Michel Taragran awarded 2024 Abel Prize for breakthroughs in understanding randomness in mathematics

Posted on March 20, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Michel Taragrand: “Life is horribly random.”

Peter Budge/Typos1/Abel Prize 2024

Michel Taragran won the 2024 Abel Prize, also known as the Nobel Prize of mathematics, for his work on probability theory and the description of randomness. The news came as a surprise to Taragrand. He learned what he thought was his Zoom call within the department. He said: “My brain completely shut down for five seconds. It was an amazing experience. I never expected anything like this.”

Tara GrandBased at the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), he has spent much of his 40-year career on extreme characterization of random or stochastic systems. These problems are common in the real world. For example, a bridge builder may need to know the maximum wind strength expected from the local weather.

Such random systems are often very complex and may contain many random variables, but Talagrand’s method of converting these systems into geometric problems allows us to extract useful values. can. “He is a master at getting accurate estimates, and he knows exactly what to add or subtract to get an accurate estimate,” he says. Helge HoldenChairman of the Abel Prize Committee.

Taragrand also developed mathematical tools and equations for systems that are random but exhibit some degree of predictability within that randomness, a statistical principle called concentration of measurements. His equation, known as the Taragrand inequality, can be used for many systems that exhibit concentration of measurements. Asaf Naor At Princeton University, he developed famous algorithmic puzzles such as the Traveling Salesman Problem. “Not only is he a great discoverer in his own right, but he is also an influence. He has provided the world with an amazing collection of insights and tools,” Naor says.

Perhaps inspired by his own work, Taragrand says he views his career as a random process. “It’s really scary when you look at your life and the important things that happened. They were determined by small random influences and there was no plan at all,” he says.

Although many of his works were general, he also had a particular interest in the mathematical basis of spin glasses. Spin glass is an unusual magnetic arrangement in which the atoms of a material can act like tiny magnets, pointing in random directions and exhibiting no apparent order. Repeating crystal structure in ordinary glass.

“This award is definitely well-deserved,” he says Giorgio Parisi from Sapienza University in Rome, Italy, won the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on spin glasses. Parisi and his colleagues first proposed a formula to describe these materials, named after Parisi, but it was not proven mathematically until the work of Taragrand and Italian physicist Francesco Guerra. . “It’s one thing to believe that a guess is correct, but it’s another to prove it. I believed it was a very difficult problem to prove,” Parisi says.

It also helped draw the field to the attention of other mathematicians, Parisi said. “This was a great proof and completely changed the game, because it was the starting point for a deeper understanding of the theory.”

For Taragrand, one of the keys to success was persistence. “You can’t learn mathematics easily. You have to work. It takes a lot of time and you have bad memories. You forget things. So despite these handicaps, I have to work. My way of working has always been to try to understand simple things really well.”

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

The top four discoveries from a significant new UN climate study

Posted on March 20, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has recently published a detailed report titled Current status of global climate in 2023, which synthesizes the latest scientific knowledge on climate change from the past year.

This report contains significant findings that shed light on the impact of human-induced climate change on the Earth. If you’re overwhelmed by the idea of reading through lengthy UN reports, fear not! We have highlighted some of the most fascinating and surprising discoveries for you.

1. Switzerland has lost 10 percent of its glaciers in the past two years

Glaciers are vital ecosystems formed when snow solidifies into ice in cold mountain regions. They flow slowly downhill, shaping the landscape as they move. Glaciers play a crucial role in the ecosystem by melting in the summer and nourishing rivers, providing essential water resources globally.

According to the WMO report, the unprecedented glacier loss in 2022-2023, primarily in North America and Europe, marks a record decline. Switzerland, in particular, has witnessed a distressing scenario with a 10 percent reduction in glacier volume over the past two years.

“The planet is warming, and the ice is melting, but seeing parts of the Alps lose 10 percent of their glacier volume in just two years is astonishing,” stated Professor Jonathan Bamber, Director of the Bristol Glaciology Center.

2. On any given day in 2023, a third of the oceans experienced a heatwave.

The record-breaking sea surface temperatures in Florida are just one example of ocean warming trends. The report highlights that a significant portion of the Earth’s stored energy since 1971 resides in the oceans, leading to increased heat content.

In 2023, ocean warming reached its highest level on record, with ocean heat content at a depth of 2,000 meters peaking. This trend is expected to persist for centuries, if not millennia.

As ocean temperatures rise, water expands and contributes to sea level rise. Ocean heatwaves are becoming more frequent, with marine heatwave coverage averaging 32 percent in 2023, compared to 23 percent in 2016.

3. The cost of inaction on climate change could be staggering.

Addressing climate change and adapting to its costs will require substantial investments. The WMO estimates that annual climate finance investments need to increase more than sixfold to limit temperature rise to 1.5°C, amounting to nearly $9 trillion by 2030 and an additional $10 trillion by 2050.

However, the report emphasizes that the cost of inaction would far exceed these figures. Failing to take action between 2025 and 2100 could incur a massive cost of $1,266 trillion.

The cost of inaction on climate change will exceed $1,000 trillion by 2100. – Image courtesy of Getty

Dr. David Lippin stressed the urgency of taking action, citing the report’s warning that inaction on climate change is more costly than proactive measures.

“The time to act is now, and the need for action is urgent,” emphasized Dr. Lippin, a professor at the School of Environmental Geography at York University.

4. Antarctic winter sea ice was 1 million km² below the previous record

The vulnerable polar regions experienced unprecedented changes in Antarctica this year. The report revealed that Antarctic sea ice extent hit a record low in February.

While Antarctic sea ice typically peaks around September, it reached a record low this year, falling up to 1 million km² below any previous level recorded – equivalent to the combined area of France and Spain.

Senior Researcher at the National Center for Atmospheric Science, Dr. Till Kuhlbrodt, described the findings as alarming, reflecting extreme climate and weather conditions unprecedented in modern records.

Despite these challenges, Professor Tina van de Flierdt, Head of Geosciences and Engineering at Imperial College London, emphasized the importance of immediate action to mitigate the loss of the West Antarctic ice sheet and reduce global emissions.

About our experts

Jonathan Bamber: A physicist specializing in Earth Observation data, particularly on the cryosphere. With over 200 peer-reviewed publications, he is recognized as a leading researcher in his field.

David Lippin: Senior Lecturer in Physical Geography at the University of York, focusing on glacier dynamics and ice sheet research using advanced techniques.

Till Kuhlbrodt: Senior Research Fellow at the University of Reading, leading models to support climate change mitigation efforts. His recent work on sea temperature extremes was published in the American Weather Society Bulletin.

Tina van de Flierdt: Dean of the School of Geosciences and Engineering at Imperial College London, with research interests in paleoceanography, paleoclimate, and Antarctic ice sheet dynamics.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Lab experiment suggests CRISPR can disable and treat HIV

Posted on March 20, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Electron micrograph of HIV, which currently requires lifelong medication

Scott Kamazin/Alamy Stock Photo

A new way to eradicate HIV from the body could one day become a cure for infection with the virus, but it has not yet been proven effective in humans.

The strategy uses a relatively new genetic technology called CRISPR, which can make cuts in DNA and introduce errors into the viral genetic material within immune cells. “These findings represent a vital advance toward the design of therapeutic strategies,” the researchers said. Elena Herrera Carrillo Researchers from the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands said in a statement.

HIV infection used to be almost always fatal, but now people with the virus can take drugs that stop the virus from replicating. Therefore, as long as you diligently take your medication every day, you can maintain a nearly normal lifespan.

But when a person is first infected, some of the virus inserts its DNA into immune cells, where it becomes dormant. When you stop taking your HIV medication, this DNA “reawakens” and the virus begins to spread again through your immune system.

For treatment, we need some way to kill the latent virus in the body. Several strategies have been tried, but so far none have been found to work.

The latest approach uses a gene editing system called CRISPR. Originally discovered in bacteria, it targets specific DNA sequences and makes cuts there. By changing the targeted DNA sequence, the system could be applied as a form of gene therapy for many conditions, and such treatments were launched in the US and UK last year as a treatment for sickle cell anemia. first approved.

Several groups are working with CRISPR to target HIV genes as a way to disable the dormant virus. Now, Carrillo and her team have shown that when tested on immune cells in a dish, the CRISPR system can neutralize all viruses and remove them from these cells. The work will be presented at European Conference on Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Next month in Barcelona, Spain.

Jonathan Stoy Researchers at London’s Francis Crick Institute say the results are encouraging, but the next step is testing in animals and eventually humans to ensure the treatment is available to all people with dormant HIV. The aim is to show that it can reach immune cells, he said. Some of these cells are thought to reside in the bone marrow, but other parts of the body may also be involved, he says. “There is still considerable uncertainty about whether there are other stores in other parts of the body,” he says.

A California company called Excision BioTherapeutics has previously shown that a CRISPR-based approach can: Reduce the amount of latent virus in monkeys infected with a virus similar to HIV.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Pompeii in England: Remarkably Preserved Bronze Age Village Offers Glimpse into Ancient Life

Posted on March 20, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

An intact ax with an intact handle was found under one of the burnt structures on the grounds of Mast Farm.

cambridge archaeological unit

The ruins of a Bronze Age settlement in eastern England have been beautifully preserved after being destroyed by fire 3000 years ago. Exploring the ruins provides an incredible snapshot of how the British lived at the time, from what people ate for breakfast to the tools they used to build their homes.

Archaeologists first discovered the ancient wooden pillars in 1999 at the Mast Farm quarry near the small town of Whittlesea. A subsequent small-scale study tried to figure out if there was anything interesting there, he said. chris wakefield at the University of York, UK. But it wasn’t until his 2015 that Wakefield and his colleagues conducted serious excavations at the site.

The research team discovered the structural remains of four large circular dwellings (usually wooden circular dwellings with conical thatched roofs) dating from 3,000 to 2,800 years ago. Tree stumps suggest that it was built on raised platforms connected by wooden walkways over a small river that flows through the area. Judging by the size of the waterway, there may have been about 10 roundhouses in the settlement, Wakefield said.

Tree-ring analysis of wood taken from the structure suggests that the settlement was destroyed a year after its construction, with the houses falling into the muddy waters below. Wakefield said the waterlogged, oxygen-depleted environment prevented the settlement from deteriorating, resulting in its unprecedented level of preservation. The charring of objects by fire also served as a protective layer against environmental decay. “Almost everything that was in these people’s homes at the time of the fire has been preserved and is still being discovered nearly 3,000 years later,” Wakefield said.

The way items fell into the mud provided clues as to the layout of each house. Stepping through the door, the kitchen area tended to be on the east side of the house, with the sleeping area to the northwest and the livestock pens to the southeast.

Chemical analysis of kitchen utensils such as pots, bowls, cups and jars suggests that the settlement’s prehistoric inhabitants probably ate porridge, cereals, honey and stews made from beef, mutton and fish. .

“This is the best evidence we have for understanding prehistoric diets and cooking methods,” he says. Rachel Pope At the University of Liverpool, UK. “This is the closest you will ever get to walking through the doorways of a 3,000-year-old roundhouse and finding out what life was like inside.”

Illustration depicting daily life at one of the mast farm structures

Judith Dobie/Historic England

A toolbox filled with axes, sickles, and razors was a staple in every household. “One of the most beautiful things one of my colleagues found was an amazing two-part axe,” Wakefield says. “What’s amazing about this particular design is that the ax head itself is inserted into an additional piece of wood that can be replaced.”

The clothes recovered at the scene had a lush, velvety feel and were made from the finest fibers produced in Europe at the time, Wakefield said. Decorative beads, which may have been used in necklaces, have also been found throughout the site, and likely came from elsewhere in Europe or the Middle East.

The settlement has been likened to the ancient Roman city of Pompeii, which was buried in ash after a volcanic eruption in 79 AD. “Archaeologists sometimes talk about Pompeii-like discoveries, moments where time stood still, and this is one of them. Burnt-out settlements offer evidence of the time just before and after the fire some 2,900 years ago. It gives us a detailed look into people’s lives in the months leading up to it.” michael parker pearson At University College London.

“Mast Farm is not a once-in-a-generation site. It is very likely that there will never be another site that tells more about Bronze Age Britain.” Richard Maggwick At Cardiff University, UK.

topic:

archeology/
ancient humans

Source: www.newscientist.com

The human brain remains mysteriously intact after thousands of years

Posted on March 20, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

A 1,000-year-old human brain unearthed from a churchyard in Ypres, Belgium.The tissue folds, which are still soft and wet, are stained orange with iron oxide.

Alexandra L. Morton Hayward

Studies of human brains that have been naturally preserved for hundreds or thousands of years have identified 1,300 cases in which the organ survived when all other soft tissue had decomposed. Some of these brains are over 12,000 years old.

“This type of brain is the only one with preserved soft tissue and has been found in sunken ships and flooded graves with only floating bones.” alexandra morton hayward at Oxford University. “It's really, really weird.”

“To be honest, we don't expect the brain to be preserved in any environment,” she says. “As an archaeologist, if you were to dig a grave and find a brain rattling inside a skull, you would be shocked. But you don't expect soft tissue to be preserved, especially in a waterlogged environment. yeah.”

Morton-Hayward first became interested in brain preservation while working as a mortician. “The brain is known to be one of the first organs to decompose after death. I saw it liquefy pretty quickly. But I also saw it preserved.” she says.

Many researchers point out that the human brain is preserved more often than expected and in surprising circumstances, says Morton-Hayward. Now, she and her colleagues are conducting the first-ever systematic study of this phenomenon. They compiled a database of more than 4,400 preserved human brains found around the world.

They also collected and studied many preserved brains themselves. “We actually put it in an MRI machine, and that was a terrible mistake. We didn't know how much iron was in there,” says Morton Hayward.

In most cases, brain preservation can be explained by known processes. For example, the brains of sacrificial Incas buried atop volcanoes in South America around 1450 AD were freeze-dried along with the bodies, Morton-Hayward said.

2,400 years ago, the bodies and brains of swamp people like Tollundman, who was hanged and dumped in a swamp in what is now Denmark, were preserved through a tanning process similar to that used for leather.

Saponification, in which fatty substances are turned into a soap form called grave wax, also preserved the brains of some people who were shot and buried in mass graves in 1936 during the Spanish Civil War.

However, the known process preserves all soft tissue, not just the brain. They do not account for the 1300 cases in which the brain is the only surviving soft tissue.

“This unknown mechanism is completely different,” says Morton-Hayward. “The key feature of this device is that only the brain and bones remain. There is no skin, no muscle, and no intestines.”

For example, St. Hedwig of Silesia was buried in Poland in 1243. When her body was exhumed in the 17th century, it was discovered that her brain was preserved, and at the time it was thought to be due to divine powers.

Alexandra Morton Hayward holds a preserved 1000-year-old brain

graham poulter

Morton-Hayward's working hypothesis is that under certain circumstances, substances such as iron can catalyze the formation of cross-links between proteins and lipids, forming more stable molecules that resist degradation. The nature or ratio of proteins and lipids in the brain may be key.

“The mechanisms are similar to those seen in neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia,” she says. “So if we can understand what happens to the brain after death, we may be able to understand what happens to the brain as it ages during life.”

“It's great news that the data is being made public,” he says. brittany moeller He is one of the researchers at James Cook University in Melbourne, Australia who discovered that: Brain preservation is more common than thought. “This may raise researchers' awareness of the possibility of preserving brain material,” she says.

This is important because preserved brains are often the same color as the surrounding soil. “Therefore, it is very likely that brain material is not recognized for what it is and is frequently discarded during archaeological excavations,” Moller says.

Although this study focused on the human brain, the findings should also apply to animals. Morton Hayward says there are at least 700 examples of animal brains preserved as fossils, the oldest of which he says is an arthropod from 500 million years ago.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

The blue whale genome is sequenced by researchers

Posted on March 20, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

An international team of scientists has created a reference-quality, long-read-based genome assembly. blue whale (glans muscle).

blue whale (glans muscle). Image credit: NOAA.

The blue whale is one of the largest animals to have ever existed, with adults reaching up to 33 meters (110 feet) and weighing up to 150 tons.

Megaanimal genome research is of interest to several subfields of biomedicine.

Understanding the developmental mechanisms that control body size may have applications in regenerative medicine and animal husbandry.

Although large mammals tend to live longer and have orders of magnitude more cells, meaning they divide more, they develop mechanisms that increase their resistance to cancer. I am.This mysterious phenomenon is known as Peto's paradox.

“The genome is the blueprint of an organism,” he said. Dr. Yuri Bukmana computational biologist at the Morgridge Institute.

“You need to know the genome of that species in order to manipulate cell cultures and measure things like gene expression. That allows you to do more research.”

“It is generally understood that larger organisms take longer to develop from fertilized egg to adult than smaller organisms, but we do not yet understand why.”

“From that perspective, just the basic biological knowledge is important: How do you make an animal that big? How do you make it work?”

“The practical application of this knowledge lies in the emerging field of stem cell-based therapy,” he said.

“Healing the injury requires stem cells to differentiate into specialized cell types in the relevant organ or tissue.”

“The rate of this process is controlled by some of the same molecular mechanisms underlying the developmental clock.”

In the study, the authors analyzed segmental duplications, large regions of duplicated sequences that often contain genes, which can provide insight into evolutionary processes when compared to other closely or distantly related species. can.

They found that blue whales have had extensive segmental duplication in the recent past, with more copies than bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and that Vorpoise (Phocoena Cave)the world's smallest Cetacea.

Most of the copies of genes created in this way are probably non-functional or their functions are still unknown, but several known genes were identified.

One encodes a protein called metallothionein, which is known to bind to heavy metals and sequester their toxicity, a mechanism useful for large animals that accumulate heavy metals while living in the ocean. be.

Reference genomes also help preserve species. Blue whales were hunted to near extinction in the first half of the 20th century. It is now protected by international treaties and its population is recovering.

“In the world's oceans, blue whales are basically everywhere except in the high Arctic,” Dr. Buchman said.

“So having a reference genome will allow us to make comparisons and better understand the population structure of different groups of blue whales in different parts of the globe.”

“The blue whale genome is highly heterozygous and there is still a lot of genetic diversity, which has important implications for conservation.”

of result appear in the diary molecular biology and evolution.

_____

Yuri V. Buchman other. 2024. High-quality blue whale genomes, partial duplications, and historical demography. molecular biology and evolution 41 (3): msae036; doi: 10.1093/molbev/msae036

Source: www.sci.news

Astrophysicist declares universe devoid of dark matter

Posted on March 20, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Professor Rajendra Gupta of the University of Ottawa is challenging current theoretical models of the composition of the universe by showing that there is actually no room for dark matter in the universe.

This artist's impression shows the evolution of the universe, starting with the Big Bang on the left and continuing with the emergence of the Cosmic Microwave Background. The formation of the first stars ends the Dark Ages of the universe, followed by the formation of galaxies. Image credit: M. Weiss / Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.

In cosmology, the term dark matter refers to anything that does not appear to interact with light or electromagnetic fields, or that can only be explained by gravity.

Although we can't see it and don't know what it's made of, it helps us understand how galaxies, planets, and stars work.

Professor Gupta reached this conclusion using a combination of covariation coupling constant (CCC) and “tired light” (TL) theory (CCC+TL model).

His model combines two ideas: how the forces of nature diminish over cosmic time and that light loses energy as it travels long distances.

It has been tested and shown to be consistent with several observations, including how galaxies spread and how light from the early universe evolved.

The discovery challenges the common understanding of the universe, which suggests that about 27% of the universe is made up of dark matter, less than 5% is normal matter, and the rest is dark energy.

“This new discovery confirms previous research, which found that the universe is 26.7 billion years old, and found that the existence of dark matter is not necessary for the universe,” said Gupta. the professor said.

“Standard cosmology says that the accelerating expansion of the universe is caused by dark energy, but it's actually because the forces of nature weaken as the universe expands, not by dark energy.”

In his research, Professor Gupta analyzed data from a recent paper on the distribution of galaxies at low redshifts and the angular size of the sound horizon in the literature at high redshifts.

“There are several papers that question the existence of dark matter, but to my knowledge, my paper does not support the existence of dark matter, while being consistent with the major cosmological observations that we have had time to confirm.” “This is the first paper to exclude ,” he said.

“By challenging the need for dark matter in the universe and providing evidence for a new cosmological model, this study opens up new avenues for exploring the fundamental properties of the universe.”

of paper Published in astrophysical journal.

_____

Rajendra P.Gupta other. 2024. Testing the CCC+TL cosmology with observed baryon acoustic vibration signatures. APJ 964, 55; doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad1bc6

Source: www.sci.news

Research finds that consumption of cranberries enhances performance markers in well-trained runners

Posted on March 20, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Cranberries have the highest polyphenol and antioxidant capacity of any fruit or vegetable, which may help prevent the production of free radicals during exercise, which in turn may improve performance. In a new study, scientists investigated the effects of polyphenol-rich cranberry extract on time trial performance and post-exercise lactic acid response.

Consuming cranberries for 28 days seemed to improve running speed as well as aerobic performance in trained runners. Image credit: Michael Reichelt.

Polyphenols, such as proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, flavonols, and flavonols, are secondary plant compounds found in fruits and vegetables.

Cranberries have the highest total polyphenol content of the most consumed fruits in the American diet and the highest antioxidant capacity of any fruit and vegetable.

In addition, its polyphenol content is notable due to its high concentration of rare A-type proanthocyanidins, which are believed to be the main contributors to its beneficial effects.

The use of nutritional supplements is increasing among athletes, and many are turning to natural health products to improve athletic performance.

Intense exercise significantly increases the production of reactive oxygen species due to high oxidative metabolic demands.

As a result, polyphenols may provide a natural antioxidant defense against exercise-induced free radical production.

“For elite athletes, any advantage can make the difference between finishing fifth or reaching the podium,” said study lead author Dr. Andreas Bergdahl, a researcher at Concordia University.

For this study, Dr. Bergdahl and his colleagues recruited 14 high-level runners who did at least five hours of endurance training per week.

The athletes ran two time trials during their three visits, one running 1,500 meters and one running 400 meters.

The first visit was used as the baseline. The second time, they administered a single large dose of cranberry extract two hours before the run.

The athletes were then instructed to consume a small amount of cranberry extract every day for 28 days before repeating their third run.

“We chose these distances to test the effects of cranberry extract on different energy systems,” said Dr. Francis Parenteau, lead author of the study. candidate at Concordia University.

“The 400m is short and intense and requires an anaerobic system. The 1,500m uses an aerobic system, but is shorter than what athletes typically run.”

“They weren’t training to run that distance, so we were able to isolate the effect of training as a variable.”

In addition to running time, the researchers also measured post-exercise blood lactate levels, a marker of potential muscle fatigue and oxygen deprivation.

They also fitted the runners with a portable near-infrared spectroscopy device to measure muscle oxygenation levels before, during and after a run.

After analyzing the data, the scientists found that consuming cranberry extract for 28 days showed a trend towards increased speed in the 1,500 meter time trial, but not in the 400 meter.

However, compared to baseline, they found that lactic acid accumulation decreased after 400 meters, but not after 1,500 meters.

Data also showed that cranberry extract promoted better oxygen extraction by muscles, improved lactate clearance, and slowed muscle deoxygenation.

“The benefit of this is that it’s all natural,” Dr. Bergdahl said.

“It’s an ergogenic aid, meaning it enhances performance, but it’s not an anabolic steroid.”

“Athletes can significantly improve their performance simply by consuming more cranberries.”

of study It was published in the magazine physical activity and nutrition.

_____

Francis Parenteau other. 2023. Cranberry supplements improve physiological markers of performance in trained runners. physical activity and nutrition 27 (4): 8-14; doi: 10.20463/pan.2023.0032

Source: www.sci.news

The interlocking teeth of Morocco’s new mosasaurus species were sharp as daggers.

Posted on March 20, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists have described a bizarre new species of mosasaurid, based on a skull and parts collected from a phosphate mine southeast of Casablanca, Morocco.

Kinjaria Akta. Image credit: Andrei Atutin.

Kinjaria Akta It was part of a highly diverse predatory fauna that lived in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Morocco 66 million years ago, just before the dinosaurs went extinct.

The ancient beast was about 7-8 meters (23-26 feet) long and had powerful jaws and long dagger-like teeth.

belongs to Mosasauridaea family of giant marine lizards with specialized flipper-like limbs and tails.

Dr Nick Longrich, a palaeontologist at the University of Bath, said: 'Some mosasaurs had teeth for piercing their prey, while others had teeth for cutting, tearing or crushing their prey. There were,” he said.

“Now we Kinjaria AktaIt has huge dagger-like teeth on its short face. ”

“This is one of the most diverse marine animals seen at any time in history, and it existed just before marine reptiles and dinosaurs went extinct.”

The only known specimen is Kinjaria Akta was recovered from Sidi Shenan Phosphatein the Ourad Abdoun Basin, Kouriga Department, Morocco.

“Morocco's phosphates are deposited in shallow, warm continental oceans in upwelling systems,” said Professor Nathalie Bardet, a paleontologist at the National Museum of Natural History in Paris.

“These zones are caused by deep, cool, nutrient-rich water flows rising toward the surface, providing food for large numbers of marine life and, in turn, many predators. Masu.”

“This is probably one explanation for this extraordinary paleobiodiversity observed in Morocco at the end of the Cretaceous.”

“Morocco's phosphates immerse us in the Upper Cretaceous ocean, in the latest geological period of the age of dinosaurs,” says Professor Nour Eddin Jalil, also from the National Museum of Natural History. .

“No other deposit from this period has yielded so many fossils and species.”

“After “Sea Giant,'' Thalassotitan“sawtooth” mosasaurus Xenoden“Startooth” Mosasaurus, Stelladen and many other things now Kinjaria Akta, a new mosasaur with dagger-like teeth. ”

“The elongation of the posterior part of the skull, which houses the jaw musculature, suggests formidable biting forces.”

discovery of Kinjaria Akta is explained in paper in a diary Cretaceous research.

_____

Nicholas R. Longrich other. A strange new species of Plioplatecarpine mosasaurid from the Maastrichtian region of Morocco. Cretaceous research, published online March 1, 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105870

Source: www.sci.news

Seven nations adhere to WHO air quality standards, US falls short

Posted on March 20, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

A report released on Tuesday by Swiss air quality monitoring company IQAir suggests that the World Health Organization's air pollution ranking will increase in 2023 due to the continued reliance on fossil fuels and the impacts of climate change, posing a threat to human health. Only seven countries currently meet the WHO guidelines.

According to the report, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India have the most polluted air, with particulate pollution levels exceeding the WHO’s recommendations by at least 10 times. More than 92% of countries and territories analyzed surpassed the guidelines for particulate matter pollution, including the United States.

The report also highlights that Canada has become the most polluted country in North America, primarily as a result of a record wildfire season that burned over 45 million acres. Smoke from Canadian wildfires has affected air quality in the United States and contributed to an overall increase in particle pollution from 2022 to 2023.

It is evident from this analysis that air pollution from fossil fuel combustion, coupled with other factors like wildfires exacerbated by climate change, is impacting human health globally. While some regions such as Western Europe are seeing improvements in pollution levels as economies shift towards electrification, in other areas, air pollution control measures are regressing. The report authors emphasize that air pollution transcends national borders, making it a global issue even for countries making efforts to reduce emissions.

According to IQAir, this data is based on inputs from over 30,000 air quality monitors in 134 countries and territories. The company installed monitoring devices to assess average annual pollution levels in cities and calculate people’s exposure to particulate matter around 2.5 microns in size, known as PM2.5, which is considered a crucial indicator of pollution’s impact on human health.

“PM2.5 particles can penetrate every cell in our bodies, from skin cells to lung and brain cells,” stated IQAir Global CEO Frank Hames at a press conference.

Air pollution is linked to approximately 6.7 million premature deaths annually, according to the World Health Organization. In the United States, air pollution levels experienced a slight increase, with Canadian wildfires causing a 30 to 50% rise in average annual pollution in cities like Milwaukee, Minneapolis, and Detroit in the upper Midwest.

A study by Stanford University researchers published in Nature last year revealed that smoke from wildfires in some parts of the US has reversed decades of air quality progress achieved through the Clean Air Act, with the situation now deteriorating.

In 2023, Americans, on average, inhaled more wildfire smoke compared to any other year on record, as per Stanford University researchers.

Wildfire smoke can deeply penetrate lungs and enter the bloodstream, increasing the risk of asthma, lung cancer, and other chronic respiratory diseases. Studies have also linked exposure to wildfire smoke to premature births and miscarriages.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Kuhl: Genetic mutations could provide protection against brain diseases linked to cannibalism

Posted on March 19, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Cerebellum of a person suffering from kuru disease

Liberski PP (2013)

Genetic research in a very remote community in Papua New Guinea has revealed new insights into a brain disease that is spread when people eat dead relatives and has killed thousands of people over two decades.

Dotted with mountains, gorges, and fast-flowing rivers, Papua New Guinea’s Eastern Highlands province is extremely isolated from the rest of the world, and it wasn’t until the beginning of the 20th century that outsiders realized that about 1 million people lived there.

Some tribes known as the Fore practiced a form of cannibalism called “funeral feasts,” in which they consumed the bodies of their deceased relatives as part of their funeral rites.

This could mean they ingested an abnormally folded protein called a prion, which can cause a fatal neurodegenerative condition called kuru associated with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). there was. However, local people believed that the Kuru phenomenon was caused by witchcraft. At least 2,700 Kuru deaths have been recorded in the eastern highlands.

simon mead Researchers at University College London examined the genomes of 943 people representing 68 villages and 21 language groups in the region. Although this region of Papua New Guinea covers just over 11,000 square kilometers, smaller than Jamaica, researchers say the different groups are as genetically different as the peoples of Finland and Spain, some 3,000 kilometers apart. ing.

The study found that not everyone who attended the funeral died from the disease. Meade and his colleagues say it appears that communities were beginning to develop a resistance to kuru, which led to tremors, loss of coordination and, ultimately, death.

The study found that some of the elderly women who survived the feast had mutations in the gene encoding the prion protein, which likely conferred resistance to kuru disease.

By the 1950s, funeral feasts had become illegal and the kuru epidemic began to subside, but visitors say that the number of women in some villages had dwindled because so many women died from kuru. It pointed out. Mead said women and children are most susceptible to the disease, likely because they ate the brains of deceased relatives.

However, genetic evidence shows that despite fears of the disease, there was a large influx of women into Fora tribal areas, particularly in areas where the highest levels of kuru were present.

“We believe it is likely that the sexual prejudice caused by Kuru caused single men in Kuru-affected communities to look further afield for wives than usual because they were unable to find potential wives locally. “We will,” Meade said.

He said the team wants to understand what factors confer resistance to prion diseases such as CJD, which caused a severe epidemic in the UK in the 1990s.

“[Our work sets] “This is a site to detect genetic factors that may have helped the Fore people resist kuru,” Mead said. “Such resistance genes may suggest therapeutic targets.”

Ira Debson Researchers from the Garvan Institute of Medical Research in Sydney, Australia, say the study provides new insight into the “rich and unique cultural, linguistic and genomic diversity” of the Eastern Highlands region.

“This is a demonstration of how genomics can be used to almost look back in time, reading the genetic signature of past epidemics and understanding how they have shaped today’s populations. It helps.”

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

The resurgence of diamond-spewing supersonic volcanoes: What’s behind it?

Posted on March 19, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Twenty years ago, deep underground in the Kalahari Desert in Botswana, thomas garnon Before I knew it, I was walking through a hellish place. The sound of explosions echoed off the walls and the temperature rose. “It was like a baptism of fire,” he says. It was his first trip to Kimberlite and his diamond mines.

The scene was full of cameras, and Garnon, now a student at the University of Southampton in the UK, was warned that if any jewelery was found on her, accidentally or not, she would be in trouble. But he didn't come here to find his fortune. He was seeking answers to one of Earth's greatest mysteries.

Diamonds are precious to many, but they hold a special place in the hearts of geologists. They were forged long ago in the fiery depths of Earth's inaccessible mantle and rose to the surface riding supersonic jets of magma from strange volcanoes called kimberlites.

Although we don't know exactly how diamonds are formed, we do know that diamonds are like time capsules that reveal secrets of Earth's distant past. And perhaps the biggest question is why the kimberlites that pushed them to the surface appear to have gone extinct millions of years ago.

Now, nearly 20 years after that first visit to the diamond mine, Gernon and his fellow kimberlite detectives finally have a comprehensive model of how volcanoes work, and with it You may gain a deeper understanding of volcanic treasures. Additionally, the study revealed the intriguing prospect that kimberlites may not be extinct after all.

Diamonds are the opposite…

Source: www.newscientist.com

Liverpool FC and DeepMind collaborate to create artificial intelligence for soccer strategy consultation

Posted on March 19, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Corner kicks like this one taken by Liverpool's Trent Alexander-Arnold can lead to goal-scoring opportunities.

Robbie Jay Barratt/AMA/Getty

Artificial intelligence models predict the outcome of corner kicks in soccer matches and help coaches design tactics that increase or decrease the probability of a player taking a shot on goal.

petar veličković Google's DeepMind and colleagues have developed a tool called TacticAI as part of a three-year research collaboration with Liverpool Football Club.

A corner kick is awarded when the ball crosses the goal line and goes out of play, creating a good scoring opportunity for the attacking team. For this reason, football coaches make detailed plans for different scenarios, which players study before the game.

TacticAI was trained on data from 7176 corner kicks from England's 2020-2021 Premier League season. This includes each player's position over time as well as their height and weight. You learned to predict which player will touch the ball first after a corner kick has been taken. In testing, Ball's receiver ranked him among TacticAI's top three candidates 78% of the time.

Coaches can use AI to generate tactics for attacking or defending corners that maximize or minimize the chances of a particular player receiving the ball or a team getting a shot on goal. This is done by mining real-life examples of corner kicks with similar patterns and providing suggestions on how to change tactics to achieve the desired result.

Liverpool FC's soccer experts were unable to distinguish between AI-generated tactics and human-designed tactics in a blind test, favoring AI-generated tactics 90% of the time.

But despite its capabilities, Veličković says TacticAI was never intended to put human coaches out of work. “We are strong supporters of AI systems, not systems that replace AI, but augment human capabilities and allow people to spend more time on the creative parts of their jobs,” he says.

Velicković said the research has a wide range of applications beyond sports. “If you can model a football game, you can better model some aspects of human psychology,” he says. “As AI becomes more capable, it needs to understand the world better, especially under uncertainty. Our systems can make decisions and make recommendations even under uncertainty. It’s a good testing ground because it’s a skill that we believe can be applied to future AI systems.”

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Astronomers produce the most extensive map of quasars in the universe ever recorded

Posted on March 19, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

of new mapThis quasar, called Quaia, contains about 1,295,502 quasars from across the visible universe and could help astronomers better understand the properties of dark matter.

story fisher other. This is an all-sky quasar catalog that samples the largest comoving volume of any existing spectroscopic quasar sample.Image credit: Story Fisher other., doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad1328.

Quasars are powered by supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies and can be hundreds of times brighter than entire galaxies.

When the black hole's gravity kicks up nearby gas, the process creates a very bright disk, and sometimes a jet of light, that can be observed with telescopes.

The galaxies that quasars live in are hidden in huge clouds of invisible dark matter.

The distribution of dark matter gives insight into how much dark matter is present in the universe and how strongly clustered it is.

Astronomers compare these measurements across cosmic time to test current models about the composition and evolution of the universe.

Quasars are so bright that astronomers use them to map dark matter in the distant universe and fill in a timeline of how the universe evolved.

For example, scientists are already comparing the new quasar map to the Cosmic Microwave Background, the oldest snapshot of light in the universe.

As this light travels to us, it is bent by an intervening web of dark matter (the same web drawn by quasars), and by comparing the two, scientists can determine how matter changes over time. You can measure how strongly it clumps together.

“The new quasar catalog differs from all previous catalogs in that it provides the largest volumetric three-dimensional map in the history of the universe,” said David, an astronomer at the Center for Computational Astrophysics at the Flatiron Institute in New York.・Professor Hogg said. University.

“This is not the catalog with the most quasars or the highest quality quasar measurements, but it is the catalog with the largest total volume of the universe mapped.”

Professor Hogg and his colleagues constructed the Quasar map using data from the third data release of ESA's Gaia mission, which includes 6.6 million quasar candidates, as well as data from NASA's Wide-field Infrared Explorer and Sloan Digital Sky Survey. did.

By combining the datasets, contaminants such as stars and galaxies were removed from Gaia's original dataset and the distance to the quasar was determined more precisely.

“We were able to measure how matter clustered in the early universe with as much precision as those from major international research projects. Data as a 'bonus' from the Milky Way This is quite remarkable considering that we got . We are focusing on the Gaia project,” said Dr. Kate Storey-Fisher, a postdoctoral researcher at the International Physics Center Donostia.

“It's very exciting to see this catalog spurring so much new science.”

“Researchers around the world use quasar maps to measure everything from variations in the initial density that seeds the cosmic web, to the distribution of voids in the universe, to the movement of our solar system through space. ”

Astronomers have created a map showing where dust, stars, and other nuisances are expected to obstruct the view of certain quasars. This is important in interpreting quasar maps.

“This catalog of quasars is a great example of how productive astronomy projects can be,” Professor Hogg said.

“Gaia was designed to measure stars in our galaxy, but it also discovered millions of quasars, giving us a map of the entire universe.”

of result will appear in astrophysical journal.

_____

Kate Story Fisher other. 2024. Quair, Gaia-unWISE quasar catalog: all-sky spectroscopic quasar samples. APJ 964, 69; doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad1328

Source: www.sci.news

PFAS – The Persistent Chemicals – Are Becoming Common in Food Packaging

Posted on March 19, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Potentially dangerous chemicals may be present in food packaging

Pirin Petunia/Getty Images

Food packaging and utensils commonly contain up to 68 “forever chemicals” that can pose health risks, many of which regulators are potentially unaware of. There is a gender.

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a type of synthetic chemical used to make products such as nonstick cookware and waterproof clothing. The bonds between carbon and fluorine atoms in PFAS are so strong that it can take hundreds to thousands of years for the bonds to break down.

Many of these chemicals are associated with adverse health outcomes, including: cancer and reproduction and immunity problem.

“There are thousands of these chemicals,” he says. Birgit Geueke At the Swiss Food Packaging Forum organization. “We wanted to understand what information is known about the presence of PFAS in food packaging.”

Geweke and his colleagues analyzed 1,312 studies conducted around the world that looked in detail at chemicals that come into contact with food that can be generated during manufacturing, packaging, and cooking. He then cross-referenced these chemicals with his list of known PFAS.

The research team found that 68 types of PFAS are commonly present across food-contact materials, such as packaging and utensils. Of these, 61 were not included in the regulatory list mandating the use of PFAS because they were not previously known to be present in such substances.

Of the 68 PFAS, only 39 have been tested for toxicity. One of the substances analyzed was perfluorooctanoic acid, which has been shown to have the potential to cause cancer in humans, based on limited evidence that it can cause testicular and kidney cancer. It is classified, Geueke said.

“I think it’s the manufacturer’s responsibility to minimize the use of PFAS,” she says. Regulators around the world are working in the right direction, she says. For example, the European Union recently proposed banning most PFAS.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

‘Climate Crisis: Record-breaking Global Warming in 2023’

Posted on March 19, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Marine heat waves will occur around the world in 2023

Matt Cardy/Getty

According to the latest statistics from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 2023 was not only the hottest year on record, but also other signs of global warming, including rising sea levels, ocean heating, loss of Antarctic sea ice, and receding glaciers. Many important indicators also broke records. Part of the Global Climate Report.

“We have never been this close to reaching the 1.5°C lower limit of the Paris Climate Agreement, even if it is temporary at the moment,” WMO Secretary-General Celeste Sauro said in a press release. “The WMO community is sounding an emergency alert to the world.”

A range of glaciers around the world, which are monitored to show what's happening to all glaciers, have seen the biggest ice loss since records began in 1950, according to preliminary data. The most extreme melting was in Europe and western North America.

Since satellite monitoring began in 1993, the rate of sea level rise has more than doubled. The global average sea level rise rate from 2014 to 2023 was more than twice the rate from 1993 to 2002.

This is due not only to the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, but also to the thermal expansion of the oceans as temperatures rise. The ocean-wide heat content will reach a new high in 2023, and the rate of warming has increased over the past two decades.

On average, on any given day in 2023, almost a third of the world's oceans were affected by a marine heatwave. More than 90% experienced heat wave conditions throughout the year.

At the end of 2023, an extreme marine heatwave occurred across the North Atlantic, with water temperatures 3 degrees Celsius above average. Recent studies show that ocean heatwaves are causing major changes in ecosystems, and thousands of whales may have starved to death.

Antarctic sea ice extent is the lowest on record, with the southern hemisphere's maximum area at the end of winter being 1 million square kilometers below the previous record minimum. Its area is larger than France and Germany combined.

Heat waves, floods, droughts, wildfires and tropical cyclones, exacerbated by global warming, have also affected millions of lives and caused economic losses amounting to billions of dollars, according to a WMO report. That's what it means.

For example, Hurricane Otis strengthened from a tropical storm to a Category 5 hurricane in less than a day. According to reports, more than 50 people were killed in Mexico and up to $16 billion in damage was caused. US National Hurricane Center Report.

Overall, 2023 was the warmest year on record, with global average surface temperatures 1.45 degrees Celsius above the pre-industrial baseline, the WMO report confirms.

So far, 2024 has been even hotter than 2023, with January and February setting new records, according to the EU's Copernicus climate monitoring service.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Nvidia Releases GB200 Grace Blackwell Superchip, Setting a New Standard for AI Power

Posted on March 19, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Nvidia GB200 Grace Blackwell Super Chip

Nvidia

Nvidia has announced the most powerful “superchip” it has ever produced for training artificial intelligence models. The U.S. computing company, whose value has recently soared to become the world's third-largest company, has not yet disclosed the price of its new chips, but observers say they will be available to a small number of organizations.

The chip was announced by NVIDIA CEO Jensen Huang at a press conference on March 18 in San Jose, California. He showed off the company's new Blackwell B200 graphics processing unit (GPU). Each GPU is equipped with his 208 billion transistors, the tiny switches at the heart of modern computing devices, compared to his 80 billion transistors in Nvidia's current generation Hopper chips. He also revealed the GB200 Grace Blackwell Superchip, which combines two B200 chips.

“Blackwell will be a great system for generative AI,” Huang said. “And in the future, data centers will be thought of as AI factories.”

GPUs have become coveted hardware for any organization looking to train large-scale AI models. During his AI chip shortage in 2023, Elon Musk said his GPUs were “a lot harder to get than drugs,” and some academic researchers without access lamented that “GPUs are poor.” I did.

Nvidia says its Blackwell chips deliver 30x performance improvements compared to Hopper GPUs when running generative AI services based on large language models such as GPT-4, while consuming 25x less power. It claims to be 1 in 1.

OpenAI's GPT-4 large-scale language model required approximately 8,000 Hopper GPUs and 15 megawatts of power to run 90 days of training, whereas the same AI training could be performed using just 2,000 Blackwell GPUs. The company says it can run on 4 megawatts of electricity.

The company has not yet revealed the cost of its Blackwell GPUs, but given that Hopper GPUs already cost between $20,000 and $40,000 each, their prices could reach eye-watering levels. expensive. The focus on developing more powerful and expensive chips means they will be “available only to a select few organizations and countries,” he said. sasha ruccioni At Hugging Face, a company that develops tools to share AI code and datasets. “Aside from the environmental impact of this already highly ene… Read more

Power demand from data center expansion, driven primarily by the generative AI boom, is expected to double by 2026 and rival Japan's current energy consumption. If data centers that support AI training continue to rely on fossil fuel power plants, they may also be accompanied by a sharp increase in carbon emissions.

Global demand for GPUs also means more geopolitical complications for Nvidia, as tensions and strategic competition between the US and China increase. The U.S. government has instituted export controls on advanced chip technology to slow China's AI development efforts, saying it is critical to U.S. national security, so Nvidia is seeking performance improvements for Chinese customers. They are forced to produce lower versions of chips.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

BBC Science Focus Magazine Explores the Latest Research on Social Anxiety

Posted on March 19, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

the strangeness of the universe

We explore some of the strangest places in the universe, where “normal” rules don’t apply. From places where you blow bubbles over time, to mysterious spaces, and places where glass falls horizontally.

Digital healthcare: Are those most in need excluded?

Advances in technology, such as the proliferation of smartphone apps, should make it easier for people to access medical services. But what if you don’t have a smartphone? Or do you want to talk to a real person? It’s clear that this technology doesn’t work for everyone.

belly fat

There’s a lot of advice out there on what exactly to do to move your spare tire around your waist. But do any of them actually add up? What does the science say?

three body problem

A new film adaptation of the biggest science fiction book of the century is coming to Netflix. This is a thrilling story powered by ideas and breakthroughs from cutting-edge science and technology. We dive deeper into the science behind fiction.

plus

Google Gemini: Google is working on a model to compete with Open AI. But is giving ChaGPT enough? Our tech expert Alex Hughes takes a closer look at the latest in AI.
Quantum field theory: Quantum field theory is a symphony of vibrations that orchestrates everything from the motion of particles to the birth of stars and even dark matter. This is one of the most elegant and precise concepts in all of science. Professor Stephon Alexander explains the basics and why they’re important to understanding the universe.
Resurrection of infectious diseases: With measles, plague and cholera rearing their heads again, are we seeing a resurgence of disease at unprecedented levels? And what would it take to cause a new pandemic?

Issue 403 Released on March 19, 2024

don’t forget that BBC Science Focus Also available on all major digital platforms.There are versions of android, Kindle Fire and Kindle e-readers,but also, iOS app For iPad and iPhone.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Your perceived intelligence may not align with your IQ score

Posted on March 19, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

In 1904, British psychologist Charles Spearman discovered a peculiar correlation among various mental abilities, such as mathematics, verbal fluency, spatial visualization, and memory.

He observed that individuals who excelled in one area tended to perform well in others, while those who struggled in one area also struggled in others. These findings have been extensively replicated and are considered some of the most replicated results in psychology.

Through statistical analysis, a single general intelligence factor known as ‘g’ can be derived, indicating an individual’s overall cognitive ability relative to others. This general intelligence is further divided into fluid intelligence (gf), reliant on abstract reasoning, and crystallized intelligence (gc), focused on learned experiences and vocabulary.

Research suggests that fluid intelligence peaks around age 20 and declines thereafter, while crystallized intelligence remains stable or improves with age. General intelligence is thought to have a hereditary component, with mental skills inherited from parents.

Intelligence Quotient (IQ) tests are tools used to estimate general intelligence (g). These standardized tests provide consistent results, indicating that individuals are likely to achieve similar scores across different tests. Various types of IQ tests assess different cognitive abilities but generally show that high performance in one mental task correlates with high performance in others.

Managed with statistical adjustments, raw IQ scores indicate that roughly 66 percent of people score between 85 and 115, with 2.5 percent scoring above 130 or below 70. Despite a historical rise in raw scores over decades, IQ tests have been shown to predict various outcomes, such as job performance, income, social status, and mortality.

While IQ tests have faced criticism due to their association with eugenics and other controversial topics, they remain reliable predictors of cognitive ability. However, intelligence encompasses more than just IQ, including emotional intelligence and rational thinking, which are crucial for decision-making.

High IQ does not necessarily equate to wisdom, rationality, or good life choices, highlighting the importance of considering other forms of intelligence. Rather than solely focusing on IQ, individuals should also develop emotional and rational intelligence for overall success.

This article addresses William Rawlings’ question on how IQ tests function.

If you have any inquiries, please contact us at: questions@sciencefocus.comor reach out to us on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (mention your name and location).

Explore our ultimate Fascinating Facts section for more intriguing scientific content.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Restricting eating times linked to 91 percent higher risk of cardiovascular death

Posted on March 19, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

A recent comprehensive study of 20,000 adults suggests that time-restricted eating, a form of intermittent fasting, may significantly increase the risk of death. Moreover, healthy eating habits could challenge the established scientific consensus on this topic.

The latest research, published by the American Heart Association, reveals that restricting eating to less than eight hours a day is associated with a staggering 91 percent increase in the risk of death from cardiovascular disease.

After analyzing participants’ dietary habits and health over a period of up to 17 years, the study found no evidence to support the idea that limiting meals to an eight-hour window reduces the risk of death from any cause.

Lead author Professor Victor Wenze Zhong expressed surprise at the results, stating to BBC Science Focus that they had anticipated a decrease in cardiovascular disease risk and overall mortality with long-term adoption of an eight-hour time-restricted diet.

He further stated, “Despite the popularity of this dietary approach for its short-term benefits, our study indicates that while the typical eating window ranges from 12 to 16 hours per day, shorter meal times do not correlate with longer life.”

Although the precise reason why time-restricted eating may increase the risk of cardiovascular death is still unknown, one possible explanation suggested by Zhong is that it could lead to a loss of muscle mass.

Recent interest in time-restricted eating has been fueled by its potential health benefits. Prior studies have indicated that it could aid weight loss and improve blood sugar and cholesterol levels.

Many practitioners follow a 16:8 schedule, whereby they consume all food within an eight-hour window and fast for the remaining 16 hours.

This eating pattern aligns more closely with natural circadian rhythms and is believed to support better sleep and metabolic function. However, the recent findings cast doubt on its long-term benefits.

Stanford University School of Medicine Professor Dr. Christopher Gardner cautioned that while time-restricted eating may offer short-term advantages, it could have adverse long-term effects, based on the study.

It is important to note that the study has not yet undergone peer review, and detailed dietary information of the participants is not available.

The research population, with an average age of 49, recorded 2797 deaths, of which 840 were due to cardiovascular disease.

As per Zhong, individuals, especially those with existing heart disease or cancer, should be cautious about adopting an eight-hour eating window due to its associated increased risk of cardiovascular death.

He emphasized the potential effectiveness of intermittent fasting for short periods, such as three to six months, for weight loss and cardiometabolic health improvement. However, long-term adherence to practices like eight-hour time-restricted eating warrants careful consideration.

Despite these cautionary findings, Zhong and Gardner noted that it is premature to draw definitive conclusions regarding time-restricted eating based on a single study.

Ultimately, the study suggests that the content of one’s diet may hold greater importance than the timing of meals for long-term health outcomes.

About our experts:

Dr. Victor Wenze Zhong is a professor and chair of the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. He holds leadership roles in the American Academy of Nutrition and the American Heart Association.

Dr. Christopher Gardner is a professor of medicine at Stanford University, known for his research on dietary components and patterns. He has served on the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee and the Lifestyle & Metabolic Health Council.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Stunning Shot of Spider Galaxy Captured by Hubble Space Telescope

Posted on March 19, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

New photos from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope show nearby irregular galaxy UGC 5829, also known as the Spider Galaxy.

This Hubble image shows UGC 5829, an irregular galaxy located approximately 30 million light-years away in the constellation Sera. Image credits: NASA / ESA / Hubble / R. Tully / M. Messa.

UGC 5829 It is located approximately 30 million light-years away in the constellation Serra.

“Although this relatively faint galaxy has not been observed very often, it has the characteristic soubliquet of a spider galaxy,” Hubble astronomers said in a statement.

“Perhaps the distorted galactic arms with glowing tips that form stars remind us of the clawed legs of arachnids.”

“Somewhat confusingly, there is another galaxy known as the Spiderweb galaxy that has a very similar nickname but is otherwise completely separate.”

“Despite the fact that this galaxy is about 300 times further away from Earth than the Spider Galaxy, it has been imaged more extensively.”

“Fortunately, the ability to accurately identify galaxies does not depend on chance names.”

“Rather, known galaxies are recorded in at least one catalog, such as the Uppsala Galaxy Catalog, and are often recorded in multiple catalogs. It has been given a name.”

“This same galaxy has been given several different names in various other catalogs,” they added.

“For example, LEDA 31923 in the Lyon-Meudon Extragalactic Database; MCG+06-24-006 in the Galactic Morphology Catalog; and SDSS J104242.78+342657.3 in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Catalog.

“Spiderweb galaxies are not all recorded in the same catalog; each catalog is necessarily limited in scope. However, they are included in the LEDA catalog as LEDA 2826829.”

“It's clearly easier to avoid confusing the boring but unique names LEDA 31923 and LEDA 2826829 than the interesting but easily confused names Spider and Spiderweb.”

The new image of UGC 5829 consists of observations from. Hubble's advanced survey camera (ACS) and wide field camera 3 (WFC3) Found in the near-infrared and optical portions of the spectrum.

This is based on data obtained through four filters. Color is obtained by assigning different hues to each monochromatic image associated with an individual filter.

Source: www.sci.news

Fifteen new active asteroids discovered in Citizen Science Project

Posted on March 19, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Active asteroids behave dynamically like asteroids, but exhibit coma like comets. These objects are poorly understood, and fewer than 60 have been identified to date.

Asteroids discovered to be active as a result of the Active Asteroid Project: (af) Candidates for active asteroids and main-belt comets. (g) Active centaur. (hl) Active sub-Hilda asteroid. (mt) Jupiter-based comets.Image credit: Chandler other10.3847/1538-3881/ad1de2.

Active asteroids appear to have comet-like tails, but they follow orbits primarily within the asteroid belt.

Near-Earth asteroid (4015) Wilson-Harrington, the first active asteroid with a prominent tail, was discovered in 1949.

Fewer than 60 asteroids have been confirmed to be active in the past 70 years, a small fraction of the 1.3 million known asteroids, and the majority of discoveries have occurred in just the past 25 years.

citizen science project active asteroida NASA partner, is designed to find these rare objects.

Launched on August 31, 2021, the project is hosted on the Zooniverse online platform and has over 8,300 volunteers.

To find new active asteroids, volunteers combed through 430,000 images taken by the satellite. dark energy camera (DECam) instrument located on the 4 m Blanco telescope at the Cerro Tororo Inter-American Observatory.

“For an amateur astronomer like me, this is a dream come true,” said Virgilio Gonano, a volunteer from Udine, Italy.

“Congratulations to all the staff and friends who checked out the images!”

The volunteers were able to identify previously unknown activity in 15 asteroids and one Centaurus that were thought to be asteroids (i.e. inactive).

“I'm a member of the Active Asteroids team from the first batch of data,” said Tiffany Shaw Diaz, a volunteer from Dayton, Ohio, USA.

“And it is no exaggeration to say that this project has become an important part of my life.”

“I look forward to classifying subjects every day, as time and health permit. I am deeply honored to work with such esteemed scientists on a regular basis.”

of the project new paper Published in astronomy magazine.

_____

colin orion chandler other. 2024. Active Asteroid Citizen Science Program: Overview and First Results. A.J. 167, 156; doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ad1de2

Source: www.sci.news

Three-Carbon Compounds Found in Titan’s Atmosphere

Posted on March 19, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Tricarbon molecule (C₃) is probably produced in Titan’s upper atmosphere by the reaction of abundant acetylene with atomic carbon.

This view of Titan is one of the last images NASA’s Cassini spacecraft transmitted to Earth before entering the giant planet’s atmosphere. Image credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / Space Science Institute.

Of the solar system’s more than 150 known moons, Saturn’s largest moon Titan is the only one with a substantial atmosphere.

And of all the places in the solar system, Titan is the only place other than Earth that is known to have liquid in the form of rivers, lakes, and oceans on its surface.

Titan is larger than Mercury and is the second largest moon in the solar system. Jupiter’s moon Ganymede is only slightly larger (about 2%).

Titan’s atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen, like Earth’s, but its surface pressure is 50% higher than Earth’s.

Titan has clouds of liquid hydrocarbons such as methane and ethane, rain, rivers, lakes, and oceans.

“Home to a thick and chemically diverse atmosphere, Titan stands out among the icy moons of the giant planets as one of the most thoroughly studied objects in the solar system,” said Lisboa Observatory and University of Astronomy. said Dr. Rafael Silva. of Lisbon.

“Titan’s atmosphere acts like a planet-sized chemical reactor, producing many complex carbon-based molecules.”

“Of all the atmospheres we know of in the solar system, it is most similar to the atmosphere thought to exist on early Earth.”

“Methane, which is a gas on Earth, provides information about geological and potentially biological processes.”

“This molecule cannot survive for long in the atmospheres of Earth or Titan because it is quickly and irreversibly destroyed by solar radiation.”

“Therefore, methane must be replenished on Titan by geological processes such as underground gas emissions.”

In the study, Dr. Silva and his colleagues UVES High Resolution Visible and Ultraviolet Spectrometer ESO’s Very Large Telescope.

They were able to identify 97 absorption lines for methane and one absorption line for the three-carbon molecule.

“Even in high-resolution spectra, the methane absorption lines are not strong enough for the amount of gas that can exist in a laboratory on Earth,” Dr. Silva said.

“But Titan has an entire atmosphere, and the path that light travels through the atmosphere can span hundreds of kilometers.”

“This allows various bands and lines that have weak signals in labs on Earth to be very obvious on Titan.”

“In our solar system, three-carbon molecules, which appear as bluish luminescence, were previously known only in the material surrounding the cores of comets.”

“The absorption lines in Titan that we have associated with tricarbons, although highly specific for this type of molecule, are small in number and low in intensity, so new observations will be needed in the future to confirm this detection.” will be done.”

“The more we learn about the different molecules involved in the chemical complexity of Titan’s atmosphere, the better we understand the types of chemical evolution that may have enabled or are associated with the origin of life on Earth.” You will be able to do it.”

“Some of the organic matter that contributed to the origin of life on Earth is thought to have been produced in the atmosphere by processes relatively similar to those observed on Titan.”

a paper The survey results were published in a magazine planetary space science.

_____

Rafael Lianzo Silva other. 2024. Study of Titan’s very high-resolution visible spectrum: Line characterization in visible CH._Four Search for band and C₃. planetary space science 240: 105836; doi: 10.1016/j.pss.2023.105836

Source: www.sci.news

Synthetic Pork-based Blood Coagulant Now Achievable

Posted on March 19, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Heparin prevents blood clotting and is used in many surgeries

Luca Medical / Alamy

Currently, an anticoagulant called heparin is widely used. Collected from the intestines of 1 trillion pigs a yearThis means there is a risk of infection as well as accidental or intentional contamination. Now, methods of creating it synthetically have the potential to eliminate most of these risks.

“We think it could be sold within the next four to five years, maybe even less,” he says. Jonathan Dordick At New York’s Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, the team developed a process to make heparin from scratch.

The drug was discovered in 1916 and has been used to prevent blood clotting since the 1930s. It is used to treat a wide range of conditions, as well as during kidney dialysis and various surgeries.

A major advantage of heparin is that it can be safely administered in large doses. “It’s very difficult to take an excessive dose,” Dordik says. And if someone takes too much, another drug can reverse the effect.

In contrast, other anticoagulants, such as warfarin, can be fatal if given in excess, and there is no antidote, which is why warfarin is used as a rat poison, he says.

A major disadvantage of heparin is that, unlike most drugs, heparin is not a single small molecule but a diverse mixture of large chains of sugars. “Heparin doesn’t have a specific size or a specific structure,” Dordik says. Heparin is derived from pigs because complex sugars are difficult to produce.

Ideally, animal-based medicines would be sourced from small herds that are isolated to prevent viral transmission. But extracting the 100 tons of heparin used around the world each year requires processing so many pig intestines that the only way to obtain enough intestines is through regular pig farming. It is to collect them from the field. Most heparin comes from China because heparin is the largest pork. producer.

As a result, the early stages of heparin production are unregulated as pharmaceutical manufacturing standards are not applicable to regular farms. There is a risk of accidental contamination or the deliberate addition of counterfeit heparin analogs to increase profits. In the worst case in 2008, about 800 people in the United States suffered side effects and at least 81 died. This risk remains, Dordik says. “That’s always possible.”

Despite all precautions, products of animal origin also carry the risk of contracting diseases caused by viruses and pathogens called prions. However, Dordik said there is no known case of this happening with heparin.

Dependence on pigs also causes shortages when pig farms are hit by conditions such as swine fever. Some people object to the use of pig-derived products for ethical or religious reasons.

Therefore, although synthetic heparin should have many advantages, its production has proven to be extremely difficult. The first task is to create a branched sugar chain that will serve as the backbone. The four enzymes then make various additional modifications to the chain, which must be done in a precise order.

After years of research, Dordik’s team has now licensed the process they developed to a pharmaceutical company to scale up for commercial production. One of the things that took him the most time was isolating and manufacturing the enzymes involved, Dordik says.

Since first producing a few micrograms 20 years ago, the team says they have successfully scaled up production a million times. Kuberan Balagulnathan He was involved in this early study but is no longer part of the team. “The next major challenge will be to increase the scale another million times, from grams to metric tons,” he says.

Balagurunathan believes this is achievable with sufficient investment. “We hope that synthetic heparin will replace heparin in animals in the same way that recombinant insulin replaces bovine and porcine insulin.”

but Jiang Liu A professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill isn’t so sure. “It remains to be seen whether this process can be translated to synthesis on the scale of thousands of kilograms.”

Many other companies are working on making synthetic heparin, but commercial confidentiality makes it difficult to gauge their progress, Balagulnathan said.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Intermittent fasting linked to higher risk of heart disease-related death

Posted on March 19, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Eating within eight hours, commonly known as the 16:8 diet, is a common form of fasting.

Christina Pedrazzini/Science Photo Library/Getty Images

Restricting eating time to eight hours a day (a common type of intermittent fasting) is associated with an increased risk of death from heart disease. However, some scientists believe that people with pre-existing health conditions may unconsciously eat intermittent meals if their symptoms or treatments affect their appetite and perhaps the quality of the meal is more important than the time of the meal. It claims that you may choose to fast.

It has long been reported that time-restricted eating can lead to improvement. blood pressure, Blood glucose level and cholesterol levelbut the long-term effects are unknown.

You can learn more about Chong Wenze Researchers from Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China and their colleagues surveyed about 20,000 adults (almost evenly split between men and women) who took part in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Their average age was 49 years, and just under three-quarters were non-Hispanic white.

Each year from 2003 to 2018, study participants self-reported their dietary information. The researchers then matched this with U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention death records from 2003 to 2019. Participants were eligible if they were 20 years of age or older and had completed two dietary questionnaires within one year of the study.

Over an average 8-year follow-up period, the research team found that even though intermittent fasting is often praised, people who ate in an 8-hour window per day were less likely to eat on a 12-hour daily eating schedule. They discovered that they cannot live longer than humans for ~16 hours. For longevity benefits.

Researchers also found that people who followed an eight-hour eating schedule were 91 percent more likely to die from heart disease during the follow-up period than those who ate for 12 to 16 hours or more.

Among people diagnosed with heart disease before the study, those who ate for more than 8 to 10 hours had a 66% higher risk of dying from heart disease than those who ate for more than 12 to 16 hours. Among people diagnosed with cancer, eating for more than 16 hours had a lower risk of dying from cancer than those on a more restrictive eating schedule.

The study, presented at the American Heart Association (AHA) Epidemiology and Prevention Conference in Chicago, does not prove that time-restricted eating caused these deaths, Zhong said. To tell.

They said it was important to consider why participants practiced time-restricted eating. benjamin horn at Intermountain Heart Institute in Salt Lake City, Utah. Some people may have adopted this pattern intentionally, he says, while others may have limited eating windows due to health conditions or treatments that affect their appetite.

He says some people may have restricted eating schedules because of limited access to food. jo ann carson, former chair of the AHA Nutrition Committee. According to research, Food insecurity is linked to unhealthy lifestyles that lead to heart disease. “We also don’t know anything about the health of the food they ate,” Carson said.

The authors acknowledge in their paper that their study relied on self-reported dietary information, which may be inaccurate. They plan to investigate whether this finding applies to a wider range of ethnic groups and how fasting may increase the risk of adverse health outcomes.

People who want to reduce their chances of dying prematurely “should aim for an overall heart-healthy eating pattern, regardless of mealtime,” Carson says. People who want to start intermittent fasting should talk to their doctor first, Horn says.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

A newly discovered spinosaur dinosaur species confirmed in Spain

Posted on March 18, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

New genus and species of spinosaurid dinosaur named Riojavenatrix lacustris It was discovered by paleontologist Eric Isasmendi of the University of the Basque Country.

Artist's reconstruction of spinosaurids Baryonyx. Image credit: Andrey Atubin / CC BY 4.0 Certificate.

Spinosauridae (Spinosauridae) is a family of large theropod dinosaurs known from the mid-Cretaceous period.

These dinosaurs were characterized by long skulls with crocodile teeth and converging conical teeth, and sturdy limbs with huge thumb claws.

They grow to huge sizes and at least one species is Spinosaurus aegyptiushas grown as much or larger than tyrannosaurus rex.

In many species of spinosaurids, the spinal neural spines were significantly elongated, forming a sail on the dinosaur's back.

Spinosaurs are thought to be piscivorous (fish eaters) based on their sharp teeth and skull and jaw features.

Their fossils have been recovered all over the world, including Africa, Europe, South America, and Asia.

The newly identified spinosauridae lived in what is now Spain during the Early Cretaceous period, about 120 million years ago.

with scientific name Riojavenatrix lacustristhis species reached 7–8 meters (23–26 ft) in length and weighed 1.5 tons.

“Riojavenatrix lacustris is one of the newest species of Iberian and European spinosaurids,” Isasmendi and co-authors said.

“It holds a triangular pubic boot. Megalosauridae, and the medial condyle of the femur, marking a transitional stage between the anteroposteriorly directed long axis of non-spinosaurian theropods and the posteromedially directed long axis of spinosaurids. ”

Skeletal reconstruction Riojavenatrix lacustris. Image credit: Scott Hartman.

Fossilized bones are Riojavenatrix lacustris Collected from the Enciso Group, Cameros Basin, La Rioja, Spain.

“with” Riojavenatrix lacustris“Currently, five spinosaurids have been described from the Early Cretaceous of the Iberian Peninsula,” the paleontologists said.

“Other Iberian spinosaurs are camarillasaurus From Aragon, Valibona Benatrix and prearthritis from Valencia, and iberospinasse It's from Portugal. ”

“Fossil remains prove that large and diverse populations of these carnivorous dinosaurs lived on the Iberian Peninsula.”

“The numerous discoveries within this iconic group raise several new questions about the ecology of these animals,” said Dr. Elena Cuesta, a paleontologist at the Egidio Ferrio Museum of Paleontology and Ludwig Maximilian University. Stated.

“How did these species coexist with each other?”

“These questions prompt us to revisit future, more detailed studies of spinosaurids, which are sure to yield important results.”

of findings It was published in the magazine Zoological journal of the Linnean Society.

_____

Eric Isasmendi other. Increasing record of European theropods: new basal spinosaurs from the Enciso Group of the Cameros Basin (La Rioja, Spain). Evolutionary implications and paleontological diversity. Zoological journal of the Linnean Society, published online on February 19, 2024. doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad193

Source: www.sci.news

After Hurricane Hits, Majority of Coastal Town’s Residents Abandon Rebuilding Efforts

Posted on March 18, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

According to NASA’s estimates, Louisiana has lost about 750 square miles of coastal wetlands since 1984. Check out the report for more details. In a recent paper published in February, researchers have predicted that three-quarters of Louisiana’s wetlands could be submerged by 2070.

In various coastal cities across the United States, the land is gradually sinking due to fossil fuel and water extraction, exacerbating sea level rise. By 2050, the sinking phenomenon could potentially put over half a million more people at risk of severe flooding.

Raising resilient children

Anna Dupont, 21, is one of the few young residents left in Cameron Parish. She cherishes her parents’ stories about the vibrant community of Cameron.

Anna Dupont, 21, is one of the few young people left in Cameron after a series of devastating hurricanes.
Michael Gemelli/NBC News

Before Hurricane Rita, Cameron Parish was a thriving, close-knit community that enjoyed festivities like crawfish boils and barbecues, with residents being proud supporters of the high school football team.

Dupont recalls nostalgic memories of fishing and birdwatching in the expansive wetlands surrounding her former home. She laments the loss of her favorite hangout spot, T-Boy’s Cajun Grill, which now stands as an empty lot.

Cameron is considered ground zero for climate change by Dupont, who witnessed her home being destroyed twice by storms before she even graduated from high school. Hurricane Laura’s impact forced her and her family to evacuate, leading to a sense of loss and emptiness upon their return.

Despite a joyful upbringing, Dupont saw her peers struggle with disrupted childhoods due to unstable living conditions post-hurricanes, leading to mental health challenges and substance abuse in some cases.

While many residents departed Cameron Parish after Hurricane Rita in 2005, others chose to remain resilient despite subsequent natural calamities. However, the proposed expansion of Venture Global LNG’s CP2 LNG terminal construction has stirred concern among the remaining residents.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

‘Devil’s Comet’ makes close approach to the sun, possibly visible during solar eclipse

Posted on March 18, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

The Devil’s Comet, known for its occasional explosions, is currently visible in the night sky, and fortunate observers may catch a glimpse of it during the eagerly awaited solar eclipse next month.

Comet 12P/Ponsbrooks earned the nickname “Devil’s Comet” after an eruption last year left behind two distinctive trails of gas and ice resembling devil’s horns.

From the Northern Hemisphere, the comet is currently visible with binoculars or telescopes. As it moves through the inner solar system and approaches its closest point to the sun in mid-April, it may become visible to the naked eye by the end of the month.

Comets typically consist of a core of dust, gas, and ice surrounded by a bright gas cloud called a coma. These objects are remnants from the formation of the solar system and can be several miles wide, according to NASA.

The core of a comet can heat up due to sunlight and solar radiation, sometimes leading to explosive events, as seen with Comet 12P/Ponsbrooks. Observers in the Northern Hemisphere can currently see the comet in the western-northwestern sky in the evening.

The comet is expected to brighten towards the end of the month and, under clear and dark conditions, may remain visible until early May. If the comet experiences significant flares in the coming weeks, it could be visible during the total solar eclipse on April 8 along the path stretching from northeast Texas to Maine.

Despite uncertainties surrounding rare synchronistic events, there is a good chance of spotting the comet on its own in the evening sky. Comet 12P/Pons-Brookes was first discovered in 1812 by French astronomer Jean-Louis Pons and later observed in 1883 by British-American astronomer William Brooks. Due to its 71-year orbit around the sun, sightings of this comet are infrequent.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Scientists sequence the genome of Danjou pears

Posted on March 18, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers at Hudson Alpha Bioengineering Institute and elsewhere Danjou pearA short-necked variety. Pear (Pyrus Communis).

green anjou fruit. Image credit: USA Pears.

Pears belong to the following Pyrusfamily genus Rosaceae Consists of cultivated and wild pears.

The genus is divided into two broad categories: European pear and Asian pear, whose divergence is estimated to be approximately 3 to 6 million years ago.

at least 26 Pyrus Currently, 10 naturally occurring interspecific hybrids of these species have been found in West Asia, East Asia, Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.

In 2021, the value of utilized pear production in the United States reached $353 million. This makes the pear one of the most cultivated pear fruits around the world.

One of the most important pear varieties in North America, Anjou, also known as Beurre d'Anjou or simply Anjou, is believed to have originated in Belgium and was named after the Anjou region of France.

“Pears are big business in the Pacific Northwest,” said lead author Dr. Alex Harkes, a researcher at the Hudson Alpha Institute for Bioengineering, and colleagues.

“But did you know that traditional pear breeding has changed little over the centuries?”

“This slow process is difficult and expensive, requiring long-term inputs of labor, materials, and land and spatial resources.”

“But thanks to a unique collaboration between students, scientists, and the pear industry fostered through an initiative called American Campus Tree Genomes (ACTG), traditional pear breeding is getting a helping hand from genomics. There is a possibility.”

“ACTG is leveraging iconic and economically valuable trees to bridge the gap between students and cutting-edge genomics.”

“Students work together to collect and analyze tree genomes, publish in prestigious academic journals, and gain valuable experience.”

The meticulous work of ACTG students has resulted in a complete chromosome-scale step-by-step assembly of the D'Anjou pear. This is a significant improvement over previous efforts.

This assembly revealed thousands of genomic variations that are of great importance to pear breeding efforts.

This high-quality resource unlocks a treasure trove of information for pear breeders.

This assembly is also an important tool for studies of pear evolution, domestication, and molecular breeding.

“The ACTG program not only built a high-quality genomic resource for a valuable pear variety that will ultimately benefit growers and consumers alike, but also trained nearly 20 students on the needs of the apple and pear industry. and educated scientists,” said Dr. Inez Hanrahan. , executive director of the Washington Tree and Fruit Research Committee.

team's paper It was published in the magazine G3: Genes, genomes, genetics.

_____

Alan Yocca other. 2024. Chromosome-scale assembly of pear 'Danjou'. G3: Genes, genomes, genetics 14(3):jkae003; doi: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae003

Source: www.sci.news

How did humans acquire the ability to communicate through speech?

Posted on March 18, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Scientists researching human speech believe that this ability likely evolved in the human brain during our evolution from primates, but the exact process remains unclear. These researchers can compare the human brain to that of other primates to study how it changed over time and gave rise to language.

Previous studies have proposed that groove-like structures in the front of the primate brain may aid humans in learning language. To explore if these and other brain changes are involved in language evolution, an international team of scientists recently compared the speech-related regions of human and primate brains. The primates they studied included baboons and chimpanzees.

Using high-resolution scans from sources like the National Chimpanzee Brain Resource and the Human Connectome Project database, the scientists analyzed specific areas of the human and primate brains to identify differences that may have contributed to the development of language.

They focused on brain regions controlling speech, facial expressions, and language, such as the prefrontal extent of the frontal skull (PFOP). They found that the PFOP is fully developed in humans, partially in chimpanzees, and absent in Old World monkeys.

Another notable difference in the human brain was the presence of a groove called the operculum, which was more pronounced on the left side. This suggests that the left hemisphere of the human brain has a larger PFOP compared to the right hemisphere, a feature not found in other primates.

By comparing chimpanzee brains, the researchers found that the size of the chimpanzee’s PFOP was consistent on both sides, indicating a recent full development of the PFOP in humans.

The scientists also examined the distance between two brain grooves, the circular sulcus and the operculum. Previous studies linked these grooves to communication sounds in chimpanzees, leading the researchers to investigate their role in human language development.

Based on their findings, the scientists suggested that the development of certain brain structures like the D-FO and V-FO grooves contributed to the emergence of human language. They emphasized the need for further research to understand how these structures function in the human brain.

In conclusion, changes in brain structures like the operculum and cerebral sulci likely play a role in human language acquisition, but more research is needed to fully understand this association. Future studies should explore how specific features like the PFOP function in the human brain to better comprehend their role in speech development.

Post views: 202

Source: sciworthy.com

Exercise Drugs May Eliminate the Need for Training

Posted on March 18, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Have you ever had those days when working out feels like a chore and you’d rather just watch TV instead? Well, a new “exercise drug” might soon be able to provide some of the benefits of exercise without the actual physical activity, based on recent research.

A group of scientists has developed a new compound that can replicate the energy boost typically associated with exercise. This compound could potentially be used in future supplements, aiming to mimic the effects of exercise on metabolism, growth, and muscle performance.

“There’s no replacement for exercise. Physical activity is essential on all levels,” stated Baja Elgendy, the lead researcher of the study. “But there are many situations where a substitute is necessary.”

The team has formulated a compound that mimics the physical benefits of exercise, potentially paving the way for future “exercise drugs.” The goal is to replicate the effects of exercise on metabolism, growth, and muscle performance.

These findings were presented by a team from the University of Washington School of Medicine at the American Chemical Society (ACS) Spring Meeting. Rather than just aiding in fitness goals, the researchers believe that exercise drugs could potentially help in treating conditions like heart disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and muscle wasting.

This advancement could be beneficial for individuals who are unable to engage in physical exercise, such as the elderly or those with muscle weakness due to medical conditions like cancer. Additionally, it might help prevent muscle loss caused by certain medications.

However, the availability of exercise drugs for humans is still in the early stages, as successful trials have only been conducted in rodent cells thus far.

The compound works by targeting estrogen-related receptors, special proteins in the body that regulate the effects of exercise on muscles. By enhancing the response of these proteins, the researchers were able to improve muscle endurance and performance in mice.

Further studies are necessary before this exercise drug can be tested in humans. The next phase of research involves evaluating the compound on other animal models.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Intermittent Fasting Linked to Higher Risk of Cardiovascular Mortality

Posted on March 18, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

A recent extensive study involving 20,000 adults discovered that time-restricted eating, a form of intermittent fasting, can significantly increase the risk of death, casting doubt on the efficacy of healthy eating.

The study, published by the American Heart Association, revealed that restricting eating to less than eight hours a day raised the risk of cardiovascular death by an alarming 91%. Over a span of up to 17 years, the study found no decrease in the risk of any specific cause of death by restricting meals to eight hours or less.

Lead author Professor Victor Wenze Zhong expressed surprise at the study’s results, stating, “We had anticipated that adopting an 8-hour time-restricted diet long-term would lead to reduced cardiovascular disease risk and overall mortality.” He added, “Although this diet has been popular for its short-term benefits, our study revealed that compared to the typical 12 to 16-hour eating window, shorter meal times showed no association with living longer.”

Although the reasons behind the increased risk of cardiovascular death from time-restricted eating are not fully understood, it is suggested that muscle mass loss due to dietary restriction may be a contributing factor.

In recent years, time-restricted eating has gained popularity for its potential health benefits, such as aiding weight loss and improving blood sugar and cholesterol levels. Many people follow a 16:8 schedule, consuming all meals within an 8-hour window and fasting for 16 hours.

However, despite short-term benefits, recent findings suggest potential long-term negative effects of time-restricted eating, especially an 8-hour window, on cardiovascular health.

Experts caution that further research is needed to fully understand the impact of time-restricted eating and its implications for long-term health. Specific recommendations regarding time-restricted eating should be made with caution based on current evidence.

About our experts:

Dr. Victor Wenze Zhong is a professor and chair at the School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, specializing in Epidemiology and Biostatistics. He is actively involved in nutritional epidemiology research and serves on various councils related to heart health.

Dr. Christopher Gardner is a professor at Stanford University focusing on the health benefits of different dietary components and patterns. With extensive research in cardiovascular health and nutrition, he provides valuable insights into the impact of diet on overall well-being.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Miami Welcomes the World’s First Chief Thermal Officer

Posted on March 17, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

MIAMI BEACH, Fla. — Jane Gilbert embraced the pleasant weather and light breeze of early March while hurrying between meetings. She is well aware that the heat is on its way.

At the Miami Beach Convention Center, Gilbert and numerous scientists, policymakers, activists, and business leaders have convened for the Aspen Ideas: Climate conference. This three-day event focuses on discussing solutions and adaptations to combat global warming.

Gilbert serves as the Chief Heat Officer for Miami-Dade County, a region with over 2.6 million residents situated at the southeastern end of Florida. In 2021, she made history by becoming the first person globally to hold such a position. Since then, others have followed suit in cities worldwide facing the challenges of extreme heat in a warming climate.

Chief heat officers from various locations communicate through a WhatsApp group, exchanging insights and advocating for policy modifications.

Speaking about her interactions, Gilbert stated, “I mostly collaborate with the chief heat officers in Phoenix and Los Angeles, but I’ve also gained knowledge from Melbourne, Australia, Santiago, Chile, and Athens, Greece. Sharing resources like this is one of the most rewarding aspects of my job.”

In South Florida, renowned for its tropical climate, Gilbert’s primary objective is safeguarding residents from intense heat and humidity while enhancing the county’s resilience against heatwaves exacerbated by climate change.

Those particularly at risk when temperatures soar include children, the elderly, the homeless population, individuals who work outside, and those in low-income communities.

Gilbert highlighted, “If you reside and work in an air-conditioned environment and have the means for an air-conditioned vehicle, you’re likely covered. Our main concern is for individuals working outdoors, those unable to stay cool at home, and those enduring long waits at unsafe bus stops.”

Her efforts in aiding the most vulnerable were crucial last year when Miami encountered its hottest summer to date.

She shared, “Over the last 14 years until 2023, the average number of days annually with a heat index surpassing 105 degrees was six. Last summer, it exceeded 42 days, a staggering seven times the norm.”

Numerous forecasts indicate that the situation could worsen. 2023 marked the hottest year on record globally. Climate experts project that this year might be equally scorching, if not more.

Recalling the skepticism she faced upon her appointment, Gilbert emphasized the urgency of having professionals dedicated solely to addressing heat-related challenges in South Florida.

“While it’s always warm here, there are now 77 additional days above 90 degrees compared to five decades ago,” she mentioned. “That’s a significant escalation.”

Heat is often dubbed a “silent killer,” causing more deaths annually in the United States than any other weather phenomenon, according to the National Weather Service. Gilbert noted a surge in heat-related ER visits last summer amidst the temperature spikes.

Studies suggest that by the middle of this century, this region of Florida may face heat index temperatures of 105 degrees Fahrenheit or higher for a duration of approximately 88 days each year, roughly three months.

Given the predictions, Gilbert stressed the urgency in taking action.

Ahead of the impending heat surge, her team is reaching out to renters and homeowners regarding cost-effective cooling methods. Training programs are also lined up for healthcare workers, homeless outreach workers, and summer camp providers, similar to last year.

She reiterated, “Our top priority is reaching the most vulnerable groups and tailoring messages for varied communities. That’s why we use English, Spanish, and Haitian Creole to communicate about the risks of extreme heat and preparation methods through radio, social media, and community platforms.”

Over the next month, the focus will shift to educating employers on safeguarding workers. This initiative became more pressing after the Florida Senate sanctioned a bill that would bar local governments from enforcing mandatory water breaks or workplace safety standards against extreme heat beyond federal regulations.

Gilbert expressed concern about the bill’s potential repercussions, citing statistics showing that construction workers are up to 11 times more susceptible to heat-related illnesses during extreme temperatures than the average person. Agricultural workers face an even higher risk, being 35 times more vulnerable.

Despite the challenges, Gilbert believes progress can still be achieved in advocating for employers to adhere to OSHA guidelines, enhancing productivity during hot spells, improving worker retention, reducing compensation claims, and yielding other economic benefits.

She emphasized, “This is where we must focus our efforts. By collaborating with OSHA offices, we can recognize the compliant entities and, in some cases, address non-compliance.”

Having served as the chief resilience officer for the City of Miami previously, Gilbert is well-versed in navigating legal obstacles. She acknowledged the irony of hosting this week’s climate conference in a city often referred to as the “epicenter” of the nation’s climate crisis.

“Florida is a complex landscape when it comes to politics, and I’m accustomed to climate change being a contentious topic,” she noted. “Nevertheless, I’ll do my part, right?”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

The Bat with Unusual Nostrils: A Chirping Hammered Wonder

Posted on March 16, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Described as a hammerhead bat by the French, this creature’s visage could fit right in with the gargoyles of Notre Dame Cathedral. Jolly Reid‘s phrase, “pretty ugly,” denotes beauty that challenges conventional norms.

A bizarre amalgamation of Yoda’s ears, the face of a desert orchid racehorse, and a hammerhead bat’s facial features akin to a sea creature’s nostrils characterizes this peculiar animal. Yet, this oddly proportioned being is an evolutionary marvel.

Inhabiting the lowland rainforests of West and Central Africa, it primarily feeds on fruit and flies during the night.

This bat is unique in its use of a lek mating system among bat species. In this competitive display, males strive to impress females, exhibiting an X factor.

During the dry season, twice a year, 150 males assemble, hanging from trees along the river as they flap their foot-long wings and honk, creating a peculiar low-frequency noise escalating to a rapid staccato rhythm of up to 120 “beats” per minute.

Male bats “sing” for hours, vying for female attention, with the most melodious suitor earning the chance to mate, akin to an X factor scenario.

Females are selective, with 6 percent of males involved in 79% of mating interactions. To excel in their melodious endeavors, males have developed specialized adaptations, like a large larynx and resonance chamber further amplifying their calls.

Image credit: Dr. Sarah Olson

Females of this bat species do not engage in singing rituals for mating purposes, resulting in significant physical differences, such as a smaller body and fox-like facial features.

Being one of the most sexually dimorphic bat species globally, hammerhead bats follow a true lek mating system, where females solely care for offspring, giving birth after a six-month gestation period.

With a mix of solitary and social behavior, these bats wrap their wings around their noses while sleeping, offering a unique sight. Fortunately, they are currently categorized as a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

However, threats like crop theft by farmers and bushmeat consumption in regions like Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of Congo pose risks to their population.

For inquiries, contact us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or reach out on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (include your name and location).

Explore Interesting facts More captivating science articles.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Boost Your Productivity: Learn from a Neuroscientist How to Accomplish More in Less Time

Posted on March 16, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Scroll through social media and you’ll come across numerous posts from individuals claiming they possess the secrets to boosting productivity, such as waking up at 4 a.m., consuming specific supplements, or cramming your schedule with activities.

However, many of these assertions lack scientific backing and are often misguided. So, are there truly any strategies for enhancing productivity? Are there any straightforward life hacks backed by science that we should all integrate into our daily routines?

While there may not be a miraculous hack that transforms you into the next Bill Gates, there are some minor adjustments you can make to heighten your productivity at work.

The Benefits of Background Music

The ongoing debate regarding productivity often pits working from home against working in an office, with each side claiming the superiority in terms of focus. Yet, one often overlooked aspect is the potential benefits of certain distractions in boosting productivity. While some individuals prefer a quiet work environment, many find that ambient noise, like background music, actually enhances their productivity. This is because such music masks distracting noises, capturing our subconscious attention and aiding concentration.

Interestingly, video game soundtracks have been found to be particularly effective in boosting productivity, as they are designed to stimulate focus while engaging in other activities.

Overall, ambient noise or music can contribute positively to productivity in many scenarios.

Prioritize Adequate Sleep Over Early Rising

Forcing yourself to wake up at ungodly hours to enhance productivity can backfire. It’s crucial to prioritize getting sufficient sleep, as it has numerous health benefits that can bolster memory retention, concentration, overall health, mood, and productivity. Sleep aids in processing memories and integrating daily thoughts into our neural network, facilitating problem-solving abilities. Hence, prioritizing adequate sleep is key to productivity, surpassing the significance of waking up at a specific hour.

Take a Walk or Surround Yourself with Plants

Incorporating plants into your workplace or having a view of nature can enhance productivity. Studies support the positive impact of plants in the workplace, as they aid in restoring attention and providing a calming effect on our brains. Greenery helps replenish brain resources, making it beneficial for productivity. Going for a walk in nature can also clear your mind and stimulate productivity.

Improve Productivity with Diet and Exercise

While some touted diet and exercise regimens may seem extreme, incorporating healthy practices can significantly boost productivity. Regular exercise benefits both the body and brain, while a balanced diet can positively impact brain function and focus. Avoiding overly processed foods that can impair brain function and opting for nutritious choices can enhance productivity.

Find Your “Flow” State

Lastly, understanding your individual preferences and what works best for you is essential for maximizing productivity. Achieving a state of cognitive “flow,” where you are fully immersed in a task and performing at your peak, can significantly boost productivity. Identifying the specific conditions that help you enter a flow state can enhance your overall effectiveness.

Ultimately, while seeking productivity tips can be beneficial, personal experimentation and awareness of what works best for you are key to achieving maximum productivity.

Explore more on productivity.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Why recycling may not always be the most effective solution for combating climate change

Posted on March 16, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Recycling is not a silver bullet to stop climate destruction. Far from it. Potential Impact – Savings of approximately 11 gigatons of carbon dioxide (CO₂) over 30 years. Even if the world recycled more than 80 percent of its municipal waste, that amount would be overshadowed by the greenhouse gases emitted by fossil fuels and industry – a staggering 36.8 gigatons in 2022 alone.

In the UK, it is estimated that recycling 18 million tons of CO₂ annually. This is equivalent to removing five million cars from the road. While promising, it is only a very small fraction of the emissions generated by fossil fuels and industry each year, which are about 200 times greater than those from agriculture and the global fashion industry.

These numbers may be discouraging, but what can an individual do to help?

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

First and foremost, do not give up on recycling. It is a simple way to reduce landfill waste and slow down the depletion of the earth’s resources.

To put into perspective the impact of recycling, dividing the 18 million tonnes by the UK’s population of 67 million, the average Briton is saving about 269kg of CO₂ per year through recycling.

According to DEFRA, Britons recycled 44% of household waste in 2021. By recycling 100% of household waste, an individual could save up to 610kg per year.

If you truly want to make a difference, focus on making sustainable choices early on in the consumption process. Opt for loose fruits and vegetables, solid detergents, repair and reuse old clothes, and most importantly, buy less.

Emphasize the Reduce and Reuse aspects of the 3R mantra and resort to recycling only when other options are exhausted.

Let’s Start With One Thing

If you feel overwhelmed, start by making one sustainable change at a time. For example, by using a reusable water bottle instead of plastic ones, you can save 20kg of CO₂ per year.

A review of thousands of studies worldwide suggests that changes like taking fewer long-haul flights, using public transport, and improving home energy efficiency are significant in reducing household carbon footprints.

While recycling alone may not be the solution to climate change, it is a step in the right direction. Each individual has the power to make a positive impact.

This article addresses the question posed by Jensen Pitts via email: “Can recycling really make a difference?”

If you have any questions, please email us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or reach out to us via Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (don’t forget to include your name and location).

Explore more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Protect Your Bones: Uncovering the Hidden Crisis in Women’s Bone Health

Posted on March 16, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

The global population is seeing substantial shifts due to the increase in average life expectancy. The World Health Organization reports that as of 2020, the number of individuals over 60 surpasses those under 5 worldwide..

In the UK, there are over 11 million people aged 65 and above, a number expected to rise to 13 million, constituting 22% of the population in a decade. This demographic change has drawn attention to often overlooked health issues, particularly in women: osteoporosis and bone fractures.

Globally, over 8.9 million osteoporotic fractures occur annually, equating to one osteoporotic fracture happening every three seconds somewhere in the world.

It impacts more than 200 million women worldwide, with an estimated one in three women over 50 likely to experience an osteoporosis-related fracture at some point. Studies suggest this is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in women of this age group.

But why does bone health deteriorate with age? Our bones house specialized cells known as osteoblasts that generate new bone tissue. Conversely, osteoclasts are cells at the other end of the skeletal cycle responsible for dissolving old, damaged bone tissue and replacing it with fresh, healthy tissue.

The balance of activity between these cell types is crucial for bone health. Up to the age of 30, osteoblast activity generally exceeds osteoclast activity, resulting in more bone formation than loss. However, as individuals reach 35, osteoclast activity becomes dominant, leading to a gradual decline in bone quality and density.

Most concerning is the rapid decrease in estrogen production in postmenopausal women, which triggers increased osteoclast activity due to reduced osteoblast numbers and extended osteoclast lifespans. This change is believed to contribute to osteoporosis development.

read more:

When a certain level of bone density loss occurs, osteopenia may develop, leading to extremely low bone density and increased fracture risk, potentially progressing to osteoporosis. This condition is often referred to as “bone thinning,” but it results from changes in bone density, microstructure, and quality that compromise bone strength.

Unfortunately, both osteopenia and osteoporosis are typically asymptomatic until a fracture occurs, making diagnosis incidental. Various risk factors may contribute to the development of these conditions, including smoking, thyroid disease, diabetes, and certain medications like steroids.

Preventive measures for bone health should be initiated early. A balanced, calcium-rich diet is crucial, with dairy products serving as primary sources of calcium. Individuals with restricted dairy intake may need calcium supplements, emphasizing the importance of vitamin D production through sunlight exposure or supplementation.

While calcium and vitamin D are essential for bone health, engaging in bone-straining exercises, especially resistance training, can stimulate osteoblast activity, preventing osteoporosis progression. Exercise not only enhances bone mineralization but also improves muscle strength, balance, and posture, reducing the risk of falls and fractures.

For menopausal women, exercising efficacy in promoting bone mineralization hinges on adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, making supplementation vital. Additionally, various medications are available to treat or slow osteoporosis progression, with estrogen therapies recommended for menopausal women, particularly those with premature ovarian insufficiency.

Education and awareness about bone health can significantly impact prevention and proper management of osteoporosis, especially as societies aged. Addressing these issues is crucial as we navigate the future of an aging population.

read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

How to Make Socializing Easier and More Enjoyable

Posted on March 16, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

There’s a bustling atmosphere at social gatherings. Whether you’re showing off your moves on the dance floor or maintaining composure at a formal dinner, there’s a lot happening. You might be immersing yourself in sensory experiences to groove with the music or filtering out distractions to focus on conversations.

During these events, your mind is constantly processing details to remember, worries, goals for interactions, and more.

All these activities can be mentally and physically draining. While it’s commonly believed that extroverts recharge from socializing while introverts recharge alone, most people fall somewhere in between on the introversion-extroversion spectrum.

Extraversion is a key personality trait, and although genetics play a role in how introverted or extroverted someone is, individual behavior can vary based on the situation. Some people may lean towards sociability and talkativeness, while others may be more reserved and introspective.

Research has shown a connection between introversion and fatigue, but it’s not as simple as saying extroverts don’t get bored with social interactions.

After socializing, everyone feels tired to some extent, but the threshold varies for each person.

Studies have found that certain factors make social interactions more tiring, such as long, challenging, or intense conversations, trying too hard to impress others, meeting many new people, conflicts, or complaints.

To combat social fatigue, seeking out comfortable interactions, limiting new encounters, and taking breaks from lengthy conversations can help reduce fatigue.

Many people choose solitude to recover from social fatigue, but it’s important to note that excessive loneliness can exacerbate issues like social anxiety or depression.

Emotions experienced during social events can also impact fatigue levels. Suppressing true emotions or having to display conflicting emotions can lead to emotional exhaustion.

To manage emotional exhaustion, it’s crucial to express emotions, validate them, and minimize emotional conflicts as much as possible.

This article addresses the question, “Why is socializing so exhausting?” asked by Faye Chase via email.

If you have any questions, feel free to email us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or reach out on our Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram pages (remember to include your name and location).

Don’t forget to check out more interesting information and amazing science content!

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Research reveals that spending time with a dog can enhance focus

Posted on March 16, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

Owning a dog can bring happiness, but recent research suggests that spending time with your furry friend can also have a positive impact on your brain function, enhancing focus and creativity.

Various studies have explored the connection between mood, hormone levels, and interactions with dogs. This new study delved deeper by using electroencephalography (EEG) scans to monitor brain activity while participants engaged with their dogs, resulting in unexpected findings.

During the study, participants interacted with a trained 4-year-old poodle that had a “compatible personality.” Researchers from Konkuk University in South Korea found that participants experienced increased brain wave activity when engaging with the dogs. The study, published in the journal Pro Swan, involved 30 participants who performed various activities with the poodles.

The researchers noted that activities like walking or playing with the dogs strengthened alpha-band brain wave oscillations, indicating a state of relaxation. On the other hand, activities such as grooming and gentle massages led to increased beta-band vibrations, associated with improved concentration.

Even participants without pets experienced these benefits, suggesting that interacting with dogs can positively impact brain activity regardless of pet ownership. However, it’s worth considering that the participants likely had an existing interest in dogs, potentially influencing the results.

Researchers hope this study will spark further investigation into using service dogs to provide physiological benefits like reducing anxiety in various environments. They see potential for animal-assisted interventions to improve well-being in places like hospitals and schools.

“This study offers valuable insights into the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of animal-assisted interventions,” stated the researchers.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Discovery of a new species of plesiosaur in Germany

Posted on March 16, 2024 by Igor Mitreski

A new genus and species of plesiosaur that lived near the beginning of the Epoch Epoch. Early to mid-Jurassic sales It was identified from two elaborate three-dimensionally preserved skeletons discovered in Bavaria, Germany.

rebuilding the life of Franconiasaurus brevispinus. Image credit: Joschua Knüppe.

Franconiasaurus brevispinus It lived in the early Jurassic seas about 175 million years ago.

The ancient reptile was a member of plesiosaurinaea group of plesiosaurs known from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.

“Plesiosaurs are Mesozoic reptiles perfectly adapted to aquatic life.” sven sachs From the Bielefeld Nature Museum and colleagues.

“Throughout an evolutionary history of more than 140 million years, plesiosaurs have dispersed throughout the world, acquired substantial diversity, occupied a variety of ecological niches, and experienced multiple faunal shifts. did.”

“Of these, the Early/Middle Jurassic transition event (175 to 171 million years ago) has received increased interest recently, as it apparently had a profound impact on all three major lineages of plesiosaurs. I am. Romareosauridae, Pliosauridae and plesiosaurinae. ”

“This event clearly had a significant impact on several clades of marine tetrapods, including the 'fish-like' ichthyosaurs, which are relatives of marine crocodiles.Taratoskian), as well as all three major lineages of plesiosaurs. ”

“The predatory plesiosaur clade Romareosauridae, which was dominant in the Early Jurassic seas, began to disappear and reached its final demise around 161.5 million years ago (late Middle Jurassic), while the pliosaurids and chief… The dragon family has become more diverse.”

“Pliosaurs established a successful clade of large predators that controlled the upper layers of marine ecosystems from 171 million years ago to 90 million years ago, making them one of the largest aquatic predators to ever live. It consisted of a predatory quadrupedal animal that was over 10 meters long.

“Plesiosaurs were then derived from the rich assemblages of microclades common in the European euoceanic waters of Toarchia to the cryptocliids, which represented the globally dominant plesiosaur component of the Middle and Late Jurassic. Switched to fauna. Leptocraidian and elasmosaurids Close to the transition period from the Jurassic to the Cretaceous. ”

Diagnostic skeletal elements of type specimens Franconiasaurus brevispinus.Image credit: Sax other., doi: 10.3389/feart.2024.1341470.

two fossilized skeletons Franconiasaurus brevispinus It was discovered in a now abandoned clay pit in a part of the eurensis melgel layerlocated in Mistelgau, Bavaria, Germany.

“Franconiasaurus brevispinus has been established on the basis of two exquisite three-dimensionally preserved specimens,” said the paleontologist.

“The holotype contains a nearly complete skeleton, but a large portion of the skull is missing.”

“The specimen mentioned represents a larger individual and consists of vertebrae, ribs, and some girdle and limb elements.”

Franconiasaurus brevispinus shows a mixture of characters that combines features that are almost uniformly distributed in early plesiosaurs with features that are typically observed in later members of the clade.

“Through systematic analysis, we can reliably Franconiasaurus brevispinus as a sister taxon of Cryptocridiabridging the evolutionary gap between early plesiosaurs such as plesiosaurus“They are representative forms of later-divergent clades such as cryptocliids, leptochleidians, elasmosaurids, and microclades,” the researchers concluded.

their paper Published in an online journal Frontiers of Earth Science.

_____

sven sachs other. 2024. Elaborate skeleton of new transitional plesiosaur fills a gap in plesiosaur evolutionary history. front.earth science 12; doi: 10.3389/feart.2024.1341470

Source: www.sci.news

1. Switzerland has lost 10 percent of its glaciers in the past two years

2. On any given day in 2023, a third of the oceans experienced a heatwave.

3. The cost of inaction on climate change could be staggering.

4. Antarctic winter sea ice was 1 million km2 below the previous record

About our experts

the strangeness of the universe

Digital healthcare: Are those most in need excluded?

belly fat

three body problem

plus

Issue 403 Released on March 19, 2024

About our experts:

Raising resilient children

About our experts:

The Benefits of Background Music

Prioritize Adequate Sleep Over Early Rising

Take a Walk or Surround Yourself with Plants

Improve Productivity with Diet and Exercise

Find Your “Flow” State

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

Let’s Start With One Thing

4. Antarctic winter sea ice was 1 million km² below the previous record