Study Reveals Disappearance of Dark Matter as Cause for Excess Galactic Centers in the Milky Way

Posted on October 21, 2025 by

The galactic center excess refers to an unexpected intensity of gamma rays emerging from the core of the Milky Way galaxy.

This view displays the entire sky at energies exceeding 1 GeV, derived from five years of data from the LAT instrument on NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. The most striking aspect is a luminous band of diffuse light along the center of the map, indicating the central plane of the Milky Way galaxy. Image credit: NASA/DOE/Fermi LAT collaboration.

Gamma rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation characterized by the shortest wavelengths and the highest energy.

The intriguing gamma-ray signal from the Milky Way’s center was initially observed in 2009 by the Large Area Telescope, the primary instrument of NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope.

The source of this signal remains under discussion, with main hypotheses involving self-annihilating dark matter and undetected populations of millisecond pulsars.

“When Fermi directed its gaze toward the galaxy’s center, the outcome was unexpected,” remarked Dr. Noam Libeskind, an astrophysicist at the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics in Potsdam.

“The telescope detected an excessive number of gamma rays, the most energetic form of light in the universe.”

“Astronomers worldwide were baffled, and numerous competing theories emerged to clarify the so-called gamma-ray excess.”

“After extensive discussion, two primary theories surfaced: either these gamma rays stem from millisecond pulsars (highly dense neutron stars rotating thousands of times per second) or from dark matter particles colliding and annihilating. Both theories, however, have their limitations.”

“Nonetheless, our findings strongly support the notion that the gamma-ray excess arises from dark matter annihilation.”

In their study, Dr. Libeskind and his team simulated the formation of the Milky Way galaxy under conditions akin to those in Earth’s neighboring universe.

They discovered that dark matter does not radiate outward from the galaxy’s core but is organized similarly to stars, suggesting that it could also contribute to the excess gamma rays.

“The Milky Way has long been recognized as existing within a spherical region filled with dark matter, often referred to as a dark matter halo,” explained Dr. Mourits Mikkel Mur, an astrophysicist at the Potsdam Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics and the University of Tartu.

“However, the degree to which this halo is aspheric or ellipsoidal remains unclear.”

“We analyzed simulations of the Milky Way and its dark matter halo and found that the flattening of this region sufficiently accounts for the gamma-ray excess due to self-annihilation of dark matter particles.”

“These calculations indicate that the search for dark matter particles capable of self-annihilation should be emphasized, bringing us closer to uncovering the enigmatic properties of these particles.”

A study of the survey results was published in this month’s edition of Physical Review Letters.

_____

Mikel Mur the Moor et al. 2025. Excess forms of dark matter in Fermi LAT galactic center Milky Way simulations. Physics. Pastore Rhett 135, 161005; doi: 10.1103/g9qz-h8wd

Source: www.sci.news

Study Reveals Plug-In Hybrids Emit Nearly the Same Pollution as Gasoline Vehicles

Posted on October 16, 2025 by

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) release nearly five times more greenhouse gas emissions than reported statistics suggest. I found a report detailing this issue.

These vehicles can operate on electric batteries as well as internal combustion engines and have been promoted by European manufacturers as a means to travel longer distances while lowering emissions—offering an alternative to fully electric cars.

Research indicates that PHEVs emit just 19% less CO₂. An analysis from the nonprofit organization Transport and Environment was released on Thursday, showing laboratory tests estimated 75% less pollution.

Researchers examined data from fuel consumption meters in 800,000 vehicles registered in Europe between 2021 and 2023, discovering that the real carbon dioxide emissions from PHEVs in 2023 were 4.9 times greater than those from standardized lab tests, an increase from 3.5 times in 2021.

“While official emissions are declining, actual emissions are on the rise,” remarked Sofia Navas Goelke, a researcher at the Institute for Transport and Environment and co-author of the report. “This widening gap is becoming a significant issue. Consequently, PHEVs are now polluting nearly as much as traditional petrol vehicles.”

The researchers identified that much of this disparity stems from an overestimation of the “utility factor” (the proportion of miles driven in electric mode compared to total miles), finding that only 27% of driving was done in electric mode, versus the official estimate of 84%. The analysis noted that the European Commission proposed two amendments to the utility coefficient ratio, which lessened the gap but didn’t eliminate it entirely.

Even when operating in electric mode, pollution levels were found to be significantly higher than official figures suggest. Researchers indicated this was due to the electric motor being insufficient for sole operation, with the engine burning fossil fuels for almost one-third of the distance traveled in electric mode.

Patrick Plotz, head of energy economics at the Fraunhofer Institute for System Innovation, who did not participate in the study, described it as a “very useful contribution” to ongoing discussions, as some in the automotive industry have claimed there’s insufficient data to accurately gauge real emissions.

“Without a doubt, the disparity between official and actual fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions for PHEVs is substantial,” Plotz remarked. “Their emissions are much higher than those of gasoline or diesel cars,” referring to the study on the topic. “Any policy adjustments regarding PHEVs should be thoughtfully considered in the context of this data.”

Hybrid vehicles have re-entered political discourse as automakers urge the EU to ease carbon emission targets. The push to ban new internal combustion engine vehicles by 2035 is facing strong lobbying from the auto sector, along with resistance from member states with significant automotive industries.

“There should be no significant reductions in 2035,” stated German Chancellor Friedrich Merz following a summit with Germany’s struggling automotive sector, committing to “do everything possible in 2035.” Other senior German leaders have cited plug-in hybrids as an example of “flexibility” that could be integrated into the legislation.

Skip past newsletter promotions

Researchers calculated that the undervaluation of PHEV emissions artificially facilitated compliance with the EU’s average vehicle CO2 regulations, enabling four major car manufacturers to evade over €5 billion (around £4.3 billion) in fines between 2021 and 2023. The study indicated that PHEV drivers are likely to incur approximately €500 more in annual running costs than expectations based on lab tests.

“The exaggerated claims made by manufacturers regarding their plug-in hybrid vehicles are clearly misleading,” observed Colin Walker, a transportation analyst at Energy and Climate Intelligence.

“Consumers are misled into thinking that by choosing a PHEV, they are aiding the environment and saving money,” he pointed out. “In reality, PHEVs are only marginally more efficient than regular petrol and diesel vehicles concerning fuel and CO₂ consumption, resulting in higher operation costs.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

New Study Shows Baker’s Yeast Can Endure Stress Conditions Similar to Mars

Posted on October 15, 2025 by

Investigating the potential for life to endure under extraterrestrial circumstances is a key aim of astrobiology. In this recent study, researchers utilized the robust model organism, baker’s yeast, to evaluate the impact of Mars-like environments. They discovered that the yeast can resist shock waves and perchlorate treatment, two stress factors linked to Mars. Furthermore, yeast adapt to Martian-like conditions by forming conserved RNA-protein complexes.

A model demonstrating the significance of RNP condensates in facilitating survival under Mars-like stress conditions. Image credit: Dhage et al., doi: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf300.

“With advancements in space science and astrobiology, examining Mars’s potential to harbor life forms is gaining considerable interest,” stated Dr. Purusharth Rajguru and his team at the Indian Institute of Science.

“Mars presents a range of extreme environmental challenges that any potential life forms would need to overcome.”

“Hence, it is essential to comprehend its unique and harsh environmental conditions.”

“The stressors on Mars include: (i) high-intensity shock waves from meteorite impacts, (ii) extreme fluctuations in temperature and pressure, (iii) ionizing radiation and solar ultraviolet radiation resulting from a thin atmosphere, and (iv) chaotropic agents such as perchlorates.”

“These factors create significant barriers to the survival of potential life.”

In this investigation, the researchers examined budding yeast, a well-known model organism for studying shock waves and perchlorate.

One reason for selecting this yeast is its previous studies conducted in space environments.

When subjected to stress, yeast, humans, and various other organisms form ribonucleoprotein (RNP) condensates, structures composed of RNA and proteins that safeguard the RNA and influence the progression of mRNA.

When a stressor subsides, RNP condensates, which include stress granules and subtypes called P bodies, disassemble.

Yeast subjected to a shock wave with a Mach strength of 5.6 survived, exhibiting slower growth rates, similar to those observed in yeast exposed to 100 mM sodium perchlorate salt (NaClO₄)—a concentration akin to that found in Martian soil.

The yeast cells also endured the combined stress of shock waves and perchlorate exposure.

In both situations, the yeast accumulated RNP condensates, the researchers noted.

The shock wave triggered the formation of stress granules and P bodies, while perchlorate prompted the yeast to generate P bodies but not stress granules.

Mutants that were unable to assemble RNP condensates fared poorer under Martian stress conditions.

Transcriptome analysis uncovered specific RNA transcripts affected by the Mars-like scenarios.

“This finding highlights the significance of yeast and RNP condensates in understanding how Martian conditions affect life,” the scientists concluded.

For further details, refer to their paper published in today’s issue of PNAS Nexus.

_____

Riya Dage et al. 2025. Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) condensates regulate survival in response to Mars-like stress conditions. PNAS Nexus 4(10):pgaf300; doi: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf300

Source: www.sci.news

Study: Cardamom Seed Extract Enhances Production of Antiviral Proteins

Posted on October 15, 2025 by

Cardamom (Elettaria cardamom) seed extract, notably its primary bioactive element, 1,8-cineole, has been highlighted in recent research for its potential as an antiviral agent by enhancing the production of antiviral proteins known as type I interferons.

Cardamom (Elettaria cardamom) seed. Image credit: Karina Panchenko.

Herbal remedies have long been utilized to address various health conditions, including viral infections.

Medicinal herbs and plants are abundant sources of bioactive substances and have been incorporated into antiviral products by pharmaceutical companies.

These substances interfere with different stages of various viruses’ life cycles and help modulate the body’s immune response to viral threats.

Recent research by Takeshi Kawahara and his team at Shinshu University suggests that cardamom seed extract might possess formidable antiviral properties.

“Even prior to the emergence of the recent coronavirus, we were investigating substances that could help prevent viral infections in daily life,” Dr. Kawahara stated.

“The pandemic has amplified public interest in the antiviral qualities of food, providing us more avenues to pursue this research.”

In earlier investigations, the researchers discovered that cardamom seed extract effectively prevented influenza virus infections.

The latest study involved conducting experiments on human lung cells, specifically A549 cells, treated with cardamom seed extract to simulate viral infection processes and better understand its effects on the production of antiviral molecules.

They found that cardamom seed extract, along with its key bioactive component, 1,8-cineole, activates intracellular nucleic acid sensors that recognize viral DNA and RNA.

These sensors trigger the production of various cytokines, which impact the virus at different phases of infection.

In this instance, treatment with cardamom seed extract or 1,8-cineole resulted in increased production of a specific type of cytokine known as type I interferon, which is crucial for the body’s defense against viral infections, facilitated by the intracellular nucleic acid sensors.

Given these findings, the researchers expressed significant interest in the potential therapeutic applications of their results.

“Traditionally, cardamom has been widely recognized as a medicinal spice, and based on our findings, we aspire to explore its use as an antiviral agent to combat various viral infections,” Dr. Kawahara noted.

“We hope this research sheds new light on the antiviral properties of foods and inspires further exploration of various food components that may aid in preventing viral infections in everyday life.”

These findings were published in the August 2025 issue of Foods.

_____

Abdullah Al Sufian Shuvo et al. 2025. Type I interferon-enhancing effect of cardamom seed extract via intracellular nucleic acid sensor regulation. Foods 14(15):2744; doi: 10.3390/Food14152744

Source: www.sci.news

Study Suggests Hippos Roamed Central Europe 40,000 Years Ago

Posted on October 14, 2025 by

Small, isolated groups of the Common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) were present in the upper reaches of the Rhine River in southwestern Germany during the Middle Ages. New research indicates their presence during the Weichselian period, which spanned from approximately 47,000 to 31,000 years ago.

Radiocarbon dating indicates that the common hippopotamus was present in the middle Weichselian (Hippopotamus amphibius) in the upper reaches of the Rhine River, Germany. Image credit: Gemini AI.

Hippos likely made their way into Europe from Africa through multiple waves, involving various species within the Hippopotamus genus, including the common hippo, which currently inhabits only sub-Saharan Africa.

At their peak distribution in Europe, hippos were found from the British Isles in the northwest to the Iberian and Italian peninsulas in the south.

Their fossil record generally suggests they thrived in temperate climates, characterized by denser vegetation and abundant freshwater bodies.

Nevertheless, their origins and relation to today’s African hippos, as well as the precise timing of their extinction in central Europe, remain ambiguous.

“Previously, it was thought that the common hippopotamus extirpated from central Europe around 115,000 years ago with the conclusion of the last interglacial period,” stated co-senior author Professor Wilfried Rosendahl, general director of the Ries-Engelhorn Mannheim Museum.

“Our findings reveal that hippos inhabited the Upper Rhine Valley in southwestern Germany from about 47,000 to 31,000 years ago.”

For this study, Professor Rosendahl and his team analyzed 19 hippo specimens collected from a fossil site located in the rift valley upstream of the Rhine River.

“The Upper Rhine Rift Valley serves as a significant continental climate archive,” noted study co-author Dr. Ronnie Friedrich, a researcher at the Kurt Engelhorn Zentrum Archaeological Institute.

“Animal bones preserved for millennia in gravel and sand deposits provide invaluable data for scientific inquiry.”

“It’s astonishing how well-preserved the bones are,” he added.

“In many human remains, we’ve successfully obtained samples suitable for analysis, but such conditions are not to be expected after such extended periods.”

By analyzing ancient DNA, researchers discovered that Ice Age hippos in Europe share a close relationship with modern African hippos, being part of the same species.

Radiocarbon dating confirmed their existence during the mid-Weichselian temperate climatic phase.

Furthermore, extensive genome-wide analyses indicated very low genetic diversity, suggesting a small, isolated population in the upper Rhine region.

These results, in conjunction with additional fossil evidence, imply that the heat-loving hippos coexisted with cold-adapted species such as mammoths and woolly rhinos.

“This finding indicates that hippos did not vanish from central Europe at the end of the last interglacial period, as was previously thought,” stated study lead author Dr. Patrick Arnold, a researcher at the University of Potsdam.

“Thus, there’s a necessity to reevaluate other continental European hippo fossils typically considered to belong to the last interglacial period.”

“This study provides significant new insights that compellingly demonstrate that the Ice Age was not uniform everywhere but rather that regional specificities contributed to a complex picture,” remarked Professor Rosendahl.

“It would be intriguing and valuable to further examine other heat-loving animal species that have so far been linked to the last interglacial.”

This result was published in the journal on October 8, 2025, in Current Biology.

_____

Patrick Arnold et al. Ancient DNA and dating evidence show hippos dispersed into central Europe during the last ice age. Current Biology published online October 8, 2025. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.09.035

Source: www.sci.news

Southern Impact Reveals Magma Ocean in Moon’s Largest Crater: Study

Posted on October 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Approximately 4.3 billion years ago, during the early formation of our solar system, a massive asteroid collided with the far side of the moon, resulting in the creation of the South Pole-Aitken Basin—an enormous crater. This feature, the largest on the moon, spans over 1,200 miles in length and 1,000 miles in width. Its rectangular shape is attributed to a glancing impact rather than a direct hit. Challenging previous beliefs that the basin was formed by an asteroid coming from the south, recent research indicates that the narrowing shape of the basin towards the south suggests an impact from the north.

The South Pole-Aitken Impact Basin on the far side of the Moon was formed by a southward impact. Image credit: Jeff Andrews-Hanna / University of Arizona / NASA / National Astronomical Observatory of Japan.

“The downstream edge of the basin should have a thick layer of material that was excavated from the moon’s interior by the impact, while the upper edge should not,” explained Dr. Jeffrey Andrews-Hanna, a planetary scientist at the University of Arizona.

“This suggests that the Artemis mission will target the downrange rim of the basin, an ideal site to examine the moon’s largest and oldest impact basins, where most of the ejecta, consisting of material from deep within the moon, are likely to be gathered.”

Historically, it has been believed that early moons were molten due to the energy released during their formation, resulting in a magma ocean that enveloped the entire moon.

As this magma ocean solidified, heavy minerals settled to create the Moon’s mantle, while lighter minerals floated upwards to form the Earth’s crust.

Nevertheless, certain elements were not incorporated into the solid mantle and crust, but instead became concentrated in the last liquid remnants of the magma ocean.

These “residual” elements, including potassium, rare earth elements, and phosphorus, are collectively known as KREEP.

Dr. Andrews-Hanna and his team noted that these elements appear to be especially abundant on the moon’s near side.

“If you’ve ever frozen a can of soda, you might have noticed that high fructose corn syrup doesn’t freeze all the way through and instead accumulates at the bottom of the liquid,” remarked Dr. Andrews-Hanna.

“We believe a similar phenomenon occurred on the moon with KREEP.”

“Over millions of years, as it cooled, the magma ocean crystallized into the crust and mantle.”

“Eventually, only a small amount of liquid remained trapped between the mantle and the crust, which is this KREEP-rich material.”

“The abundance of KREEP’s heat-producing elements somehow concentrated on the moon’s near side, causing it to heat up and initiate intense volcanic activity, thus creating the dark volcanic plains visible from Earth.”

“However, the process by which this KREEP-rich material became concentrated on the near side and how it evolved remains an enigma.”

“The moon’s crust is considerably thicker on the far side compared to the near side that faces Earth, a discrepancy that continues to puzzle scientists.”

“This asymmetry influences various aspects of the moon’s development, including the final stages of the magma ocean.”

“Our hypothesis posits that as the far side’s crust thickened, the underlying magma ocean was forced outward, akin to squeezing toothpaste from a tube, causing most of it to accumulate on the near side.”

A recent investigation of the Antarctic Aitken Basin has uncovered unexpected asymmetries supporting this scenario. The western ejecta blanket is rich in radioactive thorium, while the eastern side is not.

This indicates that the rift left by the impact formed a conduit through the moon’s crust, near the boundary separating the “normal” crust from the underlying layers that contain the final remnants of the KREEP-rich magma ocean.

“Our research shows that the distribution and composition of these materials align with predictions derived from modeling the later stages of magma ocean evolution,” stated Dr. Andrews-Hanna.

“The last remnants of the Moon’s magma ocean have reached the near side, where the concentration of radioactive elements is at its peak.”

“However, prior to this, there may have been a thin, patchy layer of magma ocean beneath parts of the far side, explaining the presence of radioactive ejecta on one flank of the Antarctic Aitken Basin.”

For further information, refer to the study published in the journal Nature.

_____

JC Andrews-Hanna et al. 2025. The southern impact excavated a magma ocean in the Moon’s South Pole Aitken Basin. Nature 646, 297-302; doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09582-y

Source: www.sci.news

Study Reveals: Dogs Can Truly Become Addicted to Their Toys

Posted on October 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Dogs have a passion for toys, but is it possible for them to become overly attached? A recent study suggests that their playful nature can take a darker turn, leading to an obsession with their toys.

This study was published in Nature Scientific Reports. Researchers found that certain dogs exhibited behaviors similar to those seen in behavioral addictions, akin to gambling and gaming.

The term “ball junkie” is often used in dog training circles, implying addiction. However, the study participants pointed out that it hasn’t been established whether the criteria for addiction apply to dogs, as Professor Stefanie Reimer from Vetmeduni Vienna noted in BBC Science Focus, “Being highly motivated or overly focused on toys doesn’t necessarily equate to addiction.”

The research team conducted a series of tests involving 105 toy-obsessed dogs to observe their interactions with toys.

Ultimately, 33 dogs displayed behaviors indicative of addiction. They fixated on the toys and sought to access them when they were placed in boxes or on high shelves, even when food was offered or when their owners engaged them in social activities like tug-of-war.

“Two dogs managed to destroy boxes containing toys, highlighting their intense motivation,” said the study’s lead, Alija Mazzini from the University of Bern, in BBC Science Focus. “This reaction exceeded our expectations and clearly demonstrated the lengths some dogs would go to reach their desired objects.”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6hdndtoibqs

Marinoa goes to great lengths to retrieve his toys, even destroying the box in the process.

Some dogs struggled to relax after their toys were removed, pacing the room in search for them, and their heart rate remained elevated even after 15 minutes.

An important finding was that when allowed to play with toys, there was no notable difference in mood between dogs displaying addiction-like behavior and other dogs.

“While most dogs enjoy playing with toys, only a few show excessive fixation,” Mazzini explained. “This behavioral pattern resembles that of people engaged in potentially addictive activities like gaming and gambling without experiencing negative consequences, yet developing a genuine addiction.”

Playing Tug of War strengthens social bonds and provides an ideal way to engage with your dog – Credit: Getty

However, this doesn’t mean you should rush to eliminate all of your dog’s toys.

“While many dog owners use balls and other toys during playtime, only a small percentage of dogs develop addictive behaviors,” Reimer noted. “From a practical perspective, toy play serves as a great reinforcement for dogs. For one of my dogs, the ball represents the ultimate reward, though I didn’t encourage this behavior.

“Still, I strongly recommend emphasizing collaborative play. So, while I’m not suggesting you should avoid playing ball with your dog, do so judiciously.”

read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

New Study Confirms ‘Walking’ Moai Hypothesis

Posted on October 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The transportation of the iconic Moai statues from Rapa Nui (Easter Island) has sparked debate for over a century. A thorough analysis of 962 moai, concentrating on 62 road statues, by Professor Carl Lipo from Binghamton University and Dr. Terry Hunt from the University of Arizona utilized 3D modeling and field experiments to reveal that small groups of ancient Rapa Nui individuals may have utilized ropes to “walk” the massive statues in a zigzag motion along purposefully constructed roads.

Carl P. Lipo and Terry L. Hunt employed 3D modeling and field tests to verify that the ancient inhabitants of Rapa Nui “walked” the moai statues. Image credit: Carl Lipo.

Previously, Professor Lipo and his team had provided experimental proof that the large statues were “walked” from the quarry to ceremonial platforms using an upright rocking motion, countering the notion that they were moved lying flat on wooden contraptions.

“Once you initiate movement, it’s quite manageable. People can pull it with one arm, conserving energy and moving quickly,” stated Professor Lipo.

“The challenging part is getting it rocking from the outset. The key question is, what does it take if the statue is exceptionally large?”

“Is our experimental evidence in line with expectations based on physics?”

To examine the movement of larger statues, Professor Lipo and Dr. Hunt created high-resolution 3D representations of the moai, identifying unique design elements, such as a broad D-shaped base and forward incline, which enhance the likelihood of wobbling or zigzagging.

To test their hypothesis, they constructed a replica moai weighing 4.35 tonnes featuring a special ‘forward leaning’ design.

Only 18 individuals managed to transport the moai 100 meters in just 40 minutes, a significant enhancement over earlier vertical transportation methods.

“The physics is sound,” Professor Lipo remarked.

“What we observe in experiments is effective. And as sizes increase, it remains applicable.”

“The characteristics of giant object movement only become more consistent as they grow larger, as that becomes the sole viable approach to relocating them.”

Further backing for this theory lies in the roads of Rapa Nui.

This road, measuring 4.5 meters in width and concave in shape, was well-suited for stabilizing the statue during its movement.

“Each time the statue is moved, it appears as if a road is being formed. The road plays a role in the statue’s movement,” Professor Lipo explained.

“We’re essentially observing them overlapping and many parallel paths being created.”

“What they likely did was clear one path, move the statue, then clear another, adjusting their route in a specific sequence.”

“Thus, they devoted considerable time to the road aspect.”

“Currently, no other explanation sufficiently accounts for how the moai were moved. The challenge for others is to disprove this hypothesis.”

“Provide evidence that contradicts the walking theory, since I have yet to encounter information that challenges it.”

“In fact, every finding and thought we have encountered thus far continues to reinforce this hypothesis.”

“Our research pays homage to the Rapa Nui people, who accomplished a remarkable engineering achievement with limited resources.”

“This illustrates the incredible intelligence of the Rapa Nui, as they comprehended this process.”

“They executed it in a manner that aligns with the resources at their disposal.”

“It is truly a privilege to showcase their achievements. We can learn a great deal from their methodologies.”

The team’s study was published in the archeology journal.

_____

Carl P. Lipo and Terry L. Hunt. 2025. The Walking Moai Hypothesis: Archaeological Evidence, Experimental Testing, and Responses to Critics. archeology journal 183: 106383; doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106383

Source: www.sci.news

New Study Validates the Presence of Partial Hemoglobin in Dinosaur Artifacts

Posted on September 17, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

By utilizing a technique known as Resonance Raman Spectroscopy, paleontologists have discovered hemoglobin remnants in bone extracts of two dinosaur species, Brachylophosaurus canadensis and Tyrannosaurus Rex, confirming that these molecules are original components from these dinosaurs.

Bright field images depict ostrich containers soaked in hemoglobin under oxygenation conditions, as compared to those under deoxygenation conditions. Brachylophosaurus canadensis (a) and Tyrannosaurus Rex (d) bone. Scale bar – 0.5 mm in (AC) and 0.2 mm in (D). Image credit: Long et al., doi: 10.1098/rspa.2025.0175.

Soft tissue, which maintains some of its original properties, has been recovered from numerous Mesozoic vertebrate sites.

Specifically, the chemical composition of soft tissues from the two non-bird dinosaur species, Brachylophosaurus canadensis and Tyrannosaurus Rex, has been studied extensively over the last 20 years.

All evidence supports the hypothesis that these tissues are endogenous to once-living dinosaurs.

In a recent study, Professor Hans Harren and his team from North Carolina State University employed tissue resonance Raman (RR) imaging to verify the presence of hemes, globin proteins, and minerals linked to iron oxidation.

“Raman spectroscopy essentially utilizes light waves to identify the energetic ‘fingerprint’ of a molecule,” stated Professor Harren.

“The resonant Raman method employed here enhances that process through light that has been pre-conditioned to resonate with the molecule of interest, ensuring that only that specific type of molecule resonates.”

“Moreover, this molecular resonance produces a stronger signal, enabling that signal to effectively ‘overwhelm’ those from other types of molecules.”

“This powerful signal allows us to discover needles (hemoglobin remnants) in haystacks (complex fossils), revealing how this molecule has transformed from its living conditions and indicating that chemically altered molecules have endured over deep time.”

The researchers utilized RR imaging to focus on molecules bound to hemoglobin.

They analyzed samples from Brachylophosaurus canadensis, Tyrannosaurus Rex, ostrich bones (Struthio camelus), and human blood.

“The elevated signal indicates hemoglobin presence, while fluctuations in signal may lead to goethite formation from iron within hemoglobin as it deteriorates,” Professor Harren noted.

“We can also pinpoint damage to structures such as the hem ring.”

“This phenomenon was observed in both contemporary and ancient samples.”

The findings also eliminate the possibility of sample contamination.

“Raman spectroscopy reveals existing molecular bonds, but because molecular bonds are non-exclusive, they can derive from various sources.”

“RR imaging identifies both binding and structure. We can confirm that the heme is intact and still affiliated with the hemoglobin protein, distinguishing it as originating from an animal, or in this situation, a dinosaur, since contaminants like bacteria lack specific binding.”

Furthermore, scientists emphasize that comprehending the deterioration and alterations of heme over time can shed light on fossilization processes and explain the longevity of molecules over millions of years.

“The most significant discovery is our ability to demonstrate that hemoglobin fragments can endure for thousands of years, while also gaining valuable insights into the evolution of these molecules,” Professor Harren remarked.

“Goethite is a bio-related mineral crystal, meaning it forms from biological influences.”

“However, I was unaware that it could bind and stabilize protein fragments.”

“Hemes are found in deposits much older than dinosaurs, reinforcing our understanding of their durability,” Professor Schweitzer stated.

“Understanding the preservation of hemoglobin and the role of heme in this process is crucial for deciphering how such ancient molecules persist over time.”

The study will be published in Proceedings of the Royal Society A.

____

BJN Long et al. 2025. Resonant Raman confirms the preservation of partial hemoglobin in dinosaur fossils. Proc. R. Soc. A 481 (2321): 20250175; doi: 10.1098/rspa.2025.0175

Source: www.sci.news

Study Reveals How the Extinction of Non-Bird Dinosaurs Transformed the Landscape

Posted on September 17, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Recent studies indicate that dinosaurs acted as ecosystem engineers, fostering habitat openness during the late Cretaceous period. Their extinction around 66 million years ago likely triggered a significant reorganization of ecosystem structures, profoundly affecting rivers. The emergence of dense forests helped stabilize sediments and created a wide, meandering river surrounding the water.

Dinosaurs functioned as ecosystem engineers, regulating forest growth. Their abrupt extinction resulted in extensive ecological shifts, as illustrated in these artistic renderings. Image credit: Julius Csotonyi.

“When considering how life and the environment evolve over time, it’s typically viewed as climate-driven, causing specific effects on living beings. Alternatively, geographic shifts, like rising mountains, also have a notable impact,” explained Luke Weaver, a paleontologist at the University of Michigan.

“It’s uncommon for life to play a crucial role in altering climate and landscape; the influence isn’t solely one-directional.”

The extinction of dinosaurs followed the impact of a massive asteroid on the Yucatan Peninsula approximately 66 million years ago.

Researchers investigating asteroid evidence discovered that the geological layer above the fallout fragments differed significantly from the underlying rock.

Dr. Weaver and his team began examining this abrupt geological transformation within the Williston Basin, which encompasses the Bighorn Basin across eastern Montana, western North Dakota, and northern Wyoming.

“During my review of previous research, I focused on the Fort Union Formation,” Dr. Weaver mentioned.

“This formation, laid down post-dinosaur extinction, appears to consist of layered rocks in various hues.

“Initially thought to be pond sediments resulting from sea level rise, these formations presented an intriguing contrast to the layer beneath, characterized by poorly developed soils that recall features found along flood plains.”

Researchers then hypothesized a link between these geological alterations and the mass extinction event of dinosaurs, commonly referred to as the end-Cretaceous mass extinction.

They further explored the environments represented by the diverse rock formations.

“Our findings indicated that the striped layers were not sediment from ponds,” Dr. Weaver stated.

“Instead, these are point bar deposits, or sediments from the inner curves of large river meanders.”

“Rather than reflecting a tranquil setting, what we uncovered was a highly dynamic environment within those meandering flows.”

Substantial river sediments are framed by layers primarily comprising lignite, a low-grade coal formed from organic material.

Researchers suggested these formed due to less frequent river activity, attributable to the stabilizing effects of dense forests.

“By stabilizing rivers, these forests curtailed the supply of clay, silt, and sand deep into the floodplain, resulting in an accumulation of mainly organic debris,” Dr. Weaver explained.

What evidence will ascertain whether changes occurred right after the mass extinction?

Fine layers rich in iridium are typically found only from cosmic events.

However, the asteroid impact introduced a mix of elements that settled in thin layers across the globe.

This iridium-rich sediment layer, which defines the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, contains about three orders of magnitude more iridium than standard sediments and is recognized as an iridium anomaly.

The researchers subsequently focused on areas of the Bighorn Basin where the boundary was absent.

By analyzing geological shifts between the dinosaur-rich layers and those containing early mammals, they sampled narrow bands of red clay about 1 cm wide.

“These iridium anomalies were perfectly situated at the interface between the two differing geological layers,” Dr. Weaver noted.

“This discovery led us to believe that this phenomenon wasn’t isolated to the Williston Basin; it likely applies across many regions in western North America.”

However, questions linger regarding the reasons for the substantial geological transformations observed before and after the dinosaurs’ extinction.

Later, the team came upon discussions regarding how modern animals, such as elephants, impact their ecosystems.

“This was the moment of clarity that connected all the dots,” Dr. Weaver remarked.

“Dinosaurs were enormous; they must have substantially influenced the vegetation.”

Paleontologists have posited that dinosaurs played a crucial role in facilitating forest growth, trapping sediments, and shaping river structures.

“For me, the most thrilling aspect of our research is the evidence that dinosaurs may have directly influenced their ecosystems,” said Dr. Courtney Splain, a researcher at the University of Florida.

“Notably, the impacts of their extinction may be observed not merely through the disappearance of fossils in the geological record, but also through evident changes in the sediment itself.”

Survey results were published this week in the journal Communication Earth and the Environment.

____

ln weaver et al. 2025. Dinosaur extinction can explain the change in continental facies at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Commune Earth Environment 6, 712; doi:10.1038/s43247-025-02673-8

Source: www.sci.news

Maximizing ChatGPT as a Study Ally in University: A Guide to Ethical Use

Posted on September 14, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

For numerous students, ChatGpt has become an essential tool akin to a notebook or calculator.

With its capabilities to refine grammar, organize revisions, and create flashcards, AI is swiftly establishing itself as a dependable ally in higher education. However, educational institutions are grappling to adapt to this technological shift. Are you utilizing it for comprehension? That’s fine. Do you intend to use it for your assignments? Not permitted.

As per Recent Reports from the Institute for Higher Education Policy, nearly 92% of students are now using generative AI in some capacity, a notable rise from 66% the preceding year.

“To be honest, everyone is using it,” states Magan Chin, a master’s student in technology policy at Cambridge. She shares her preferred AI research techniques on TikTok, ranging from chat-based learning sessions to prompts with insightful notes.

“It has progressed. Initially, many viewed ChatGpt as a form of cheating, believing it undermined our critical thinking abilities. But it has now transitioned into a research partner and conversational tool that enhances our skills.”

“People just refer to it as ‘chat,’” she noted about its popular nickname.

When used judiciously, it can transform into a potent self-study resource. Chin suggests feeding class notes into the system and asking it to generate practice exam questions.

“You can engage in verbal dialogues as if with a professor and interact with it,” she remarked, adding that it can also produce diagrams and summarize challenging topics.

Jayna Devani, International Education Leader at OpenAI, ChatGpt’s US-based developer, endorses this interactive method. “You can upload course materials and request multiple-choice questions,” she explains. “It aids in breaking down complicated tasks into essential steps and clarifying concepts.”

However, there exists the potential for overreliance. Chin and her peers employ what they call “push-back techniques.”

“When ChatGpt provides an answer, consider what alternative perspectives others might offer,” she advises. “We utilize it as a contrasting view, but we acknowledge that it is just one voice among many.” She encourages exploring how others might approach the topic differently.

Such positive applications are generally welcomed by universities. Nevertheless, the academic community is addressing concerns regarding AI misuse, with many educators expressing significant apprehensions about its effect on the university experience.

Graham Wynn, Principal of Education at Northumbria University, asserts that while it can be used for assistance and structuring assessments, students should not depend on AI for knowledge and content. “Students can easily find themselves in trouble with hallucinations, fabricated references, and misleading content.”

Northumbria, similar to numerous universities, employs AI detectors that can flag submissions indicative of potential overdependence. Students at the University of the Arts London (UAL) are required to keep a log of their AI usage and integrate it into their individual creative processes.

As with most emerging technologies, developments are rapid. The AI tools utilized by students today are already prevalent in workplaces where they will soon enter. However, universities focus on processes, not merely outcomes, reinforcing the message from educators: support AI in learning but do not substitute it.

“AI literacy is an essential skill for students,” states a UAL spokesperson.

Source: www.theguardian.com

New Study Reveals Strategies to Alleviate the “Green Backlash”

Posted on September 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

“There are two fundamental causes of dissatisfaction with climate policy: economy and culture.”

Alex Ramsay/Alamy

I have previously discussed protests in my UK hometown. The local council proposed increasing parking fees to reduce driving in contaminated areas. Ultimately, the council faced opposition and raised fees far less than they initially planned.

This scenario illustrates “green backlash,” a term referring to the rising opposition against environmental policies in affluent nations. Such resistance is often tied to a surge in support for right-wing populist parties, like Reform UK. The effectiveness of this can be seen in how Reform leads recent polls among UK voters as the next general election approaches.

This trend poses a challenge for the environment. Without government action, achieving significant progress on climate change becomes unlikely, but such initiatives can inadvertently empower anti-environment parties. Research indicates that the presence of right-wing populists in Europe slows down policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and advancing renewable energy.

Recent studies published in Nature Climate Change suggest that there are strategies to counteract green backlash. Led by Valentina Bosetti at Bocconi University in Milan, researchers analyzed existing literature on green backlash to better understand its causes and potential remedies.

The findings reveal two primary sources of concern regarding climate policies: economic and cultural. Economic concerns arise from the financial burden of policies, such as increased parking fees in urban centers. Cultural concerns include a widespread mistrust of politicians and scientific authorities. Together, these factors significantly undermine support for parties promoting environmental policies, often driving voters toward opposing right-wing parties.

A notable case study that embodies both concerns occurred in Ontario, Canada. In 2009, the provincial government curtailed community input and halted the development of new wind power projects following protests from over 50 activist groups. Despite wind power’s popularity in Ontario, this localized backlash seemed to influence elections. In October 2011, the ruling Ontario Liberals lost their majority, particularly in districts with existing or proposed wind farms. Similar resistance to wind power has also occurred in Sweden and Germany.

“
Researchers discovered that opposition to wind power diminishes when subsidies are offered.
“

The shift towards encouraging electric vehicles has also faced backlash from those affected, particularly within the traditional automotive sector. In the 2016 US elections, Donald Trump garnered an average of 3 percentage points in counties with auto parts manufacturers. Researcher interviews with workers revealed that fears surrounding the EV transition influenced their support for Trump.

This paints a rather somber picture: governments attempting to implement positive environmental changes encounter resistance, which could lead to policy rollbacks or electoral losses. Often, they are supplanted by parties that neither pursue such policies nor recognize their urgency.

However, it’s important to note that while cultural factors may alienate some towards right-wing populism, they do not create a majority. Economic grievances, however, are addressable. For instance, Bosetti found that opposition to wind power significantly decreases when government subsidies are available and when local job creation hinges on such projects. Safeguarding jobs and upskilling workers may mitigate fears of unemployment and skill obsolescence, she suggests. It could be that straightforward.

Furthermore, there is considerable yet often underestimated support for policies that promote environmentally friendly practices. US researchers recently surveyed adults about their views on issues like reducing food waste, consuming less beef, installing home solar systems, adopting EVs, purchasing carbon offsets, and other climate-friendly behaviors. Most people expressed support for them. However, a significant gap exists between participants’ perceptions of overall support for these initiatives and the reality. Politicians often convey a distorted message; don’t let the appeal of green policies falter simply because of misinterpretations.

In York, the upcoming local election in 2027 is anticipated to focus on parking fees as a critical issue, with concerns about green backlash influencing voter decisions.

Graham’s Week

What I’m reading

Pillars of the Earth by Ken Follett.

What I’m watching

Revisiting the BBC adaptation of Dracula on Netflix in preparation for my upcoming trip to Transylvania.

What I’m working on

An article for the Christmas issue. Honesty is key.

Graham Lawton is a staff writer at New Scientist and author of Don’t Complain: The Incredible Science of Everyday Illnesses. Follow him on Twitter @grahamlawton.

Topics:

Environment /
Climate Change

Source: www.newscientist.com

Danish Study Reveals Snapchat’s Allowance of Open Drug Dealing on Its Platform

Posted on September 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Danish research institutions have accused Snapchat of enabling “an overwhelming number of drug dealers,” thereby making it easier for minors to access substances like cocaine, opioids, and MDMA.

The platform claims to be actively employing technology to eliminate profiles engaged in drug sales. However, a study by Digitalt Ansvar, a Danish organization advocating for responsible digital development, revealed that usernames did not effectively limit drug-related language. The organization also criticized Snapchat for not adequately addressing reports of profiles that openly promote drug sales.

Investigators utilized a simulated 13-year-old profile and found numerous individuals selling drugs on Snapchat with usernames containing terms like “cola,” “weed,” and “molly.” After reporting 40 such accounts to Snapchat, only 10 were removed, while the remaining 30 were dismissed.

Snapchat claims that 75% of reported accounts are “actively disabled,” yet the platform has now acted on all reports.

The research highlighted that, despite prior criticisms, Snapchat’s recommendation system endorses and promotes profiles of individuals engaged in illegal drug sales, even reaching children who have not previously interacted with any drug-related content.

Within hours, the test profile for the 13-year-old was suggested to add a friend associated with a drug trafficking profile.

“We are eager to see future improvements,” remarked Hesby Holm Ask, CEO of Digitalt Ansvar.

“Snapchat claims to filter profiles that actively utilize the platform for drug sales, yet our findings indicate otherwise. Snapchat permissively allows the presence of drug-related profiles and fails to adequately address either implicit or explicit drug-related language in usernames.”

He further emphasized that not moderating profiles with such clear drug-related usernames implies that “children and young individuals can easily access illicit substances on Snapchat.” He stated, “The technology exists; what is lacking is the will. Snapchat could effortlessly filter out such usernames.”

According to Snapchat, by 2023, 90% of Scandinavians aged 13-24 were users of the platform. Digitalt Ansvar has accused Snapchat of violating EU digital service regulations concerning child safety and has called for action from authorities.

Skip past newsletter promotions

A Snapchat representative stated: “We have a zero-tolerance policy for drug sales on Snapchat. Although the accounts flagged in the study were not all reported via the app, over 75% were already disabled by our team before this report was noted.

“We are committed to combating the misuse of our platform by drug dealers, investing significantly in resources to achieve this goal. We employ rigorous detection methods to identify and disable these accounts, collaborate with law enforcement to prosecute dealers, and educate the community about drug risks. Our dedication to maintaining a hostile environment for drug dealers is unwavering.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

Study: Brain Signals in the Visual Area Can Indicate the Colors Observers Are Viewing

Posted on September 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Do different observers experience similar neural activity in response to the same color? Does color produce distinct response patterns in specific brain areas? To explore these inquiries, researchers at the University of Tübingen utilized existing knowledge of color responses from various observers’ brains to predict the colors an individual is perceiving based on their brain activity. By estimating general brain commonality and responding to achromatic, spatial stimuli, the authors successfully aligned disparate brain responses within a common response framework linked to the retina. In this framework, derived independently of specific color responses, the perceived color can be decoded across individuals, revealing distinct spatial color biases between regions.

Using a sample of male and female volunteers, Michael M. Bannert & Andreas Bartels examined whether spatial color biases are shared among human observers and whether these biases differ among various regions. Image credit: Vat Loai.

Employing functional MRI scans, researchers Michael Banert and Andreas Bartels from the University of Tübingen captured images of subjects’ brains while they viewed visual stimuli, identifying various signals related to red, green, and yellow colors.

Remarkably, the patterns of brain activity appeared similar among subjects who had not participated previously. This suggests that the colors perceived can be accurately predicted by comparing them to the brain images of other participants.

The representation of color in the brain proves to be much more consistent than previously believed.

While it was already feasible to identify the colors an individual observed using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), this was only applicable to the same brain.

“We aimed to investigate whether similar colors are encoded across different brains,” Dr. Banert stated.

“In other words, if we only have neuronal color signals from another person’s brain, can we predict the colors they’re perceiving?”

“It’s well established that different brains exhibit roughly similar functional structures.”

“For instance, specific areas are more active when viewing faces, bodies, or simply colors.”

During the color experiment, researchers employed specific classification algorithms to analyze fMRI data, systematically differentiating signals originating from the brains of various groups of individuals by color.

Subsequently, data from new subjects were utilized to ascertain the colors they were perceiving using neuronal signals.

To frame each brain’s orientation, scientists spatially mapped how they responded to stimuli at different locations within their visual field using fMRI measurements.

“At this stage, we did not incorporate colors to avoid any bias in our results—only black and white patterns,” Professor Bartels explained.

“By simply merging this mapping data with color information from another person’s brain, we ensured we correctly identified the ‘new’ brain activity related to what the person was observing at that moment.”

“I was surprised to discover that even subtle variations in individual colors show remarkable similarity across brain activity patterns in specific visual processing regions, something previously unknown.”

Spatial color coding in the brain is domain-specific and organized consistently among individuals.

“There must be functional or evolutionary factors contributing to this uniform development, but further clarification is needed,” the authors noted.

The study was published this week in the Journal of Neuroscience.

____

Michael M. Bannert and Andreas Bartels. Large-scale color biases in the functional architecture of the retina are domain-specific and shared throughout the human brain. Journal of Neuroscience Published online on September 8th, 2025. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.2717-20.2025

Source: www.sci.news

Animal Study Reveals New Insights into the Interaction Between Sleep and Growth Hormone Regulation

Posted on September 9, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers from the University of California, Berkeley and Stanford University have investigated the brain circuits that regulate the release of growth hormone during sleep. Their findings reveal new feedback mechanisms that keep growth hormone levels finely tuned. This discovery could lead to advancements in treating individuals with sleep disorders associated with metabolic issues like diabetes, as well as degenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s.

Sleep is known to promote tissue growth and regulate metabolism by partially promoting growth hormone (GH) release, but the underlying circuit mechanism is unknown. Ding et al. show how GH release, which is enhanced in both rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep, is regulated by sleep-wake-dependent activities of distinct hypothalamic neurons that express GH release hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin (SST). Arcuate nuclei SST neurons inhibit GH release by targeting nearby GHRH neurons that stimulate GH release, while periencephalic SST neurons project onto the median ridge to inhibit GH release. GH release is associated with significant surges of both GHRH and SST activity during REM sleep, while NREM sleep sees moderate increases in GHRH and reductions in SST activity. Furthermore, Ding et al. identified negative feedback pathways where GH increases the excitability of locus ceruleus neurons, leading to increased arousal. Image credit: Ding et al, doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2025.05.039.

“We have gained significant insights into this area,” said Xinlu Ding, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California, Berkeley.

“We directly recorded the neural activity of mice to understand the underlying processes.”

“Our findings provide a foundational circuit to explore various treatment options moving forward.”

Neurons that manage growth hormone release during the sleep-wake cycle—specifically growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) neurons and two types of somatostatin neurons—are located deep within the hypothalamus, an ancient brain region present in all mammals.

Once released, growth hormone enhances the activity of locus coeruleus neurons, a brainstem region involved in arousal, attention, cognition, and curiosity.

Dysregulation of locus coeruleus neurons is linked to numerous psychiatric and neurological disorders.

“Understanding the neural circuits involved in growth hormone release could ultimately lead to new hormone therapies aimed at enhancing sleep quality and restoring normal growth hormone levels,” explained Daniel Silverman from the University of California, Berkeley.

“Several experimental gene therapies have been developed that target specific cell types.”

“This circuit could serve as a new approach to modulate the excitability of the locus coeruleus, which has not been effectively targeted before.”

The researchers investigated neuroendocrine circuits by implanting electrodes into the mouse brain and measuring activity changes triggered by light stimulation of hypothalamic neurons.

Mice have short sleep bouts (lasting several minutes at a time) throughout day and night, providing ample opportunities to study fluctuations in growth hormone during the sleep-wake cycle.

Utilizing advanced circuit mapping techniques, researchers found that the two peptide hormones (GHRH and somatostatin) regulating growth hormone release operate differently during REM and non-REM sleep.

Both somatostatin and GHRH promote growth hormone release during REM sleep; however, somatostatin decreases and GHRH sees only moderate increases during non-REM sleep, which still results in growth hormone release.

Growth hormone release regulates locus coeruleus activity through a feedback mechanism, creating a homeostatic balance.

During sleep, growth hormone accumulates at a gradual pace, stimulating the locus coeruleus and fostering arousal, according to the new findings.

However, excessive activation of the locus coeruleus can paradoxically lead to drowsiness.

“This indicates that sleep and growth hormone form a delicate balance. Insufficient sleep diminishes growth hormone release, while excessive growth hormone may drive the brain toward wakefulness,” Dr. Silverman noted.

“Sleep facilitates growth hormone release, which in turn regulates arousal. This equilibrium is crucial for growth, repair, and metabolic health.”

Growth hormone functions partially through the locus coeruleus, influencing overall brain alertness during wakefulness, emphasizing the importance of maintaining proper balance for cognitive function and attention.

“Growth hormone is pivotal not only for muscle and bone development and reducing fat tissue, but it also offers cognitive benefits and can elevate overall arousal levels upon waking,” stated Dr. Ding.

study Published in the journal Cell.

____

Xinlu Ding et al. 2025. Neuroendocrine circuits for sleep-dependent growth hormone release. Cell 188 (18): 4968-4979; doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2025.05.039

Source: www.sci.news

Study Suggests Common Nasal Antihistamine Sprays Could Help Prevent Community Infections

Posted on September 2, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Nasal sprays available over-the-counter, historically noted for their safety and efficacy in treating seasonal allergies, could be perceived in a new light following clinical trial results released on Tuesday.

The antihistamine azelastine has been observed to have antiviral properties against various respiratory infections, including Influenza, RSV, and viruses responsible for COVID, according to a growing body of research.

Researchers from Saarland University Hospital in Germany conducted a study involving 450 adults, predominantly in their early 30s. One group of 227 participants used a nasal spray three times daily, while the other 223 received a placebo spray under the same regimen.

Throughout nearly two months, all participants underwent COVID rapid testing twice weekly. The results indicated that the incidence of symptomatic infections was 2.2% in the azelastine group, markedly lower than the 6.7% infection rate in the placebo group.

Furthermore, azelastine seemed to diminish the incidence of other symptomatic respiratory infections, as highlighted in a study published in JAMA Internal Medicine.

While researchers remain uncertain about the exact mechanism by which azelastine limits infections, they hypothesize that it may bind to the virus in the nasal mucosa.

Another possibility is that azelastine interacts with the ACE2 receptor, the primary entry point for COVID viruses into human cells, thereby preventing their attachment.

“Our findings imply that azelastine could serve as a scalable and commercially viable preventive measure against COVID, especially in high-risk scenarios such as crowded indoor events and travel,” the researchers noted.

However, the study had limitations, including that all participants were relatively young and healthy, according to the researchers.

Valz emphasized that azelastine should not replace vaccination and further research is essential before considering it as a standard precautionary measure for the public, particularly for vulnerable groups.

Dr. William Messer, associate professor at Oregon Health & Science University, found the results “rationally convincing” in terms of risk reduction, but pointed out the intensive regimen of daily sprays in the trial.

He questioned whether wearing a mask might be a simpler approach to preventing COVID infection.

“Masks can be inconvenient and bothersome, yet may be easier to adhere to than remembering to use three nasal sprays daily,” Messer remarked.

Nevertheless, he added, “I do not discourage anyone who wishes to try it.”

Other researchers are seeking more data to ascertain the effectiveness of nasal sprays in high-risk populations, such as the elderly and immunocompromised individuals who require additional preventive measures.

Dr. Peter Chin-Hong, a professor at UCSF Health specializing in Infectious Diseases, speculated that azelastine could serve as an additional COVID-blocking tool for individuals already using nasal sprays for seasonal allergies, although he believes the evidence is insufficient for broader recommendations.

“While the potential is promising, I believe now is not the appropriate time to recommend it as a COVID preventative,” he stated in an email. “For those over 65, I continue to advocate for vaccination as the primary defense against COVID.”

Nonetheless, Chin-Hong highlighted that the trial results underscore the importance of targeting the nasal mucosa in developing future vaccines against COVID and other respiratory viruses as a more effective means of infection prevention.

“Current COVID vaccines have not proven to be highly effective in preventing infection,” he remarked. “There is a need for more mucosal vaccines for respiratory viruses. While flu vaccines are widely used, ongoing efforts are being made to create mucosal vaccines for coronaviruses, necessitating continued advocacy for federal support and prioritization for these initiatives.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Study Identifies Factors Behind Satellite Electrical Discharge Damage

Posted on September 2, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Based on data gathered by the sensors aboard the US Department of Defense Space Test Program Satellite 6 (STP-SAT6), we discovered a direct correlation between the frequency of electrical discharges on a spacecraft and the electron density in its environment.

STP-SAT6. Image credit: Northrop Grumman.

Spacecraft environmental discharges (SEDs) are short-lived electrical failures that may harm sensitive onboard electronics and communication systems.

While researchers have acknowledged the presence of SEDs for some time, the relationship between spatial environments and their electrons remains unclear.

“To explore this, we required two sensors on the same spacecraft: one to monitor electron quantity and activity, and another to detect radio frequency signals,” explained Dr. Amitabh Nag, a researcher at Los Alamos National Laboratory.

SEDs arise from variations in surface charging, typically due to the accumulation of electrons on the surfaces of orbiting spacecraft.

This process differs from static electricity on Earth. For instance, when someone walks across a carpet and discharges static after touching a door handle, a buildup of energy occurs. Likewise, when a spacecraft’s energy storage reaches a critical voltage, it results in an electrical discharge in space.

The STP-SAT6 is fitted with both sensors, allowing a unique opportunity for researchers to analyze both radio frequency and electronic activity simultaneously.

“We managed to assess the speed of SEDs as reported by the radio frequency sensors and compare it with the electronic particle activity within specific voltage ranges,” Dr. Nag noted.

“Our findings indicated that the peak of SEDs coincides with the peak of electronic activity.”

The authors analyzed data from two sensors over a year-long period, identifying heightened electronic activity during 270 high-speed SED occurrences and numerous episodes.

In roughly three-quarters of instances, the peak in electronic activity occurred 24-45 minutes before the SED event.

This delay implies that the buildup of charge from low-energy electrons plays a crucial role in preparing the spacecraft for electrostatic discharge.

“We noted that as electronic activity increases, the spacecraft begins to gather charges, especially in the 7.9-12.2 keV range,” Dr. Nag added.

“This process continues until a tipping point is reached, resulting in an SED.”

“Such lead time presents an opportunity for potential forecasting tools to reduce risks.”

“Future missions could include real-time monitoring of low-energy electrons to predict and react to charging events before they disrupt operations.”

The results will be published in the journal Advances in Space Research.

____

Amitabag et al. 2025. Radio frequency transients correlated with electronic flux installed in STP-SAT6. Advances in Space Research 76 (6): 3692-3699; doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2025.07.026

Source: www.sci.news

Study: Listening to Music While Breathing Can Induce a Blissful State

Posted on September 1, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A recent study discovered that engaging in high-ventilation breathing exercises while listening to music is linked to experiencing blissful states and diminishing negative emotions. This practice is also associated with increased blood flow to brain areas responsible for processing emotions.

Kartar et al. We propose that circuits supporting the integration of mutual acceptoral expressions and the processing of emotional memory are potential neurobiological substrates for HVB-induced ASCs. Image credit: Ram Jain.

The use of breathing exercises as a method for alleviating psychological distress is rapidly gaining traction. Breathing techniques that enhance ventilation rate or depth in conjunction with music can lead to altered states of consciousness (ASC) akin to those induced by psychedelic substances.

High ventilation breathing (HVB) may present fewer legal and ethical challenges for widespread use in clinical settings, offering a non-pharmaceutical alternative.

Nevertheless, the neurobiological mechanisms and subjective experiences linked to ASCs resulting from HVB have not been thoroughly explored.

To address this knowledge deficiency, Dr. Amy Amra Kartal from the University of Sussex and her team characterized ASCs triggered by HVB conducted by experienced practitioners, analyzing self-reported data from 15 participants online, and 8 to 19 individuals in a lab setting.

Their study included 20-30 minute sessions of uninterrupted circular breathing paired with music, followed by various surveys within 30 minutes post-session.

Findings indicated that the intensity of ASCs from HVB correlates with cardiovascular sympathetic activation and shows signs of a potential stress response, evidenced by decreased heart rate variability.

Moreover, HVB-induced ASCs were related to a significant reduction in blood flow to specific brain areas, including the left surgery and posterior island, which are involved in representing the body’s internal state, including respiration.

Interestingly, despite an overall reduction in cerebral blood flow during HVB, there were increases noted in the right amygdala and anterior hippocampus—regions pertinent to emotional memory processing.

These alterations in blood flow bear a resemblance to psychedelic experiences, suggesting that such changes may underlie the beneficial effects of this breathing technique.

Throughout all experimental conditions, participants reported a decrease in fear and negative emotions without experiencing side effects.

In various participant settings, HVB indeed reinforced the marine infinity (OBN)-controlled ASC, a concept introduced by Freud in 1920, encapsulating a range of experiences such as spiritual insights, feelings of bliss, positive emotional shifts, and a sense of unity.

OBN is regarded as a fundamental element of ASCs generated by psychedelic substances like psilocybin.

The researchers emphasize that their findings are pioneering and exploratory, advocating for future studies with larger sample sizes and control groups to discern the effects of music on brain activity.

Despite certain limitations, these results offer valuable insights into HVB and its potential therapeutic applications.

“Our research represents the first use of neuroimaging to map the neurophysiological changes occurring during respiratory work,” the team stated.

“Key findings indicate that breathing exercises elicit profound psychedelic states.”

“We believe these conditions are tied to shifts in function in specific brain areas involved in self-awareness, fear, and emotional memory processing.”

“We discovered that deeper alterations in blood flow in certain brain regions correspond to stronger sensations of unity, bliss, and emotional release referred to as ‘marine boundaries.’ ”

Survey results published online in the journal on August 27, 2025 PLOS 1.

____

Kartar et al. 2025. Neurobiological substrates of altered states of consciousness induced by high ventilator respiratory practices with music. PLOS 1 20(8): E0329411; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0329411

Source: www.sci.news

Frozen Evidence of Mars’ Turbulent Origins Found in Its Mantle, Study Indicates

Posted on August 29, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The mantle of Mars houses ancient fragments measuring up to 4 km in width from its formation, as revealed by an analysis of seismic data gathered by NASA’s InSight Mission.

The immense collisions during early Mars’ history resulted in a global ocean of magma. Image credit: Vadim Sadovski / Imperial College London.

The planet’s mantle serves as a significant layer, located between the crust and core, preserving vital evidence about its formation and evolution.

In contrast to Earth, where active plate tectonics constantly mix the mantle, Mars functions as a smaller planet with a single plate surface.

This results in considerably less mixing of the Martian mantle, which may retain records of early internal history, providing valuable insights into the formation and evolution of rocky worlds.

Utilizing data from NASA’s InSight Lander, Dr. Constantinos Charalambous from Imperial College London and his colleagues analyzed the seismic signatures of Marsquakes to better understand the composition of the Martian mantle.

They studied eight recorded quakes, including those triggered by the impact of meteorites, discovering that the arrival of high-frequency P-waves is consistently delayed as they traverse deeper regions of the mantle.

The authors suggest that these delays indicate variations in the composition of the mantle stretching over kilometers.

Given that Mars lacks plate tectonics and large-scale recycling processes, these minor irregularities are likely remnants of its formative history.

Investigating the heterogeneity of the Martian mantle implies that it results from an intense and destructive process, reflecting the significant events of the planet’s early history that caused extensive interior disruption and mixed both foreign and crustal materials at a planetary scale.

Furthermore, additional variations might have arisen from the vast ocean of crystallized magma formed during this aftermath.

Rather than being erased, these features were preserved as the Martian crust cooled and mantle convection ceased.

“The seismic signals displayed clear signs of interference while traveling deep within Mars,” Dr. Charalambous noted.

“This coincides with a mantle composed of structures originating from various compositions, representing Mars’ early remnants.”

“What occurred on Mars is that following these initial events, the surface hardened into a stagnant lid.”

“It became isolated from the mantle, entrapping ancient, chaotic features like planetary time capsules.”

“Our observations reveal the distribution of fractals, where energy from violent collisions exceeds an object’s strength.”

“This mirrors the effect seen when glass falls onto a tiled floor, akin to meteorite impacts with a planet. It results in the formation of both large and small fragments.”

“It’s astonishing that we can still detect this distribution today.”

“The Jet Propulsion Research Institute” stated Dr. Mark Panning, a researcher at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

“It’s exhilarating to witness scientists uncovering new findings through the earthquakes we observe!”

The team’s paper was published today in the journal Science.

____

Constantinos Charalambous et al. 2025. Evidence of a highly uneven Mars mantle inferred from earthquake analysis. Science 389 (6763): 899-903; doi: 10.1126/science.adk4292

Source: www.sci.news

New Study Uncovers How the Pelvis Evolved and Helped Our Ancestors Stand Upright

Posted on August 28, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The pelvis is often described as the keystone for upright locomotion. Over millions of years, it has undergone significant transformations, enabling us to walk on two legs more effectively than any other part of our lower body. However, the specifics of this remarkable adaptation have been largely unknown. Recent research has uncovered two crucial genetic changes that reshaped the pelvis, permitting it to evolve into the upright structure that our ancestors utilized while traversing the Earth.

Ardipithecus ramidus Humanity resided in Africa over 4 million years ago. Illustrations by Arturo Asensio, via Quo.es

Anatomists have long recognized that the human pelvis is distinct among primates.

In our closest relatives, African apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas) possess hipbones that are tall, narrow, and flat from front to back. When viewed from the side, they resemble thin blades.

The pelvic structure of an ape supports large muscles essential for climbing.

In contrast, human hip bones rotate sideways, forming a bowl shape. This flaring of the hip bones allows for muscle attachment critical for maintaining balance while shifting weight from one foot to the other during upright locomotion.

Nonetheless, the mechanisms behind this transformation have been elusive until now.

In a recent study, Professor Terrence Capelini from Harvard University and his team pinpointed vital genetic and developmental shifts that facilitated the evolution from the pelvis of tetraleaf monkeys to bipedalism.

“Our findings illustrate a complete mechanistic shift in human evolution,” stated Professor Capelini.

“There is no parallel to this among other primates.”

The researchers analyzed 128 samples of embryonic tissue from humans housed in museums in the US and Europe, along with nearly 20 other primate species.

These collections included specimens over 100 years old, preserved on glass slides or in bottles.

Using CT scans and histological analysis, they investigated pelvic anatomy during the early stages of development.

Their research revealed that the evolution of the human pelvis unfolded in two major phases.

Initially, the growth plate shifted 90 degrees, widening the human ilium instead of extending its height.

Following this adjustment, the timeline for embryonic bone formation was altered.

Typically, bones in the lower body develop when chondrocytes align along the long axis of the growing bone.

This cartilage becomes rigid through a process known as ossification.

At the early stages of development, similar to other primates, human growth plates formed from the head and continued to develop.

However, by day 53, the growth plate had notably shifted vertically from its initial orientation, resulting in a shorter and broader hip joint.

“When I examined my pelvis, it wasn’t initially on my radar,” Professor Capelini remarked.

“I anticipated a gradual modification to shorten and widen it, but histology indicated a complete 90-degree reversal.”

Group of Australopithecus afarensis. Image credit: Matheus Vieira.

A further significant alteration was the timeline of bone formation.

In most cases, bones develop along the primary ossification center located in the center of the bone shaft.

However, in humans, the ilium diverges from this norm, with ossification beginning at the posterior region in the sacrum and expanding radially.

This mineralization remains restricted to the peripheral layer, while internal ossification is postponed by 16 weeks, allowing bones to grow and maintain their shape during their geometric transitions.

To uncover the molecular mechanisms driving these changes, the team employed techniques like single-cell multiomics and spatial transcriptomics.

The researchers identified over 300 active genes, including three with notable roles: Sox9 and PTH1R (which control growth plate shifts) and runx2 (which governs ossification changes).

The significance of these genes is underscored by diseases arising from their dysfunction.

For example, mutations in Sox9 can lead to Campomelic dysplasia, a disorder characterized by an abnormally narrow hip joint lacking lateral flaring. Similarly, mutations in PTH1R result in narrow hip joints and various skeletal disorders.

The scientists propose that these adaptations began with the reorientation of the growth plate around the time our ancestors separated from African apes, estimated to have occurred between 5 and 8 million years ago.

They believe the pelvis has served as a focal point for evolutionary transformations over millions of years.

As brain size increased, the pelvis encountered selective pressures known as the obstetric dilemma—the trade-off between a narrow pelvis for efficient movement and a broader one for accommodating the birth of larger babies.

Researchers suspect that the delay in ossification likely occurred within the last two million years.

The oldest pelvic fossil, dated at 4.4 million years, belongs to Ardipithecus from Ethiopia—a species exhibiting a blend of upright walking and tree-climbing features, with pelvic characteristics akin to those of humans.

The renowned 3.2 million-year-old skeleton of Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis) showcases further adaptations for bipedalism, including the distinctively flaring hip blades.

“From that point onwards, all hominin fossils displayed pelvises that diverged significantly from those of earlier primates,” stated Professor Capelini.

“The implications of brain size and its subsequent changes should not be interpreted through growth models applicable to chimpanzees and unassociated primates.”

“Models should focus on the developments between humans and their own lineage.”

“Post-fetal growth occurred against the backdrop of novel methods for constructing the pelvis.”

This study is set to be published in the journal Nature.

____

G. Senevilas et al. The evolution of hominin bipedal walking in two steps. Nature Published online on August 27th, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09399-9

Source: www.sci.news

Study Reveals Asteroid Sample Composition Mirrors Early Solar System Elements

Posted on August 26, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The initial bodies that formed in the solar system gathered materials from stars, presolar molecular clouds, and protozoan debris. Asteroids that have not experienced planetary differentiation retain evidence of these significant materials. Nevertheless, geological processes such as hydrothermal changes can significantly modify their composition and chemistry. In a recent study, researchers scrutinized the elemental and isotopic composition of samples from the asteroid Bennu, uncovering the origin and nature of the materials associated with its parent body.

This mosaic image of the asteroid Bennu consists of 12 images collected on December 2, 2018 by a 15-mile (24 km) Polycam instrument at Osiris-Rex. Image credit: NASA/NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/University of Arizona.

“Our analysis shows that Bennu’s elemental composition closely resembles that of the sun,” stated LLNL scientist Greg Brennecka.

“This indicates that the materials obtained from Bennu provide a valuable reference to the initial arrangement of the entire solar system.”

“Notably, Bennu has remained largely untouched by intense heat, which would alter some of its original ingredients.”

Researchers continue to investigate how planets form, and determining the initial composition of the solar system is akin to gathering a recipe for a cake.

“With that recipe, we gain insight into how all these elements interacted to create the solar system and, ultimately, the Earth and its living beings,” Dr. Brennecca remarked.

“If we aim to understand our origins, the composition of our solar system serves as a fundamental starting point.”

Outer view of the Osiris-Rex sample collector. Sample material for the asteroid can be seen in the center right. Image credits: NASA/Erika Blumenfeld/Joseph Aebersold.

The Osiris-Rex mission by NASA has introduced new possibilities by returning pristine samples to Earth while avoiding contamination from our planet.

LLNL scientist Quinn Shollenberger commented:

“We cannot tackle the significant question of ‘origins’ without a sample on Earth.”

“One of our objectives is to ascertain which elements of the periodic table and their percentages contributed to the solar system’s inception. Bennu can help us uncover this,” noted LLNL scientist Jan Render.

To achieve these findings, researchers ground the asteroid material into fine powders and dissolved them in acid.

This mixture was then analyzed with a series of mass spectrometers to determine the concentrations of most elements within the periodic table.

From these results, scientists have sorted the samples by elements and successfully analyzed the isotopic ratios of several.

“I work at a National Laboratory that boasts remarkable analytical capabilities with state-of-the-art equipment,” shared LLNL scientist Josh Winpenny.

“It is quite rare to have all these functions consolidated in one place, allowing us to make optimal use of these valuable materials.”

“NASA’s Johnson Space Center researcher Dr. Anne Nuguen stated:

“We discovered stardust grains with compositions predating our solar system, organic materials likely formed in interstellar space, and high-temperature minerals that originated close to the sun.”

“All these components were transported over to the region that formed Bennu’s precursor asteroids.”

Survey results published in the journal Natural Astronomy.

____

JJ Burns et al. Diversity and origin of materials accumulated by Bennu’s pro-asteroids. Nat Astron Published online on August 22, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41550-025-02631-6

Source: www.sci.news

Climate Change Heightens the Threat of Rapidly Intensifying Storms: Hurricane Erin as a Case Study.

Posted on August 18, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Hurricane Erin has regained strength, returning to a Category 4 storm over the weekend.

The recent hurricane activity has led to the formation of one of the most rapidly intensifying Atlantic hurricanes on record, suggesting that climate change is elevating the threat of quickly strengthening storms.

Erin was the first hurricane of this Atlantic season, rapidly escalating from a Category 1 to a Category 5 storm in just over 24 hours. Even after fluctuations in intensity, Erin’s transformation back to a Category 4 storm is among the five fastest transitions from Category 1 to Category 5.

The hurricane is anticipated to grow stronger on Monday as it moves east of the Bahamas. For more information, refer to the National Hurricane Center’s latest advisory. Heavy rainfall is expected in Hispaniola on Monday, as well as in parts of the Turks and Caicos, and the southeastern and central Bahamas until Tuesday.

However, experts are focusing closely on the phenomenon of the storm’s “rapid strengthening.”

The National Hurricane Center defines rapid strengthening as an increase in sustained wind speed of at least 35 mph within 24 hours.

In Erin’s case, its maximum sustained wind speed surged by approximately 75 mph over a 24-hour period from Friday morning to Saturday.

Climate change is heightening the risk of rapidly intensifying storms, primarily due to elevated sea surface temperatures and increased moisture in the atmosphere.

As Erin approaches the Bahamas on Monday, it is expected to further intensify in the warm waters that are above 80 degrees Fahrenheit. A warmer atmosphere caused by global warming is capable of holding more moisture, allowing the storm to gain strength and enhance rainfall.

Research published in 2023 in the Journal Scientific Reports indicates that the likelihood of rapid intensification for tropical cyclones in the Atlantic has increased by about 29% from 2001 to 2020 compared to the 1971 to 1990 period.

Rapid intensification has been well-documented in recent years, with Hurricane Dorian reaching peak winds of 150 mph to 185 mph in just nine hours in 2019. Additionally, Hurricane Ian experienced rapid strengthening before making landfall in Florida in 2022.

Last year, Hurricane Milton’s sustained wind speed astonishingly rose by 90 mph over approximately 25 hours. Other notable instances of rapid strengthening include Hurricanes Harvey (2017), Laura (2020), Ida (2021), and Ian (2023).

Despite these observations, predicting rapid intensification remains a challenge. Scientists understand that warm sea surface temperatures, high humidity, and favorable atmospheric conditions play crucial roles, but further research is essential to comprehend the specific mechanics at play in individual storms.

In the coming days, the National Hurricane Center indicated that Erin will track between Bermuda and the US East Coast.

While the storms are not forecasted to make direct landfall, they can still generate dangerous surf, strong currents, and other hazardous conditions affecting the Bahamas, Bermuda, the US East Coast, and Canada’s Atlantic region.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Study: Neanderthal-Inherited Genetic Mutations Decrease Major Muscle Enzyme Activity

Posted on August 13, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

An AMPD1 variant from Neanderthals reduces enzyme activity by 25% in lab-produced proteins and up to 80% in muscles of genetically modified mice. This variant is present in all sequenced Neanderthals but absent in other species. It entered the modern human gene pool through interbreeding approximately 50,000 years ago, leading to its presence in up to 8% of today’s Europeans.

Maccak et al. Research indicates that genetic variants inherited from Neanderthals impair essential enzyme functions in muscle performance. Image credit: Holger Neumann/Neanderthal Museum.

The enzyme AMPD1 is crucial for muscle energy production and overall muscle function.

A decrease in its activity due to genetic mutations is the leading cause of metabolic myopathy in Europeans, with a prevalence of 9-14%.

In a recent study led by Dr. Dominik Macak from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, researchers compared ancient Neanderthal DNA with modern human genomes.

They discovered that all Neanderthals have specific AMPD1 variants absent in other species.

Enzymes produced in the lab with this variant exhibited a 25% decrease in AMPD1 activity.

In genetically modified mice, this reduction in muscle tissue activity reached 80%, negatively affecting enzyme performance.

Moreover, the study shows that modern humans acquired this variant from Neanderthals who lived in Europe and Western Asia before interacting with modern humans around 50,000 years ago.

Currently, approximately 1-2% of non-African individuals carry Neanderthal DNA.

The Neanderthal AMPD1 variant is found in 2-8% of Europeans today, indicating general acceptance in the gene pool.

“Interestingly, most individuals with these variants do not face serious health concerns,” noted Dr. McCuck.

“However, enzymes seem to significantly influence athletic performance.”

Analysis of over 1,000 elite athletes across diverse sports showed that those with non-functional AMPD1 are less likely to reach the highest athletic levels.

“Having defective AMPD1 enzymes decreases the chances of achieving elite athletic ability by half,” Dr. McCuck said.

While AMPD1 activity appears to have moderate significance in contemporary Western societies, it becomes crucial under extreme physical conditions, such as those faced by athletes.

Researchers highlight the need for studying genetic variation within physiological and evolutionary contexts to grasp biological implications.

“Cultural and technological advancements in both modern humans and Neanderthals may have lessened the necessity for extreme muscle performance,” explains Dr. Hugo Zeberg, a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and Karolinska Institute.

“Understanding how current gene variants influence human physiology can yield valuable insights into health, performance, and genetic diversity.”

Survey results were published in the journal Natural Communication on July 10, 2025.

____

D. McCuck et al. 2025. Muscle AMPD1 exhibited reduced deaminase activity in Neanderthals compared to modern humans. Nat Commun 16, 6371; doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61605-4

Source: www.sci.news

DNA Study Uncovers West African Heritage in Early Medieval England

Posted on August 13, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Updown Cemetery Girl’s Skeletons Reveal West African Ancestry

M George et al.

The discovery of two unrelated young men buried in British cemeteries during the early Middle Ages suggests they may have had grandparents from West Africa. The exact means by which their ancestors arrived in the UK remains unknown, but this insight implies that Anglo-Saxon immigration was far more complex than previously assumed.

Following the Romans’ withdrawal from England in 410 AD, the British Isles were invaded and settled by Germanic tribes including the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. To explore the possibility of migration from other regions, Duncan Sayer and his colleagues from The University of Central Lancashire conducted an analysis of ancient DNA obtained from skeletons in two 7th-century cemeteries located on the southern coast of England.

One of these cemeteries is found in Kent, where a wealth of traded artifacts from various regions were unearthed, including Frankish pottery, buckles, and brooches. Burial customs at this site indicate that items such as cookware, cutlery, and combs were included with the dead.

The other site is the Matravars cemetery in western Dorset, which had fewer individuals interred with Romano-British practices.

While the majority of individuals buried here had ancestry from Northern Europeans or Western British and Irish, both the Updown girl and the young man from Worth Matravers exhibited genetic ties to West Africa, likely from grandparents.

In both cases, mitochondrial DNA, inherited maternally, traced back to Northern Europe; however, the autosomal DNA, inherited from both parents, revealed 20-40% ancestry from West African groups such as Esan, Yoruba, Mende, and Mandinka.

This indicates that the West African DNA likely traces back to their grandparents, marking the first known genetic link between Britain and Africa during the early Middle Ages.

Both individuals were interred as typical members of their community. DNA analysis revealed that the Updown girl had relatives—a grandmother and an aunt—buried in the same cemetery, who were approximately 11-13 years old when she died.

Examination of the carbon-nitrogen isotope ratios in the bone samples of the young man from Worth Matravers, who lived between the ages of 17 and 25, suggested insights into his diet during his growth period.

“His dietary habits suggest he was born and raised in the UK,” notes team member Ceiridwen Edwards from Huddersfield University.

Edwards indicates that evidence of West African DNA in York existed during the Roman period; however, Sayer contends that the proportion of West African DNA in these individuals is significantly lower than that of descendants from the Roman era. “This finding pertains to grandparents, rather than survivors of the Roman legions or administrators stationed for centuries,” he asserts.

Moreover, there is no evidence to support the notion that these individuals were enslaved, according to Sayer:

Instead, it suggests a context of transactions and mobility of people and goods. At some point, West Africans may have arrived in England aboard trade ships and settled here.

Sayer speculates that their arrival could have been tied to North Africa’s connection with the Byzantine Empire in the 6th century, driven by military interests in accessing gold from sub-Saharan Africa. “The revitalization of this trade route coincides with a time when we can identify these grandparents,” he remarks.

“This research underscores the dynamic state of what we refer to as post-[Western] Rome and the early medieval period in England,” comments Marina Soares da Silva at the Francis Crick Institute in London. “The authors propose a trade route supported by Byzantine governance in North Africa, which I consider a plausible scenario.”

According to Sayer, 7th-century England was not merely a collection of isolated communities in a ‘dark age,’ but rather dynamic societies engaging in trade and genetic exchanges with West Africa and beyond.

Historic Herculaneum – Discover Vesuvius, Pompeii, Ancient Naples

The exploration of history and archaeology takes you on an intriguing journey where the past comes alive through Mount Vesuvius and the ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Potential for Major Earthquakes Beneath North America, Study Indicates

Posted on August 9, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Recent research suggests that the concealed structural weaknesses in the Yukon, Canada, may be primed to trigger a significant earthquake of at least magnitude 7.5, as outlined in the latest study.

The Tintina Fault, stretching from northeastern British Columbia to central Alaska, has been silently accumulating tension for over 12,000 years. A new investigation previously deemed relatively harmless indicates that it remains very active.

Regrettably, scientists are unable to predict when the next major quake will strike.

“Our findings indicate that the fault is active and continues to build strain,” said Dr. Theron Finley, the lead author of the study published in Geophysical Research Letters, in a statement to BBC Science Focus. “I expect it will eventually rupture again.”

The Tintina Fault is classified as a “right-lateral strike-slip fault,” where two blocks of the Earth’s crust slide horizontally past each other. If one side moves to the right during an earthquake, it’s identified as right-lateral.

Over the ages, one side of the fault has shifted approximately 430 km (270 mi), during a geological period that spanned roughly 560 to 33.9 million years ago, predominantly in the Eocene epoch.

The Tintina Fault extends 1,000 km (600 mi) from northeastern British Columbia to Alaska. – Credit: National Park Bureau

While minor earthquakes occasionally occur in the region, the Tintina Fault has generally been considered dormant.

“There have been small earthquakes in the 3-4 magnitude range detected along or near the Tintina Fault,” Finley noted. “However, nothing has strongly indicated that a larger outbreak is likely.”

This perspective changed when Finley and his team revisited the fault with advanced technology. By integrating satellite surface models with drone-mounted Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data, researchers uncovered hidden seismic activity within the dense Yukon forests.

The landscape revealed cliffs associated with the fault, forming long, narrow terrains created when a quake pushed material to the surface, often collapsing in the process. These features can span dozens or even hundreds of kilometers, but are typically only a few meters tall and wide.

“In the case of the Tintina fault, these features appear as a series of intriguing mounds,” Finley stated.

By dating these surface formations, researchers determined that the fault has ruptured multiple times over the last 2.6 million years, though no significant earthquakes have occurred in the past 12,000 years.

Fortunately, the region is sparsely populated. However, if the fault does rupture, Finley cautioned that major landslides, infrastructure damage, and impacts on nearby communities would be highly probable.

“We want to emphasize that we don’t have a precise sense of how imminent an earthquake is,” he noted. “Our observations indicate it has been a long time since the last significant quake, but there’s no way to know if one is more likely in the near or distant future.”

Finley remarks that the fault has been confirmed as active, and the next step is to better estimate the frequency of large earthquakes in the area. This could help provide a more reliable timeline, even though scientists cannot accurately forecast when the next rupture may happen. Stay tuned.

“Earthquakes don’t necessarily occur on a regular basis, but they can give us a clearer understanding of how often we can expect significant events,” Finley explained. “Regardless, when the Tintina fault finally releases, it won’t be inconsequential.”

Read more:

About our experts

Theron Finley is a geologist at the Yukon Geological Survey. He recently obtained a doctorate from the University of Victoria in Canada and has conducted research on active faults in Western Canada, utilizing remote sensing, structural geology, and paleoseismology.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Female Gorillas Can Outpower Men Twice Their Size, Study Reveals

Posted on August 7, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Although they are about half the size of male gorillas, female gorillas can surpass their male counterparts in competitions for status and resources. A recent study highlights this intriguing finding.

This discovery upends the long-held belief that gorilla society is primarily patriarchal, emphasizing male dominance over females, and sheds light on the origins of human gender relations.

Researchers from the German Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology and the University of Torque in Finland examined 25 years of data gathered from observations of gorilla behaviors across four distinct groups.

Wild mountain gorillas have often been viewed as a prime example of strict male dominance in primate societies, largely due to the size disparity between males and females.

It is true that gorilla society has a hierarchical structure, with one alpha male reigning at the top, while other gorillas vie for status beneath him.

However, this new research suggests that gorilla hierarchies may be much more gender-equitable than previously thought.

“Female gorillas frequently outperform males,” stated author Reed Dr. Nikos Smitt, a researcher at Max Planck and Turku, in an interview with BBC Science Focus. “This is crucial for understanding power dynamics; it’s not solely about size and strength.”

Indeed, 88% of female gorillas exhibited superior performance compared to at least one adult male in groups with multiple males, particularly against those who were young or old.

Additionally, when female gorillas faced off against males other than the alpha, they won more than a quarter of the time, even when significantly outmatched in size.

According to Dr. Martha Robbins, Director of the Bwindi Mountain Gorilla Research Project, this success is likely linked to the relationships between these high-ranking females and their alpha males. BBC Science Focus reported her insights: “Gorillas are aware of their group’s social status and dynamics. Though non-alpha males are typically larger and stronger, they often choose to hold back to avoid confrontations with alpha males. It’s advantageous for them to be compliant in a group setting.”

This image illustrates the size differences between women with toddlers in the non-invasive national park of Bwindi, Uganda, and male mountain gorillas – Credit: Marthalobins

Researchers have also found that the stakes in these conflicts often involve priority access to food, another finding that challenges previous assumptions.

Earlier studies suggested that female gorillas exclusively competed for food among themselves, with males primarily competing with females. However, this research reveals that both genders vie for food resources.

These observations could reshape our understanding of gender dynamics within human societies.

The researchers noted that male dominance over female counterparts is not a straightforward outcome of evolution, but rather reflects “human’s flexible social and mating frameworks.”

Furthermore, they argue that this is supported by observations among our close relatives, such as bonobos and chimpanzees, where males are larger than females, yet females hold more dominance.

As a result, scientists suggest that humans are unlikely to inherit patriarchal structures from their primate ancestors.

Read more:

About Our Experts

Dr. Nikos Smitt is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Torque in Finland and associated with the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. His research delves into the evolution of social structures and mating systems, as well as the dynamics of conflict and cooperation.

Dr. Martha Robbins serves as the director of the Bwindi Mountain Gorilla Research Project and leads the Primate Behavior and Evolution group at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. Her research is centered on the evolution of social behavior.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Breeds Most Prone to Overeating, According to Study

Posted on July 31, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

If your dog is overweight, it’s important to note that certain breeds are more prone to this issue than others. According to recent studies.

Researchers from Texas A&M University assessed “food motivation” by surveying over 15,000 dog owners about their pets’ eating habits and reviewing veterinary records regarding the dogs’ weights.

This assessment showed that dogs identified as overweight by vets indicated a strong preference for food.

The study revealed that sporting breeds, such as spaniels, retrievers, setters, and pointers, were 10% more likely to exhibit higher food motivation scores than mixed-breed dogs, with Labradors and Golden Retrievers making up the majority.

Hound breeds came in second, with a 5.3% increased risk of food motivation compared to mixed breeds. This group included Greyhounds, Dachshunds, Beagles, and Basset Hounds.

On the other hand, non-sporting breeds showed a lower likelihood, with scores 4.1% less than mixed breeds. Common breeds in this category included poodles, bulldogs, Dalmatians, and terriers.

“Overweight dogs face various health risks, including skin diseases, diabetes, and arthritis,” noted Dr. Kate Creevey, Chief Veterinary Officer of The Dog Aging Project and Professor of Veterinary Medicine at Texas A&M University.

“It’s crucial for veterinarians to understand the factors influencing dog obesity, including social, environmental, and demographic contexts.

The likelihood of a dog being overweight can vary by breed, with larger dogs generally exhibiting higher food motivation scores than smaller ones.

Moreover, dogs residing in urban areas are more susceptible to weight gain compared to their rural counterparts.

Additionally, dogs living in multi-pet households face a greater risk of obesity than those in single-pet environments, possibly due to less individualized attention from humans.

“These variables can impact a dog’s exercise levels and food access,” Creevey explained. “Some dogs may seek out food due to boredom, especially in settings with limited opportunities for exercise and engagement.

“Furthermore, owners with multiple dogs may adopt specific feeding practices, such as free feeding, which increases food availability.”

Hound breeds show a 5.3% likelihood of a higher food motivation score, indicating overweight – Credit: Wakira via Getty

To determine the food motivation score for each dog, owners filled out a survey detailing their pets’ food responses, pickiness, bloating, and general food interest.

This data was combined with veterinary assessments of each dog’s “physical condition,” where vets evaluated areas like the ribs and hips to determine the amount of fat relative to size.

This evaluation aids in calculating the dog’s physical condition score (BCS).

“BCS is essential for helping veterinarians discuss weight issues with pet owners, so it’s important to increase the use of these scores,” Creevy stated.

If your Irish Setter seems a bit heavy, what’s the solution? Creevy mentioned that weight loss interventions can frequently falter if the veterinarian and owner aren’t aligned.

“Based on our study, some breeds may need stricter feeding guidelines,” she added.

Thus, researchers recommend consulting your veterinarian for personalized advice tailored to your furry friends.

read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

New Study Illuminates the Evolution of Lava Planets

Posted on July 30, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Lava planets are rocky exoplanets that orbit extremely close to their host star, allowing for conditions that melt silicate rocks daily.

Boucale et al. We introduce a straightforward theoretical framework to explain the evolution of lava planets’ internal atmospheric systems. Image credit: Sci.News.

A lava planet is typically a super-Earth to Earth-sized world, orbiting its star in less than one Earth day.

Similar to the Earth’s moon, these planets are expected to be tidally locked, displaying the same hemisphere to their stars at all times.

With extreme surface temperatures, their rocks can reach melting or even evaporating points, creating a distinctive state within our solar system.

These unusual worlds are easily observable due to their pronounced orbital dynamics, offering valuable insights into the fundamental processes that drive planetary evolution.

“Due to the extreme orbital characteristics of lava planets, our understanding of rocky planets in the solar system does not apply directly, which leaves scientists uncertain about expected observations,” states Dr. Charles Eiduard Bukare from York University.

“Our simulations provide a conceptual framework for understanding their evolution and a way to investigate internal dynamics and chemical transformations over time.”

“While these processes are greatly intensified on lava planets, they fundamentally mirror those shaping rocky planets in our solar system.”

As rocks melt or evaporate, elements like magnesium, iron, silicon, oxygen, sodium, and potassium partition differently across vapor, liquid, and solid states.

The unique orbital dynamics of lava planets maintain vapor-liquid and solid-liquid equilibria for billions of years, facilitating long-term chemical evolution.

Using cutting-edge numerical simulations, the researchers predict the evolutionary status of two distinct categories.

(i) Fully melted interior (likely a younger planet): The atmosphere reflects the planet’s overall composition, with heat distribution within the melt ensuring a hot and dynamic nightside surface.

(ii) Nearly solid interior (likely an older planet): Only shallow lava oceans persist, while the atmosphere becomes depleted of elements such as sodium, potassium, and iron.

“We sincerely hope that with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope, we will be able to observe and differentiate between young and old lava planets,” Dr. Boukaré expressed.

“Demonstrating this capability would signify a significant advancement beyond conventional observational methods.”

study was published today in the journal Natural Astronomy.

____

cé. Boucale et al. The significance of internal dynamics and differentiation in the surface and atmosphere of lava planets. Nut Athlon Published online on July 29th, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41550-025-02617-4

Source: www.sci.news

Breakthrough Study Unveils First Accurate Explanation of Lightning Formation in Nature

Posted on July 29, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A recent study by Professor Victor Pasco from Pennsylvania and his team reveals the method for determining the robust electric field associated with thunder, which collides with molecules such as nitrogen and oxygen, resulting in x-rays that trigger intense storms through additional electrons and high-energy photons.

NASA’s high-population ER-2 plane is equipped with instruments for the fly-eye Earth Intake Mapper Simulator and the Ground Gamma Ray Flash (ALOFT) Mission, which records gamma rays from ThunderClouds (illustrated in purple). Image credit: NASA/ALOFT team.

“Our research provides an accurate and quantitative explanation of the initial processes leading to lightning,” stated Professor Pasco.

“It connects the underlying physics of X-rays, electric fields, and electron avalanches.”

In their study, Professor Pasco and colleagues employed mathematical modeling to validate and elucidate field observations related to photoelectric phenomena within the Earth’s atmosphere.

This phenomenon, known as terrestrial gamma-ray flashes, consists of invisible, naturally occurring bursts of x-rays along with their associated radio emissions.

“By creating a simulation that mirrors the observed field conditions, we offered a comprehensive explanation of the x-rays and radio emissions occurring inside Thunderclouds,” added Professor Pasco.

“Our research illustrates how electrons, accelerated by lightning’s strong electric field, can generate x-rays upon colliding with air molecules like nitrogen or oxygen, leading to an avalanche of electrons that create high-energy photons to initiate lightning.”

Through their model, the researchers analyzed field observations gathered by various research teams utilizing ground-based sensors, satellites, and high-altitude surveillance platforms to simulate thunderstorm conditions.

“We elucidated the mechanisms of photoelectric events, the triggering conditions for electron cascades in thunder, and the sources of diverse radio signals detected in clouds preceding a lightning strike,” explained Professor Pervez.

“To validate the lightning initiation explanation, I compared our findings with previous models, observational studies, and my own investigations into lightning bolts, specifically intercompact cloud discharges that typically occur within limited regions of Thunderclouds.”

This process, termed photoelectric feedback discharge, models the physical conditions where lightning is likely to happen.

The equations employed to develop the model are available in the published papers, enabling other researchers to apply them in their own studies.

Besides elucidating the onset of lightning, the scientists clarified why ground-level gamma-ray flashes can often occur without the accompanying light and radio emissions that signify lightning in rainy conditions.

“In our simulations, the high-energy X-rays generated by relativistic electron avalanches create new seed electrons driven by photoelectric phenomena in the air, rapidly amplifying these avalanches,” Professor Pasco remarked.

“Moreover, while this runaway chain reaction is generated in a compact volume, it can happen across a varied range of intensities, often with minimal optical and radio emissions but detectable X-ray levels.”

“This explains why these gamma-ray flashes originate from regions that are visually dim and appear silent in wireless frequency.”

The team’s findings will be published in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres.

____

Victor P. Pasco et al. 2025. The photoelectric effect in the air accounts for the initiation of lightning and the occurrence of terrestrial gamma rays. JGR Atmosphere 130 (14): E2025JD043897; doi: 10.1029/2025JD043897

Source: www.sci.news

New Study Uncovers the Optimal Walking Pace for Longevity and Health

Posted on July 17, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Walking slightly faster than usual can markedly enhance the health of seniors, according to new research from the University of Chicago.

Specifically, researchers discovered that frail or at-risk adults can bolster their health and quality of life by increasing their walking speed by at least 14 steps per minute over their normal pace.

“Increased walking speed is a well-documented protector against mortality,” stated Dr. Daniel Rubin, associate professor of anesthesia and critical care at the university, as reported by BBC Science Focus. “Older adults who walk more briskly tend to live longer.”

The study involved 102 participants from 14 retirement communities, implementing a structured walking program over four months.

During this period, 56 participants maintained a normal walking pace while the remaining 46 were encouraged to walk quickly yet safely.

At the conclusion of the program, each participant’s walking speed was assessed during a 6-minute walk.

While all participants reaped benefits from the walking program, those who managed around 100 steps per minute showed the most significant improvement in their frailty levels from the start to the end of the study.

Researchers had long recognized that walking speed correlates with the health of older adults, but previous recommendations on how to enhance pace were often subjective and challenging to quantify.

Traditionally, older adults were advised to walk at a pace where talking was easy but singing was difficult.

Frail adults are at increased risk of falls, hospitalization, and loss of independence. Warning signs include weakness, unintentional weight loss, and fatigue. Image Credit: Getty.

“We can offer the elderly straightforward and targeted advice like, ‘Try to walk five steps per minute faster than your normal pace.’

Healthcare providers and researchers can use wearable technology, such as accelerometers, to track walking speed. Rubin and his team are currently developing an app for individuals to measure their speed at home.

In the meantime, Rubin suggests utilizing a metronome to establish a baseline walking pace, syncing steps with the metronome’s beat.

“Once a comfortable pace is established, you can gradually add 5-10 steps per minute to enhance your cadence,” he noted. “The target is to aim for an increase of 10-15 steps per minute, which is acceptable.”

Nonetheless, Rubin emphasizes that seniors must walk safely and monitor for any symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or dizziness.

“Our hope is that older adults will find this a practical strategy for guiding walking intensity, enabling them to live longer and continue engaging in activities they enjoy,” he added.

read more:

About our experts

Dr. Daniel Rubin is a physician at the University of Chicago and an assistant professor of anesthesia and critical care. His interest in gait studies stems from his clinical experience with elderly patients preparing for surgery.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Study: Common Sweetener Erythritol May Impact Brain Cells and Elevate Stroke Risk

Posted on July 17, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A recent study from the University of Colorado Boulder indicates that erythritol, a widely used non-nutritive sweetener, may be linked to a higher risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events.

Berry et al. Our study demonstrates that erythritol, at concentrations commonly found in standard size sugar-free beverages, negatively impacts cerebral microvascular endothelial cell oxidative stress, ENOS activation, NO production, ET-1 expression, and T-PA release in vitro. Image credit: Tafilah Yusof.

Erythritol is a popular alternative to non-nutritive sugars due to its minimal effects on blood glucose and insulin levels.

This four-carbon sugar has a low-calorie content of 60-80%, being as sweet as sucrose, and commonly replaces sugar in baked goods, confections, and beverages.

Authorized by the FDA in 2001, erythritol is recommended for individuals with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes, as it aids in regulating calorie consumption, sugar intake, and minimizing hyperglycemia.

Found naturally in small amounts in certain fruits, vegetables, and fermented foods, erythritol is quickly absorbed in the small intestine through passive diffusion.

In humans, erythritol is produced endogenously from glucose and fructose by erythrocytes, liver, and kidneys via the pentose phosphate pathway, making its levels dependent on both endogenous production and external intake.

“Our findings contribute to the growing evidence that non-nutritive sweeteners, often considered safe, could pose health risks,” stated Professor Christopher Desouza from the University of Colorado.

A recent study involving 4,000 participants from the US and Europe revealed that individuals with elevated erythritol levels are at a significantly increased risk of experiencing a heart attack or stroke within three years.

Professor Desouza and his team sought to determine what factors were contributing to this heightened risk.

They exposed human cells lining blood vessels in the brain to erythritol for three hours, using concentrations similar to those found in standard sugar-free beverages.

The treated cells exhibited several alterations.

Notably, they produced significantly less nitric oxide, a molecule critical for dilating blood vessels, while increasing the expression of endothelin-1, which constricts blood vessels.

Furthermore, the challenge of a thrombogenic compound called thrombin significantly slowed the cell’s production of T-PA, a naturally occurring compound that promotes coagulation.

Cells treated with erythritol also generated more reactive oxygen species, or free radicals, which can lead to cellular damage and inflammation.

“We’ve been diligently working to share our findings with the broader community,” noted Auburn Berry, a graduate student at the University of Colorado in Boulder.

“Our research indicates that erythritol may indeed heighten the risk of stroke.”

“Our study solely focused on sugar substitutes,” emphasized Professor Desouza.

“For individuals consuming multiple servings daily, the potential impact could be even more pronounced.”

The researchers caution that their findings are based on lab research conducted on cells, necessitating larger-scale studies involving human subjects.

Nonetheless, they advise consumers to check product labels for erythritol or “sugar alcohol.”

“Considering the epidemiological evidence informing our research, along with our cellular discoveries, monitoring the intake of such non-nutritive sweeteners seems wise,” Professor Desouza remarked.

The study was published today in the Journal of Applied Physiology.

____

Auburn R. Berry et al. 2025. The non-nutritive sweetener erythritol negatively affects brain microvascular endothelial cell function. Journal of Applied Physiology 138(6):1571-1577; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00276.2025

Source: www.sci.news

New Study Unveils Countries with the Slowest and Fastest Aging Rates

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A recent study reveals that Denmark boasts the most favorable environmental, social, and political conditions for aging slowly and maintaining a healthier lifestyle.

Published in Natural Medicine, this research pinpointed the elements influencing the biological processes that dictate healthy aging. An international team of researchers examined data from over 160,000 individuals across 40 nations, assessing how various factors influence aging worldwide.

To establish a baseline for the average aging rate, researchers utilized a measurement known as the “Biobiural Age Gap” clock. This AI model estimates the disparity between an individual’s chronological age and their predicted age based on surrounding risk factors. For instance, a 50-year-old person might be predicted to have a biological age of 55 based on these factors, resulting in a five-year age gap.

The findings revealed that among the four continents studied—Africa, Asia, Europe, and South America—European individuals showcased the highest levels of healthy aging. Conversely, in lower-income nations, accelerated aging was prevalent among older individuals.

“This study is significant as it reconceptualizes aging as influenced by not just biology and lifestyle, but also broader environmental and sociopolitical factors,” stated Morten Scheibye-Knudsen, an associate professor of aging at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, who was not involved in the research, in comments to BBC Science Focus.

Egypt recorded the fastest rate of aging, with individuals showing an average biological age 4.75 years older than their chronological age. Following Egypt were South Africa and certain South American nations. Within Europe, Eastern and Southern regions displayed more rapid aging trends.

In contrast, Denmark demonstrated the slowest aging rate, with an average biological age 2.35 years younger than the actual age. The Netherlands and Finland followed in terms of healthy aging.

Key Factors for Healthy Aging

What makes Denmark and much of Northern and Western Europe conducive to healthy aging? Researchers identified crucial factors including environmental elements like air quality alongside social factors such as gender equality and socioeconomic status.

Interestingly, significant influences were also found in sociopolitical conditions. Healthy aging is closely related to political representation, freedom of parties, democratic elections, and voting rights.

“The link between politics and accelerated aging presents an intriguing puzzle in this study,” commented Scheibye-Knudsen. “Possible mechanisms include heightened chronic stress responses due to anxiety and healthcare disparities.”

This study indicated that individuals with accelerated aging face challenges in completing daily tasks and are eight times more likely to experience cognitive decline.

While the study spanned four continents, it primarily represented limited areas of Africa, focusing on Egypt and South Africa.

Researchers stress that their findings illustrate correlations rather than causative relationships. Nonetheless, they advocate for urgent action to address global health disparities.

“Remarkably, risk factors outweigh protective ones, indicating that individuals in low-income countries experience significantly accelerated aging irrespective of their socioeconomic status,” noted Scheibye-Knudsen.

“This reinforces the compelling case for investing in universal initiatives, such as access to education and healthcare, to enhance the health of populations.”

Read more:

About Our Experts

Dr. Morten Scheibye-Knudsen serves as an associate professor of aging at the University of Copenhagen and leads the Scheibye-Knudsen research group. He is also the president of the Nordic Aging Association.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

New Study Focuses on Historical Floods to Aid Property Owners in Evaluating Climate Risks

Posted on July 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

New research published on Monday indicates that the number of structures in the United States vulnerable to flooding may be greater than previously estimated.

A study, published in the Journal’s Future of Earth, revealed that 43% of North Carolina’s flooded buildings from 1996 to 2020 are outside the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s Special Flood Hazard Areas, which FEMA designates as having a 1% chance of flooding in any given year.

Experts and the study’s authors believe these findings may assist more communities in understanding their flood risks and insurance needs. As companies pull back from increasing insurance premiums and insuring homes in certain regions due to more frequent severe weather, obtaining flood insurance is becoming increasingly challenging, leaving property owners more exposed.

According to NBC News, experts stated that having access to reliable data sources could facilitate the creation of nationwide databases like the one outlined in the study.

FEMA’s maps serve as the main reference for identifying flood-prone zones and structures requiring insurance coverage. However, experts argue that this system is outdated and lacks resolution. A 100-year floodplain projection doesn’t fully encompass the areas that could be at risk for flooding, and the authors noted that climate change has compromised the reliability of previously authoritative weather and climate forecasts.

This study enabled researchers to pinpoint specific structures that have experienced multiple flooding incidents by utilizing address-level data. This information could inform property owners on whether to obtain flood insurance, even if they fall outside FEMA’s designated flood hazard zones. In the United States, FEMA reports that 99% of counties have experienced flooding, yet only 4% of homeowners hold flood insurance at least once.

“Detailed information about previously flooded areas can empower individuals to make informed decisions,” expressed Helena Margaret Garcia, the lead author of the study and a doctoral candidate at the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill.

FEMA and the National Flood Insurance Program did not respond to requests for comments.

FEMA is currently working on revamping its flood mapping system through the Future of Flood Risk Data initiative, aimed at employing more efficient, accurate, and consistent technology to assess the country’s flood risks comprehensively.

Water markers in Orocoke, North Carolina homes illustrate the increasing severity of flooding between hurricanes over time.
Courtesy of Helena Garcia

As global temperatures rise, more intense rainfall events are becoming common since warmer air can hold more moisture. Climate change has also contributed to rising sea levels, increasing vulnerability to flooding even in coastal and some inland areas. Hurricane Helen, the third deadliest hurricane of modern times, inflicted substantial flooding in North Carolina’s mountainous regions. Damage from the storm exceeded a total of $78 billion, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

The recent severe rainfall has caused flash floods across many U.S. towns over the last two weeks, most recently impacting towns in New Jersey and New York City. In North Carolina alone, six deaths have been reported, while over 100 fatalities have occurred in Texas. Flash floods have historically accounted for the highest number of storm-related deaths in the U.S., averaging 125 deaths per year over recent decades, according to the National Weather Service.

A North Carolina climate scientist noted that the warm seawater feeding the storm could have been a contributing factor to last week’s Tropical Storm Chantal, which set rainfall and river level records in the state.

With the impacts of climate change, having access to up-to-date maps is essential, experts argue.

In their study, researchers mapped 78 flood events using data from 1996 to 2020 from the National Flood Insurance Program, which allows property owners to purchase insurance for potential flood-related losses. They also incorporated emergency service requests and volunteer-based geographic information obtained from social media, creating what they termed the “first of its kind” database. This historical flood data is often inaccessible to the public, which can hinder homeowners’ awareness of prior flood incidents affecting their properties.

Garcia stated that researchers plan to apply the same methodology from their study to create similar historical maps in various regions across the country, identifying areas previously overlooked concerning flood risk.

The research indicated that out of 90,000 structures, only 20,000 experienced flooding, highlighting a significant number that did not file NFIP claims. The study’s authors are now focused on quantifying the human impact, examining outcomes such as healthcare disruptions resulting from floods and the scale of evacuations caused by repeated flooding, as Garcia explained.

On July 7th, Eastgate Mall’s parking lot in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, was inundated following a tropical storm.
Courtesy of Antonia Sebastian/Helena Garcia

Antonia Sebastian, an assistant professor in the Department of Geology at UNC-Chapel Hill, noted that the study aspires to establish a “comprehensive record of past floods” by gathering data on relatively minor flood events that impact homeowners yet do not receive widespread media attention.

“Areas that have previously flooded are likely to flood again; it’s only a matter of time,” Sebastian remarked. “These sites are inherently dangerous.”

Chad Belginis, executive director of the Flood Plains Association who was not involved in the study, stated that FEMA’s maps are intended to implement the NFIP by utilizing 100-year flood plains to delineate zones for flood insurance coverage. He emphasized that analyzing historical flood research highlights the necessity for flood insurance in areas beyond the mapped FEMA flood hazard zones.

“FEMA’s flood map serves as a starting point, not an endpoint,” Berginnis clarified. “The maps present one kind of flood risk, but to fully grasp flood risk, it is crucial to seek out historical flood data.”

He mentioned that the database models illustrated in the study could be adopted in various other regions. A community manager indicated that identifying past flood sites could enhance community awareness regarding flood risks.

“When we consider the history of floods, [like those along the Guadalupe River], it emphasizes the dangers that have persisted over time,” they reflected. “I truly believe that these areas should be acknowledged as perilous, yet awareness of the actual flooding risks is often lacking.”

June Choi, a doctoral student in Earth Systems Science at Stanford University and not involved in the study, noted that the finding regarding many flooded buildings existing outside FEMA-designated risky areas likely applies to all states. She highlighted that while new databases might have limitations regarding changing building densities over time, the application of historical records and address-specific data still provides valuable insights for assessing future flood risks.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Study Reveals Your Brain’s Biological Age Can Forecast Your Lifespan

Posted on July 9, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers have devised a technique to assess the biological age of the brain, revealing it to be a key indicator of future health and longevity.

A recent study involved an analysis of blood samples from 45,000 adults, with protein levels measured in over 3,000 individuals. Many of these proteins correlate with particular organs, including the brain, enabling the estimation of each organ system’s “biological age.”

If an organ’s protein profile significantly deviated from its expected age (based on birthday count), it was categorized as either “very matured” or “very youthful.”

Among the various organs assessed, the brain emerged as the most significant predictor of health outcomes, according to the research.

“The brain is the gatekeeper of longevity,” stated Professor Tony Wyss-Coray, a senior author of the newly published research in Natural Medicine. “An older brain correlates with a higher mortality rate, while a younger brain suggests a longer life expectancy.”

Participants exhibiting a biologically aged brain were found to be 12 times more likely to receive an Alzheimer’s diagnosis within a decade compared to peers with biologically youthful brains.

Additionally, older brains increased the risk of death from any cause by 182% over a 15-year span, whereas youthful brains were linked to a 40% decrease in mortality.

Wyss-Coray emphasized that evaluating the brain and other organs through the lens of biological age marks the dawn of a new preventive medicine era.

“This represents the future of medicine,” he remarked. “Currently, patients visit doctors only when they experience pain, where doctors address what’s malfunctioning. We are transitioning from illness care to wellness care, aiming to intervene before organ-specific diseases arise.”

The team is in the process of commercializing this test, which is anticipated to be available within the next 2-3 years, starting with major organs like the brain, heart, and immune system.

read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Text Therapy: Study Reveals Couples Use Emojis in Messaging to Enhance Relationships

Posted on July 4, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A key to nurturing a healthy relationship might involve gazing into the faces of those glued to their smartphones.

Recent research Published in Journal Plos One indicates that incorporating emojis in text messages strengthens personal connections and enhances satisfaction.

Researchers from the University of Texas conducted a study with 260 participants aged 23 to 67, asking them to review 15 text message exchanges differing solely by the presence of emojis.

Participants were prompted to envision themselves as the sender of each message while analyzing the recipient’s response, gauging aspects like responsiveness, likability, intimacy, and overall relationship satisfaction.

The findings showed that individuals who included emojis in their texts were perceived as more emotionally aware in their interactions compared to those who used text alone.

Moreover, emojis served as nonverbal indicators of attention and emotional investment.

Luke McGregor, 42, and Amy Thunig-McGregor, 37, shared their experiences with emoji use.

Luke recounted that he had to adapt to integrating emojis in his messages to Amy, as he hadn’t been a frequent emoji user at the relationship’s start.

“I traditionally didn’t use emojis much, but once I got together with Amy, I noticed she used them frequently. There were vulnerabilities and challenges I needed to overcome to start using them myself,” McGregor explained.

Emojis are significant for Amy Thunig-McGregor and her partner Luke McGregor.

“I wanted Amy to feel cherished, so regularly sending her emojis to express my affection was crucial for me, especially initially,” he mentioned.

Amy highlighted the effectiveness of emojis in enhancing communication.

“Both of us are autistic, which makes context essential… emojis help clarify tone and intention in ways that plain text can’t achieve,” they stated.

Dr. Raquel Peel, a senior lecturer in psychology at the University of Central Queensland and not involved in the study, noted that emojis can be a creative solution when face-to-face interactions aren’t possible with partners.

“I don’t believe emojis can replace direct interactions in intimate relationships. Yet, we must recognize that such interactions aren’t always viable,” Peel remarked.

“If meeting your partner isn’t feasible, using emojis becomes a valuable alternative.”

She advised not to undervalue communication in a relationship, emphasizing the need to stay connected in every possible way.

“Many forget that relationships benefit from humor and enjoyment,” Peel explained.

“If emojis can fulfill that role, they contribute to fun and connection through humor, which is incredibly important.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

Major Study Links Nighttime Light Exposure to Heart Disease Risks

Posted on July 3, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Optimizing Darkness in Your Night Environment

Tero Vesalainen/Shutterstock

SEI 2575076471 — Optimizing Darkness in Your Night Environment

Tero Vesalainen/Shutterstock

Exposure to light at night significantly raises the risk of heart disease, according to extensive research.

Various environmental and behavioral signals synchronize the body’s circadian rhythms, the internal clocks that manage physiological functions. However, contemporary lifestyles often disrupt these biological mechanisms, heightening sensitivity to health issues.

Light is a primary regulator of circadian rhythms and has been linked to numerous health implications. For instance, shift workers exposed to nighttime light face a higher risk of heart disease.

Previous studies utilizing satellite data have indicated associations between residents of brightly lit urban areas and heart disease, focusing solely on outdoor light at night. Daniel Windred, from Flinders University in Adelaide, and his team sought to determine if overall light exposure impacts cardiovascular health.

They monitored approximately 89,000 individuals without pre-existing cardiovascular conditions, equipping them with light sensors for a week between 2013 and 2016. “This represents the largest research effort on personal light exposure patterns affecting cardiovascular health to date.”

The sensors captured both natural and artificial light sources, including emissions from mobile phones. Over the eight-year period, participants who experienced the brightest nights showed a 23-56% increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease compared to those exposed to darker nights.

For example, individuals in the highest light exposure category included those who activated overhead lights for an hour from midnight to 6 AM. “This scenario places them within the 90th to 100th percentiles of nighttime light exposure,” Windred noted. He emphasized that the body continues to react to artificial light even after it is turned off, and short exposures can disrupt circadian rhythms.

Researchers accounted for factors such as gender, age, smoking habits, and shift work. They also demonstrated that the connection between light exposure and heart disease risk remained constant, regardless of sleep duration, sleep efficiency, or genetic predisposition.

Interestingly, although women generally have a lower incidence of heart disease at the same age as men, exposure to bright nighttime light can neutralize this protective effect due to estrogen. Evidence suggests that women experience more significant melatonin suppression in response to bright light, making their circadian systems more sensitive compared to men.

Disruption of circadian rhythms can compromise glucose tolerance, elevating the risk for type 2 diabetes, which is a risk factor for heart disease. Such disruption also influences blood pressure and can increase the risk for abnormal cardiac rhythms due to conflicting signals between the brain and heart.

“The significance of these findings must not be understated,” stated Martin Young from the University of Alabama at Birmingham. “As a 24/7 society increasingly disrupts our circadian systems, this study underscores the notable health risks linked to such exposure.”

Windred suggests that individuals strive to maintain a darker nighttime environment. “Optimize your sleep schedule to ensure darkness during bedtime. If you awaken during the night, utilize dim lighting and avoid bright overhead lights.”

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Study Reveals Cambrian Explosions Happened Millions of Years Sooner Than Previously Believed

Posted on June 27, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists have studied the body shapes of Ediacaran Cambrian organisms by utilizing trace fossils as a stand-in for body fossils.

Reconstruction of early Cambrian marine life in southern China. Image credit: Dongjing Fu.

The Cambrian explosion is often referred to as a pivotal period in Earth’s history when distinct animal body plans emerged.

Most researchers indicate that this event took place between 541 and 530 million years ago, marking the onset of the Cambrian period.

“The Cambrian explosion represents a significant era in the history of life that poses numerous unresolved questions,” stated Dr. Olmo Miguez Saras from the University of Barcelona at the Museum of Natural History in London, alongside Dr. Zekun Wang.

“In investigating biodiversity during this period, paleontological studies primarily concentrate on organisms with hard structures.”

“Nevertheless, microfossil investigations open avenues for understanding the activities of hard, soft-bodied, or skeletal-deficient organisms preserved in stratigraphic records.”

“The microfossil evidence is essential for shedding light on the evolutionary phases dominated by soft-bodied faunas.”

“Fossil traces mirror the behaviors of habitat-forming organisms, determined by their environment and reactions to ecological factors.”

“Consequently, these traces act as indicators of the paleoecological conditions experienced by the organisms that produced them.”

In their research, the authors concentrated on trace fossils from the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition, a period of great paleobiological interest that represents a pivotal moment in the evolution of complex life on Earth.

This transition experienced substantial shifts in biodiversity as well as the structure of organisms and ecosystems.

“The Ediacaran fauna consisted mainly of complex, multicellular, flexible organisms,” noted Dr. Miguez Saras.

“The shift to the Cambrian era involved numerous extinctions within the Ediacaran fauna, accompanied by a rapid diversification of complex multicellular organisms possessing hard structures (e.g., exoskeletons).”

“This encapsulates the core of evolutionary development that led to the emergence of the most modern animal phyla, commonly referred to as the Cambrian Explosion.”

The research indicates that slender-bodied organisms thrived around 545 million years ago during the Ediacaran period.

“These organisms likely possessed a coelomic hydrostatic body with an anteroposterior axis, muscles, and perhaps segmented structures,” Dr. Miguez Saras explained.

“Additionally, these organisms may have exhibited directional movement and possessed sensory capabilities to navigate and feed on diverse substrates in environments dominated by microbial mats.”

“Thus, the so-called Cambrian explosion and its evolutionary significance could have arisen significantly earlier than previously thought.”

“These adaptations in body shape and mobility facilitated early animals in thriving within increasingly dynamic and complex environments, an ecological engineering process that could spur evolutionary innovation.”

The team’s study is slated for publication in the journal Geological.

____

Zekun Wang & Olmo Miguez-Salas. Quantitative decoding of Ediacaran Motion Microfossil Morphology: Evidence for the appearance of elongated anteroposterior body profiles. Geological Published online on June 9th, 2025. doi: 10.1130/g53332.1

Source: www.sci.news

Second Study Reveals Uber’s Profits Surge Through Opaque Algorithms

Posted on June 25, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A prominent academic institution has accused Uber of utilizing opaque software algorithms to significantly boost profits while negatively impacting drivers and passengers using their ride-hailing platform.

Research conducted by scholars at Columbia Business School in New York determined that the Silicon Valley company has adopted a systematic and selective approach to “algorithmic price discrimination,” which “raises rider fares and severely diminishes driver earnings to the tune of billions.”

The Ivy League Business School’s findings are based on an analysis involving “tens of thousands of rides… amounting to over 2 million…” travel requests, and it builds upon a recent study from the University of Oxford concerning 1.5 million UK trips published the previous week.

The UK research revealed that many Uber drivers in the UK have reported “substantially reduced” earnings since the introduction of the “dynamic pricing” algorithm in 2023, correlating with the company capturing a significantly larger share of fare revenue.

The US report, authored by Len Sherman, highlights that as a passenger, acceptance appears less favorable, while he expresses amazement at what has been accomplished.

Sherman’s report remarked: Reducing driver payments while enhancing their take rate significantly contributes to improving cash flow during the study’s duration.

In 2024, Uber announced that it had generated $6.9 billion (£5 billion) in cash for the year, a stark contrast to their loss of $303 million in cash in 2022.

Sherman noted that the advanced pricing introduced in the U.S. in 2022 is akin to the UK dynamic pricing algorithm implemented in 2023, significantly affecting passenger fares.

Columbia’s study, which examined trips made by 24,532 U.S. Uber drivers, concluded that the new algorithm has “modified the distribution of net rider fares among driver incomes.”

The recent Oxford study found that following the rollout of dynamic pricing, Uber’s median take-rate per driver surged from 25% to 29%, with some trips exceeding 50%.

These findings contribute to a growing list of controversies surrounding technology companies, including a 2021 UK Supreme Court ruling affirming that Uber drivers are entitled to a minimum wage and paid leave, along with the 2022 disclosure of the Uber Files, a global investigation revealing the company’s efforts to bypass police and regulations while secretly lobbying governments worldwide.

Skip past newsletter promotions

Following the release of the Uber Files, Jill Hazelbaker, Uber’s Vice President of Public Relations, stated:

An Uber spokesperson remarked, “Uber’s pricing structure aims to be transparent and equitable for both riders and drivers. The prepaid pricing is disclosed prior to booking, enabling drivers to make informed choices based on a full understanding of wages, distance, and expected duration.”

“Our dynamic pricing algorithms function to synchronize real-time supply and demand, enhancing the platform’s overall reliability. The prepaid pricing model is not personalized, and our pricing algorithms do not utilize personal information from individual riders or drivers.”

“Last week, the company reiterated: [the University of Oxford] Report. All drivers are guaranteed to earn at least the national living wage.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

Study Reveals Two-Thirds of Cats Favor Sleeping on Their Left Side

Posted on June 25, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Recent findings from researchers at Ruhr-University Bochum, Ankara University at Prince Edward Island, and Bari Aldo Moro University reveal that two-thirds of domestic cats (Felis Catus) tend to sleep on their left side. This orientation provides them with a left field of vision, allowing the right hemisphere of their brain to have an unobstructed view of impending approach, while protecting their body.

Isparta et al. We propose that the significant left-side preference in cat sleep may have evolved alongside hemispheric asymmetry related to threat assessment. Image credits: Noah Dustin von Weissenfrue / Gleb Kuzmenko / Isparta et al., doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.04.043.

“Sleep represents one of the most vulnerable states for animals, particularly during deep sleep when vigilance to threats is notably diminished.”

“Domestic cats act as both predators and prey (to animals like coyotes), averaging 12-16 hours of sleep per day.”

“This implies they spend around 60-65% of their lives in highly susceptible states.”

“To minimize the risk of becoming prey, cats tend to rest in elevated locations, where they can better see approaching threats while remaining concealed.”

“In such elevated spots, predators can typically only approach from below.”

“Thus, resting at height affords cats a sense of safety, comfort, and a vantage point to observe their surroundings.”

The authors of this study examined 408 publicly available YouTube videos featuring individual cats lying on their sides in clear sleep positions, ensuring unbroken sleep durations of at least 10 seconds with full visibility from head to tail.

Only original, unedited videos were considered; those that were low resolution, obscured, duplicated, or altered (such as mirror images or selfies) were excluded.

The findings showed that 266 cats (65.1%) exhibited left-oriented sleep positions, while 142 demonstrated a significant left-sided bias as a population, compared to the 34.8% that slept on their right side.

“A cat that sleeps on its left side gains awareness of its environment upon waking with a left field of vision processed by the right hemisphere,” explained the researchers.

“This hemisphere is critical for spatial awareness, handling threats, and coordinating quick escape responses.”

“When a cat awakens after sleeping on its left side, visual cues regarding predators or prey are relayed directly to the right hemisphere of the brain.

“This suggests that favoring the left side while sleeping might be a strategic survival behavior.”

study published in the journal Current Biology.

____

Sevim Isparta et al. 2025. Sleeping orientations of domestic cats on both sides. Current Biology 35 (12): R597-R598; doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.04.043

Source: www.sci.news

A Study of 10,000 Individuals Reveals Strategies for Safeguarding Memory in Middle Age

Posted on June 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A favorable perspective on life may safeguard against memory loss during middle age, as indicated by a recent 16-year study conducted by researchers from the UK, the US, and Spain.

Published in Aging and Mental Health, this study posits that a sense of happiness—which encompasses joy, confidence, purpose, and control over one’s life—is closely linked to improved memory recall.

Participants who rated their happiness levels higher tended to excel in memory assessments, regardless of whether they reported experiencing symptoms of depression.

“This study marks a vital advance in comprehending the relationship between happiness and memory over time,” stated the co-authors. Professor Joshua Stott, a Professor of Aging and Clinical Psychology at University College London, added, “It sheds new light on how self-reported happiness correlates with memory and vice versa.”

Researchers monitored 10,760 men and women over the age of 50 in the UK. Beginning in 2002, participants convened with the research team every two years to undergo memory evaluations.

During each session, they also completed a well-being survey, responding to prompts such as “I can do what I want to do” and “I feel that life is filled with opportunities.”

After 16 years, this data was examined by a team of 15 specialists to establish connections between cognition and memory.

“In light of an aging population, it’s vital to understand the factors that may protect and sustain healthy cognitive functions for the betterment of public health and policy development,” said Dr. Amber John, a lecturer in psychology at the University of Liverpool.

She noted that the study implies that overall well-being is more beneficial than merely better memory. If future research can demonstrate that improved health leads to Enhanced Memory, then prioritizing health could shield the brain from future deterioration.

Dementia and anxiety are commonly considered to accelerate cognitive decline in individuals with dementia. – Credit: J Studio via Getty

This study received partial funding from Alzheimer’s Disease Research UK. “We’ve observed significant financial support,” stated Emma Taylor, information services manager for the charity.

“It’s never too late to take measures to maintain our brain health throughout our lives and mitigate the devastating impacts of dementia.”

The authors of the study suggested that a decrease in psychological well-being could serve as an early indicator of potential cognitive decline, recommending strategies such as mindfulness as interventions to avert this trajectory.

read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com