meet their child safety responsibilities.
Services deemed “high risk”, like major social media platforms, must utilize “highly effective” age verification methods to identify users under 18. If a social media platform is found hosting harmful content without age checks, it is responsible for ensuring a “positive” user experience.
X states that if it cannot determine a user’s age as 18 or older, it defaults to sensitive content settings, thereby restricting adult material. They are also integrating age estimation technology and ID verification to ensure users are not underage. Meta, the parent company of Instagram and Facebook, claims to have a comprehensive approach to age verification that includes a teen account feature set by default for users under 18.
“We collaborate with the law firm Payne Hicks Beach,” noted Mark Jones, a partner at the firm. “[Online Safety Act] If not, we strive to clarify it for the company.”
The Molly Rose Foundation, set up by the family of British teenager Molly Russell, who tragically lost her life in 2017 due to harmful online content, is advocating for further changes, including the prohibition of perilous online challenges and requiring platforms to proactively mitigate depressive and body image-related content.
How will age verification be implemented?
Some age verification methods for pornographic providers supported by OFCOM include: assessing a person’s age through live photos and videos (face age estimation), verifying age via credit card, bank, or mobile network operator, matching photo ID, and utilizing a “digital identity wallet” that contains proof of age.
Ria Moody, a lawyer at Linklaters, commented, “Age verification measures must be highly accurate. OFCOM indicates these measures are ineffective unless they ensure the user is over 18, so platforms should not rely solely on them.”
What does this mean in practice?
Pornhub, the UK’s most frequented online porn site, has stated it will implement a “regulatory approved age verification method” by Friday, though specific methods have yet to be disclosed. Another adult site, OnlyFans, is already using facial age verification software, which estimates users’ ages without saving their facial images, relying instead on data from millions of other images. A company called Yoti provides this software and has also made it available on Instagram.
Last week, Reddit began verifying the age of forums and threads containing adult content. The platform utilizes technology from a company named Persona, which verifies age using uploaded selfies or government-issued ID photos. Reddit does not retain the photos, instead storing validation statuses to streamline the process for users.
How accurate is facial age verification?
The software allows websites or apps to set a “challenge” age (e.g., 20 or 25) to minimize the number of underage users accidentally accessing content. When Yoti set a challenge age of 20, less than 1% of 13-17-year-olds were mistakenly verified.
What other methods are available?
Another direct approach entails requiring users to present formal identification, like a passport or driver’s license. Importantly, the ID details need not be stored and can be used solely to verify access.
Will all pornographic sites conduct age checks?
They are expected to, but many smaller sites might try to circumvent the regulations, fearing it will deter demand for their services. Industry representatives suggest that those who disregard the rules may await Ofcom’s response to violations before determining their course of action.
How will child protection measures be enforced?
Ofcom has a broad spectrum of penalties it can impose under the law. Companies can face fines of up to £18 million or 10% of their global revenue for violations—potentially amounting to $16 billion for Meta. Additionally, sites or apps can receive formal warnings. For severe violations, Ofcom may seek a court order to restrict the availability of the site or app in the UK.
Moreover, senior managers at technology firms could face up to two years in prison if they are found criminally liable for repeated breaches of their obligations to protect children and for ignoring enforcement notices from Ofcom.
Virgin Australia is contemplating a revision of its rules regarding lithium batteries following a fire incident on a flight from Sydney, which was reportedly triggered by a power bank found in passenger carry-on luggage.
Australia’s Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) reports that the average traveler carries at least four rechargeable lithium battery devices, which may include smartphones, laptops, and portable power banks.
If you’re curious about the regulations and the reasons lithium-ion batteries are viewed as potential flight hazards, here’s a brief summary.
Can I bring a power bank on a plane?
Yes, but the rules vary, so you should check the airline’s restrictions before your flight.
Generally, according to CASA, laptops and cameras may be included in checked luggage as long as they are completely powered off.
However, spare batteries and power banks must be carried in carry-on baggage due to risks of short-circuiting, overheating, and fires during flight.
Lithium-ion batteries exceeding 160WH are not allowed under any circumstances unless they are used as medical aids.
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Smart bags containing power banks or lithium-ion batteries are allowed, provided the battery can be removed and carried in the cabin before checking in.
Virgin Australia states that spare or loose batteries, including power banks, must solely be part of carry-on baggage and need to be kept in their original retail packaging; individual batteries should be placed in separate plastic bags, protective pouches, or have their terminals covered with tape.
Qantas advises that passengers with Apple AirPod cases and power banks containing spare or loose batteries should only store them in carry-on baggage.
The airline does not advise using or charging power banks on board for safety reasons.
Can I take a power bank on an overseas flight?
Numerous international airlines, including Thai Airways, Korean Airlines, Eva Airlines, Cathay Pacific, China Airlines, and Singapore Airlines and its budget arm Scoot, have imposed bans regarding their use on board.
If you plan to fly with an international airline, it is essential to verify their specific rules prior to traveling.
Generally, travelers are expected to keep power banks in their carry-on luggage. However, whether or not you can use them in-flight depends on the particular airline.
Is the risk of lithium battery fires significant on airplanes?
Not necessarily. Professor Neeraj Sharma, a battery specialist at the University of New South Wales, states that lithium-ion batteries contain 20 different components, some of which are liquid, making them more volatile than solid elements like electrodes and casings.
Applying pressure to a lithium-ion battery can spark “thermal runaway” (an uncontrollable temperature increase); however, battery explosions are exceedingly rare.
Sharma notes that airlines still recommend carrying batteries in baggage to minimize the risk.
He also mentions that power banks and other lithium-ion battery devices, which are less regulated than mobile phones and laptops (like electric scooters and steam devices), could pose more risks and may be made from inferior quality batteries.
Professor Amanda Ellis, head of the Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering at the University of Melbourne, agrees that lithium battery fires are not particularly likely to happen on flights.
She explains that the pressure within an airplane cabin is supported by “multiple layers of casings,” preventing batteries from reaching a critical failure. However, enclosed environments can make fires particularly hazardous, especially since it’s not possible to escape the situation while in flight.
“Fires release highly toxic gases, especially in limited spaces that are far from ideal,” she remarks.
Ellis adds that lithium-ion battery fires can be challenging to extinguish, as lithium can ignite and ignite surrounding materials—high-energy substances that can sustain burning for extended periods.
“Using water to douse a lithium fire is not advisable, which could be the first instinct of someone on a plane,” she notes.
What causes lithium-ion batteries to ignite?
Lithium-ion batteries comprise ions suspended within an electrolyte solution. During charging and discharging, these ions travel back and forth across the two electrodes.
Ellis states that a common cause of battery fires is overcharging, which can lead to overheating. If a battery becomes excessively charged, it can crack, causing the highly flammable electrolyte to ignite when it contacts air.
More sophisticated lithium-battery-powered devices, like smartphones, typically include a built-in “trickle system” that prevents overcharging by incrementally adding current to the battery.
However, Ellis explains that cheaper power banks often lack this safety feature.
“Avoid charging a power bank overnight,” she advises. “Only charge it for as long as necessary. Monitor the power bank until the indicator light switches from red to green.”
Overall, Ellis reassures that if lithium batteries are used correctly and under suitable conditions, they are generally safe, and passengers need not be overly concerned while flying.
Many of us enjoy finding new ways to categorize individuals in our lives, and recently, there’s been a noticeable surge in discussions surrounding “dark empathy.” “They appear sensitive and caring, but their true intent is manipulation.” Guardian I previously shared how TikTok influencers often label it as “the most dangerous personality type.”
This month, I’ve received requests from readers seeking clarification on the science behind these trendy terms. What defines dark empathy? And how can one identify such individuals?
This notion emerged from research investigating the so-called dark triad of personality traits: psychopathy (cold, antisocial behavior), narcissism (excessive self-focus), and Machiavellianism (manipulative tendencies). Historically, the Dark Triad was associated with a lack of empathy for others.
However, this perspective shifted with a groundbreaking 2021 study by Najah Heim, a researcher at Nottingham Trent University in England. Analyzing nearly 1,000 participants, the study confirmed that many individuals with dark triad traits lacked the capacity for empathy. However, a significant subset of around 175 participants exhibited high levels of psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism while also scoring well on standard empathy measures. They noted, for instance, that they were sensitive to others’ discomfort and claimed that people’s emotions significantly affected their own moods.
Heim and her colleagues coined the term “dark empathy” to describe this group. Further studies indicated that these individuals were generally less aggressive and more extroverted than their less empathetic counterparts, yet they displayed more hostility than the average individual. The researchers concluded that, behind a seemingly genial facade, there lies a “partially hostile core.”
This discovery prompts several questions. Psychologist Distinguish distinguishes between cognitive empathy (the visceral response to witnessing others’ emotions) and emotional empathy (the ability to understand others’ perspectives). It’s still unclear if dark empathy signifies a distinct phenomenon. Researchers also remain uncertain about how the behavior of these individuals varies depending on the context.
I am eager to find answers to these inquiries, but the current literature offers little on how to effectively interact with these individuals. For now, I will remain vigilant for classical red flags of toxic behavior, such as attempts to wield emotional manipulation through flattery or threats, and work to establish clear boundaries. While terms like “Dark Empath” may sound intriguing, their behaviors can be as distressing as those exhibited by traditional bullies in your life.
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Sweltering and humid conditions have impacted nearly the entire eastern U.S. this week, triggered by “heat domes” settling over various regions.
On Wednesday, a heat advisory impacted approximately 150 million individuals, with temperatures exceeding 95 degrees Fahrenheit spreading through the Ohio Valley and along the East Coast. The National Weather Service predicts that “extremely dangerous heat” will persist until Thursday.
But what exactly is a heat dome, and how does it contribute to extreme heat?
Heat domes form when a strong high-pressure system remains stationary over an area, trapping warm air underneath like a lid on a pot.
These thermal domes are typically influenced by the jet stream’s behavior. The jet stream is a fast-moving ribbon of air that flows from west to east in the Northern Hemisphere, impacting weather patterns.
The jet stream is powered by the temperature disparity between the chilly polar regions and warm southern air masses. As it travels around the globe, it can create ripples that form troughs and ridges, leading to unusual weather phenomena.
For instance, certain ripples can intensify cold snaps, while others can move and amplify heat, resulting in higher humidity levels.
Heat domes can persist for days or even weeks, contributing to prolonged heat waves that can be deadly. Heat-related illnesses and fatalities can impact individuals of all ages, but children, those with pre-existing health conditions, and older adults are especially vulnerable to sudden temperature spikes.
Research indicates that climate change is increasing the frequency, intensity, and duration of heat waves globally. The hottest years on record since 1850 have all occurred within the last decade, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Some respite is anticipated later this week across the Midwest and East Coast, although temperatures are expected to remain high in the days ahead.
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The peak of sunshine has officially arrived in the Northern Hemisphere with the Summer Solstice.
This Friday marks the longest day north of the equator, ushering in the joy of astronomical summer. In contrast, the Southern Hemisphere experiences its shortest day and the onset of winter.
The term “bliss” derives from the Latin “sol,” meaning sun, and “stitium,” which translates to “stop.” This term encapsulates the sun’s annual journey, tracing its longest and most radiant arc in the sky. Unfortunately for sun enthusiasts, the days will gradually shorten until late December as the sun begins its retreat.
The solstice has been celebrated for centuries, with various traditions and monuments, such as Stonehenge, built to align with the solar path during this event. But what exactly occurs in the heavens? Here’s what you need to understand about Earth’s orbit.
Bliss signifies the extremes of day and night
As the Earth orbits the Sun, it tilts at an angle, causing uneven distribution of sunlight and warmth between the northern and southern hemispheres throughout the year.
The solstice represents a time when this tilt is most pronounced, leading to the greatest disparity between day and night.
During the Northern Hemisphere’s summer solstice, the upper half tilts toward the sun, resulting in the longest day and the shortest nights of the year, occurring between June 20th and 22nd.
In contrast, during the winter solstice, which transpires between December 20th and 23rd, the Northern Hemisphere turns away from the sun.
The equinox: a balance of day and night
The equinox occurs when the Earth’s axis and orbit align, granting both hemispheres an equal amount of sunlight.
The word equinox is derived from Latin, meaning equal and night, as it denotes the time when day and night are nearly identical in duration.
Spring in the Northern Hemisphere, or Vernal Equinox, can occur between March 19th and 21st, while the Autumnal Equinox can fall between September 21st and 24th.
At the equator, the sun is directly overhead at noon during the equinox, which is the only time when both the Arctic and Antarctic receive sunlight simultaneously.
Differentiating between weather and astronomical seasons
These represent two distinct interpretations of the year.
Astronomical seasons are based on Earth’s orbit around the Sun, while weather seasons are categorized by prevailing weather conditions. The latter divides the year into three-month periods based on temperature cycles, leading to spring starting on March 1st, summer on June 1st, followed by autumn on September 1st and winter on December 1st.
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Taking refuge in the shade is a simple way to steer clear of harmful UV rays from the sun.
Paul Biggins/Alamy
Since ancient Egyptian times, individuals have sought ways to shield their skin from the sun, as over a century ago, we recognized the link between ultraviolet (UV) light and skin injuries, including burns and cancers. Yet, there remains some uncertainty regarding the most effective methods to evade sunburn, how to remedy it, and whether each occurrence escalates the chances of developing cancer. It’s beneficial to grasp the cellular dynamics of tanning.
“Sunburn is an inflammatory response,” explains Leslie Rhodes from the University of Manchester, UK. UV rays inflict damage to proteins, fats, and DNA in skin cells located in the epidermis, triggering a cascade of inflammatory reactions resulting in redness, swelling, pain, and peeling.
Though UVB radiation is chiefly responsible for this damage, UVA rays, which have longer wavelengths, penetrate the skin more deeply. “Typically, UVB is approximately 1,000 times more effective than UVA for sunburning,” states Antony Young from King’s College London.
In reaction to UV injury, skin cells emit inflammatory molecules that enlarge blood vessels in the dermis, the layer of skin beneath the epidermis. Within hours, this increased blood circulation facilitates the influx of immune cells from the bloodstream into the skin, heightening inflammation.
For individuals with lighter skin tones, this augmented blood flow may cause sun-damaged skin to appear pink or red, while those with darker skin might notice skin changes in various shades including red, gray, brown, and black. The enhanced blood supply also results in greater fluid leakage from blood vessels to the skin, leading to swelling. Both swelling and inflammatory molecules activate the nerves, rendering the tanned skin hot and painful.
In extreme cases, blisters may form if patches of epidermal cells become severely damaged and begin self-destructing. As these dead patches detach from the underlying layer, the resulting spaces fill with liquid, creating a foamy structure within the skin.
How does tanned skin heal?
According to Rhodes, “A mild tan will diminish more rapidly than a severe burn if the effects persist beyond 72 hours.”
Healing initiates when skin immune cells start generating anti-inflammatory molecules a few days post UV exposure. “It’s a self-resolving inflammation,” Rhodes notes. “The various molecules and cells transition over time from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory states.” Consequently, blood vessels cease to dilate, and the redness, swelling, and pain gradually subside.
Stem cells situated at the base of the epidermis accelerate healing by producing new skin cells at an increased rate. These cells replace the damaged ones, often shedding or peeling off in large sheets to facilitate growth. “You always shed skin, but UV damage accelerates the conversion of those cells,” says Young.
Regrettably, there is insufficient evidence to suggest that applying after-sun or aloe vera gels can hasten healing of tanned skin, according to Rhodes. Most of these lotions aim to alleviate pain by providing a cooling sensation. Cold showers, cool compresses, and over-the-counter pain relievers like paracetamol (acetaminophen) and ibuprofen may also be beneficial.
What are the long-term effects?
The sunburn subsides as inflammation lessens and damaged surface cells slough off. However, DNA damage to deeper stem cells in the epidermis may leave a lasting legacy.
“DNA damage occurs, and while cells attempt to repair it, their efforts are not flawless,” notes Young. This leads to genetic mutations that accumulate over time in genes governing cell growth and division, resulting in uncontrolled skin cell proliferation, heightening cancer risks.
Numerous studies indicate that experiencing five sunburns within a decade more than doubles the risk of melanoma, a type of skin cancer. However, these findings often rely on individuals’ recollections of their sunburn occurrences, which may not be precise, complicating the accurate assessment of how a single sunburn contributes to skin cancer risk.
What is the best method to prevent sunburn?
The skin pigment melanin encircles skin cell DNA, offering some level of protection from UV damage. Consequently, individuals with darker skin tones face a significantly lower risk of skin cancer compared to those with lighter complexions, though they are not immune to sunburn or DNA damage.
To assess the risk of burning on any given day, monitor the UV index, which measures ultraviolet radiation levels. Rachel Abbott from the University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, advises applying sunscreen if the index reaches 3 or higher. Typically, UV indexes seldom exceed 3 early in the morning, evening, or between October and March in the UK. Nonetheless, UV rays are more intense near the equator and may necessitate sunscreen application at any time. Fortunately, free apps provide local UV index information. “I use one daily,” Abbott shares.
Most individuals don’t apply sunscreen with the thickness utilized in testing—2 milligrams per square centimeter—making an SPF 50 sunscreen a wise default choice, according to Young.
Nevertheless, one of the most effective strategies to prevent sunburn is to avoid direct sunlight when it is highest in the sky. In the UK, this window is between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m., while in the US, it generally extends from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. During this time, sunlight takes a shorter route through the atmosphere, allowing more UVB radiation to reach the skin. When outdoors, donning a hat and long-sleeved clothing can further diminish the risk.
As we age, flexibility tends to decrease. Clinicians utilize tests like “Sit down and stand” to assess older adults’ ability to rise from a chair, helping to identify risks associated with falls and frailty.
There are numerous factors contributing to decreased mobility as we age. Tendons might cause the joints to tighten, impacting the cartilage between them. Additionally, ligaments typically weaken, and muscle tightness around the joints, along with reduced synovial fluid, can exacerbate the situation.
Our muscle mass doesn’t just stay the same; it diminishes with age, particularly the quadriceps in the front of the thighs, which are crucial for standing up from a chair.
The encouraging news is that these changes can be mitigated. Engaging in regular physical activity is believed to slow down the loss of flexibility while also enhancing bone density, heart health, and mental well-being.
Studies reveal that older adults who remain physically active can achieve a broader range of motion compared to their sedentary peers. The NHS guidelines recommend that older individuals engage in strength, balance, and flexibility exercises at least twice weekly, in addition to 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity weekly (or 75 minutes of vigorous activity if they’re already active).
If you do exercise regularly, don’t forget to incorporate stretching. Yoga can be beneficial if you’re able to practice it, but even simple stretches can enhance flexibility and be performed while watching TV or chatting on the phone! It’s advisable to consult someone trained to demonstrate proper stretching techniques.
Your diet also plays a crucial role. Consuming adequate proteins helps in muscle building, particularly with nutrients like calcium and vitamin D that support bone density.
While aging does lead to less flexibility and makes standing up more challenging, there are proactive steps you can take to counteract these effects!
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Questioner: Alexandra Wereck, Cambria
To submit your question, please email Questions@sciencefocus.com (remember to include your name and location)
The formation of a large overpass 20 million years ago connected continents, influenced climate, separated oceans, and changed the course of evolution. According to recent papers published in Nature reviews the Earth and the environment, researchers from various disciplines such as plate tectonics, evolutionary anthropology, and climate research provide a comprehensive summary of the closure of the Tethys Seaway.
About 30 million years ago, the Earth looked drastically different. Africa was isolated from other continents, and the vast Thetis Ocean extended from the Atlantic to the Indo-Pacific oceans through the present-day Mediterranean.
However, approximately 20 million years ago, the first land bridge formed between Africa and Asia, dividing the Tethys Sea into the Mediterranean and Arabian Seas.
This land bridge allowed mammals like ancestors, giraffes, and elephants to migrate from Africa to Asia and Europe, influencing the evolution of both land and sea creatures and plants.
Scientists explain how they believe this land bridge was created. Around 50-60 million years ago, rock slabs descended into the Earth’s mantle, forming “conveyor belts” for hot rocks to rise in underground plumes.
About 30 million years later, these hot rocks reached the surface when tectonic plates collided, leading to the uplift of land that connected Africa for the first time in 75 million years.
According to Eivind Straume, a leading author of the study, the formation of this land bridge had a significant impact on continental configurations and evolutionary paths of animals migrating between Africa and Asia.
Researchers suggest that the closure of the Tethys Seaway has affected global climate, causing desertification in the Sahara, intensifying monsoon seasons in Southeast Asia, and enhancing marine biodiversity.
Characters portrayed on-screen with autism, from Sheldon Cooper to Sherlock Holmes, have traditionally been characterized by their unique social skills.
While experts often focus on social skills when diagnosing individuals with autism, recent research suggests that other traits may be better indicators of the condition. These traits include repetitive behaviors, special interests, and differences in sensation.
Recent research has shown that special interests may play a more significant role in diagnosing autism.
Special interest may be more important to obtain an autism diagnosis – Credit: Mikset via Getty
“Our research has the potential to have a significant impact,” says Jack Stanley, a doctoral student in biochemistry and machine learning at McGill University in Montreal. BBC Science Focus.
From the perspective of the autism community, this study could lead to a reevaluation of longstanding clinical standards for diagnosing autism.
Diagnosing individuals with autism typically involves clinical observations where healthcare professionals assess potential autism traits. However, this process relies heavily on subjective judgment and intuition.
McGill researchers utilized a large-scale language model (LLM) to quantitatively understand how clinicians diagnose autism based on over 4,000 reports from clinicians assessing patients with the condition.
“Our goal was not to replace clinicians with LLM, but to better understand the key factors in diagnosing autism,” explains Stanley.
The study revealed that repetitive behaviors and special interests were more crucial in predicting autism diagnoses than social skills, which contrasts with current clinical guidelines.
As the study did not differentiate between genders, the findings may vary for individuals of different genders.
Researchers hope that this study will prompt healthcare professionals to reassess the most relevant factors in diagnosing autism.
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About our experts:
Jack Stanley is a doctoral student at the Mira AI Institute in Montreal, specializing in applying machine learning to biological and medical challenges. He completed an Honors BSC in Statistics and Biochemistry at the University of Toronto before joining McGill.
Signal, a popular messaging app, has recently come under scrutiny for reports that senior Trump administration officials used the platform to plan wars and inadvertently included journalists in messaging groups.
Launched in 2014 and boasting hundreds of millions of users, the app is favored by journalists, activists, privacy experts, and politicians.
The use of the app by government officials led to intelligence report violations occurring outside of the secure government channels typically used for classified, highly sensitive war plans. This incident raises concerns about the security of Signal and the reasons behind government officials using it. (In general, federal officials are not authorized to install Signal on government-issued devices.)
Here’s what you need to know.
What is Signal used for?
Signal is an encrypted messaging application used for secure communication. It encrypts messages end-to-end, ensuring that the content remains encrypted until it reaches the intended recipient. This method protects users from interception and ensures message confidentiality.
Users can set Signal messages to disappear after a set period of time. They can also enable a feature to auto-delete messages in individual chats.
Who owns Signal?
Signal is owned by an independent nonprofit organization in the U.S. called the Signal Foundation. It is funded through user contributions and grants.
Founded in 2018 with a $50 million donation from Brian Acton, co-founder of WhatsApp, the Signal Foundation was established after Acton left WhatsApp due to a dispute with Facebook. Acton teamed up with Moxie Marlinspike, the cryptographer behind Signal’s security system, to create the Signal Foundation, which is structured to prevent data selling incentives.
“There are numerous reasons why Signal is crucial,” wrote Marlinspike, who resigned from the foundation’s board in 2022. “One important reason is to avoid mistakenly adding the Vice President of the U.S. to group chats for coordinating sensitive military operations. This must not be overlooked.”
Is Signal secure?
Yes, Signal is widely regarded as the most secure messaging app due to its encryption technology and other privacy features.
The encryption technology used by Signal is open source, allowing external experts to review and identify any vulnerabilities. This technology is also utilized by services like WhatsApp.
When Signal was targeted by foreign hackers, its encryption technology proved effective. Although there were attempts to compromise user accounts, the encryption remained intact.
In case of a security breach, Signal minimizes user data retention to protect user privacy. Unlike other messaging platforms, Signal does not store user contacts or unnecessary information.
While Signal is secure, it may not be suitable for discussing sensitive military operations if a user’s device is compromised, potentially exposing message content. Government officials should use authorized communication systems to prevent inadvertent disclosures.
Signal representatives have not responded to requests for comment.
Are Signal text messages secure?
Generally, Signal text messages are secure, but users should exercise caution when adding new contacts, similar to other social platforms.
When creating group chats, users should verify that they are including the correct contacts to ensure message confidentiality.
This appeal will be reviewed by the investigative courts to determine if the national intelligence agency acted unlawfully.
What is the UK government requesting from Apple?
The Ministry of Home Affairs has issued a “Technical Capacity Notice” under the Investigation Powers Act, requiring businesses to assist law enforcement in providing evidence. The focus is on Apple’s Advanced Data Protection Service, which encrypts personal data stored on Apple’s cloud servers.
The UK government hopes that Apple will provide access to its services’ content through backdoors.
Why is Apple opposing this?
Apple values privacy as a core principle and has removed its Advanced Data Protection Tool from the UK. The tool offers end-to-end encryption, ensuring only the account owner can decrypt the data. Apple’s iMessage and FaceTime services maintain end-to-end encryption.
Apple faces opposition from human rights groups challenging the Technical Capacity Notice as a broad request that compromises billions of users’ personal data to potential threats.
Can Apple succeed in the challenge?
Legal lecturer Dr. Daniella Lock from King’s College London suggests Apple has a chance due to human rights considerations. The requirement for a backdoor to access encrypted data may be viewed as disproportionate, and questions arise about data security.
However, Lock acknowledges that the UK government’s secrecy surrounding the case could hinder Apple’s defense, as courts tend to support national security interests.
Does the US government support Apple?
The US government has expressed concerns about the UK’s demands on Apple, with President Trump likening it to Chinese surveillance practices.
“We told them you can’t do this,” Trump stated in an interview. “We actually said[Starmer]… can’t believe it. That’s what you know, you hear China.”
Would Apple’s defeat create a precedent?
Regardless of the outcome, future conflicts with tech companies are possible as the IPA requires companies to notify the government of changes affecting data access. Services like WhatsApp, committed to privacy, may also face similar requests.
This case represents a critical battleground between law enforcement and technology, balancing users’ privacy rights and overall security concerns.
If we could exchange bodies, we could see and feel the world just like everyone else. This idea was not only a favorite Hollywood plot, but was recalled by the 17th century philosopher and empiricist pioneer John Locke. He used it to explore one of the greatest philosophical challenges of the human condition. Are your subjective experiences the same as others?
For Locke, the appeal of the body exchange story is probably based on today’s endurable confidence. This means that it is impossible to objectively measure subjective experience. This yawning gap in science is a problem.
Let’s take a look at an example of pain that is notoriously difficult to measure objectively. Studies have shown that women have less pain relief than men, even with similar amounts of distress. Things are even worse for people in marginalized groups. Fortunately, Investigate now The neurologist methods can rewrite how we communicate the sensation of pain, and have a major impact on equalizing treatment. A new approach to answering the question of whether color perception is the same proves fruitful for everyone (see “Are we all considered the same color? We have an answer in the end”).
Trying to measure subjective energy levels can be called “woowoo.”
The perception of color is one thing, but what about more ambiguous concepts such as energy? When you try to measure someone’s subjective energy levels, you may feel it beyond the realm of research.
Still, as our cover story explains (see “New Understanding of Tiredness Uncovering How You Recover Your Energy”), looking fresh in mind-body connections, along with biological mechanisms for energy generation in our cells, reveals a new understanding of what may drive intangible sensations that appear to lack energy.
The coalescence of such science is worthy of a tentative celebration. At first, I work to work to understand what appears to be beyond objective measurements. It helps doctors to better understand and treat patients, and helps us all lead a better life. no Funny Friday– Style body swap is required.
Food -up, torch light, knife Sharp: Viewers in the UK are ready for different delicious finale Traitor Tonight, at a video game show, a TV game show is trying to drive away the ruthless (strictly non -realistic) murderers walking between them.
For psychologists -Experts and armrests- Traitor This is the gold mine of the unauthorized human behavior, which is disassembled and analyzed. And it's not just psychology. Game theory, human evolution, and criminal science are only a few of the scientific fields that provide clues to Makabeli's dynamics.
I found something that I really needed to win to investigate a betrayal (academically speaking …) Traitor。 Warning: If there is no latest information on the show, there is a spoiler first.
Please be careful about compatible bias
“Having a strong feature seems to be that others are influential and potentially intimidating,” says a forensic psychologist. Kuala LightHost A Podcast About Traitor With a colleague at the British Chester University. She selects contestants such as shadows (too intelligent), Ellen (too emotional), and Armani (too much confidence).
Their falls are likely to be linked Compatible biasThe characteristics of human beings that most of us comply with social norms. Individuals who do not fit may be hated or distrustful.
This is not a place of altruism
Emily EmotThe London University College's evolution anthropologist says that players should not be able to “do not actually exist in evolutionary literature.”
“Remember, it's not a cooperative game,” she says. “It's a deceptive game, a survival game. You need to be there to win, so it's a mistake to commit some players because they trust the nearby people. “
Emot says that we have evolved to go ahead of others. Therefore, altruistic behaviors found in the show are said to have selfish benefits behind them. And such obvious altruism is not a bad tactic, whether you are faithful or traitor.
“In the context of the game, cooperative is functioning as a signal for reliability. A good example may not be open to the shield. [which protects you from the next murder] During the show task. “
However, here is Makabeli's intelligence. Because everyone knows the rules of the game, excellent players do not take altruistic actions at face value. “In this game, you may have an impure motivation for you, so it’s not a honest signal,” says Emot.
So be careful of wonderful people. an Thousands of messages analysis Between players DiplomacyGames that share similarities TraitorExcessive polite players have discovered that they are more likely to betray others.
Be careful of bias in the group
“We know from social psychology that they have what they are called when they form a social group. Bias in the groupAnd this can really accelerate TraitorLight says. “”[Contestants] Display priority actions to those in the group with them. This is why everything did not work for Mina after recruiting Charlotte as a traitor.
Charlotte is recruited as a traitor by Mina
BBC /Studio Rambert
For Mina, who was always looking for a female traitor, her group was a so -called sister relationship she created. “She identified it as a sister relationship. She used this word well,” says Light. “The problem is that Charlotte had already had a faithful person and a strong group's identity, and when she was hired by her will, she did not have the loyalty to the new group. did.”
And what happened? Charlotte immediately crossed Mina, and Mina was voted the next night.
Light says that the same group's bias can lead to a flock thinking when the player is voting, which can lead to an unrogical trust in people in the game.
What is a good liar?
A nervous or inconsistent answer to the question is generally considered doubtful, even if someone tells the truth. That's because these actions are tied to a stereotype about what a liar is doing. The better gifts are always those who say the same thing. Emma BarrettPsychologist and criminal scholar at the University of Manchester University.
“One of the most notable things is the same story in the exact same way, and they don't really explain it in detail when they re -speak it,” she says. The story may sound plausible, but repeatedly adds details as you remember. “People sometimes make a mistake in consistency, but that's not a way to work with real memories.”
Think like a scientist
Hunting for the traitor -Introduction to the 3rd season of the traitor
BBC /Studio Rambert
Faithful people are not very good at it TraitorBut another tactic that they can use is to encourage suspicious traitor to speak more than they want. Barrett says.
“If you are faithful, the good strategy to detect a traitor is to subtly encourage them as they speak.” “For example, if you want to know if you are a police officer and someone gave you a false address, one of the questions you might ask is,” Oh, how do you get there? What is your nearest station?
If you are suspicious, try a game theory?
The majority of information is always lost to the minority based on sufficient information. Based on this, it was created by Russian psychologist Dimitry Davidoff mafia -Which parlor game Traitor Based on the 1980s. since then, mafia It is used as the basis of many game theory experiments and models.
The good news is that Davidoff is not correct at all. He believed that the probability of a faithful person to keep the bad guys away is better than a coincidence. But many the study The model discovered that the possibility of victory was almost equal, and was leaned in support of people who were faithful to live games for the weight of the lie that the traitor had to talk about.
In other words, forget cold mathematics. If you really want to win TraitorYou must be just injustice than anyone else.
Measuring body fat more carefully may help treat obesity
Half Point/Getty Images
Rethinking how obesity is defined could help millions of people around the world, claims a team of researchers who want to introduce a new category of “preclinical” obesity.
The current definition of obesity as set by the World Health Organization (WHO) is having excess body fat that poses a risk to health. The WHO recommends that health professionals assess whether people are obese by calculating their body mass index (BMI), a measure of weight in relation to height. A BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 is considered healthy, while anything below or above that indicates being under or overweight. A BMI of more than 30 indicates obesity.
It’s true that having a lot of body fat can cause fat to infiltrate organs such as the liver and pancreas. impair function. It can also worsen inflammation and increase the risk of diseases such as cancer, liver disease, and heart disease.
However, BMI does not reflect a person’s body fat level very well. “BMI does not tell you whether that ‘excess’ weight is due to excess body fat or increased muscle and bone mass,” he says. Francesco Rubino He led research on obesity at King’s College, London.
Body fat levels, even when properly assessed by waist measurements or, in rare cases, X-ray scans, do not completely determine a person’s health status. “No two people react the same way to excess body fat. This is influenced by a person’s race/ethnicity, age, and the food they eat, with genetics playing a huge role.” says. stephen heimsfield at Louisiana State University.
That’s why Rubino and his colleagues want to introduce more nuance to the definition of obesity, separating cases into preclinical and clinical cases. Although both forms are characterized by excess body fat, only the clinical form is associated with symptoms caused by excess fat, such as difficulty breathing, heart problems, and difficulty with daily activities. Preclinical obesity, on the other hand, increases the risk of eventually developing such obesity-related symptoms, Rubino says.
This is similar to prediabetes, where blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as full-blown type 2 diabetes, Rubino said.
Under the proposed changes, medical staff would use waist width and X-rays in addition to BMI calculations to directly measure people’s body fat levels, but people with a BMI over 40 would always be overweight. It will be considered fatty. Blood tests are then used to assess organ health and people are asked if they have symptoms. Blood tests are routinely done by many clinicians anyway, but directly measuring body fat would add some workload, Heimsfield says.
If the new definition is widely adopted by clinicians, it could mean people will receive more personalized advice and treatment, Rubino said. In general, people with pre-clinical obesity may only need to monitor their health and make lifestyle changes, while those with clinical obesity are more likely to need treatment with drugs or surgery, Rubino said. say.
“This allows us to better triage people and get them the right care,” he says. Adrian Brown At University College London.
Laura Gray Researchers at the University of Sheffield in the UK also welcomed the proposed changes. “It’s very necessary. These guidelines put what current research says into clinical practice,” she says. “Not all people who are obese according to their BMI are unhealthy, and not all people with a low BMI are healthy.”
This updated definition has already been endorsed by 76 health organizations around the world and may also help reduce the stigma surrounding the condition. “The hope is that by defining obesity in a more nuanced way, we will be able to show that it is a disease in itself. It is not just the result of behavior, but there are many risk factors, including environmental, psychological, and genetic. ” says Gray.
The raging wildfires in the Los Angeles area are still causing havoc, with firefighters facing strong winds in their efforts to control the blazes.
But what exactly does it mean to “contain” a wildfire?
Simply extinguishing the fire does not mean it is completely out. Containment refers to the establishment of a perimeter around an active fire to prevent it from spreading and consuming more land.
Firefighters work to suppress wildfires by creating natural barriers like roads, highways, rivers, and waterways to surround the flames and prevent them from spreading. They also construct containment lines by digging trenches and clearing vegetation around the fire.
The level of containment is expressed as a percentage, reflecting how well the fire has been contained, according to the Western Fire Chiefs Association.
Watch the live broadcast here
The largest fire in the Los Angeles area, the Palisades Fire, has burned over 23,000 acres and is 14% contained as of Monday. The Eaton Fire in Altadena and Pasadena is 33% contained, while the Hearst Fire in Sylmar is 95% contained, according to Cal Fire.
Containment is a crucial measure of progress in firefighting efforts, but it can change as the fire develops and environmental conditions fluctuate.
In Southern California, strong Santa Ana winds are expected to pose a significant fire risk in Los Angeles and Ventura counties over the next few days. Dry, windy conditions can fuel existing fires and accelerate new ones.
Even after a fire is extinguished, it may continue to burn for some time. The primary goal is to prevent the fire from crossing the containment line.
The breeding season for emperor penguins is fraught with danger.
Stefan Christmann/naturepl.com
A rover silently explores a forbidding icy landscape. Suddenly it buzzed to life and spotted an emperor penguin. A 90-centimeter-long robot with a scanning antenna saunters toward the bird, searching for signals from the RFID chip under the penguin's skin to finally understand this enigmatic species. Record important information that may be useful.
Emperor penguins are quickly becoming the stars of countless nature documentaries. 2005 movie march of penguins. This media exposure may give the impression that we have a solid understanding of their ecology. it's not. Almost all of that footage was collected from just two breeding colonies on opposite sides of Antarctica, which make up perhaps 10 percent of the emperor penguin population. For decades, the hundreds of thousands of emperors who lived elsewhere along the continent's coasts were virtually unstudied.
That situation is now changing. Over the past 15 years, researchers have learned more about these birds using new technology, including satellites that can spot colonies from space and AI-powered robots that scan them on the ground. . “I hope we're starting to enter a golden age of research,” he says. Daniel Zitterbart At Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts.
The research has already revealed subtle differences in the genetics and behavior of penguins at different points along the Antarctic coast, showing that penguins are surprisingly adaptable to changing conditions. But these discoveries were made amid rapid warming in the region, leading the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to declare him “Emperor.” Endangered species in 2022.…
Obese people often lose weight but gain it back, but this may be partly due to permanent changes in the DNA within fat cells, a discovery that could one day lead to new treatments. may lead to.
Approximately 85% of overweight or obese people lose at least one-tenth of their body weight get it back within a year.
Part of the reason is that low-calorie diets are difficult to maintain over long periods of time, but that likely plays a relatively small role, he said. Laura Katarina Hinte at the Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland. “There's no way we all don't have enough willpower to keep off the weight we lose.”
To learn more about this process, Hinte and his colleagues sampled adipose tissue from 20 obese patients, who were about to undergo bariatric surgery (a procedure that shrinks the stomach to help you feel full more quickly) and who had at least lost weight. It was analyzed two years later. 1/4 of the original weight. They also examined adipose tissue in 18 people with healthy weight.
Researchers have sequenced a type of genetic molecule called RNA that codes for proteins in fat cells. They found that obese people had increased or decreased levels of more than 100 RNA molecules compared to healthy weight people, and these differences persisted two years after weight loss.
To examine whether these RNA changes could cause rebound weight gain, the researchers first determined that similar changes persisted even after obese mice lost weight. These mice, as well as mice of healthy weight, were then fed a high-fat diet for one month. The previously obese mice gained an average of 14 grams, while the other mice gained only 5 grams.
The researchers also found that fat cells from previously obese mice took up more fat and sugar than fat cells from other mice when cultured in a laboratory dish. Taken together, these results show how obesity-related RNA changes can increase future weight gain, von Mayen said.
Finally, the research team found that molecular tags, or epigenetic marks, on the DNA within fat cells appear to drive RNA changes associated with obesity. They change RNA levels by changing the structure of the DNA that encodes it.
Although the study did not look for these molecular tags in the people studied or see if they regained the weight they lost, the findings likely apply from mice to humans. states. henriette kirchner At the University of Lübeck, Germany.
This is based on similarities between the physiology of these species and how the environment can change the way their genes work, known as epigenetics, she says. In the coming decades, Kirchner says drugs that target epigenetics could help treat obesity.
A severe fire in a garage and home in south of Sydney may have been caused by a faulty lithium-ion battery in an electric scooter. Fire investigators discovered that this incident was part of a series involving lithium-ion batteries.
Another fire broke out at New Farm apartments in Brisbane city centre in early November, believed by authorities to be ignited by an electric scooter’s battery. In March, New South Wales experienced four battery-related fires in one day.
The New South Wales Fire and Rescue Service has identified lithium-ion batteries as the state’s fastest-growing fire hazard, responding to 272 battery-related fires last year. Fire authorities in Victoria and Queensland are responding to lithium-ion battery fires almost every day.
Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in various devices due to their fast charging, power density, and long battery life. Australia’s largest lithium-ion battery, the Victorian Big Battery, can power over one million homes for 30 minutes.
What are lithium-ion batteries used for?
Different types of lithium-ion batteries are used in various devices, and when operated correctly, they are considered safe.
Lithium-ion batteries power cell phones, computers, electric scooters, electric bicycles, and electric cars, providing quick energy delivery and long battery life.
Lithium-ion batteries can catch fire due to overheating and physical damage, reaching high temperatures and producing toxic gases.
Why do lithium-ion batteries catch fire?
Lithium-ion batteries contain lithium ions in an electrolyte, and charging them too quickly can cause thermal runaway, leading to a rise in temperature and potential explosion.
Battery quality matters, as physical damage, defects, and overcharging can contribute to battery fires. It is essential to use approved chargers and follow manufacturer guidelines.
To prevent battery fires, avoid overcharging, charge batteries on hard surfaces, and recycle old batteries properly to reduce the risk of fire incidents.
Whether you're roasting a chicken in the oven, browning onions in a skillet, or choosing a spread for your toast, oil is at the heart of our culinary endeavors.
The choices are dizzying. Around 30 different oils are currently used in cooking, from sunflower to flaxseed, avocado to coconut. Deciding which one to use can have a big impact on your health, including your cholesterol, blood pressure, and risk of cardiovascular disease.
If the headlines are to be believed, palm oil is obsolete, sunflower oil is in limbo, and there seems to be no end to the benefits extra virgin olive oil can bring to our plates. But are these claims backed by solid science, and how do the health impacts of these products compare to their environmental costs?
Saturated or unsaturated?
First, let's talk about chemistry. Edible oil contains fat, which is made up of long chains of carbon atoms. Saturated fats found in red meat and dairy products are so named because each carbon atom is connected to the next carbon atom by a single bond. The remaining electrons of each carbon atom are available to form bonds with hydrogen atoms, and the molecule becomes completely “saturated” with this element. This structure makes these fats very hard and stable, which is why butter and lard are solid at room temperature.
Unsaturated fats, which are commonly found in plants and fatty fish, have at least one double bond between adjacent carbon atoms, which reduces the number of bonds.
Daylight Saving Time in the United States will soon end, with clocks turning back an hour. As we bid farewell to long summer nights, we welcome cozy winter evenings and the upcoming holiday season.
When will the clocks change in November 2024?
In the United States, the time change will occur at 2 a.m. on Sunday, November 3, 2024, marking the transition from daylight saving time (DST) to standard time.
Here’s how the time change will affect some major cities:
Los Angeles: Transition from Pacific Daylight Time to Pacific Standard Time. Sunrise will be delayed by an hour to 6:15 a.m. and sunset will shift to 4:57 p.m.
Chicago: Transition from Central Daylight Time to Central Standard Time. Sunset will move back to 4:41 p.m. and sunrise will be at 6:26 a.m.
New York and Washington DC: Transition from Eastern Daylight Saving Time to Eastern Standard Time. Sunrise will change to 6:29 a.m. and sunset to 4:49 p.m.
America follows six major time zones, which increase to nine when including regional variations. This is a significant improvement from the 144 local time zones that existed before time zones were consolidated in 1883.
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What is the history of daylight saving time?
The concept of daylight saving time was first proposed by New Zealand scientist George Hudson in 1895, with the aim of utilizing extra daylight for activities. The idea was later championed by British builder William Willett, who saw it as a way to maximize daylight hours. Daylight saving time was eventually adopted in various countries, including the United States during World War I.
The U.S. had a tumultuous relationship with daylight saving time, trialing and abandoning it multiple times before standardizing it in 1966.
Why do people want to abolish daylight saving time?
Critics of daylight saving time cite negative effects on health, economy, and pet behavior as reasons to abolish it. The time change can disrupt sleep patterns, decrease productivity, and confuse pets. Some states, like most of Arizona and Hawaii, have chosen not to observe daylight saving time due to various reasons.
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