Webb discovers unseen elements of Messier 106

Posted on August 13, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

NASA has released a stunning new image of the active center of nearby spiral galaxy Messier 106, taken with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope.

This Webb image shows Messier 106, a spiral galaxy 20 million light-years away in the constellation Canes Venatici. Image courtesy of NASA / ESA / CSA / Webb / J. Glenn.

Located more than 20 million light years from Earth in the small northern constellation Canes Venatici, Messier 106 is one of the brightest spiral galaxies and closest to our Milky Way Galaxy.

Also known as M106 or NGC 4258, the galaxy was discovered in 1781 by Charles Messier's observational assistant, Pierre Méchain.

“Despite its name, Messier 106 was neither discovered nor catalogued by the famous 18th century astronomer Charles Messier,” astronomers Webb said in a statement.

“This galaxy was discovered by his assistant Pierre Méchain, but was not catalogued during his lifetime.”

“Messier 106, along with six other objects they discovered but did not record, Messier Catalogue In the 20th century.”

Messier 106 is similar in size and brightness to our galactic neighbor, the Andromeda Galaxy.

Messier 106 measures more than 130,000 light-years from end to end, but because of its great distance from the Milky Way galaxy, it appears very small from Earth's perspective.

At the center of Messier 106 lies an extremely active supermassive black hole with a mass about 40 million times that of the Sun.

Unlike the black hole at the center of our Milky Way galaxy, which only occasionally sucks in gas particles, Messier 106's black hole is actively consuming material.

“As the gas spirals toward Messier 106's black hole, it heats up and emits powerful radiation,” the astronomers said.

New images of Messier 106 Webb's near infrared camera (NIRCam).

“The observations were made as part of a dedicated program to study active galactic nuclei – luminous central regions of galaxies dominated by light emitted by dust and gas falling into a black hole,” the researchers said.

“The blue areas in this image reflect the distribution of stars throughout the central region of the galaxy.”

“Orange areas indicate warmer dust, while more intense reds represent cooler dust.”

“The blue-green, green and yellow tones near the center of the image represent the various gas distributions across the region.”

Messier 106 also has a notable feature: it has two “unusual” extra arms that are visible in radio and x-ray wavelengths, rather than visible light.

“Unlike normal arms, these are made up of hot gas rather than stars,” the scientists said.

“Astronomers think these extra arms are the result of black hole activity, a feedback effect that has been seen in other galaxies.”

“These could be caused by outflows of material produced by the violent churning of gas around the black hole, creating a phenomenon similar to waves rushing out of the ocean when they hit rocks near the shore.”

Source: www.sci.news

Scientists claim that New building biomaterial can absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Posted on August 13, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

The new biomaterial, called C-ELM, incorporates live cyanobacteria in translucent panels that can be attached to the interior walls of buildings. The microbes embedded in these panels grow through photosynthesis, absorbing carbon dioxide from the air and attaching it to calcium through a biomineralization process to produce calcium carbonate, which traps carbon.

C-ELM is Camptonema Animal Cyanobacteria extracting carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Image courtesy of Prantar Tamuli.

One kilogram of C-ELM (cyanobacterial engineered biomaterial) can capture and sequester up to 350 grams of carbon dioxide, while the same amount of traditional concrete releases as much as 500 grams of carbon dioxide.

A 150-square-metre wall covered with these C-ELM panels will trap around one tonne of carbon dioxide.

“By developing C-ELM materials, my goal is to transform the construction of future human settlements from one of the largest carbon emitting activities into one of the largest carbon sequestration activities,” said Planter Tamri, a graduate student at University College London.

“I was inspired to develop this material through my study of stromatolites – natural stone structures that formed over millions of years from sediments trapped by algal mats, the oldest living organisms on Earth.”

Tamri et al. Camptonema AnimalA type of photosynthetic cyanobacteria, it grows in long filamentous structures that help attach the microbes to the surrounding material within the panel.

The calcium carbonate produced by the cyanobacteria helps strengthen the panels.

The panels themselves are designed to provide a variety of aesthetic and structural benefits to buildings.

It is lightweight, sound absorbing, translucent enough to let light through, and has insulating properties, making buildings more energy efficient.

The first such panel was unveiled at an exhibition in the “Bioscope” pavilion at St. Andrews Botanic Garden in Scotland.

Designed by design collective Studio Biocene, the exhibit showcased low-carbon, low-impact building methods that mimic the natural environment.

“The potential of this type of biomaterial is enormous,” said Professor Marcos Cruz, from University College London.

“If mass-produced and widely adopted, it has the potential to dramatically reduce the construction industry's carbon footprint.”

“We hope to scale up the production of this C-ELM and further optimize its performance to make it suitable for use on construction sites.”

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This article is a version of a press release provided by University College London.

Source: www.sci.news

New Species of Petrel Discovered by Ornithologists

Posted on August 13, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

An international team of ornithologists has described a mysterious new species of bird genus. Marine Life From Chile.

Andean Storm Petrel (Oceanites BarocciImages/Photos Courtesy of: Norambuena others., doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.1.

Marine Life a small genus of seabird OceanidaeThis includes all of the small petrels in the Southern Hemisphere.

“The family Oceanidae consists of petrels with a phylogeographic origin in the Southern Hemisphere, and the genus contains 10 species. Marine Life, Garodia, Pelagodroma, Freguettaand Nesofregetta,” paleontologist Gerardo Norambuena of the University of Santo Tomas and his colleagues said.

“The marine distribution of this family includes tropical, temperate, sub-Antarctic and Antarctic oceans of the Southern Hemisphere, as well as temperate waters of the North Atlantic.”

“The family was once considered a subfamily of the Hydrobatidae, although scientists had long ago suggested, based on osteological and myological analyses, that Oceanidae species should not be grouped with other petrels.”

“Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have confirmed that the family Oceanitiidae is not the sister lineage of the family Hydrobatidae. However, the systematics of Oceanitiidae, especially within the genus, remain unclear. Marine Life.”

“Currently, this genus Marine Life It consists of three species: Oceanitas oceanica, Oceanitis gracilisand Oceanites pinkoyaeHowever, the taxonomic status of subspecies (and some species) remains under debate.”

In a new study, the researchers Oceanitas oceanica The species complex is formed under the hypothesis that it corresponds to multiple species.

They analyzed new mitochondrial sequence data and morphological measurements of all species and subspecies. Marine LifeThis includes a mysterious new species discovered in the Chilean Andes.

“When I think about that Oceanites “Because birds have such conservative plumage variation and cryptic colours, breeding distributions may be the best way to understand the distribution of each taxon,” the researchers said.

“The new species, Oceanites BarocciIn central Chile, Oceanitis gracilis To the North Oceanites pinkoyae To the south, far from its known breeding range, Oceanitis chilensis.”

“Oceanitis gracilis They breed mainly in the Atacama Desert, Oceanites Barocci Based on multiple lines of evidence, it apparently breeds in the Andes in central Chile.”

The team's analysis also Marine Life Occurred from the Antarctic Ocean to the southeastern Pacific Ocean Oceanitis gracilis, Oceanites pinkoyaeand Oceanites Barocci Approximately 15 to 18 million years ago.

“The colonization of Antarctica occurred about 17 million years ago. Oceanites exasperatus on that continent,” the authors state.

“Colonization of the Atlantic (Oceanitas oceanica) is thought to have originated in the southeast Pacific Ocean 15 million years ago.

“However, these patterns can be better understood through genomic or multilocus approaches, which should allow for more precise assessment of divergence times between groups.”

of Survey results Published in the journal on July 29, 2024 Animal taxa.

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Gerardo V. Norambuena others2024. Resolving conflicting lineages Marine Life (Oceanitisidae: Pelecaniformes) and description of a new species. Animal taxa 5486(4):451-475;doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.1

Source: www.sci.news

Next week, the JUICE spacecraft might be visible during a close flyby of Earth.

Posted on August 13, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

JUICE spacecraft may be visible from Southeast Asia during unprecedented operation

European Space Agency

The Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) will land on Earth in what the European Space Agency (ESA) calls a “double world first.” It is scheduled to fly past Earth and the Moon on August 19 and 20, the first of several complex maneuvers along a looping path to Jupiter. You may be able to see the spacecraft in the sky as it speeds past.

JUICE was launched on April 14, 2023, and has been orbiting the Sun almost parallel to Earth ever since. But on August 19, its journey will start to get interesting: it will pass within 700 km of the Moon's surface, slowing down slightly using a method called gravity assist. The next day, it will drop to less than 7,000 km above Earth's surface, curving its orbit even further. That's when eagle-eyed astronomy fans in Southeast Asia may get a glimpse of the spacecraft.

All of this is necessary because if JUICE were to fly in a straight line to Jupiter, it would need more than 60,000 kilograms of fuel to get there, and even more to slow down and enter orbit once there. With the entire spacecraft's mass unfueled at 2,420 kilograms, this just isn't feasible. Instead, upcoming Earth-Moon flybys will send the spacecraft to Venus, where it will begin to accelerate, then fly past Earth twice to get it just fast enough to reach Jupiter in 2031.

The first maneuver may be the most complex of the entire mission, as JUICE must pass precise points relative to both the Earth and the Moon to en route to Venus. “It's like going through a very narrow corridor very fast, with the accelerator at full speed with only millimeters of clearance on the side of the road,” said ESA's Ignacio Tanco in statementA dual Earth-Moon flyby has never been attempted before, nor has a dual gravity assist been performed.

If all goes well, JUICE will not only head to Venus and then Jupiter, but it will also perform the first major tests of its scientific instruments. For some of the probes, this will be their only chance to observe the planet's surface and iron out any kinks before they reach orbit around Jupiter and begin their mission to search for hints of possible life on the planet's giant moons.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Stingrays Rescued from Extinction through Successful Captive Hatching

Posted on August 13, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Newly hatched stingray

Jason Semmens/University of Tasmania

One of the world's most endangered marine fish has been saved from extinction thanks to researchers who caught specimens in the wild and helped breed them in captivity.

Stingray (Zearajah Mageana) is found only in Port Macquarie, on the extremely isolated and rugged southwest coast of the Australian island of Tasmania, a region that is naturally low in oxygen, making it difficult for fish to thrive, but this is exacerbated by human impacts, particularly the alteration of river flows by salmon farming and hydroelectric dams.

Jason Semmens A researcher from the University of Tasmania said that while no one knows the exact population of these rays, there has been a dramatic decline, with their numbers halving between 2014 and 2021. He said the population may now be just over 1,000, and what's most worrying is that the majority of the rays are adults, meaning the young have not yet reached maturity.

As a marine heatwave raged in this area off the southeast coast of Australia last year, Semmens and his colleagues decided to make a bold intervention to save the rays from extinction.

In December 2023, the team collected 50 eggs, more than half of which hatched in captivity. They also collected four adult insects, two of which died within two weeks. The two surviving females were kept separately, so the team was shocked when the remaining female laid eggs.

That's because rays can store sperm and fertilize the eggs, Semmens says. “On average, rays lay two eggs every four days,” he says. “We've seen over 100 eggs laid by rays, and the majority of them appear to be viable.”

To maximise the genetic diversity of the captive-raised young, the team is considering capturing other, already-fertilised females to obtain eggs and then releasing them back into the wild.

But the team members David MorenoResearchers from the University of Tasmania said captive breeding was not a complete solution and they were also working to solve environmental issues at Port Macquarie, including experimenting with pumping oxygen into the water.

There is no quick fix, and even if captive-bred individuals could be released straight away, it would take four to five years for them to mature and be able to contribute to the population.

If recovery efforts fail, the cost will be huge: “This would be the first extinction of a ray or shark species in modern history,” Moreno says, “so this is a really big red line.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Potential Ocean’s Worth of Water Likely Hidden Beneath Mars’ Surface, Study Finds

Posted on August 13, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Mars A recent study indicates that the Earth may be hiding a global ocean beneath its surface, with cracks in rocks potentially holding enough water to form it.

The report, released on Monday, highlights NASA’s Mars rover InSight. To date, more than 1,300 earthquakes have been detected on Mars. This study was closed two years ago.

Scientists believe that the water lies about seven to 12 miles (11.5 to 20 kilometers) deep in Mars’ crust, possibly originating from the planet’s ancient surface water sources such as rivers, lakes, and oceans billions of years ago, according to Vashan Wright, the lead scientist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego.

Despite the presence of water inside Mars, Wright noted that it does not necessarily mean that life exists there.

“However, our findings suggest the possibility of habitable environments,” he mentioned in an email.

The research team combined computer simulations with InSight data, including earthquake speeds, to suggest that groundwater is the most likely explanation. These results were published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on Monday.

Wright remarked that if InSight’s observations near the equator of Mars at Elysium Planitia are representative of the entire planet, there could be enough groundwater to fill a terrestrial ocean approximately a mile (1 to 2 kilometers) deep.

Tools like drills will be required to verify the presence of water and search for signs of microbial life.

Despite the InSight lander no longer being in operation, scientists are still analyzing the data collected between 2018 and 2022 to gain more insights into Mars’ interior.

Over 3 billion years ago, Mars was mostly covered in water, but due to the thinning of its atmosphere, it lost its surface water, becoming the dry and dusty world we see today. It is believed by scientists that the ancient water either escaped into space or remains hidden underground.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Regulators discover that SpaceX has contaminated water in Texas multiple times

Posted on August 13, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

summary

Texas environmental officials notified the company last week that Elon Musk’s SpaceX had discharged pollutants into or near Texas waters, violating environmental regulations.
The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality report came five months after the Environmental Protection Agency notified SpaceX that it had violated the Clean Water Act.
The breach could threaten SpaceX’s ambitions to increase StartShip launches from its StarBase facility.

Elon Musk’s SpaceX has repeatedly discharged pollutants into or near Texas waters, violating environmental regulations, state officials said in a notice of violation that focused on the water discharge system at the company’s StarBase launch facility.

The notice from the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) last week came five months after the Environmental Protection Agency’s Region 6, which oversees Texas and surrounding states, also notified SpaceX that it was violating the Clean Water Act through similar activities.

The notice and related investigative records obtained by CNBC have not been previously reported.

TCEQ said its office in the South Texas city of Harlingen, near Boca Chica Starbase, received a complaint on Aug. 6, 2023, alleging that SpaceX was “discharging floodwaters without TCEQ authorization.”

“The Harlingen area received a total of 14 complaints alleging environmental impacts from the facility’s water discharge system,” regulators said in a written statement.

Aerospace companies, including SpaceX, generally comply with state and federal laws. Federal Aviation Administration SpaceX had been seeking permission to conduct up to 25 launches and landings per year of its Starship spacecraft and Super Heavy rocket at the Boca Chica facility. The notice of violation could delay those approvals and lead to civil fines, further investigations and criminal charges against SpaceX.

in Long post about XAfter this article was published, SpaceX said regulators told it it could continue launch operations despite the violation notice.

“Through ongoing coordination with TCEQ and EPA, we have specifically asked whether we should cease operations of the Deluge system and have been informed that operations can continue,” SpaceX wrote to EPA.

Neither regulator responded to CNBC’s questions about SpaceX’s statements.

SpaceX’s Starship in Brownsville, Texas on June 5.
Brandon Bell/Getty Images file

Rushing to rebuild

On July 25, 2024, TCEQ environmental investigators “conducted an internal compliance records review” to determine SpaceX’s compliance with wastewater regulations. The investigation found that SpaceX had discharged industrial wastewater without a permit four times between March and July of this year.

A water system with flame deflectors would dissipate heat, sound and energy generated during orbital test flights and rocket launches, but SpaceX didn’t have one installed at its Boca Chica launch pad before it began test flights of Starship, the biggest rocket ever made.

The FAA did not give a reason for the delay and said a new date would be announced in the future.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Turning wastewater into fuel and fertilizer

Posted on August 13, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Farmers rely on ammonia to fertilize their crops.

Patty Calfee/Getty Images

The environmentally friendly technology uses multi-chamber chemical reactors to turn wastewater into ammonia and harmless by-products. This sustainable alternative requires much less energy than traditional methods to produce this important chemical.

Hundreds of millions of tons of ammonia are used every year in industries such as agriculture, refrigeration systems, paper and cleaning products. Producing this amount of chemical uses about 2% of total energy consumption and accounts for 1.4% of global carbon dioxide emissions.

Part of this environmental cost comes from traditional ammonia production methods, which require high temperatures and pressures. To make ammonia production more sustainable, Fengyan Chen Researchers at Rice University in Texas hoped to translate that technology into a room-temperature reactor.

Their reactor takes in water laced with nitrates, a nitrogen compound commonly found in wastewater, such as industrial or agricultural runoff contaminated with nitrogen fertilizers. When the nitrate water enters the first of three chambers, electrodes, like those found in a battery, create an electrochemical reaction that turns the liquid into its three components. Only ammonia remains in the reactor’s first chamber, purified water flows out of the second chamber, and oxygen flows into the third.

Because ammonia contains only nitrogen and hydrogen, the electrochemical reaction requires no other components than wastewater, and the purified water produced is clean enough to meet World Health Organization (WHO) regulations for drinking water.

Similar reactors have been tested before, Chen says, but the electrodes couldn’t shuffle charges at a high enough voltage for the reaction to work unless the wastewater was mixed with large amounts of salt. Chen and his colleagues made the device more practical by filling the central chamber with a porous material that acts as the salt, allowing wastewater to be fed directly into the reactor without any additives.

In tests using water samples with realistic nitrate concentrations, the reactor processed 100 milliliters in about one hour and continued to operate without problems for 10 days straight. The performance of this reactor is comparable to previous, more complex reactor designs.

Chen says the team only tested the reactor in the lab using nitrate-rich water, not actual wastewater samples that contain more than just nitrates, but the researchers envision local businesses and farms eventually using the reactors to recycle their wastewater, rather than sending it to faraway treatment facilities where it would waste its ammonia-producing potential.

In the best case scenario, the farm would have its own solar- or wind-powered reactor. Farmers would run local wastewater through the device, which would immediately Reusing ammonia It is mined for fuel and fertilizer.

“It’s still at the academic research level, but this is my ultimate dream,” Chen says.

topic:

Chemical /
Sustainability

Source: www.newscientist.com

The worsening effects of food supply on the climate

Posted on August 12, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Raising cattle produces huge amounts of greenhouse gases

Alan Hopps/Getty Images

As the world's population grows, the only way to reduce agriculture's huge greenhouse gas emissions is to make food production more efficient. Unfortunately, efficiency gains have stagnated since 2010, and as food demand continues to grow, agricultural emissions and deforestation are likely to skyrocket.

Lin Ma Ma and his colleagues at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Shijiazhuang came to their conclusion after analysing existing data to estimate greenhouse gas emissions per unit of protein produced between 1961 and 2019. They chose protein instead of calories because it's a better indicator of food quality, Ma says.

Between 1961 and around 2010, emissions per unit of protein fell by two-thirds, the team says. But since then, there has been no further improvement and there are even signs of an increase. Agriculture is responsible for about a third of all greenhouse gas emissions, and food demand is projected to increase by up to 50% by 2050. If agriculture's climate efficiency does not improve further, emissions from agriculture will also increase by 50%, the researchers warn.

Moreover, without improvements in agricultural efficiency, the only way to increase production is to clear more land for farming, which will lead to further deforestation and biodiversity loss, they say.

“That's very bad news. We need to drastically reduce emissions, not increase them.” Richard Waite He is a researcher at the World Resources Institute in Washington, D.C., but was not involved in the study.

“The continued and accelerating expansion of agricultural land since the turn of the century is of great concern as there is no path forward to limit warming to 1.5°C. [of global warming] “It's important to end deforestation as quickly as possible,” he says.

There are many reasons why climate emissions per unit of protein produced are no longer decreasing, Dan Leto For one thing, people around the world are eating more meat, which produces far more greenhouse gas emissions than plant-based foods, said Breakthrough Institute researcher David Schneider, who was not on the team.

The fact that large amounts of agricultural crops are now being converted to fuel rather than food could also be a factor, he says. “The rise in crop-based biofuels likely explains some of the slowdown in decarbonization we find in the paper,” as biofuel crops grown for energy are chosen for their calorie content rather than their protein content, reducing the efficiency that Ma's team measures.

Another potential factor is the increase in extreme weather events that are affecting crop yields and food prices around the world, which the study did not take into account, Ma said. “But we suspect the impact of extreme weather on crop yields was relatively small before 2019.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

The importance of conquering cynicism for a healthier, happier life

Posted on August 12, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

According to Thomas Hobbes, one of history’s most famous cynics, life is “nasty, cruel, and short.” Jamil ZakiIronically, this is likely true if you are someone who has a cynical, Hobbesian view of life, who sees the worst in humanity and distrusts no one, according to John F. Kelly, director of the Stanford Institute for Social Neuroscience in California.

Zaki didn’t always think this way. He’s spent 20 years studying and lecturing about the brain circuits behind empathy and kindness, but all that time he’d harbored the dirty secret that he was a cynic. He began to examine his cynical perspective after the death of his friend Emile Bruneau, who studied the neuroscience of peace and conflict and was “one of the most hopeful people I’ve ever met,” Zaki says. He discovered that being a cynic is not only harmful to our lives, it causes us to believe things that aren’t true. Luckily, as he explores in his upcoming book, there are tools we can use to combat cynicism. Hope for Cynics: The Surprising Science of Human Goodness.

Alison Flood: What is cynicism?

Jamil Zaki: Cynicism is the theory that humanity in general is selfish, greedy and dishonest. Theories influence our behavior, what we do and don’t do. Cynics use their theories about people to guide their behavior in society. It changes how they see people, it changes how they interpret others, it changes their behavior, such as not trusting others.

What is the difference between cynicism and skepticism?

That’s really important….

Source: www.newscientist.com

Hubble Space Telescope captures stunning image of a barred spiral galaxy

Posted on August 12, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Astronomers have used the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope to capture striking new photos of LEDA 12535, a barred spiral galaxy located in the famous Perseus Cluster of galaxies.

This Hubble Space Telescope image shows LEDA 12535, a barred spiral galaxy about 320 million light-years away in the constellation Perseus. The color composite was created from images taken with the Hubble Space Telescope's Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) in ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared light. It is based on data obtained through three filters. The colors are obtained by assigning a different hue to each monochromatic image associated with an individual filter. Image credit: NASA / ESA / Hubble / I. Chilingarian.

LEDA12535 It is located about 320 million light years away in the constellation Perseus.

Also known as MCG+07-07-072 or SDSS J032041.39+424814.8, it is classified as a barred spiral galaxy.

“LEDA 12535 has a highly unusual shape for a spiral galaxy, with thin arms extending from the ends of its barred nucleus and tracing a nearly circular path around the disk,” the Hubble astronomers said.

“Using a common extension of Hubble's basis system, it is classified as an SBc(r) galaxy. The c indicates that the two spiral arms are loosely wound, each completing only a half revolution around the galaxy, and the (r) refers to the ring-like structure they produce.”

“Galactic rings come in a variety of shapes, from merely unusual to rare and astrophysically important.”

“Lenticular galaxies are a type of galaxy that lies intermediate between elliptical and spiral galaxies,” the astronomers added.

“Unlike elliptical galaxies, they feature large disks but lack spiral arms.”

“Lenticular means lens-shaped, and these galaxies often feature a ring-like shape in their disks.”

“The classification of ring galaxies, on the other hand, is only applied to unusual galaxies with a round ring of gas and star formation that closely resembles spiral arms but is either completely detached from the galactic core or lacks a visible core at all.”

“They are thought to have formed from the collision of galaxies.”

“Finally, there is the famous gravitational lensing, where the ring is actually a distorted image of a distant background galaxy, formed by the 'lensing' galaxy bending the light around it.”

“The ring-shaped images, called Einstein rings, can only form if the lensed galaxy and the photographed galaxy are perfectly aligned.”

Source: www.sci.news

The Emergence of Complex Life under Extreme Stress

Posted on August 12, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Plants and humans have one thing in common: They both consist of a single cell containing a nucleus that serves a specialized function that benefits the entire organism. When life first emerged 4 billion years ago, it consisted of simple cells that lacked a nucleus. ProkaryotesAt least 2 billion years later, a major evolutionary change gave rise to the first cells with nuclei. EukaryotesAlgae and fungi are eukaryotes, as are plants, animals, and some single-celled organisms.

Genomic studies have shown that all eukaryotes share a common ancestor, or RekaHowever, these studies can only provide limited information about LECA's characteristics, so researchers know almost nothing about their abundance, appearance, or where they live. Scientists hope to understand the origins of LECA on Earth and determine how complex life arose on Earth and how it might arise on other planets.

A team of researchers from the Australian National University, the University of Bremen and the Strasbourg Institute of Chemistry sought to trace the oldest evidence of eukaryotes in rocks and determine when eukaryotes diverged from prokaryotes. They found that only eukaryotes Structure and function of cell membranes, It is called Sterols. So to find the oldest traces of eukaryotes, researchers went looking for these molecules in sediments that accumulated beneath the oceans, where many researchers think early eukaryotes evolved.

When cells die, they sink to the ocean floor and over time completely or partially decompose and become buried in marine sediments. When these sediments harden into sedimentary rocks, all the remains of the cells become trapped within them. These researchers believe that sterols and the molecules derived from them are Decomposition productsThese molecules remain in sediments for millions of years after cells die, so the researchers reasoned that the abundance of these molecules in sedimentary rocks should correspond to the number of eukaryotic organisms living in the oceans when the sediments formed.

To find out what sterols break down into, the researchers burned different amounts of sterols found in modern eukaryotes and analyzed the sterol breakdown products using techniques that identify organic molecules. Gas ChromatographyThe researchers compared the sterol breakdown products of modern eukaryotes with organic molecules they measured in rock samples from the Burnie Creek Formation in northern Australia, which contained petroleum that dates back about 1.7 billion years. Their goal was to test whether the rock samples contained the same molecules as the burned sterols, confirming that eukaryotic organisms were present in the oceans at that time.

The researchers found that the rock samples contained only a fraction of the molecules they measured in the burned sterols. The molecules in the rocks were responsible for stabilizing eukaryotic cell membranes against environmental stresses such as high temperatures and high salinity. The researchers explained that sterols help some modern eukaryotes survive such extreme conditions by attaching to cell membranes and making them strong and flexible, preventing cell rupture caused by external stresses.

The researchers propose that the rock sample preserved the remains of early eukaryotes that produced sterols to strengthen membranes to survive in extreme conditions. Although it is unclear whether eukaryotes produced sterols before or after the development of a nucleus, they suggest that sterols may have provided early eukaryotes with a distinct ecological advantage in adapting to extreme environmental stresses, potentially facilitating the evolution of more specialized life forms.

The team suggested that changing atmospheric conditions may also have triggered the formation and adaptation of eukaryotes. They explained that oxygen first accumulated in the atmosphere about 2.3 billion years ago, which represented a chemical stress in the environment that would have been lethal to early cells that were allergic to oxygen. However, the sterols present in the cell membranes of early eukaryotes may have helped them adapt to the changing atmosphere and develop a preference for more oxygen-rich environments.

The researchers concluded that ecological stress can fundamentally change cells, and that certain compounds unique to eukaryotes can be used to find them in ancient rock samples. In the future, the scientists plan to analyze other rock samples from Northern Australia to validate their results and look for other types of molecules that could provide information about LECA.

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Source: sciworthy.com

The Ideal Response to a Compliment, Backed by Science

Posted on August 11, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Compliments can sometimes be tricky to navigate, as identified by a Belgian psychologist. There are several ways in which receiving compliments can make the person being complimented uncomfortable.

When someone compliments you, it might make you feel self-conscious or criticized. For instance, if a friend praises your outfit during a meet-up, you might feel uneasy due to the attention being drawn to you.

Another factor that can make compliments uncomfortable is social awkwardness or inappropriateness, such as when a boss gives you a personal compliment.

Aside from these, feelings of indebtedness, pressure to return the compliment, being misunderstood, or feeling inadequate can also arise when receiving compliments. If you’re unhappy with something you’ve done, a compliment from someone might irritate you.

One way to address these feelings is to remind yourself that the person giving the compliment likely meant well. They probably wanted to show appreciation and make you feel good with their kind words.

It’s not always easy to see compliments in this light, especially for those with low self-esteem. These individuals might yearn for understanding and feel like compliments suggest a lack of it.

Research indicates that compliments can have adverse effects on individuals with low self-esteem in romantic relationships, leading to feelings of anxiety and misunderstanding.

Recent studies have explored ways to help those with low self-esteem benefit from compliments by shifting focus from personal beliefs to situational context and relationship dynamics.

Overcoming low self-esteem might result in increased receptiveness to compliments over time.

This article addresses a question from George Alvin via email: “How can I accept a compliment well?”

If you have any questions, please send them to the email address below. For additional information, contact:or send us a message Facebook, Xor Instagram Page (be sure to include your name and location).

Ultimate Fun fact More amazing science pages.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

A Guide on Viewing Shooting Stars

Posted on August 10, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

The annual Perseid meteor shower will peak between Sunday night and dawn on Monday, giving skywatchers around the world the chance to enjoy one of the most spectacular shooting star shows of the year.

The Perseid meteor shower is usually one of the most anticipated stargazing events of the year due to the high incidence of shooting stars. If the weather is good, you may be able to see up to 100 meteors per hour from a dark location.

“Not only is this shower rich in bright meteors and fireballs (the most so far in the world, in fact), it also peaks when it's still warm and comfortable in mid-August,” says Bill Cook, director of the Meteor Environment Office at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Alabama. NASA said in a blog post.

Experts predict that conditions will be favorable for this year's meteor show, especially since the moon will set around 11:30 p.m. local time, meaning bright moonlight will not obscure the shooting stars.

If the weather is good, it's best to choose an unobstructed viewing location under the darkest possible sky, away from city lights and other light pollution.

In the Northern Hemisphere, stargazing is best done between midnight and dawn. NASA recommends giving your eyes about 45 minutes to adjust to the darkness and avoiding looking at bright screens, such as cell phones.

While the peak of the meteor shower is when you'll have the highest chance of seeing meteors, the Perseids have been visible for several weeks and should continue to be visible after this weekend. The meteor shower occurs annually from mid-July to late August.

This occurs as Earth passes through a cloud of dust particles and debris left behind by a comet known as 109P/Swift-Tuttle, which was discovered in 1862. The light streaks are caused when the debris impacts the atmosphere, vaporizes, and leaves a bright trail as it disintegrates.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

27 Ways Heat Can Be Deadly and How to Prevent Them

Posted on August 10, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

This summer, there has been an alarming increase in heatstroke-related deaths worldwide. According to a recent report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, extreme heat occurrences are becoming more frequent and lasting longer, affecting a larger number of people. Why is this happening, and how can you identify if your loved ones are at risk?

What occurs inside our bodies when our temperature rises?

Heat stress is caused by an accumulation of heat due to physical exertion or environmental stressors like solar radiation, air temperature, humidity, and wind speed. A person’s acclimatization, work type, physical activity level, and clothing also influence heat factors.

Humans are warm-blooded creatures, meaning the body’s internal temperature must remain around 37°C. If the internal temperature reaches 42°C, vital organs can cease functioning, leading to severe illness and death. 27 pathways Extreme heat can be lethal due to reduced blood flow and damage to essential organs.

Individuals most vulnerable to heat-related illnesses include those with poor thermoregulation capabilities, such as infants, elderly individuals, those with chronic illnesses, pregnant women, and outdoor workers.

What is heat stroke?

Heat stroke manifests when individuals experience heat stress and start feeling unwell. Various types of heat stroke exist. Heat stroke often accompanies dehydration, including conditions like heat syncope, thermal tetany, heat cramps, and heat exhaustion.

Another prevalent form of heat stroke is heat stroke, where the body struggles to regulate temperature, with categories like exertional heat stroke and classic heat stroke.

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What steps should be taken if someone is suspected of having heat stroke?

If an individual faints, experiences concentration issues, or has breathing difficulties, immediate medical assistance is crucial. If they are conscious but feel unwell or overheated, rapid cooling and hydration are essential.

The most effective method to cool someone quickly is immersion in cold water, such as a bath, shower, or pool.

Caution must be exercised with very cold water to avoid cold shock, which can impact breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. Ice water offers no advantage.

If complete submersion isn’t feasible, cooling extremities like feet, hands, neck, and face can help lower body temperature.

Replenishing lost fluids and minerals due to sweating from overheating is essential, so providing sports drinks can aid in hydration.

How can heat stroke be prevented?

Preventing heat stroke is feasible with measures such as issuing heatwave warnings, creating prevention plans, and staying hydrated during extreme heat periods. Hot drinks are as effective as cold ones, and temperature plays a minimal role in core body temperature.

Additional cooling methods include taking cool showers and focusing on cooling hands, feet, and face. Ventilating indoor spaces and avoiding direct sunlight can help maintain a cooler environment, while fans promote air circulation.

Vulnerable groups, like the elderly, should take extra precautions against heatstroke and follow advice from family and friends to stay hydrated and cool.

Babies are particularly susceptible to extreme heat, with techniques like covering strollers with damp cloths and using clip-on fans being more effective than thin blankets in protecting them from the sun.

Will the situation worsen?

While climate change intensifies extreme heat events, strides have been made in preventing heatstroke. Government strategies to prevent heatstroke are being implemented, with urban planning initiatives like creating green urban spaces to combat urban heat islands.

Initiatives like cooling centers, forecast-based financing, and early warning systems contribute to preventing heat-related illnesses. Achieving net-zero emissions is crucial to halting extreme heat escalation and averting catastrophic heatwaves.

This is imperative as the point at which even healthy individuals cannot survive without cooling devices is a distressing prospect. It’s a future we must strive to avoid.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Japan’s First “Major Earthquake Warning” and Its Significance

Posted on August 10, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

summary

Japan’s Meteorological Agency issued its first-ever “major earthquake warning” on Thursday.
The warning came after a magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck off the coast of the southern part of the country.
This raises the risk of an even bigger earthquake in the Nankai Trough, an undersea subduction zone that scientists believe could produce a quake of up to magnitude 9.1.

After a magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck Japan’s southern islands on Thursday, the country’s Meteorological Agency issued an ominous warning: More powerful quakes are possible, with the risk especially high over the coming week.

The Japan Meteorological Agency issues its first-ever “major earthquake warning,” warning that the Nankai Trough is a subduction zone where a magnitude 8-9 earthquake is likely to occur, and that there is a higher-than-usual risk of strong shaking and tsunamis. It urges people in the area to prepare.

The message is not a prophecy but an outlook for increasing risk, and it shows how far seismologists have come in understanding the dynamics of subduction-zone earthquakes.

Here’s what you need to know about the situation.

Dangerous subduction zones

The Nankai Trough is an underwater subduction zone where the Eurasian plate collides with the Philippine Sea plate, causing the latter to subduct beneath the Eurasian plate and sink into the Earth’s mantle.

Faults in subduction zones build up stress, and when the locked faults slip and release that stress, so-called megaquakes occur. “Mechatronics” is the shortened form of the name. These zones have produced some of the most powerful earthquakes in Earth’s history.

The Pacific “Ring of Fire” is a collection of subduction zones. In the United States, the Cascadia Subduction Zone off the West Coast stretches from Vancouver Island in Canada to Cape Mendocino in California.

The Nankai Trough fault is divided into several segments, but if the entire edge of the fault slips at once, Japanese scientists say the trough will It could cause an earthquake of up to magnitude 9.1.

In the southwestern Japanese city of Nichinan, beaches were closed on Friday after the country’s first warning of a possible major earthquake was issued.
Kyodo News via Reuters Connect

If a major earthquake were to occur off the coast of Japan, the Philippine Sea Plate would likely shake 30 to 100 feet near the country’s southeast coast, causing violent shaking.

Vertical displacement of the ocean floor could trigger a tsunami, sending waves crashing onto the coast of Japan that Japanese scientists estimate could reach heights of nearly 100 feet. Published in 2020.

History of major earthquakes

Large earthquakes occur in the Nankai Trough approximately every 100 to 150 years. In last year’s surveyJapan’s Earthquake Research Committee announced in January 2022 that there is a 70 to 80 percent chance of a major earthquake occurring in the next 30 years.

Great Nankai Trough earthquakes tend to occur in two separate events, with the second often occurring within two years of the previous one, recent examples being the “twin” earthquakes that occurred in the Nankai Trough in 1944 and 1946.

This phenomenon is due to the segmented nature of the fault, where a shift in one segment can put strain on other segments.

Thursday A magnitude 7.1 earthquake occurred at or near a subduction zone.According to the U.S. Geological Survey.

People stand outside after escaping a building following an earthquake in Miyazaki on Thursday.
Kyodo News via Associated Press

Harold Tobin, a professor at the University of Washington who studies the Nankai Trough, said the magnitude 7.1 quake occurred in a segment that shakes more frequently than other earthquakes. The regular quakes reduce stress, so there’s less concern that the segment itself could cause a big one. What’s concerning is the quake’s proximity to a segment that’s been building up stress since the 1940s.

“This one is adjacent to the Southwest Sea region and is obviously sealed off, so that’s a reason for caution and concern,” Tobin said.

Predictions, not predictions

Scientists cannot predict earthquakes, but they are developing the ability to forecast when danger is heightened, especially in areas like Japan where tremors occur frequently and monitoring is well established.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Ancient Marine Crocodile Species Unearthed in Germany

Posted on August 9, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists have described a new genus and species of metriorhynchid crocodyloform from the Stadthagen Formation in northwestern Germany.

Artist image Enarioetes schroederi. Image credit: Joschua Knüppe.

The newly discovered crocodyloforme lived in shallow seas off Germany during the Early Cretaceous period, between 140 and 132 million years ago.

dubbing Enarioetes schroederi Ancient reptiles belonged to the family Metriorhynchidae.

“Metriorhynchid fishes had smooth skin without scales, fins and a tail,” explained Dr Sven Sachs from the Natural Sciences Museum in Bielefeld and his colleagues.

“They Feeding Metriorhynchid reptiles fed on a variety of prey, including fast-moving animals such as squid and fish, although some metriorhynchid species have large serrated teeth, suggesting that they may have eaten other marine reptiles.”

“The Jurassic period is the best known, and fossils become rarer as we move into the Cretaceous period.”

Perfectly preserved skull Enarioetes schroederi. It was discovered over 100 years ago in a quarry in Sachsenhagen near Hanover by the German architect D. Hapke.

This specimen is the best-preserved metriorhynchid crocodyloform known from the Cretaceous.

“This specimen is remarkable as it is one of the very few metriorhynchids known to have a three-dimensionally preserved skull,” Dr Sacks said.

“This allowed us to perform CT scans of the specimens, which allowed us to learn a lot about the internal structure of these marine crocodiles.”

“The incredible state of preservation has even allowed us to reconstruct the animal’s internal cavity and inner ear.”

Enarioetes schroederi gives paleontologists new insight into how metriorhynchidae evolved during the Cretaceous period.

“During the Jurassic period, metriorhynchids evolved a body plan that was radically different to other crocodiles, with fins, tails, loss of bony armour and smooth skin without scales,” said Dr Mark Young, a palaeontologist at the University of Edinburgh.

“These changes were increasingly adapted to a marine life.”

“Enarioetes schroederi This trend continues into the Cretaceous. Enarioetes schroederi It has larger eyes than other metriorhynchids (which are already large by crocodile standards) and its bony inner ear is more compact than other metriorhynchids. Enarioetes schroederi I probably could have swum faster.”

Discovery Enarioetes schroederi has been reported paper of Journal of Systematic Palaeontology.

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Sven Sachs others 2024. A new genus of metriorhynchid crocodile from the Lower Cretaceous of Germany. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 22 (1): 2359946; doi: 10.1080/14772019.2024.2359946

Source: www.sci.news

Unexpected wall designs that can help lower building temperatures

Posted on August 9, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Building design can affect temperature

Alistair Scott/Getty Images

A wall with a zigzag pattern can stay up to 3°C (5.4°F) cooler than a normal wall, without using any energy. This approach reduces the energy used by cooling systems and helps to curb global warming.

“Such designs can lead to cooler buildings,” says Qilong Cheng of Columbia University in New York, “and therefore reduce the energy consumption for cooling.”

As global temperatures rise and more people can afford air conditioners, their use is skyrocketing. Greenhouse gas emissions from cooling could increase more than threefold by 2050. As a result, many teams are working to develop passive cooling solutions that don't require any energy.

For example, simply painting roofs white can help keep buildings and cities cooler by allowing them to reflect more sunlight.

This method works even better if the roof is coated with a material that reflects most of the sunlight but emits infrared light within the transparency of the atmosphere — a range of wavelengths that aren't absorbed by atmospheric molecules such as carbon dioxide.

“Infrared light in this band can pass through the atmosphere and potentially reach space,” Chen said.

Materials with these properties have a great cooling effect on an upward-facing roof, but are less effective on walls. The problem is that materials that emit infrared light tend to absorb it, and surfaces close to walls, such as concrete pavements, can emit large amounts of infrared light.

The solution proposed by Chen and his team is to create a wall that has a series of projections that run parallel to the ground, forming a zigzag shape when viewed from the side. To visualize this, think of a staircase sloping upward at angles between 45 and 90 degrees.

The key is that the upward-facing zigzag surfaces (the treads in the staircase analogy) are atmospheric transparency windows that radiate large amounts of heat, while the downward-facing, outward-facing zigzag surfaces (the risers) reflect infrared heat rather than absorbing it.

To test the idea, the team built a 1-metre-tall model with both a zigzag and flat surface.When they placed it outside in New Jersey during the summer, the zigzag surface was 2°C cooler than the flat surface over a 24-hour average, and 3°C cooler between 1pm and 2pm.

Chen says there are plenty of inexpensive materials with the necessary properties. Existing buildings could be retrofitted by adding corrugated panels. The cooling effect inside a building varies depending on other factors, such as the size of the building's windows, but simulations suggest it could reduce temperatures by up to 2°C and cut the energy needed for cooling by up to a quarter.

The zigzag cooling wall is only suitable for hot climates, as colder regions would need more heating in winter. But Chen and his colleagues say They proposed a design with hinged “fins.” It can be raised in the winter to increase heat absorption and lowered in the summer to minimize heat absorption.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Black holes that have the potential to outlast the universe

Posted on August 9, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Black holes have the ability to die, but this process happens very slowly and in a rather normal manner.

Despite appearing empty, space is not entirely devoid of mass or energy. Within this space, there exist “quantum fields” that give definition to mass and energy. These fields do not necessarily have zero energy, allowing for the creation of pairs of “virtual particles” (typically particle and antiparticle pairs) that quickly eliminate each other.

Another common explanation is that near a black hole, one of these particles may vanish inside the black hole while the other escapes as “Hawking radiation.”

In order to maintain the total energy of a black hole, incoming particles must possess “negative energy” (hence “negative mass”) while escaping particles must have positive energy.

Hawking radiation is a result of gravity’s impact on space-time. Quantum fields within empty space adhere to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, limiting our understanding of the energy of a quantum field or the duration for which we can attribute a specific energy to it.

Since gravitational fields influence the curvature of space-time and the flow of time in a given area, regions of space-time with varying gravitational curvatures struggle to agree on the energy of the quantum field.

The variance in vacuum energy within different points of a black hole’s gravitational field creates what are known as “virtual particles.”

As positive energy escapes from a black hole, the mass and energy of the black hole gradually diminish, causing a black hole that is not actively attracting new material to gradually shrink and ultimately vanish.

However, this process occurs over massive time scales. For instance, a black hole with the mass of the sun would take 10⁶⁴ years to evaporate, far surpassing the age of the universe at 10 years old.

This article endeavors to answer Catrin Phelps of Winchester’s question, “Can black holes ever die?”

If you have any further inquiries, please direct them to the email address provided below. For additional information: or get in touch with us via Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (please include your name and location).

For more fascinating science, check out this page.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Scientists suggest using heat-absorbing ‘glitter’ to warm Mars

Posted on August 9, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Ideas for change Mars Towards a more livable world Human settlements It's a common theme in science fiction, but could this happen in the real world?

Scientists are now proposing a new approach to warming up. Neighbors of Earth The idea is to release artificial particles made of iron or aluminum, the same size as commercial glitter, into the atmosphere as an aerosol, trapping escaping heat and scattering sunlight onto the Martian surface. Greenhouse effect On Mars, the plan is to raise the surface temperature by about 50 degrees (28 °C) over a 10-year period.

While this alone wouldn't make Mars habitable for humans, the scientists behind the proposal believe it could be a feasible first step.

“Terraforming is the process of changing a planet's environment to be more similar to Earth. In the case of Mars, heating the planet is a necessary first step, but it is not enough. Previous concepts have focused on releasing greenhouse gases, which requires large amounts of resources that are in short supply on Mars,” said University of Chicago planetary scientist Edwin Kite, who led the study published in the journal Nature this week. Scientific advances.

“The key elements of our paper are the novel proposal to use engineered nanoparticles to warm the Martian atmosphere, and the climate modelling which suggests this approach could be much more efficient than previous concepts. This is important as it offers a more feasible way to alter the Martian climate and could inform future Mars exploration strategies,” Kite added.

NASA has sent a robotic rover to explore the surface of Mars and the InSight lander to explore the planet's interior. Project Artemis The goal is to send astronauts to the moon for the first time since 1972 in the next few years, in preparation for future manned missions to Mars.

There are many challenges to living on Mars, including a lack of breathable oxygen, harmful ultraviolet rays due to the thin atmosphere, salty soil that is unsuitable for growing crops, and dust storms that sometimes cover large parts of the planet. But the planet's frigid temperatures are a serious obstacle.

“Our aim is to show that the idea of warming Mars is not impossible. We hope that our findings will inspire the broader scientific community and the general public to explore this intriguing idea,” said Samaneh Ansari, a doctoral student in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Northwestern University in Illinois and lead author of the study.

The average surface temperature of Mars is about minus 85 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 65 degrees Celsius). Because the Martian atmosphere is thin, solar heat on the surface easily escapes into space. This proposal aims to have liquid water on the surface of Mars, where water exists in the form of ice at the poles and underground.

The scientists proposed releasing tiny, rod-shaped particles (nanorods) into the atmosphere at a rate of about eight gallons (30 liters) per second continuously for many years.

“The surface of Mars has an abundance of iron and aluminum, so the idea is to transport the materials, or even better, the manufacturing tools, to make nanorods on Mars,” Ansari said.

Researchers are mindful of the potential unintended consequences of terraforming another planet for the benefit of humanity: For example, scientists want to know whether Mars was ever alive in the past, or whether it still exists today in the form of subsurface microbial life.

“Nanoparticles could potentially heat Mars, but both the benefits and potential costs of this course of action are currently unknown. For example, in the unlikely event that Martian soil contains irreparable compounds that are toxic to all Earth-derived life, the benefits of heating Mars would be zero,” Kite said.

“On the other hand, the establishment of a photosynthetic biosphere on the Martian surface may increase the likelihood of human thriving in the solar system,” Kite added. “On the cost side, if life exists on Mars, studying that life may be sufficiently beneficial to warrant vigorous protection of the habitat.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Beautiful photography captures the beauty of mangrove forests

Posted on August 9, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

These graceful and serene photographs pay tribute to an important yet declining ecosystem: mangrove forests. These photos are some of this year's top entries. Mangrove Photography AwardThe work showcases the beauty, diversity and fragility of mangroves, which grow in salty coastal waters in stark contrast to most other trees.

The dramatic photo above captures the middle of a mangrove forest along the vibrant blue coast of the United Arab Emirates. Taken by photographer Amar Alsayed Ahmed, the image won the competition's Mangroves and Landscapes category.

The winner in this category was another photo by Alsayed Ahmed, showing a gracefully meandering river (above). The golden mangroves dotted along the river accentuate the lush greenery it brings to the region.

Unfortunately, this is not the case for mangrove forests, which are proliferating around the world. Despite being hotspots of biodiversity and important carbon stores that help offset climate change, mangroves are under threat from factors such as logging, aquaculture and water pollution, which in turn threaten the wildlife and people that depend on them.

These include species like lemon sharks, and Gillian Morris' entry (pictured above) features a young pair photographed in the Bahamas that was highly commended in the Mangrove and Underwater category. Lemon sharks spend the first few years of their lives in mangrove “nurseries” and are one of the many marine creatures that live there.

In Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, an ambitious project is underway to plant and restore coastal mangroves. Abu Dhabi Mangrove Initiative (ADMI) It is part of a nationwide effort to plant 100 million mangrove trees across the UAE by 2030. In 2023 alone, specially modified drones were used to distribute more than six million seeds.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Uncovering the Secret of Kestrels’ Still Hovering Ability

Posted on August 9, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Kestrels have been trained to fly in a wind tunnel, revealing how they can hover in turbulent air while keeping their heads almost completely still.

Two Chinese kestrels (Falco cenchroides) says it took three years Abdulgani Mohammed The study was carried out at RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia. To make it even more challenging, each bird was fitted with 52 reflective markers to create the same 3D models that would be used in the computer-generated images.

Hovering is crucial for birds, allowing them to keep their heads completely still while they focus on prey on the ground. “It's a hunting behavior, and the bird's life depends on it,” Mohammed says. “They have an incredible sense of stability.”

In the wind tunnel, the researchers were able to create repeatable and measurable turbulent conditions that allowed them to study the specific movements and reactions of the kestrels. In total, the team recorded 58 hours of hovering over a period of five years.

The researchers found that the birds' hovering motion was extremely stable, with their heads never moving more than two millimeters in any direction.

“It's an amazing sight to see every time I see the birds hovering in the wind tunnel,” Mohammed says. “It's truly amazing to see how effortlessly and gracefully they hover.”

A Chinese kestrel flying in a wind tunnel

RMIT University

Unlike conventional aircraft with fixed wings and limited control over wing area, kestrels have transformable wings that can adjust their wing area almost instantly, which is key to them being able to remain stationary, Mohammed said.

The kestrels did this best by using clever wrist movements and subtle extensions and retractions of their elbows, and their tails also played a key role in providing stability, Mohammed said.

Based on their findings, the team is now building an unpowered drone prototype for testing in a wind tunnel.

“It's very difficult to accurately recreate all of the kestrel's anatomy, so we narrowed our findings down to the wrist and tail movements that contribute most to stability, and built a robotic version of the kestrel,” Mohammed says.

The artificial kestrel is currently being tested, with results expected later this year.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Leading neuroscientists explain why humans lack free will

Posted on August 9, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Are you truly in control of choosing to read this article, or is the decision merely a result of neurons firing in your brain due to biochemical reactions dictated by the laws of physics?

The question of whether humans have true decision-making agency may seem trivial: our experiences demonstrate our ability to choose to act or refrain from acting in any situation presented to us. If we were merely mindless automatons, even engaging in reading this article would seem bizarre.

However, Robert Sapolsky argues otherwise: he posits that the sense of being a free agent is an illusion created by biology and its interaction with our environment. Sapolsky, a distinguished professor of biology, neurology, and neurosurgery at Stanford University and recipient of the MacArthur Fellowship, explores this idea in his upcoming book, “Determination: The Science of Life Without Free Will,” expected to be a bestseller upon its release in late 2023.

In an interview with BBC Science Focus, Sapolsky delves into the complexities of free will, challenging the traditional understanding of human decision-making and emphasizing the role of biology and environment in shaping our choices.

So, what does this mean for our perception of free will?

Sapolsky highlights that the belief in free will often stems from individual decisions at a specific moment, overlooking the influences that have shaped our preferences and tendencies. He argues that our actions are a product of our biological makeup interacting with external stimuli, rather than a result of conscious choice.

Similarly, he differentiates between conscious decisions and involuntary actions, such as the reflex to remove your hand from a hot surface. While both processes involve neural activity, the former is a more intricate interplay between biological mechanisms and environmental factors.

Sapolsky debunks the notion that quantum physics introduces random elements that could enable free will, highlighting the deterministic nature of our biology and environment. He asserts that while external variables may introduce unpredictability, our responses are predetermined by our intrinsic makeup.

When considering how we derive meaning in a world without free will, Sapolsky emphasizes the beauty of human experience and appreciation for life. Despite our biological underpinnings, we have the capacity to find value, love, and gratitude in our existence. The complexity of our internal mechanisms does not diminish the significance of our emotions, relationships, and experiences.

About our expert, Robert Sapolsky

Robert Sapolsky is a prominent scholar, neuroscientist, and primatologist, holding the John A. and Cynthia Frye Gunn Professorship at Stanford University. His research and writings delve into the intricate connections between biology, behavior, and environment, challenging conventional notions of free will and agency.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Planetary scientists suggest ‘Nanoparticle heating’ could raise temperatures on Mars

Posted on August 9, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

One-third of Mars’ surface has shallow groundwater, but it is currently too cold for life to harness it. Proposals to use greenhouse gases to heat Mars require large amounts of raw materials that are scarce on the Martian surface. But a new study shows that artificial aerosols made from materials readily available on Mars (such as conductive nanorods about 9 micrometers long) could heat Mars more than 5,000 times more effectively than the best gases.

This artist’s impression shows what Mars looked like about 4 billion years ago. Image credit: M. Kornmesser / ESO.

Mars geoengineering is a concept that frequently appears in science fiction.

But real-world researchers are also investigating techniques that could melt and release frozen groundwater, potentially making the Martian environment more hospitable to life.

Many of these strategies involve warming through greenhouse gases, but the Earth lacks the ingredients needed to produce them.

“A once habitable Martian surface is crossed by dry river valleys, but the current icy soil is too cold for Earth-derived life,” said Dr Samaneh Ansari of Northwestern University and his colleagues.

“Rivers may have flowed as far back as 600,000 years ago, suggesting the beginnings of a habitable planet.”

“Many methods have been proposed to heat the Martian surface by closing the spectral window centered on wavelengths of 22 and 10 micrometers, through which the surface would be cooled by thermal infrared radiation rising into space.”

“Modern Mars has a thin carbon dioxide atmosphere that provides a greenhouse effect of only 5 Kelvin through absorption in the 15 micrometer wavelength range, and Mars clearly lacks sufficient condensed or mineralized carbon dioxide to restore a temperate climate,” the researchers said.

“It is possible to close the spectral window using man-made greenhouse gases (e.g. chlorofluorocarbons), but this would require volatilizing about 100,000 megatons of fluorine, which is only present in trace amounts on the Martian surface.”

“An alternative approach is suggested by natural Martian dust aerosols, which are, after all, the result of the slow breakdown of iron-rich minerals on the Martian surface.”

“Due to its small size (effective radius of 1.5 micrometers), Martian dust rises to high altitudes (at an altitude of 15-25 km, where the dust mass mixing ratio peaks) and is consistently visible in the Martian sky, present at altitudes of up to 60 km or more.”

“Natural Martian dust aerosols reduce daytime surface temperatures because the composition and shape properties of man-made dust can be modified. For example, nanorods, which are about half the wavelength of upwelling thermal infrared light, should interact strongly with that infrared light.”

In the new paper, Dr Ansari and his co-authors propose an alternative strategy for heating Mars: aerosolizing 9-micrometre-long nanorods made from iron and aluminium, which are available on Mars.

The bars are about the same size as natural Martian dust — essentially a bit smaller than glitter — and should fly up into the air when dispersed.

However, other properties of the rod-shaped material mean it should settle 10 times slower than natural dust.

The researchers evaluated their proposal using a version of the MarsWRF global climate model and another complementary 1D model.

The study found that these bars amplify the amount of sunlight reaching the Martian surface and prevent heat from escaping.

In fact, a sustained release of 30 liters of nanorods per second could warm the entire planet by more than 30 Kelvin above baseline temperature, enough to melt the ice.

After a few months, atmospheric pressure will rise by 20%, creating conditions to initiate a feedforward loop involving the volatilization of carbon dioxide.

It’s worth noting that the nanorod process will still take centuries, and Mars certainly won’t be a suitable place for human habitation.

“The increase in Martian temperature alone will not be sufficient to make the Martian surface habitable for oxygenic photosynthetic organisms,” the scientists said.

“On the other hand, establishing a photosynthetic biosphere on the Martian surface, possibly with the help of synthetic biology, might increase the chances of human thriving in the solar system.”

Team work Published in today’s journal Scientific advances.

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Samaneh Ansari others2024. Nanoparticles could keep Mars warm. Scientific advances 10(32);doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adn4650

Source: www.sci.news

Biologists find a variety of bacterial communities in microwave ovens

Posted on August 9, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Microwave ovens have become an essential part of the modern kitchen, yet their potential as a reservoir for bacterial colonization and the microbial composition within them remain largely unknown. In a new study, microbiologists from the University of Valencia and Darwin Bioprospecting Excellence SL investigated the bacterial communities within microwave ovens and compared the microbial composition of domestic microwave ovens, microwaves used in large shared spaces, and laboratory microwaves. The bacterial populations in microwave ovens were dominated by Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes, similar to the bacterial composition of human skin. Comparison with other environments revealed that the bacterial composition of domestic microwave ovens was similar to that of kitchen surfaces, while laboratory microwave ovens contained a higher proportion of species known to tolerate microwave radiation, high temperatures, and dryness.

Iglesias othersMicrowaves were shown to harbor specialized communities of locally adapted microbial genera similar to those reported on kitchen surfaces and solar panels, environments with extremely high radiation exposure.

Microorganisms thriving in ecosystems characterized by extreme environmental conditions have been well studied to elucidate the evolutionary mechanisms that favor their adaptation.

Natural extreme environments are an excellent source of new microbial species as well as new secondary metabolites for biotechnological applications, but we don’t have to go very far to find them.

Microwave irradiation has been used for decades to reduce the presence of microorganisms in foods and to extend the shelf life of foods.

The application of electromagnetic waves in the range of 300 MHz to 300 GHz to a dielectric medium such as food (also known as microwave heating) produces heat that reaches a lethal temperature that inactivates most microorganisms. E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella and Listeria Genus

Recent studies have shown that cellular inactivation is associated with inactivation of genes controlling oxidation, DNA damage, increased permeability, and reduced cell membrane integrity.

Despite this extensive characterization of the biological effects of microwave radiation on foodborne pathogens, there have been no reports of microwaves being a microbial niche, an environment in which a specifically adapted microbiota can form through specific selective pressures (in this case heat shock, microwave radiation, and desiccation).

“Our results reveal that domestic microwaves harbor a more 'humanised' microbiome, similar to kitchen surfaces, while laboratory microwaves harbour bacteria that are more resistant to radiation,” said Dr Daniel Trent, Darwin Bioprospecting Excellence SL researcher.

For the study, Dr Trent and his colleagues sampled microorganisms from inside 30 microwaves: 10 from household kitchens, 10 from shared household spaces such as corporate centers, science labs and cafeterias, and 10 from molecular biology and microbiology laboratories.

The aim of this sampling plan was to determine whether these microbial populations were influenced by interactions with food and by user habits.

They used two complementary methods to explore microbial diversity: next-generation sequencing and culturing 101 strains in five different media.

In total, the authors found 747 different genera within 25 bacterial phyla. The most frequently encountered phyla were Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and especially Proteobacteria.

The researchers found that the composition of the general microbial community partially overlapped between shared and domestic microwave ovens, but was quite different in laboratory microwave ovens.

Diversity was lowest in home microwaves and highest in laboratory microwaves.

Members of the genus Acinetobacter, Bhargavaea, Brevibacterium, Brevundimonas, Dermatococcus, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pseudoxanthomonas and Rhizobium It has only been found in domestic microwave ovens.

Arthrobacter, Enterobacter, Yanibacter, Methylobacterium, Neobacillus, Nocardioides, Novosphingobium, Paenibacillus, Peribacillus, Planococcus, Russia, Sporosarcinaand Teribacillus This was only seen in items shared within the household.

Nonomura The bacteria was isolated only from laboratory microwaves. Delftia, Micrococcus, Deinococcus Unidentified genera of the phylum Cyanobacteria were also common and were found at a significantly higher frequency than in Japan.

The researchers also compared the observed diversity with the diversity of specialized habitats reported in the literature.

As expected, the microbiome inside the microwave was similar to that present on typical kitchen surfaces.

“Some genera found in domestic microwave ovens include Klebsiella, Enterococcus and Aeromonaswhich could pose a health risk to humans,” Dr Trent said.

“However, it is important to note that the microorganisms living in microwave ovens do not pose any unique or increased risk compared to other common kitchen surfaces.”

But it also had similarities to the microbiome in industrial environments, namely on solar panels.

The scientists proposed that the constant heat shock, electromagnetic radiation and desiccation in this highly radioactive environment repeatedly selected for more resistant microorganisms, just as occurs in microwave ovens.

“We encourage both the public and laboratory personnel to regularly disinfect their microwave ovens with a diluted bleach solution or a commercially available disinfectant spray,” Dr. Trent said.

“In addition, it's important to wipe down interior surfaces with a damp cloth after each use to remove any residue and wipe up any spills immediately to prevent bacterial growth.”

of result Published in the journal The cutting edge of microbiology.

_____

Alba Iglesias others2024. The microwave bacteriome: biodiversity in domestic and laboratory microwave ovens. Front. Microbiol 15;doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1395751

Source: www.sci.news

Floods in Alaska caused by glacier dam bursting

Posted on August 9, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

The flooding is caused by the retreat of smaller glaciers near Mendenhall Glacier, a result of global warming that creates a basin filled with rain and melting snow each spring and summer. When the water pressure is strong enough, it can seep under or around the ice dams formed by Mendenhall Glacier and flow into Mendenhall Lake and eventually the Mendenhall River.

Since 2011, this phenomenon has also led to flooding of roads and homes near lakes and rivers. Last year’s floods engulfed large areas, causing riverbanks to collapse, homes to be flooded, and at least one house to be submerged in the swiftly moving waters.

Authorities indicated that the extent of this week’s flooding was unprecedented, leaving residents distressed as they attempted to salvage furniture, books, and other possessions in the midst of warm, sunny weather. Debris such as garbage bags, wood, boxes, wet insulation, carpets, and other items were stacked along road curbs on Wednesday. Street sweepers were busy clearing the muddy aftermath left by the receded water.

Eran Hood, an environmental science professor at the University of Alaska Southeast who has spent years studying Mendenhall Glacier, mentioned that while the basin was created by glacier retreat, climate change has minimal impact on the annual fluctuations in flood levels in Juneau.

A family is rescued from flooding on the Mendenhall River in Juneau, Alaska, on August 6.Sean Maguire/Anchorage Daily News via The Associated Press

He expressed, “It’s evident that these floods will persist over several decades, but predicting the size of future floods is challenging without more precise glacier dynamics modeling, due to numerous factors that influence their magnitude.”

Hood mentioned that at some point, Mendenhall Glacier will shrink and become too thin to act as a barrier.

The flooding serves as a stark reminder of the global hazards posed by failures of snow and ice dams, a concept known as jokulhlaup, which is relatively unfamiliar in the United States. Threatening approximately 15 million people around the world.

Residents remove wet drywall and insulation from the first floor of a home after the Mendenhall River flooded in Juneau, Alaska, on August 6.Mark Lester/nchorage Daily News via The Associated Press

Juneau, a city with about 30,000 inhabitants in southeast Alaska, can only be accessed by plane or boat. Despite peak tourist season, the city is currently facing a housing shortage that could limit temporary accommodations for flood victims. Rental car options in Juneau are also limited for those whose vehicles were affected by the flooding.

Authorities reported that the Mendenhall River hit a new record high of 15.99 feet (4.9 meters), approximately a foot higher than last year’s floods, and the water extended further into Mendenhall Canyon. Some homes beyond flood-prone areas were reached by the water, and the canyon is situated about a 15-20 minute drive from downtown Juneau.

Alyssa Fisher shared that she didn’t anticipate flooding in her area when she went to bed on Monday night. However, her father woke her up over FaceTime a few hours later to inform her of rising water levels outside. She moved his car to higher ground, grabbed essential items, and relocated to a local school shelter with her two children, ages 4 and 8, along with their pets. She noticed that the truck’s license plate had been bent by the floodwaters.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Fungal threat highlighted by Valley fever outbreak at California music festival

Posted on August 9, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

summary

California has seen an increase in cases of valley fever, a fungal infection, in recent years.
Fourteen confirmed cases among people who attended or worked at a music festival in the state are one example of the threat the bacteria poses.
Climate change is creating more opportunities for a fungus called Coccidioides to thrive.

Valley fever breaks out among attendees Infections among workers at an outdoor music festival in California's Central Valley highlight the growing threat of fungal infections.

Fourteen people who traveled to Bakersfield to attend or work at the Lightning in a Bottle festival in May have tested positive for valley fever and developed symptoms, the California Department of Public Health told NBC News on Thursday. At least three people have been hospitalized.

“About a week after I got back from the festival, I got really bad body aches and fever,” said Eric Mattson, 33, a musician from San Luis Obispo who attended this year's festival after testing positive for valley fever last month.

The condition progressed to joint pain, difficulty moving and night sweats. “I would wake up two or three times in the night drenched in sweat. I had to change my bedding and pyjamas in terrible pain. It was really bad,” Mattson said.

The bacteria that causes valley fever, Coccidioides, thrives in hot, dry climates, so most cases have been seen in Arizona and California. Climate change is creating more opportunities for the bacteria to grow, leading to an increase in valley fever cases in California.

“The number of reported valley fever cases has been particularly high in 2023 and 2024, which may be related to heavy rains in the winter of 2022-2023 following several years of drought,” the health department said in a statement.

The number of annual cases in California has increased from fewer than 1,000 in 2000 to more than 9,000 in 2019. Recent reports from state health departmentsThere have been 5,370 suspected or confirmed cases so far this year.

San Joaquin County has already seen more than 200 suspected and confirmed cases combined this year, 47 overall last year and 59 so far in 2022.

Valley fever is not transmitted from person to person. Rather, it infects the lungs by inhaling spores in dust or soil. The name comes from the San Joaquin Valley, where Coccidioides was found.

Mattson said he hasn't been contacted by the California Department of Public Health, which has not released the names of the 14 people who have been confirmed to be infected, so it's unclear if Mattson is among them. NBC News has reviewed Mattson's medical records, which show he tested positive.

Mattson estimated he lost 20 pounds in four to five weeks.

He suspected valley fever, having heard reports of some festival-goers being infected in the past, but was initially diagnosed with pneumonia. Eventually, his family doctor ordered a blood test, which came back positive early last month.

Mattson's situation is common, says Dr. Geeta Sivasubramanian, an assistant professor of clinical medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, Fresno: “Patients with valley fever are often misdiagnosed with bacterial pneumonia.”

That's because many doctors don't recognize the disease, test for it too early, or confuse it with other respiratory infections, she says — errors that can lead to patients receiving unnecessary antibiotics instead of the appropriate antifungal medication.

About 60% of people with valley fever have no symptoms, but some may experience symptoms such as cough, fatigue, fever, shortness of breath, night sweats, muscle and joint pain, and a rash on the legs and upper body. People with diabetes, weakened immune systems, and pregnant women are more susceptible to severe lung infections. In very rare cases (about 1%), the lung infection can spread to the bones, joints, and brain, becoming life-threatening.

An ideal environment for spreading Valley Fever

Sivasubramanian said he wasn't surprised by the concentration of cases among the more than 20,000 people attending the music festival.

“We live in a valley fever endemic area so anyone who visits the area or lives in the area is at risk,” she said.

In the Central Valley, heavy winter rains encourage the growth of the fungus in the soil, then as temperatures rise and the soil dries, dust carries the spores into the air.

Activities that kick up large amounts of dust, such as construction and agriculture, increase the risk of exposure. In 2014, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stated: Five confirmed and five suspected cases of valley fever were linked. Dry and dusty environment on outdoor film set.

Dr. Arturo Casadevall, chair of the department of molecular microbiology and immunology at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, said “Lightning in a Bottle” appears to have come to the right place at the right time.

“You need two things: a spore cloud and a human,” he said.

Mattson said high winds during the festival stirred up dust near some of the stages and in the campgrounds where many attendees stayed.

“When you have a lot of people dancing, it definitely kicks up a lot of dust,” he said.

Valley fever may be spreading to new areas

Climate change is bringing increased rainfall and warmer temperatures, which provide better conditions for the fungus to thrive. It may also lead to more frequent and intense wildfires. Transporting spores to the surrounding area.

Outside of California and Arizona, 2019 Survey It's estimated that valley fever may already be endemic in certain counties in 10 other states, stretching as far east as Kansas and Oklahoma.

“As the desert expands, we're going to see cases outside of the historic areas,” Casadevall said.

Some researchers suspect that climate change may be altering rodent migration patterns, helping the fungus spread, but others don't think that's the case in general. 2022 Survey Coccidioides has been detected in rodents in Kern County, home of the Lightning in a Bottle festival.

Mattson said she doesn't regret attending the festival, but wants people in the community to know about the disease and its symptoms.

“If you've been in the valley or been anywhere where there's a lot of dust in the air, we really want to encourage people to get tested,” he said.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

VLBA uncovers groundbreaking information on the magnetars with the fastest spin rates

Posted on August 9, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Swift J1818.0-1617 is located about 22,000 light-years away in the constellation Sagittarius.

Artist's impression of magnetar Swift J1818.0-1617. Image courtesy of NSF/AUI/NRAO/S. Dagnello.

Swift J1818.0-1617, discovered in 2020, rotates with a rotation period of 1.36 seconds and is thought to be the fastest rotating magnetar yet discovered.

The star is located on the opposite side of the Milky Way galaxy's bulge, 22,000 light-years away, making it relatively close to Earth.

In fact, it's so close that we can use parallax to pinpoint its 3D location within the galaxy.

The lifespan of magnetars is currently unknown, but astronomers estimate that Swift J1818.0-1617 is only a few hundred years old.

“A magnetar's bright X-ray emission requires a mechanism of extremely high-energy outflow. Only the rapid decay of its powerful magnetic field can explain the force behind these spectral features,” said Dr. Hao Ding, an astronomer at the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, and his colleagues.

“But again, this is an extreme process: for normal stars on the main sequence, bright blue stars burn through their fuel much faster than yellow stars, and therefore have very short lifetimes.”

“In the case of magnetars, although the physics are different, their lifetimes are also thought to be shorter than those of pulsars.”

“Magnetars are too young to continue releasing energy at this rate for long periods of time,” the researchers added.

“Moreover, magnetars can also exhibit radiation in the lower end of the electromagnetic spectrum, i.e. at radio wavelengths.”

“In these cases, the most likely energy source is synchrotron radiation produced by the magnetar's rapid rotation.”

“In synchrotron radiation, the plasma surrounding the neutron star itself is so tightly attached to the surface of the star that it rotates at very close to the speed of light and produces radiation at radio wavelengths.”

Astronomers NSF's Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) was conducted over a three-year period to collect data on the position and velocity of Swift J1818.0-1617.

“The VLBA provided excellent angular resolution to measure this extremely small disparity, and the spatial resolution is unmatched,” said Dr Ding.

Swift J1818.0-1617's parallax is the smallest of any neutron star, and its so-called transverse velocity is the smallest of any magnetar (a new lower limit).

“Velocity in astronomy can be most simply described as having two components: direction and velocity,” the researchers explained.

“Radial velocity tells us how fast we're moving along the line of sight. In this case, radial velocity means the speed along the radius of the galaxy.”

“For magnetars like Swift J1818.0-1617, which are located on the opposite side of the central bulge, there is too much other material in the way to accurately measure the radial velocity.”

“Transverse velocity, sometimes called proper velocity, describes motion perpendicular to the galactic plane and is more easily identifiable.”

Astronomers are trying to understand the common (and different) formation processes between regular neutron stars, pulsars and magnetars, and hope to use precise measurements of the transverse velocities to analyse the conditions under which stars evolve along one of these three paths.

“This study adds weight to the theory that magnetars are unlikely to form under the same conditions as young pulsars, and suggests that magnetars are born from a more unconventional formation process,” Dr Ding said.

“We need to know how fast magnetars were moving when they were first born. The mechanism by which magnetars form is still a mystery, and we want to find out.”

Source: www.sci.news

New: Groundbreaking drill core penetrates 1.2 kilometers into Earth’s mantle

Posted on August 9, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

A rock sample from Earth’s mantle viewed under a microscope

Johan Lissenberg

In the middle of the North Atlantic, geologists have drilled 1,268 metres below the seafloor – the deepest hole ever drilled into Earth’s mantle – and analysis of the resulting rock core may provide new clues about the evolution of the planet’s outermost layers and even the origin of life.

The Earth is generally made up of several different layers, including the solid outer crust, the upper and lower mantle, and the core. The upper mantle, located just below the crust, is made up primarily of magnesium-rich rocks called peridotites. This layer drives important planetary processes such as earthquakes, the hydrological cycle, and the formation of volcanoes and mountain ranges.

“Until now, we’ve only been able to see fragments of the mantle,” Johan Lissenberg “However, there are many places on the seafloor where the mantle is exposed,” said researchers from Cardiff University in the UK.

One such region is an underwater mountain called Atlantis Mountains, located near a volcanically active area of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Pieces of the mantle constantly come to the surface and melt, giving rise to the region’s many volcanoes. Meanwhile, as seawater seeps deeper into the mantle, it is heated by higher temperatures, producing compounds such as methane, which bubbles up from hydrothermal vents and serves as fuel for microorganisms.

“There’s a kind of chemical kitchen beneath the Atlantis massif,” Lisenberg says.

To learn more about this dynamic region, he and his colleagues initially planned to use the drilling ship JOIDES Resolution to drill 200 meters into the mantle, deeper than researchers had gone before.

“We then started drilling and it went surprisingly well,” a team member said. Andrew McCaig “We retrieved a very long continuous fragment of rock and decided to go for it and go as deep as we could,” said researchers from the University of Leeds in the UK.

Ultimately, the team succeeded in drilling to a depth of 1,268 metres into the mantle.

When the researchers analyzed the drill core samples, they found that they had a much lower content of a mineral called pyroxene compared to other mantle samples from around the world, suggesting that this particular part of the mantle underwent significant melting in the past, depleting it of pyroxene, Lisenberg said.

In the future, he hopes to recreate this melting process, which will allow him to understand how the mantle melts and how that molten rock travels to the surface to feed oceanic volcanoes.

Some scientists believe life on Earth began deep in the ocean near hydrothermal vents, so by studying the chemicals that show up along the cylindrical rock cores, microbiologists hope to determine the conditions that may have led to the emergence of life, and at what depths below the ocean floor.

“This is a very important borehole because it will provide a reference point for scientists across many scientific disciplines,” McCaig says.

“While a one-dimensional sample from Earth cannot provide complete information about the three-dimensional migration paths of melt and water, it is still a major achievement,” he said. John Wheeler At the University of Liverpool, UK.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Folding fins increase the speed of fish movement, as demonstrated by Robot Tuna

Posted on August 8, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

This tuna-inspired robot borrows some nifty tricks from the real fish

Lin, Z. et al. (2024).

The tuna-shaped robot harnesses the secret to the speed and agility of real fish – the ability to selectively fold and extend their fins – which could improve underwater robot design.

Tuna are one of the fastest swimming fish in the ocean, thanks in part to their ability to retract and fold their fins to reduce drag. Chung-Rok Hayashi Researchers from China's Xiamen University and their colleagues investigated how such fins could improve the agility of robots.

The researchers built a 50-centimeter-long tuna-shaped robot that can be controlled by motors attached to its head, a dorsal fin on its back, and a fluke at the end of its tail. The researchers filmed the robot swimming in a pool and tested the effects of flattening or erecting the dorsal fin on the robot's acceleration, direction changes, and steady forward motion.

They found that folding and unfolding the dorsal fin had significant effects on factors such as speed, efficiency and linear acceleration. When the robot tuna was changing direction, keeping the dorsal fin erect increased its speed by about 33%. However, keeping the fin erect when the robot was moving steadily forward reduced the efficiency of its movement by up to 13%, increasing the robot's energy consumption.

Lin says these findings are consistent with how tuna in nature raise their dorsal fin to make fast, precise movements, such as when catching prey, then fold it back to continue swimming. “By designing similar flexible control systems, underwater vehicles can improve balance, navigation, and agility at high speed,” he says.

“Understanding this high level of swimming performance in tuna is intrinsically interesting because it is something that even the best human swimmers cannot achieve.” Frank Fish At West Chester University in Pennsylvania.

But Fish adds that the tail fin may play a bigger role than the dorsal fin in a tuna's swimming ability. His own research Many of these animals have shown this to be especially true when it comes to turning, Fish says. “We measured the turning ability of Pacific bluefin tuna and found that it far surpasses the capabilities of a robot,” he says. This may mean that tuna-inspired robots could also be improved by studying their tails in more detail.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Scientists investigate the effects of a broken heart

Posted on August 8, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

The Science of Love

“Losing or ending a romantic relationship is one of the most painful losses an adult can experience,” begins the BAS (A Study Full of Acronyms) study by German and Iranian researchers. Journal of Psychiatry Research.

This is science at its most overtly romantic: electromagnetically stimulating the brains of volunteers who have suddenly experienced heartbreak. It's also science with the most acronyms: tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation), DLPFC (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), VLPFC (ventrolateral prefrontal cortex), LTS (love trauma syndrome).

For those who have suffered through heartbreak, here's a passage worth hearing out loud as a midnight rooftop monologue: “Thirty-six participants with love trauma syndrome were randomly assigned to three tDCS conditions (left DLPFC, right VLPFC, or sham stimulation). LTS symptoms, treatment-related outcome variables (depression, anxiety, emotion regulation, positive and negative affect), and cognitive functioning were assessed pre-intervention, immediately after intervention, and one month after the intervention.”

The evaluation showed that brain zapping “ameliorated symptoms of LTS,” according to the researchers, but they cautioned that, in terms of science in general, “there are significant gaps in the research on 'love trauma syndrome,' what exactly the symptoms are and what the diagnostic criteria are.”

Eliminates odors

Kevin Lee sees some causation in the actions of perhaps London's (and the world's) first celebrity pathologist.

He writes: “I'm a retired forensic scientist and, as you can imagine, I've been asked countless times how I deal with smells. Apart from the old-fashioned solution of smiling innocently and asking, 'Ouch, what's that?', I still have a keen sense of smell and can detect a range of odours, even when the smell of decay is very faint. I've trained myself to have a fairly neutral approach to these smells, so that although I still notice them well, after one good sniff, they're no longer an issue.”

“Recent articles [Feedback, 15 June] Sir Bernard Spilsbury, a very famous forensic scientist in the early 20th century, said that his sense of smell was extremely defective. If it was, it is more likely that this was because he was a heavy smoker, smoking around 50 cigarettes a day. It is also possible that he used the same techniques that I later used.”

A slice of life

This note from UK reader Gerald Legg depicts body parts that are living (elbow), dead (hair), nominal (leg) and sliced: “Your recent article, 'Parting the Hair' (July 20th) made me think of my time at Manchester University, where my PhD research involved a lot of microtome work using an old but still-functioning Cambridge rocking microtome. [a specialist cutting device].

“I was taught how to sharpen the blade using a glass plate and cerium dioxide. Before each use, the blade is sharpened and then tested under 40x magnification to make sure it is free of scratches. The test is to cut a hair. A sharp blade can cut a hair three times, lifting the little curled section that is still attached to the body of the hair and then cutting the hair straight through.

“There was a sharp knife in the lab, and I put my elbow against the knife and heard it cutting all the way to the bone, but I didn’t feel anything.

“I was rushed to the nearby Manchester Hospital, where I was quickly healed with just a few stitches and was able to return to the lab and continue serial sectioning with the same blade.”

Anonymous

When students make tangible contributions to science, some teachers find ways to publicly recognize who, what, and where they did it, especially when students make extraordinary sacrifices.

“Research into the antibacterial effect of earwax E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus It was isolated from skin and stool samples of an undergraduate student at the Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria.” “.

In the academic world, credits are limited: individual students are not identified by name.

Simple Happiness

“Simple, simple, simple” is an old rule of thumb, especially among scientists. In honor of this maxim, Feedback has created a document collection called “Simple, Simple, Simple.”

The first item in this assemblage is report It was published in the February 6, 1997 issue under the heading “The Uniquely Simple Personality of Politicians” NatureThe study suggests that a politician's personality can be summed up in just two or three numbers – in stark contrast to the five numbers psychologists claim are needed to judge the average person.

The study's authors were awarded the Ig Nobel Prize in Psychology in 2003.

If you have the simple pleasure of finding another good example, send it to us (with details of the citation) at Simple pleasures, Feedback.

Marc Abrahams is the founder of the Ig Nobel Prize ceremony and co-founder of the journal Annals of Improbable Research. He previously worked on unusual uses of computers. His website is Impossible.

Do you have a story for feedback?

You can submit articles for Feedback by emailing feedback@newscientist.com. Please include your home address. This week's and past Feedback can be found on our website.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Could the habitability of Mars be enhanced with the assistance of shiny steel bars?

Posted on August 8, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Terraforming Mars would make it more similar to Earth, creating an environment capable of supporting life as we know it.

Detlef van Ravensweig/Science Photo Library

Releasing iron rods the size of glitter particles into the Martian atmosphere could raise the planet's temperature enough to melt water and support microbial life.

Making the Red Planet's surface habitable for Earth-like life – a process known as “terraforming” – will be a complex one, but a key part of it will be raising the surface temperature above the current median freezing point of -65°C (-85°F).

Some have suggested placing mirrors on the Martian surface or pumping methane into the atmosphere, but these ideas are difficult to implement because the necessary raw materials would need to be shipped from Earth.

now, Edwin Kite Researchers at the University of Chicago in Illinois found that a relatively tiny dust cloud (about 9 micrometers long and 160 nanometers wide) made from iron or aluminum rods mined from Martian rocks could warm Mars by about 30 degrees Celsius over the course of a few months to more than a decade, depending on how quickly the particles are released.

These rods, each about 9 micrometers long and 160 nanometers wide, are carried by winds from the surface into Mars' upper atmosphere, where they will remain for about 10 years, trapping heat from the surface and transmitting sunlight.

Kite and his colleagues modeled how the rods respond to light and fed that information into climate simulations, which showed that the increased temperature and pressure would be enough to support liquid water and possibly oxygen-producing bacteria in parts of Mars.

They also found that to achieve this warming, it would be enough to release the fuel rods at a rate fast enough to power about 30 garden sprinklers — a total of 700,000 cubic meters of metal per year, or about 1% of Earth's metal production.

“When we did the math, we found that the amount of man-made dust we needed would be surprisingly small — much less than we would need to create the same amount of warming with man-made greenhouse gases,” Kyte says.

While mining the Martian surface would still be difficult, Kite says this would be 5,000 times more efficient than any warming method proposed so far.

One of the big uncertainties in the simulations is how the tiny bars interact with water in the Martian atmosphere, which could have unexpected effects such as causing the water to collect around the dust and rain down back to the surface, reducing global warming.

It's an intriguing idea that might work if the particles remain in the atmosphere long enough, he said. Manoj Joshi researcher at the University of East Anglia in the U.K. But even if the amount of metal needed is small, he says it would still be an enormous amount of work to produce.

Joshi said there are also ethical questions about whether it's OK to alter the atmosphere of another planet: “Mars is so unexplored and we don't know much about it. Is it OK to alter a planet in this way?”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Microwave ovens are home to a surprising array of bacteria

Posted on August 8, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Microwaves heat food but don't necessarily kill bacteria

Shutterstock/Stock Photo

Microwaves in homes, offices, and laboratories harbor a surprising variety of bacteria.

Microwaves are widely used to heat food and sterilize samples, but the radiation they emit is non-ionizing and does not damage biological molecules. Microwaves heat objects by vibrating water molecules, but bacteria are only killed if a high enough temperature is reached.

However, repeated heating and drying processes meant that microwaves were considered to be a difficult environment for microorganisms to survive.

Manuel Polker Researchers from the University of Valencia in Spain sampled 30 microwaves: 10 from private kitchens, 10 from shared kitchens such as corporate centers, scientific laboratories and cafeterias, and 10 from molecular biology and microbiology laboratories.

In total, the researchers found 747 different genera of bacteria within 25 bacterial phyla, with diversity lowest in domestic microwave ovens and highest in laboratory devices.

Many of the bacteria found in shared and single-family microwaves overlapped and were similar to bacteria commonly found on people's hands and elsewhere in the kitchen, suggesting that microbes don't need special adaptations to survive in microwaves, perhaps because food particles protect them from radiation, Polker said.

However, the microbiome found in the lab, where food was not cooked, was more distinctive and resembled those found in extremely dry, hot and irradiated environments, such as solar panels.

The researchers found that some of the bacteria found in household microwave ovens include: Klebsiella, Enterococcus and Aeromonaswhich may pose a risk to human health, but the microbial populations found on microwaves do not pose any unique or elevated risk compared to other common kitchen surfaces, the researchers said.

“What's clear is that the microwave cannot be trusted to be a cleaner environment in terms of microbes than the rest of the kitchen, and it should be cleaned just like the rest of the kitchen,” Polker says.

Belinda Ferrari A researcher from the University of New South Wales in Australia says she's not at all surprised that researchers found bacteria that can live in microwaves. “Bacteria can survive almost any extreme exposure and can adapt to anything,” she says.

Ferrari recommends regularly cleaning your microwave with a disinfectant: “Some microwaves in workplaces are filthy and no one cleans them,” she says.

She would like to see more detailed information about when microwaves were last cleaned in her research: “If we were to do this experiment, we would also like to study the biome before and after cleaning,” she says.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Resilient bacteria discovered thriving in microwave ovens

Posted on August 8, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Microwaves heat food but don't necessarily kill bacteria

Shutterstock/Stock Photo

Microwaves in homes, offices, and laboratories harbor a surprising variety of bacteria.

However, repeated heating and drying processes meant that microwaves were considered to be a difficult environment for microorganisms to survive.

Alba Iglesias Researchers from the University of Valencia in Spain sampled 30 microwaves: 10 from private kitchens, 10 from shared kitchens such as corporate centers, scientific laboratories and cafeterias, and 10 from molecular biology and microbiology laboratories.

In total, the researchers found 747 different genera of bacteria within 25 bacterial phyla, with diversity lowest in domestic microwave ovens and highest in laboratory devices.

Many of the bacteria found in shared and single-family home microwaves overlapped and were similar to bacteria commonly found on people's hands and elsewhere in the kitchen, but the bacteria found in the lab, where no food is cooked, were more unique, resembling the microbiomes found in extremely dry, hot and irradiated environments, such as solar panels.

The researchers found that some of the bacteria found in household microwave ovens include: Klebsiella, Enterococcus and Aeromonaswhich could pose a risk to human health. But the microbial populations found on microwaves do not pose any unique or increased risk compared with other common kitchen surfaces, the researchers said. The researchers did not respond to requests for an interview.

Ferrari recommends regularly cleaning your microwave with a disinfectant: “Some microwaves in workplaces are filthy and no one cleans them,” she says.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Experts explain why Olympic marathon runners are highly susceptible to getting diarrhea

Posted on August 8, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

From watching to cheering, or even dreaming of competing in the Olympics, every competition is thrilling. However, the excitement can quickly fade when considering the potential illnesses one may contract from participating. Experts have cautioned that athletes involved in the marathon swimming event in the River Seine in Paris are at risk of falling ill, most likely experiencing symptoms such as diarrhea.

“I would not have chosen the Seine,” stated Professor Davy Jones, an expert in Environmental Science and Public Health at Bangor University. He highlighted the high urbanization of the area, exposing the river to various chemicals and biological agents, increasing the risk of illness for athletes.

Concerns were raised after several training sessions in the Seine were canceled due to elevated levels of fecal matter in the water. Athletes, like Austrian swimmer Felix Aubeck, expressed apprehension about the water quality and its potential impact on their health.

Virus threat

Testing has shown unsafe levels of bacteria, including E. coli, in the water, prompting the need for further assessments and precautions to ensure the safety of athletes. Illnesses such as norovirus and ear infections have been observed as common post-swimming ailments.

The presence of these harmful substances in the water poses a significant health risk, with sewage overflow contributing to the contamination. Despite treatment efforts, the discharge of sewage into rivers remains a concern, particularly during heavy rains.

Experts emphasize the challenges of cleaning the Seine effectively to eliminate the risk of pathogens. While protective gear provides some defense, swimmers remain susceptible to exposure, especially during outdoor events in contaminated water.

Although the situation raises concerns, experts consider it an opportunity for a scientific study to understand the impact of water quality on athletes’ health. Ultimately, the decision to swim in the Seine remains a personal choice, with experts urging caution and thorough risk assessment.

About our experts

Professor Davy Jones: Professor of Environmental Science and Public Health at Bangor University, with expertise in advising governments and conducting research on various environmental issues.

David Warner: Professor of Environmental Systems Modeling at Newcastle University, known for his research on water quality and environmental pollution.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

New study shows pterosaurs utilized all four limbs for flight propulsion

Posted on August 8, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Take-off is a key part of powered flight and likely constrains the size of birds, although extinct pterosaurs are known to have grown to much larger sizes. Three different hypothesized take-off movements have been proposed to allow pterosaurs to fly: a vertical burst jump using only the legs similar to those used by mostly ground-dwelling birds, a less vertical jump using only the legs similar to those used by birds that fly frequently, and a quadruped jump using the wings as well in a movement similar to the take-off jump of a bat. Palaeontologists from the University of Bristol, Liverpool John Moores University, ABC Federal University and Keele University built a computational musculoskeletal model of an avian pterosaur with a five-metre wingspan, reconstructed 34 major muscles and estimated muscle moment arms across the three hypothesized take-off movements.

One-second takeoff sequences used in the study highlighting the key phases: (A) Bipedal burst style takeoff highlighting the timing of the crouch, ankle lift, and launch phases. (B) Bipedal recoil style takeoff highlighting the timing of the countermotion and launch phases. (C) Quadrupedal recoil style takeoff highlighting the crouch, leap, and launch phases. Images courtesy of Griffin others., doi: 10.7717/peerj.17678.

“Powered flight is a form of locomotion that is restricted to only a small number of animals because it is energy-intensive, requires specialized adaptations to take off and requires lift to support thrust and weight,” Dr Benjamin Griffin from the University of Bristol and his colleagues said.

“The most energy-intensive part of powered flight is take-off from the ground. During this stage, the animal needs to get high enough into the air to be able to utilize an unimpeded flapping cycle.”

“Take-off also requires the animal to gain enough speed so that the wings can overcome drag (i.e. thrust) and generate enough lift to support the animal's weight.”

“As size increases, so do altitude and speed requirements, limiting the takeoff size of flying animals.”

“Modern flying animals do not have a mass greater than 25 kg. The heaviest flying animals were Bustard (Otis Tarda)It was recorded to have weighed 22kg.

“Despite this, many extinct animals grew large bodies and are still thought to be capable of flight. Argentavis magnificens and Pelagornis sandersi They are predicted to have masses of 70 kg and 21.8 to 40 kg, respectively.”

“Pterosaurs vary in size, with medium-sized pterosaurs predicted to have a wingspan of 2-5 metres and weigh between 20 and 30 kilograms.”

“They also reached the largest sizes among the largest animals, such as pterosaurs. Quetzalcoatlus Northropii It is predicted to have reached a much larger mass (150 kg, or more commonly 250 kg).”

“Flight at such a large mass challenges our understanding of the functional limits of flight, and understanding pterosaur take-off is crucial for establishing the functional limits of biological flight.”

This new research follows years of analysis and modeling of how muscles in other animals interact with bones to produce movement, which are beginning to be used to answer the question of how the largest known flying animals were able to take off from the ground.

The authors created the first computer model of this kind for a pterosaur analysis, to test three different ways that pterosaurs might have taken flight.

By mimicking this movement, the researchers hoped to understand the leverage principles that could be used to propel the animal into the air.

“Larger animals have to overcome greater obstacles to fly, which is why the ability of large animals like pterosaurs to fly is particularly intriguing,” Dr Griffin said.

“Our model shows that unlike birds, which rely primarily on their hind limbs, pterosaurs likely relied on all four limbs to take to the air.”

of Investigation result Published in the journal Peer J.

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BW Griffin others2024. Modelling the take-off moment arm of an ornithosaur. Peer J 12: e17678; doi: 10.7717/peerj.17678

Source: www.sci.news

Study Confirms the Health Benefits of Vegetable Oils

Posted on August 8, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

New dietary intervention studies Published in the journal Nature MedicineSwitching from a diet high in saturated animal fats to one high in unsaturated plant fats affects the composition of fats in your blood, which can affect your long-term disease risk.
Eichelmann othersThis shows that it is possible to accurately measure diet-related changes in blood fats and directly link them to the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Image courtesy of Tung Lam.
The World Health Organization (WHO) highlights the importance of a healthy diet in preventing chronic diseases and recommends replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats from plant sources to reduce cardiometabolic risk.
However, limitations in existing research mean these guidelines are of moderate certainty.
The new study addressed these limitations by conducting a detailed analysis of fats in the blood, also known as lipids, using a technique called lipidomics.
These highly detailed lipid measurements have allowed researchers to innovatively combine different types of studies to link diet and disease.
This approach combines dietary intervention studies (using highly controlled diets) with previously conducted cohort studies with long-term health follow-up.
“Our collaboration provides conclusive evidence that diets low in saturated fat and high in unsaturated vegetable fats have health benefits and may help to provide targeted dietary advice to people who would benefit most from changing their eating habits,” said Professor Julie Lovegrove, from the University of Reading.
“Our study provides further conclusive evidence that diets high in unsaturated vegetable fats, such as the Mediterranean diet, are beneficial for health,” added researcher Dr Clemens Wittenbecher from Chalmers University of Technology.
The study included 113 participants from the DIVAS trial, a single-blind, randomized, controlled, parallel trial.
For 16 weeks, one group ate a diet high in saturated animal fats and the other group ate a diet high in unsaturated vegetable fats.
The blood samples were analyzed using lipid analysis techniques to identify specific lipid molecules that reflected the different diets consumed by each participant.
“We summarized the effects on blood lipids in a Multi Lipid Score (MLS),” said Dr Fabian Eichelmann, researcher at the German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam-Rehbrücke.
“A high MLS indicates a healthy blood fat profile, and such good MLS levels can be achieved by consuming more unsaturated vegetable fats and less saturated animal fats.”
“These MLS results from dietary intervention studies were statistically associated with incident cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in previous large observational studies.”
“These large cohort studies followed initially healthy participants for several years.”
Analysis of data from both studies showed that participants with a higher MLS, indicating a beneficial dietary fat composition, had a significantly reduced risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases.
Additionally, the scientists investigated whether people with lower MLS levels, indicative of a higher saturated fat content in their diet, particularly benefited from a healthier diet.
The Mediterranean diet, which focuses on consuming more unsaturated vegetable fats, was used in one of the large intervention trials known as the PREDIMED trial.
From this study, the authors found that the diabetes prevention effect was most pronounced in individuals who had low MLS levels at the start of the study.
“Because diet is so complex, it's often difficult to draw conclusive evidence from a single study,” Dr. Wittenbecher said.
“Our approach of combining a highly controlled dietary intervention study with lipid analysis and a prospective cohort study with long-term health follow-up can overcome current limitations in nutrition research.”
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F. Eichelmann othersLipid changes through improving the quality of dietary fats can aid in cardiometabolic risk reduction and precision nutrition. National MedPublished online July 11, 2024; doi: 10.1038/s41591-024-03124-1
This article is a version of a press release provided by the University of Reading.

Source: www.sci.news

Paleontologists discover significant discrepancies in growth patterns between ancient and modern mammals from the Jurassic era

Posted on August 8, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

In a new study, paleontologists used synchrotron X-ray tomography of annual growth in dental cementum from fossil mammals belonging to three Jurassic animal groups to elucidate the origin of mammalian growth patterns that are intrinsically linked to mammals being warm-blooded.

“This is the first time we've been able to reconstruct the growth patterns of early mammals in such detail,” said Dr Elise Newnham, a postdoctoral researcher at Queen Mary, University of London and the University of Bonn.

“By studying the spacing and texture of these growth rings, we can not only tell us how fast they grew at different stages of their life, but also make inferences about their metabolism and overall lifespan.”

The study calls into question previous assumptions about the growth patterns of our mammalian ancestors and the idea that these animals may have grown in a way similar to modern mammals.

Instead, the study answers a question raised by similar recent studies of early mammalian ancestors: when did modern mammalian life cycles evolve?

The researchers found that the first signs of modern mammalian growth patterns — high growth rates in young animals that stop at puberty — began in the earliest true mammals about 130 million years ago, compared with relatively little change throughout their lives in previously evolved mammalian forms.

However, like mammals, these animals grow slower and live much longer than modern small mammals such as mice and mice, with a maximum lifespan of 8 to 14 years.

The timing of this change in growth rate, combined with changes in tree-ring structure, indicates when these animals reached puberty and possibly sexual maturity.

“These data suggest that while all living small mammals reach sexual maturity within a few months of birth, the earliest mammals took several years to reach sexual maturity, supporting the results of a recent study on one of our study animals. Cruxatodon” Dr Pam Gill, a researcher at the Natural History Museum and University of Bristol, said:

“What's more, we find that this long, drawn-out life history was common to early mammals throughout the Jurassic Period.”

“Our results suggest that distinctive mammalian life history traits, such as high metabolic rate and extended parental care, evolved gradually over millions of years,” Dr Newnham said.

“The Jurassic period appears to have been a pivotal period in this evolution.”

The researchers used a technique called synchrotron X-ray tomography to image tiny growth rings in fossilized root cementum, the bone tissue that attaches teeth to the jaw. These rings are similar to those found in trees, but on a microscopic scale.

By counting the growth rings and analysing their thickness and texture, they were able to reconstruct the growth patterns and lifespan of the extinct animals.

“This work is a great example of how new technologies are revolutionizing our understanding of the distant past,” said Professor Thomas Martin from the University of Bonn.

“By closely examining these fossilized teeth, we can gain valuable insight into the lives of organisms that lived millions of years ago.”

“We are incredibly excited to be involved in this project,” said researcher Dr Jen Bright, from the University of Hull.

“Putting Jurassic fossils in a particle accelerator (synchrotron) to reconstruct the past sounds like science fiction, but it's actually possible!”

of Investigation result Published in a journal Scientific advances.

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Ellis Newham others2024. Origin of mammalian growth patterns during the Jurassic mammalian radiation. Scientific advances 10(32); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.ado4555

Source: www.sci.news

The Crucial Misunderstanding of Critics Towards the International Space Station

Posted on August 8, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

The International Space Station (ISS) is nearing the end of its lifespan, with agencies around the world planning to decommission it around 2030. After nearly 24 years of continuous use by astronauts from the U.S., Russia, Europe, Japan, Canada, and many other regions, the giant orbiting spacecraft is showing its age, and it’s nearly time to bring it down before its aging parts are destroyed in far more dangerous ways (see Inside NASA’s Ambitious Plan to Crash the ISS to Earth).

The effort to keep such a huge research facility in orbit has been controversial, with some saying it’s a waste of money and that it should have been taken off orbit long ago. Critics claim that the facility hasn’t lived up to all expectations and that the scientific results from research on the space station don’t contribute enough to problems on Earth. These criticisms may or may not be true, but they miss the point.

The ISS has always symbolized the possibility of a better world of peace and cooperation as a global collaboration in a very challenging adventure in space. Its two major stakeholders, the United States and Russia, have long been at odds on the ground, yet their astronauts continue to work together on the space station to increase global knowledge and reach into the solar system. The ISS is a symbol of humanity working towards a common goal.

With the ISS gone, it will be nearly impossible to see the same view again. NASA and other space agencies have their eye on the Moon, where the possibility of building an international astronaut village there, while promising, remains a pipe dream for now. The ISS, a prime example of international cooperation, will burn up in the atmosphere and sink into the ocean. Its loss will have ripples that go beyond space science. It would represent a decline in the global cooperation needed to address the big challenges the world currently faces, such as climate change, and is a loss we should all mourn.

topic:

International Space Station/
Space Exploration

Source: www.newscientist.com

Potential for Creating Life on Mars with Reflective Iron Rods

Posted on August 8, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Terraforming Mars would make it more similar to Earth, creating an environment capable of supporting life as we know it.

Detlef van Ravensweig/Science Photo Library

Releasing iron rods the size of glitter particles into the Martian atmosphere could raise the planet's temperature enough to melt water and support microbial life.

While mining the Martian surface would still be difficult, Kite says this would be 5,000 times more efficient than any warming method proposed so far.

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Source: www.newscientist.com